Fluorinated Greenhouse Gases 2020

EEA Report No 15/2020

Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 Data reported by companies on the production, import, export and destruction of fluorinated greenhouse gases in the European Union, 2007-2019

ISSN 1977-8449

EEA Report No 15/2020

Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 Data reported by companies on the production, import, export and destruction of fluorinated greenhouse gases in the European Union, 2007-2019 Cover design: EEA Cover photo: © Isaac Benhesed, on Unsplash Layout: Formato Verde

Legal notice The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the official opinions of the European Commission or other institutions of the European Union. Neither the European Environment Agency nor any person or company acting on behalf of the Agency is responsible for the use that may be made of the information contained in this report.

Brexit notice The withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union did not affect the production of this report. Data reported by the United Kingdom are included in all analyses and assessments contained herein, unless otherwise indicated.

More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (http://europa.eu).

Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2020

ISBN 978-92-9480-294-1 ISSN 1977-8449 doi: 10.2800/08599

European Environment Agency Kongens Nytorv 6 1050 Copenhagen K Denmark

Tel.: +45 33 36 71 00 Internet: eea.europa.eu Enquiries: eea.europa.eu/enquiries Contents

Contents

Contents...... 3

Acknowledgements...... 5

Executive summary...... 6

1 Introduction...... 10 1.1 Background...... 10 1.2 Report structure...... 11 1.3 Institutional arrangements...... 11 1.4 Scope...... 11 1.5 Confidentiality...... 11

2 Reporting arrangements...... 13 2.1 Reporting format and quality control...... 13 2.2 Companies reporting in 2020...... 14

3 Fluorinated greenhouse gas activity in the EU...... 16 3.1 Production and reclamation...... 16 3.2 Imports and exports...... 18 3.3 Destruction and feedstock use of fluorinated greenhouse gases...... 23

4 Supply of fluorinated greenhouse gases to the EU...... 25 4.1 Trends in the EU supply by gas...... 25 4.2 Intended applications of EU supply...... 28

5 Progress of the EU HFC phase-down...... 30

6 The international HFC phase-down under the Montreal Protocol...... 33

Terminology...... 35

Abbreviations ...... 37

References...... 39

Annex 1 Gases covered by Regulation (EU) No 517/2014...... 41

Annex 2 F-gases reporting form...... 44

Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 3 Contents

Annex 3 Reporting forms under the old F-gas Regulation (EC) No 842/2006...... 49

Annex 4 Calculation methods...... 51

Annex 5 Data tables...... 57 List of data tables in Annex 5...... 59

Annex 6 Quality control...... 78

4 Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements

This report was prepared for the EEA by its European The EEA report coordinator was Peder Gabrielsen Topic Centre on Climate Change Mitigation and and the ETC/CME task manager was Wolfram Jörß. Energy (ETC/CME). The authors of this report were François Dejean (EEA) and the European Commission Wolfram Jörß, Victoria Liste and Sylvie Ludig (ETC/CME Directorate-General for Climate Action are thanked for partner Öko-Institut). their input and support in finalising the report.

Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 5 Executive summary

Executive summary

The 2020 edition of the EEA report on fluorinated companies to report their annual production, imports, greenhouse gases (F-gases) confirms the good progress exports and other activities involving HFCs, as well as achieved up to 2019 by the EU in phasing down the other F-gases, and includes all the F-gases covered by use of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), a set of fluorinated the Kyoto Protocol: HFCs, perfluorocarbons (PFCs),

gases with a high global warming potential (GWP) that sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) and nitrogen trifluoride

is significantly contributing to climate change. (NF3), as well as others such as unsaturated HFCs and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). The report evaluates and presents the data reported by companies in 2020 about their activities involving The EU aims to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas F-gases in 2019, assessing the progress on HFC emissions by 2050. F-gases are included in this phase‑down made under both EU legislation and the objective. It has committed, under the United Nations Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol. The report Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), also details the amount of F-gases supplied to various to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases by 20 % industrial applications. by 2020 compared with 1990 levels. Under the Paris Agreement, the EU is committed to a 40 % reduction The report expresses F-gas amounts in two different in domestic emissions by 2030 compared with 1990. metrics: physical tonnes, to reflect the use patterns of In line with the European Green Deal, the European F-gases in European industries, and tonnes of carbon Commission has proposed to the European Parliament

dioxide equivalent (tCO2e), to account for their global and the Council to increase the ambition for the 2030 warming potential (GWP). climate target from a reduction of 40 % to a reduction of at least 55 %.

Context Phase-down of HFCs under the The Montreal Protocol was established in 1987 to EU F-gas Regulation cut the consumption and production of synthetic substances that destroy the protective ozone layer The HFC phase-down under the F-gas Regulation (ozone-depleting substances, ODS). In the EU, ODS is being implemented by annual quantitative limits are regulated separately under Regulation (EC) (quotas) on the placing on the EU market of HFCs by No 1005/2009. producers and importers. The EU-wide maximum quantity for HFCs is subject to a stepwise reduction, Phasing down ODS has led to the increased use of as displayed in Figure ES.1. In 2019, EU-wide placing certain F-gases, most prominently in refrigeration on the market (POM) of HFCs was 2 % below the 2019 and air conditioning, since the early 1990s, as these overall market limit set by the quota system (1 % in chemicals present similar properties to ODS while they 2017 and 2018). The few cases of quota exceedance, do not affect the ozone layer. Consequently, emissions both by importers of bulk HFCs and by equipment of F-gases in the EU-28, of which more than 90 % are importers, were balanced by companies that did not HFCs, increased by 72 % between 1990 and 2014. fully use their quota.

