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Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-1998

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Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-1998 United States Office of Atmospheric EPA 236-R-00-001 Environmental Protection Programs (6201J) April 2000 Agency United States Enviromental Protection Agency (6201J) Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Washington, DC 20460 Emissions and Sinks: 1990–1998 Official Business Penalty for Private Use ofU.S.Inventory Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-1998 $300 How to Obtain Copies You may electronically download the document referenced above on the U.S. EPAs homepage at http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming/emissions/national. To obtain additional copies of this report, call the National Center for Environmental Publications and Information (NCDPI) at (800) 490-9198. or urther Information Contact Mr. Wiley Barbour, Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Atmospheric Programs, (202) 260-6972, [email protected]. 7or more information regarding climate change and greenhouse gas emissions see EPA web side at http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming/emissions/national. Released for printing: April 2000 High GWP Gas Emissions from Industrial Processes The processes and applications pictured on the front and back cover of this report can lead to anthropogenic emissions of long-lived fluorinated compounds, including hydrofluorocarbons (H7Cs), perfluorocarbons (P7Cs) and sulfur hexafluoride (S76). H7Cs, P7Cs and S76 are not harmful to the stratospheric ozone layer, but they are powerful greenhouse gases that can be thousands of times more potent than CO2 and may have extremely long atmospheric lifetimes. Semiconductors: The semiconductor industry uses a variety of long-lived fluorinated gases (P7Cs, H7C-23, S76 and N73) in dry etching and cleaning chemical vapor deposition tool chambers. Dry etching using fluo- rinated gases in a plasma provides pathways to electrically connect individual circuit components in the sili- con. Chemical vapor deposition chambers, used for depositing insulating and conducting materials, are cleaned periodically using P7Cs and other fluorinated gases. Refrigerant (grocery): Cold food found in supermarkets, convenience stores, restaurants and other food serv- ice establishments are typically displayed in refrigeration units that may use H7C-134a, blends of HC7Cs and H7Cs, or other refrigerants. This type of equipment can range in size from small reach-in refrigerators and freezers, to refrigerated display cases, to walk-in coolers and freezers. Supermarkets usually employ large systems that contain many display cases connected by means of extensive piping. Because this piping may be miles long, the amount of refrigerant in these units can be very high. HCC-22: HC7C-22 is primarily used in refrigeration and air conditioning systems and as a chemical feed- stock for manufacturing synthetic polymers. H7C-23, which has a global warming potential 11,700 times that of CO2, is a by-product of HC7C-22 manufacture. Once separated from HC7C-22, the H7C-23 is generally vented to the atmosphere or may be captured for use in a limited number of applications. Because HC7C-22 depletes stratospheric ozone, HC7C-22 production for non-feedstock uses is scheduled to be phased out by 2020 under the U.S. Clean Air Act. 7eedstock production is permitted to continue indefinitely. Electrical Transmission and Distribution: The largest use for sulfur hexafluoride (S76) is as an electrical insu- lator in equipment that transmits and distributes electricity. Many gas-insulated substations, circuit breakers and other switchgear contain S76 because of its dielectric strength and arc-quenching characteristics. 7ugitive emissions of S76 can escape from this equipment through seals, especially from older equipment, or when the equipment is opened for servicing. Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990 1998 April 15, 2000 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Policy 401 M St., SW Washington, D.C. 20460 U.S.A. Acknowledgments The Environmental Protection Agency would like to acknowledge the many individual and organizational contributors to this document, without whose efforts this report would not be complete. Although the list of research- ers, government employees, and consultants who have provided technical and editorial support is too long to list here, we would like to thank some key contributors whose work has significantly improved this year’s report. In particular, we wish to acknowledge the efforts of the Energy Information Administration and the Department of Energy for providing detailed statistics and insightful analysis on numerous energy-related topics; the U.S. Forest Service for preparing the forest carbon inventory, and the Department of Agriculture’s Agricultural Research Service for their work on nitrous oxide emissions from soils. Within the EPA, many Offices contributed data, analysis and technical review for this report. The EPA Office of Atmospheric Programs developed methodologies and provided detailed emission estimates for numerous source categories, particularly for methane, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride. The Office of Mobile Sources and the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards provided analysis and review for several of the source categories addressed in this report. The Office of Solid Waste and the Office of Research and Development also contributed analysis and research. Other government agencies have contributed data as well, including the U.S. Geological Survey, the Federal Highway Administration, the Department of Transportation, the Bureau of Transportation Statistics, the Department of Commerce, and the Federal Aviation Administration. We would especially like to thank the staff of the Global Environmental Issues Group at ICF Consulting for synthesizing this report and preparing many of the individual analyses. 1 See http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming/inventory i Preface The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) prepares the official U.S. Inventory of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks to comply with existing commitments under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)1. Under a decision of the UNFCCC Conference of the Parties, national inventories for most UNFCCC Annex I parties should be provided to the UNFCCC Secretariat each year by April 15. In an effort to engage the public and researchers across the country, the EPA has instituted an annual public review and comment process for this document. The availability of the draft document is announced via Federal Register Notice and is posted on the EPA web page.2 Copies are also mailed upon request. The public comment period is generally limited to 30 days; however, comments received after the closure of the public comment period are accepted and considered for the next edition of this annual report. The EPA’s policy is to allow at least 60 days for public review and comment when proposing new regulations or documents supporting regulatory development— unless statutory or judicial deadlines make a shorter time necessary—and 30 days for non-regulatory documents of an informational nature such as the Inventory document. 1 See http://www.unfccc.de 2 See http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming/emissions/national ii Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 19901998 Table of Contents Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................... i Preface ....................................................................................................................... ii Table of Contents ..................................................................................................... iii List of Tables, igures, and Boxes .......................................................................... vi Tables ................................................................................................................................................................. vi Figures ................................................................................................................................................................ xi Boxes ................................................................................................................................................................. xii Executive Summary ............................................................................................. ES-1 Recent Trends in U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions ....................................................................................... ES-2 Global Warming Potentials ........................................................................................................................... ES-7 Carbon Dioxide Emissions ............................................................................................................................ ES-9 Methane Emissions ...................................................................................................................................... ES-14 Nitrous Oxide Emissions ............................................................................................................................. ES-17 HFCs, PFCs and SF6 Emissions ................................................................................................................... ES-19 Criteria Pollutant Emissions ........................................................................................................................ ES-22 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1-1
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