Because F-gases are potent greenhouse gases, they As EU industries have been moving to low-GWP have been regulated in the EU since 2014 and their alternatives, the demand for HFCs has been decreasing. emissions have started to decline since peaking Between 2017 and 2019, the placing on the market of in 2014 (-11 %) (EEA, 2020a). The EU Regulation on bulk HFCs decreased by 22 %. This resulted in an increase F-gases, No 517/2014 (FGR), implements an EU-wide in unused quotas. The reserve of quota authorisations, phase‑down of HFCs, which started in 2015, with built up by a number of equipment importers during the aim of cutting emissions by two thirds by 2030 2015 and 2016, and almost stable until 2018, increased in the EU compared with 2014 levels. It mandates by 66 % during 2019. The current size of this reserve

6 Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 Executive summary

is five times the amount of actual annual equipment In addition, allegations of illegal HFC imports outside imports or 61 % of the maximum available HFC amount the reporting and compliance system under the for 2020. This accumulated reserve of authorisations FGR have been made. These were explored in a reduces the overall strain on the quota issued for recent study for the Directorate-General for Climate the following years, as imports of refrigeration, air Action of the European Commission (DG CLIMA) (EC, conditioning and heat pump (RACHP) equipment 2019) (1). containing HFCs will, at least theoretically, not need to be covered by the quota issued for those years.

Figure ES.1 Progress of the HFC phase-down under EU regulation

MtCO2e

300

250

200

150

100

0 8 7 2007 200 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 202 2028 2029 2030

Bulk HFC POM 2007-2013 Issued authorisations to use quota Bulk HFC POM 2014 (quota-relevant 2015) Quota-relevant bulk HFC POM Maximum quantity of HFC phase-down for the EU-27 HFC POM in RACHP equipment, and the United Kingdom without authorisation coverage

Notes: Values from 2007 to 2013 are based on the reporting obligations of the old F-gas Regulation (EC) No 842/2006 and are therefore not fully comparable with data from 2014 onwards (based on the obligations of the new F-gas Regulation (EU) No 517/2014). The geographical scope of presented POM data is the EU-28 except Croatia for the period 2007-2008 and the EU-28 for the period 2009-2019. The maximum quantities of the EU HFC phase-down shown for 2019 onwards are given for the EU-28. EU-27 maximum quantities for 2021 onwards will need to be recalculated for the period after the Brexit transition period. Mt, million tonnes; POM, placing on the market.

Sources: EC (2011, 2014, 2020); EEA (2019, 2020b).

(1) That study concludes that, at this stage, it does not appear possible to quantify customs evasion, and that the HFC phase-down continues to be successful in promoting innovation and a shift towards climate-friendly solutions, in particular as gas prices remain significantly higher than on the world market.

Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 7 Executive summary

Figure ES.2 EU progress under the Montreal Protocol HFC phase-down

MtCO2e

300

250

200

150

100

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036

EU HFC consumption EU-28 baseline for MP HFC consumption phase-down 2011-2013 average EU HFC consumtion HFC consumption limit under the MP for EU-27 and the United Kingdom

Notes: HFCs covered under the Montreal Protocol include all HFCs covered under EU F-gas Regulation No 517/2014, except HFC-161 (see Annex 1). The geographical scope of presented HFC consumption data is the EU-28 except Croatia for the period 2007-2008 and the EU-28 for the period 2009-2019. MP, Montreal Protocol.

Sources: EC (2011, 2014); EEA (2019, 2020b).

EU contribution to the global Supply of F-gases in the EU phase‑down of HFCs under the Kigali Amendment to the The total supply of F-gases decreased significantly Montreal Protocol for the second consecutive year in 2019, with a 20 % reduction compared with 2018 (Figure ES.3). The global HFC phase-down under the Montreal Refrigeration and air conditioning continue to be key Protocol Kigali Amendment introduces limits to applications. This trend reflects a 3 % growth observed the consumption of HFCs, starting in 2019. In 2019, for unsaturated HFCs and HCFCs with very low GWPs, HFC consumption in the EU-28 dropped by 22 % while HFC supply decreased by 20 % in mass (22 % as

and was thus 55 % below the limit for the EU-28 CO2e). Looking at the gases with the highest GWPs,

under the Montreal Protocol's Kigali Amendment there was a 14 % decrease for SF6, a 7 % decrease for

(Figure ES.2). NF3 and a 21 % decrease for PFCs.

8 Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 Executive summary

The trend in F-gas supply in the EU reflects trends in Figure ES.3 Supply, production, import, export physical flows of F-gases: production, reclamation, and destruction of F-gases (CO2e) imports, exports and destruction in the EU-28. Tonnes

• Production of F-gases has seen a steady 140 000 decline since 2012. In 2019, while the volume of production fell by 3 %, the average GWP of 120 000 produced substances increased by 30 % due to 100 000 more complete reporting on the by-production of high-GWP HFC-23, which is mostly destined for 80 000

destruction or feedstock use. SF6 production in 2019 rose by 6 % compared with 2018. 60 000

40 000 • The quantities reported as reclaimed F-gases

decreased by about 20 % compared with 2018, 20 000 due mostly to less complete reporting. Reclaimed HFCs now make up 8 % of the produced amount, 0 or 3 % of the EU supply of virgin HFCs (or 9 % and 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 4 %, respectively, as CO2e). While 97 % of reclaimed

amounts are HFCs, SF6 contributes to 20 % of the Supply Production and Destruction GWP of reclaimed gas. reclamation Imports Exports • Total imports have decreased over the past 2 years: Notes: The geographical scope of presented data is the EU-28 2019 amounts were 20 % below those of 2017, or except Croatia for the period 2007-2008 and the EU-28 for 39 % as CO2e. Imports of HFCs fell by about 30 % the period 2009-2019. Annex II F-gases (unsaturated HFCs since 2017, while imports of unsaturated and HCFCs, hydrofluoroethers (HFEs) and alcohols, and 'other' perfluorinated compounds) and HFCs, PFCs and SF6 HFCs/HCFCs increased by 40 %. The share of in products and equipment were not subject to reporting HFCs in total imports was 74 % in 2019. Imports for the period 2007-2013. Data presented for import and supply between 2007 and 2013 are thus limited to bulk of F-gases contained in products and equipment import and bulk supply. Export is limited to bulk export appear to have levelled off since 2017. for the whole time series. Data available for Croatia for the period 2009‑2012 are limited to HFCs and do not cover

PFCs and SF6. • Bulk exports of fluorinated gases from the EU-28 Sources: EC (2011, 2014); EEA (2019, 2020b). decreased annually by about 10 % since 2017.

The year-on-year decrease in CO2e, however, is less steep at 1 %, compared with 2018. There are different trends for different gases: 2019 HFC Note on Brexit exports were about 25 % lower than 2 years before The withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union did not affect the production of in 2017. For other gases, mostly SF6 and unsaturated HFCs and HCFCs, 2019 exports were about 20 % this assessment. Data for the United Kingdom appears here in agreement with the terms of the higher than in 2017. The rise in SF6 exports compensates for reductions in HFC exports when Withdrawal Agreement, which entered into force assessing trends in total bulk exports on a GWP on 1 February 2020. In this assessment, in line with basis. Exports of F-gases contained in products and guidance from the EU Publications Office: equipment are not subject to obligatory reporting. • EU-28: refers to the first 28 countries of the EU. • Destruction and feedstock use of F-gases is reported mainly for HFCs. The amounts destroyed • EU-27: refers to the 27 Member States increased by 145 % and the GWP of destroyed comprising the EU since the departure of F-gases increased by about 200 % compared with the UK. 2018, mostly due to more complete reporting as discussed for production. Feedstock use amounts have been almost constant since 2015 with a small peak in 2018.

Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 9 Introduction

1 Introduction

1.1 Background The strong policy mechanisms adopted under the EU F-gas Regulation of 2014 (EU, 2014b), which implements an EU-wide phase-down of HFC use, as well as measures 1.1.1 International policy framework taken by other industrialised countries, gave momentum to the global development of HFC regulation. This The United Nations Framework Convention on culminated in October 2016 in Kigali, when the Montreal Climate Change (UNFCCC) addresses several Protocol was amended to regulate HFCs. Both developed groups of fluorinated greenhouse gases (F-gases). and developing countries have taken on mandatory Most of these F-gases have very high global commitments to reduce production and consumption of warming potentials (GWPs) in comparison with HFCs in the next three decades (2). other greenhouse gases. Among them are hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons

(PFCs), sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) and nitrogen 1.1.2 EU fluorinated greenhouse gases legal framework

trifluoride (NF3). They are also covered by the Kyoto Protocol and included in the EU's commitment under Old F-gas Regulation the Paris Agreement. Regulation (EC) No 842/2006 (EU, 2006), the old F-gas Certain F-gases have come into use since the 1990s Regulation, employed two tracks of action from 2007: for the replacement of ozone-depleting substances (ODS) that were phased out under the Montreal • Improving the leak-tightness of equipment Protocol (UNEP Ozone Secretariat, 1987) and containing F-gases. Measures comprised labelling Regulation (EC) No 1005/2009 (EU, 2009). Their use of equipment containing F-gases, training and in many different applications has been increasing certification of personnel and companies handling and has considerable potential for further growth. these gases, containment of F-gases within In 2018, F-gases accounted for approximately 3 % equipment, and proper recovery of F-gases from of overall greenhouse gas emissions expressed in equipment that is no longer used.

carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) in the 28 Member States of the EU. Emissions of F-gases, of which • Avoiding the use of F-gases in some applications in approximately 90 % are HFCs, increased from 2000 to which more environmentally superior alternatives are 2014 by more than 50 %, then declined significantly already cost-effective. Measures included restrictions after peaking in 2014 (-11 % until 2018) (EEA, 2020a). on the use and marketing of F-gases in these cases.

The EU has committed, under the UNFCCC, to New F-gas Regulation (2014) reduce emissions of greenhouse gases by 20 % by 2020 compared with 1990 levels. F-gases are In 2015, the new F-gas Regulation (No 517/2014) (EU, included in this target. Under the Paris Agreement, 2014b) was implemented, which aims to reduce F-gas the EU is committed to a 40 % reduction in domestic emissions by two thirds of the 2010 level by 2030. The emissions by 2030 compared with 1990. In line with relevant measures from the 2006 regulation remain in the European Green Deal, the European Commission force. This regulation includes a phase-down timeline proposed in September 2020 to the European for HFCs with GWP. Sales of HFCs on the EU market are Parliament and the Council to increase the ambition progressively capped, reaching 21 % of baseline levels for the 2030 climate target from a reduction of 40 % by 2030. In addition, F-gases with very high GWPs are to a reduction of at least 55 %. banned entirely.

(2) The Kigali Amendment regulates production and consumption, while reducing emissions of HFCs remains within the remit of the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement.

10 Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 Introduction

Under the regulation, companies are obliged 1.3 Institutional arrangements to report on produced, imported and exported quantities of F-gases and mixtures as before. The Companies that need to report are obliged to register new regulation extends the reporting obligation to: with the European Commission's F-gas Portal and HFC Licensing System (3), which also hosts the HFC registry

• use of HFCs, PFCs and SF6 as a feedstock for pursuant to Article 17 of the 2014 F-gas Regulation chemical reaction processes; (Figure 1.1).

• destruction of F-gases; Since 2012, the European Commission has given the responsibility for collecting, archiving and evaluating • import of products or equipment containing F-gases. the data reported by companies to the EEA. The reporting process is executed through the EEA's online Furthermore, under the new regulation, the list platform, the Business Data Repository (BDR), while of reportable F-gases (see Annex 1) was extended technical support for the F-gas reporting process beyond HFCs, PFCs and SF6 (as listed in Annex I of is provided by the EEA's European Topic Centre on the new F-gas Regulation) to include: Climate Change Mitigation and Energy (ETC/CME) (4).

• unsaturated hydro(chloro)fluorocarbons; 1.4 Scope • fluorinated ethers and alcohols; The report is based on submissions for the year • other perfluorinated compounds. 2019, as received by 4 August 2020 (which includes some late reports and corrections received after the Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) legal deadline of 31 March 2020). Data for previous No 1191/2014 (EU, 2014a), last amended by years were changed slightly after some corrections Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/522 were submitted. (EU, 2019), establishes the format in which the reports are to be submitted. Data for the period 2007-2013 are covered by the old 2006 F-gas Regulation, while data for 2014 and onwards are covered by the new 2014 Regulation. Because of 1.2 Report structure the different reporting frameworks, data from the two periods are not always directly comparable. The report consists of six chapters: The geographical scope for data presented for the years This introductory Chapter 1 outlines legal up to 2018 is the EU. Data for 2019 relate to the EU-28. arrangements and their implementation.

Chapter 2 details the reporting arrangements and 1.5 Confidentiality the technical facilities used and gives an overview of the reporting companies. The F-gas Regulation requires that the confidentiality of the information submitted by companies is protected Chapter 3 presents an overview of the data on (Article 19(8)). The EEA takes appropriate measures production, imports, exports and destruction of to protect confidentiality and prevent publication of F-gases as reported by companies. commercially sensitive information. These measures include public reporting of F-gases data only at higher Chapter 4 presents key indicators for the EU, based levels of aggregation, to protect data that are the result on reported data about the supply of F-gases to the of reports from fewer than three corporate groups, EU market and their intended applications. and additional steps to prevent deduction of sensitive information. It is for confidentiality reasons that some Chapter 5 discusses progress under the EU HFC of the statements about F-gas activity in this report are phase‑down. of a general nature and do not refer to exact figures or percentages. A summary of the confidentiality Chapter 6 discusses progress under the global HFC measures applied to the data published in this report is phase-down under the Montreal Protocol. included at the beginning of Annex 5.

(3) https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/ods2 (4) https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-cme

Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 11 Introduction

Figure 1.1 Institutional arrangements

Companies Public EU Member States UNEP O3 Secretariat

1 February - 31 March November September Mid-September 30 June + 30 September

F-gas Regulation Public F-gas report F-gas database Conﬁdential Submission to Article 19 company + indicator extracts F-gas report UNEP MP based reporting (Article 7 reports)

EU F-gas Regulation Article 19 reporting

European Environment Agency European Commission - DG Climate Action

• Reporting platform (Business Data Repository) • Overall responsibility for the F-gas Regulation • Helpdesk function and communication with companies • Overall responsibility for the F-gas Portal • Maintenance of EU F-gas database • Communication with EU Member States

• Data quality assurance • Communication with UNEP O3 Secretariat • Publiction of reports and indicator

• Preparation of EU submissions to UNEP′s O3 Secretariat

Source: EEA (2019).

12 Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 Reporting arrangements

2 Reporting arrangements

2.1 Reporting format and quality control team and various guidance documents made available at https://bdr.eionet.europa.eu/help/fgases: The format for the reporting by companies in accordance with Article 19 of the new F-gas Regulation (EU, 2014b) is • How to register? The F-gas portal registration laid down in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) manual (5). No 1191/2014 (EU, 2014a), amended by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2017/1375 (EU, 2017), • How to use the BDR reporting platform? The BDR Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/1992 user manual (6). (EU, 2018) and Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/522 (EU, 2019). A further specification of data to be • What (numbers) should be reported? Frequently reported is given in Annex 2. An overview of the reporting asked questions (FAQ) document (7). format applied for the period 2007-2013 under the old F-gas Regulation is given in Annex 3. 2.1.2 Companies that are not obliged to report

Company registration for reporting and the reporting The companies that considered that they were not process are two separate procedures. Registration for covered by Article 19 of the new F-gas Regulation in the reporting is centralised in the European Commission's past year were invited to communicate this through the F-gas Portal at https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/ods2. web questionnaire in the BDR ('nil report') or by email This provides 'one-stop-shop' access for both the in the event of technical difficulties. hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) Registry (for quota purposes) and for reporting under Article 19. 2.1.3 Data quality control From their account in the F-gas portal, companies have a direct link to the EEA's Business Data Repository Data quality checking procedures are included in an (BDR) at https://bdr.eionet.europa.eu. This reporting automatic quality control implemented in the online platform ensures that the reporting process maintains questionnaire, which can also be invoked by the traceability, confidentiality and transparency for reporters manually. It is followed by manual quality all stakeholders. control applied after submission of the reports. If problems were identified, reporters were contacted and invited to submit a revised report where necessary. 2.1.1 Support for reporting companies All submissions were done via the BDR and never via informal communications or manual modifications Reporters received support regarding the reporting to ensure the transparency of the reporting process. procedure and technical questions from the EEA This process was repeated until submissions passed and the European Topic Centre on Climate Change all quality checks. More details on the quality control Mitigation and Energy (ETC/CME) reporting support procedures are given in Annex 6.

(5) https://ec.europa.eu/clima/sites/clima/files/f-gas/docs/guidance_document_en.pdf (6) https://bdr.eionet.europa.eu/help/bdr_user_manual.pdf (7) https://bdr.eionet.europa.eu/help/fgases

Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 13 Reporting arrangements

Figure 2.1 Reporting companies by Member State

Number of companies reporting on 2019 activities

950

850

750

650

550

450

350

250

150

50 0

-50 y a y a a d Ital Spain Malt Latvia Poland France Greece Cyprus Austria Irelan Sweden CzechiaBelgium Croatia Finland EstoniSlovakiaa Non-EU Germany Bulgari Romania HungarPortugalLithuani Denmark Slovenia Netherlands Luxenbourg United Kingdom

EU for 2018 EU additional for 2019 Non-EU for 2018 Non-EU additional for 2019

Notes: Nil reports not included. Non-EU countries: British Virgin Islands, Canada, China, Egypt, Gibraltar, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Mexico, Monaco, Norway, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, United States, United Arab Emirates and Vietnam.

Source: EEA (2020b).

2.2 Companies reporting in 2020 non-EU companies are represented in the EU by 'only representatives' located in Ireland (see breakdown By 4 August 2020, 3 146 companies had reported in Table A5.28 in Annex 5. The rise in reporting on F-gas activity during 2019, an increase of 47 % companies compared with the previous year can on the previous year. A further 1 621 companies largely be attributed to four countries, namely Poland reported no reportable activity during 2019 (nil (43 % of the total increase), China (15 %), Italy (13 %) report). As shown in Figure 2.1, companies are and Sweden (10 %). distributed across the EU-28 Member States, with the largest amounts located in Poland (27 %), Italy The activities reported by the majority of companies (11 %), Germany (6 %), France (5 %), Sweden (5 %) and are the import of refrigeration, air conditioning and the United Kingdom (5 %). About 10 % of reporting heat pump (RACHP) equipment charged with HFCs companies are non-EU companies; most are Chinese and the imports of bulk HFCs (Figure 2.2). Table companies that export gases or equipment to A5.27 in Annex 5 presents a breakdown of reporting European subsidiaries and partners. The majority of companies by country and reported activity for 2019.

14 Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 Reporting arrangements

Figure 2.2 Reported activities, 2007-2019

Number of reporting companies

1 800

1 600

1 400

1 200

1 000

800

600

400

200

0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Bulk HFC imports Bulk HFC exports RACHP equipment imports Exclusive quota authorisation Other charged with HFCs (no physical POM)

Note: POM, placing on the market.

Sources: EC (2011, 2014); EEA (2019, 2020b).

Compared with the previous year, the number of bulk in 2019, which is approximately a 250 % increase HFC importers almost doubled to reach approximately compared with 2018. 1 700 companies. This is linked to the additional number of new entrant companies that had applied For RACHP equipment importers, the number of for the 2019 HFC quota. The increase in quota-holding reporting companies decreased by 6 % in 2019. companies also affected the rise in the number Following strong growth since reporting started for of 'exclusive quota authorisers', i.e. quota-holding this category, the number of companies seems to companies that do not engage at all in HFC imports have stabilised at around 1 000 since 2017. For a more but instead authorise their quota to RACHP equipment detailed breakdown of reported activities over time, importers. About 430 quota holders acted that way please refer to Table A5.29 in Annex 5.

Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 15 Fluorinated greenhouse gas activity in the EU

3 Fluorinated greenhouse gas activity in the EU

This chapter presents data reported by 3.1.1 Production companies on: Production of F-gases in Europe showed a declining • production and reclamation (Section 3.1); trend from 2007 to 2014 (Figure 3.1), not taking into account the dip in production induced by the financial • imports, both bulk and in products/equipment, and crisis in 2008 and 2009. After 2014, there was a slight bulk exports (Section 3.2); increase in production (green bars), together with a continued decrease in the global warming potential • destruction and feedstock use (Section 3.3). (GWP) of the produced gas (blue line). This indicates a shift to F-gases with lower GWPs. In 2018, the volume These data are the basis for the calculation of the of production fell by 28 % and the GWP of production EU fluorinated greenhouse gases (F-gases) supply decreased by 16 %, with large reductions in HFC-134a, (Chapter 4), the assessment of progress under the EU HFC-143a and HFC-365mfc production. In 2019, a hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) phase-down (Chapter 5) significant increase in the GWP of produced gases and the calculation of the EU HFC consumption was reported, while the production volume in tonnes (Chapter 6). continued to slightly decrease. This effect is mainly due to the more complete reporting on the by‑production Table A4.2 in Annex 4 explains the differences between of HFC-23 (GWP: 14 800), both amounts captured the definitions of EU 'supply' used in this report and the for destruction and amounts not captured. Explicit compliance metrics of the HFC phase‑down schemes, reporting on uncaptured amounts of F-gases was i.e. 'placing on the market' (POM), used for the EU-wide new in 2020, based on the 2019 amendment of the HFC phase-down under the EU F-gas Regulation, and reporting questionnaire (EU, 2019). 97 % of uncaptured 'consumption', used for the global HFC phase-down HFC production in 2019 was reported to have been under the Montreal Protocol. destroyed (96 % of GWP).

All numbers are presented both as tonnes of F-gases Production of F-gases is dominated by HFCs, which

and as tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e). The account for more than 90 % of the total, with HFC‑134a statistics in physical tonnes reflect the use patterns of and HFC-365mfc accounting for the largest parts. Other F-gases in European industries, while use of F-gases HFCs produced in the EU are HFC-143a, HFC‑227ea

expressed as CO2e reflects the potential relevance for and HFC-23. The EU production of HFC-32 and climate change policy and the HFC phase-down. HFC‑125 ceased after 2013 and 2014, respectively (8). For the sum of HFCs, 2019 production was 4 % below 2018 in tonnes but 30 % above 2018 in GWP. That 3.1 Production and reclamation is because HFC-134a production (GWP: 1 430) fell by about one quarter, while reported production of 'Production' refers to the production of virgin F-gases. HFC-143a (GWP: 4 470) and HFC-23 (GWP: 14 800) The F-gas Regulation defines 'reclamation' as 'the approximately doubled. reprocessing of a recovered fluorinated greenhouse

gas in order to match the equivalent performance of a While sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) accounts for roughly virgin substance, taking into account its intended use'. 10 % of EU F-gas production, it now constitutes about

Note that reclaimed HFCs do not count as 'POM' and half of the total GWP of production. SF6 production are not subject to the limits of the HFC phase-down. in 2019 rose by 6 % compared with 2018 and thus returned to 2017 levels. Other F-gases produced in the

(8) Relatively small amounts of uncaptured production of HFC-125 were reported in 2019, however they were fully destroyed.

16 Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 Fluorinated greenhouse gas activity in the EU

EU are five perfluorocarbons (PFCs). The production 2018. It must be noted, though, that the reporting on of low quantities of HFC-1234yf had been reported for reclamation is incomplete, as no self-standing reporting the period 2015-2017 and of hydrochlorofluorocarbon obligation is in place for undertakings involved in (HCFC)-1233zd for 2018. However, no production of reclamation. Reported reclamation amounts are these gases was reported for 2019. based on the reclamation activities of undertakings that have a reporting obligation as gas importers. A tabular overview of F-gases produced in the EU since The 2019 decrease can be largely explained by the

2007 in tonnes and CO2e is given in Table A5.1 and fact that one single gas importer stopped including Table A5.2 in Annex 5. their reported data amounts reclaimed by an independent sub‑contractor.

3.1.2 Reclamation Reclaimed HFCs as reported now make up 8 % of the produced amount, or 3 % of the EU supply of virgin HFCs

Reclamation of F-gases in the EU has fluctuated, (or 9 % and 4 %, respectively, as CO2e). While 97 % of but there was a steady increase from 2014 to 2018 reclaimed amounts are HFCs, SF6 contributes to about (Figure 3.2). In 2019, however, the reported reclamation 20 % of the GWP of reclaimed gas. Details can be found amount decreased by about 20 % compared with in Table A5.3 and Table A5.4 in Annex 5.

Figure 3.1 EU production of F-gases Figure 3.2 EU reclamation of F-gases

Tonnes MtCO2e Tonnes MtCO2e

70 000 200 2 500 7

180 60 000 6 160 2 000

50 000 140 5

120 1 500 40 000 4 100 30 000 3 80 1 000

20 000 60 2 40 500 10 000 1 20

0 0 0 0 7 4 7 4 200 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 201 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 200 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 201 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Other F-gases (tonnes) Total F-gases (MtCO2e) HFCs (tonnes) HFCs (MtCO e) Other F-gases (tonnes) Total F-gases (MtCO e) 2 2 Total F-gases (tonnes) HFCs (tonnes) HFCs (MtCO2e) Notes: The geographical scope of presented data is the EU-28 Notes: The geographical scope of presented data is the EU-28 except Croatia for the period 2007-2012 and the EU-28 except Croatia for the period 2007-2008 and the EU-28 for the period 2013-2019. Annex II F-gases (unsaturated for the period 2009-2019. Annex II F-gases (unsaturated HFCs and HCFCs; hydrofluoroethers, HFEs, and alcohols;

HFCs and HCFCs; hydrofluoroethers, HFEs, and alcohols; and nitrogen trifluoride, NF3, and other perfluorinated and nitrogen trifluoride, NF3, and other perfluorinated compounds) were not subject to reporting for the years compounds) were not subject to reporting for the years 2007-2013. HFC reclamation in the years 2007-2013 is not 2007-2013. identified for confidentiality reasons. Mt, million tonnes. Mt, million tonnes.

Sources: EC (2011, 2014); EEA (2019, 2020b). Sources: EC (2011, 2014); EEA (2019, 2020b).

Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 17 Fluorinated greenhouse gas activity in the EU

3.2 Imports and exports and PFCs. Detailed data on total imports can be found in Table A5.5 and Table A5.6 in Annex 5.

3.2.1 Imports Note that, for the years 2014-2019, Figure 3.3 includes both bulk and equipment imports, which were not Imports of F-gases into the EU-28, including both reported before 2014. The figures before 2014 include bulk imports and imports contained in products and only bulk imports. In 2019, equipment imports made equipment, decreased by 14 % compared with 2019 up 12 % of the total imported amount or 10 % of the (Figure 3.3). Imports of HFCs fell by 19 %, while imports GWP (Figure 3.4), compared with 10 % (tonnes) or 11 % of unsaturated HFCs/HCFCs increased by 6 %. The (GWP) in 2018. share of HFCs in total imports decreased from 79 % in 2018 to 74 % in 2019. The 14 % decrease in total F-gas imports is the result of a 22 % reduction in bulk imports, partly outweighed With the low GWP of the unsaturated gases, the GWP by a 4 % decrease in products and equipment imports.

of total F-gas imports decreased by 19 %. Most of that In terms of CO2e, bulk gas and imports in equipment decrease in the GWP of imports is due to the lower HFC fell by 19 % and 22 %, respectively. In both cases this

imports, and the remainder is caused by decreases in SF6 reflects a switch to lower GWP gases.

Figure 3.3 EU imports of F-gases Figure 3.4 EU imports by type

Tonnes MtCO2e Tonnes MtCO2e

140 000 350 140 000 350

120 000 300 120 000 300

100 000 250 100 000 250

80 000 200 80 000 200

60 000 150 60 000 150

40 000 100 40 000 100

20 000 50 20 000 50

0 0 0 0 7 4 7 4 200 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 201 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 200 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 201 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Imports in products and Total imports (MtCO2e) equipment (tonnes) Other F-gases (tonnes) Total F-gases (MtCO2e) Bulk imports under FGR Bulk imports under HFCs (tonnes) HFCs (MtCO2e) deﬁnition (tonnes) FGR deﬁnition (MtCO2e)

Notes: The geographical scope of presented data is the EU-28 except Notes: The geographical scope of presented data is the EU-28 Croatia for the period 2007-2008 and the EU-28 for the except Croatia for the period 2007-2008 and the EU-28 period 2009-2019. Annex II F-gases (unsaturated HFCs and for the period 2009-2019. Annex II F-gases (unsaturated HCFCs; hydrofluoroethers, HFEs, and alcohols; and nitrogen HFCs and HCFCs; hydrofluoroethers, HFEs, and alcohols; and nitrogen trifluoride, NF3, and other perfluorinated trifluoride, NF3, and other perfluorinated compounds) and compounds) and HFCs, PFCs and SF6 imported in products HFCs, PFCs and SF6 imported in products and equipment were not subject to reporting for the years 2007-2013. Data and equipment were not subject to reporting for the available for Croatia for the period 2009‑2012 are limited to years 2007-2013. Data available for Croatia for the period 2009-2012 are limited to HFCs and do not cover PFCs and HFCs and do not cover PFCs and SF6. Mt, million tonnes. SF6. Bulk imports under the FGR definition starting in 2014 include imports of pre-blended polyols. These substances Sources: EC (2011, 2014); EEA (2019, 2020b). are hence not included in the amounts shown for imports in products and equipment. FGR, F-gas Regulation; Mt, million tonnes.

Sources: EC (2011, 2014); EEA (2019, 2020b).

18 Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 Fluorinated greenhouse gas activity in the EU

Figure 3.5 Origin of bulk HFC imports Figure 3.6 Origin of bulk HFC imports

Tonnes MtCO2e

80 000 120

70 000 100 60 000 80 50 000

40 000 60

30 000 40 20 000 20 10 000

0 0 2018 2019 2018 2019

Other countries Japan United States China Other countries Japan United States China

Sources: EEA (2019, 2020b). Sources: EEA (2019, 2020b).

3.2.2 Bulk imports 3.2.3 Imports contained in products and equipment

New reporting details necessary under the Kigali Imports of F-gases contained in products and Amendment to the Montreal Protocol (MP), which equipment (10) have been subject to reporting since entered into force in 2019, include country-specific 2014, and reported amounts rose significantly until reporting on imports and exports of bulk HFCs (9). 2016 (Figure 3.7). Part of the increases up to 2016 This means that HFC imports and exports need to be may be attributable to more complete reporting and distinguished by country of origin/destination. Figure 3.5 not to actual increases in equipment imports. Since shows the countries of origin for bulk imports by mass, 2016, imports of F-gases appear to have levelled while Figure 3.6 displays the origin of bulk HFC imports off when measured in mass of gases: 2019 imports in relation to their GWP. In both 2018 and 2019, 99 % of were 4 % above 2018 and almost back at 2016 levels. all imports originated from three countries: China, the The strong decreasing trend in CO2e observed since United States and Japan, with China being the largest 2016 reflects a shift to gases with lower GWPs given supply country of EU HFC imports. While overall bulk that HFCs contained in imported refrigeration, air HFC imports in 2019 decreased by about 20 % compared conditioning and heat pump (RACHP) equipment have with 2018, Chinese imports followed the same trend. US been covered by the HFC phase-down under the EU imports decreased by about 40 % while imports from F-gas Regulation since 2017. Measured in CO2e, 2019 Japan increased by 30 %. Figure 3.6 also shows that HFC equipment imports were 22 % below 2018, or 38 % imports from China have a slightly higher GWP. below 2016.

Detailed data on bulk F-gas imports are contained in Table A5.7 and Table A5.8 in Annex 5.

(9) Country-specific reporting is not required for the reporting of non-HFC imports. (10) Data reported by importers of products or equipment under the F-gas Regulation (EU) No 517/2014 are defined as including quantities imported and placed on the market. Products and equipment that are imported but not placed on the market (e.g. for re-export) are not to be reported. Considering this limitation, the import of gases within products and equipment presented here have been approximated using the reported data. Starting in 2018, imports of pre-blended polyols are included. Pre-blended polyols are included in the definition of bulk gases in F-gas Regulation (EU) No 517/2014. However, under the Montreal Protocol, pre-blended polyols are considered products and are thus not covered.

Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 19 Fluorinated greenhouse gas activity in the EU

Figure 3.7 EU imports of F-gases within products Figure 3.8 Categories of EU supply in products and equipment and equipment of F-gases

TonnesMtCO2e Tonnes

12 000 25 12 000

10 000 10 000 20

8 000 8 000 15

6 000 6 000

10 4 000 4 000

5 2 000 2 000

0 0 0 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Other products and equipment Other F-gases (tonnes) Other refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pump equipment Total F-gases (MtCO2e) HFCs (tonnes) Mobile air conditioning equipment HFCs (MtCO2e) Stationary equipment for comfort cooling or heating

Notes: The geographical scope of presented data is the EU-28. Note: The geographical scope of presented data is the EU-28. Imports of pre-blended polyols are included from 2018. Imports of pre-blended polyols are included from 2018. The amounts shown in this graph for 2018 significantly The amounts shown in this graph for 2018 significantly deviate from the amounts given in the previous report deviate from the amounts given in the previous report (EEA, 2019), as imports of pre-blended polyols had not been (EEA, 2019), as imports of pre-blended polyols had not been included previously. included previously. Mt, million tonnes. Sources: EEA (2019, 2020b). Sources: EEA (2019, 2020b).

HFCs make up more than 90 % of F-gases imported in comfort cooling or heating' (mostly air conditioning). equipment, the remainder being almost completely That category makes up approximately 80 % of total unsaturated HFC-1234yf, used as the refrigerant in air equipment imports, both in tonnes and in GWP. conditioning equipment of vehicles. The large increase visible for 'other products and equipment' between 2017 and 2018 is due to imports The most important category in equipment imports of pre-blended polyols, for which specific data have (Figure 3.8 and Figure 3.9) is 'stationary equipment for been available since 2018.

20 Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 Fluorinated greenhouse gas activity in the EU

Figure 3.9 Categories of EU supply in products Figure 3.10 Refrigerants in imported stationary and equipment of F-gases RACHP equipment

MtCO2e Tonnes MtCO2e

25 10 000 20

20 8 000 16

15 6 000 12

10 4 000 8

5 2 000 4

0 0 0 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Other products and equipment Other refrigerants R-407C (GWP: 1 774) Other refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pump equipment HFC-32 (GWP: 675) R-410A (GWP: 2 088) Mobile air conditioning equipment HFC-134a (GWP: 1 430) Total F-gas refrigerants (MtCO2e) Stationary equipment for comfort cooling or heating

Notes: The geographical scope of presented data is the EU-28. Notes: The geographical scope of presented data is the EU-28. Imports of pre-blended polyols are included from 2018. Mt, million tonnes. The amounts shown in this graph for 2018 significantly Sources: EEA (2019, 2020b). deviate from the amounts given in the previous report (EEA, 2019), as imports of pre-blended polyols had not been included previously. Mt, million tonnes. Sources: EEA (2019, 2020b).

The HFC phase-down is reflected in the choice of complete. This is due to its low GWP of 4, in refrigerants in imported RACHP equipment. As combination with the threshold for the reporting illustrated in Figure 3.10, HFC-32 with a moderate GWP obligation for equipment importers of 500 tCO2e. of 675 is on the rise in stationary applications, replacing With a specific charge of approximately 0.5 kg

R-410A (refrigerant mixture of HFCs, 50 % HFC-125, per passenger car, the 500 tCO2e threshold 50 % HFC-32) with its higher GWP of 2 088. corresponds to 250 000 passenger cars. For air conditioning systems still using the traditional F-gases in mobile air conditioning (mostly in passenger R-134a (refrigerant classification of HFC-134a) cars and light duty vehicles) account for 11 % of total (GWP: 1 430), however, the 500 tCO2e threshold gases contained in imported equipment in 2019 but corresponds to approximately 700 passenger only 4 % of the GWP. Figure 3.11 illustrates how the cars. Thus, car importers specialising in models ratio of unsaturated HFC-1234yf compared with HFCs (in using HFC-1234yf may often not be affected by particular HFC-134a) in imported vehicles stabilised at the reporting obligation. However, several of such around 65 % in 2017 after increasing strongly since 2014. car importing companies have been reporting on HFC‑1234yf imports in the past, despite being The data reported for unsaturated HFC-1234yf below the obligation threshold. contained in imported vehicles may not be fully

Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 21 Fluorinated greenhouse gas activity in the EU

Figure 3.11 EU imports of F-gases within air Figure 3.12 EU bulk exports of F-gases conditioning equipment for vehicles

Tonnes MtCO2e

Tonnes MtCO2e 35 000 120 1 600 1.6 30 000 100 1 400 1.4 25 000 1 200 1.2 80 20 000 1 000 1.0 60 800 0.8 15 000 40 600 0.6 10 000

400 0.4 5 000 20 200 0.2 0 0 2 7 8 0 0 1 13 19 01 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 20 20 2014 2015 2016 201 2 20

Other F-gases (tonnes) Total F-gases (MtCO e) Other refrigerants HFC-134a (GWP: 1 430) 2

HFCs (tonnes) HFCs (MtCO2e) HFC-1234yf (GWP: 4) Total F-gas refrigerants (MtCO2e)

Notes: The geographical scope of presented data is the EU-28 except Croatia for the period 2007-2008 and the EU-28 Notes: The geographical scope of presented data is the EU-28. for the period 2009-2019. Annex II F-gases (unsaturated Mt, million tonnes. HFCs and HCFCs; hydrofluoroethers, HFEs, and alcohols; and nitrogen trifluoride, NF3, and other perfluorinated Sources: EEA (2019, 2020b). compounds) were not subject to reporting for the years 2007-2013. Bulk exports shown for the period 2014-2017 include gases exported in pre-blended polyols. Data available for Croatia for the period 2009-2012 are limited Detailed data on F-gases in imported products and to HFCs and do not cover PFCs and SF6. 2018 HFC exports given here are significantly below the amounts given in the equipment are listed in Table A5.9 and Table A5.10 in previous report (EEA, 2019) due to erroneous data identified Annex 5. Equipment imports by equipment category during quality control. Mt, million tonnes. are given in Table A5.11 and Table A5.12. Sources: EC (2011, 2014); EEA (2019, 2020b).

3.2.4 Exports

gases, mostly SF6 and unsaturated HFCs and HCFCs, Bulk exports of F-gases from the EU-28 have been 2019 exports are about 20 % higher than in 2017. In

decreasing by about 10 % annually since 2017. particular, the rise in SF6 exports compensates for

Measured in CO2e, the declining trend is less steep, reductions in HFC exports when assessing trends in with a 1 % reduction in 2019 compared with 2018, total bulk exports on a GWP basis. Exports of F-gases following a 4 % decrease the year before (Figure 3.12). contained in products and equipment are not subject There are different trends for different gases: 2019 HFC to obligatory reporting. exports are about 25 % lower than in 2017. For other

22 Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 Fluorinated greenhouse gas activity in the EU

Figure 3.13 Destination of bulk HFC imports Figure 3.14 Destination of bulk HFC exports

Tonnes MtCO2e

100 000 50

90 000 45

80 000 40

70 000 35

60 000 30

50 000 25

40 000 20

30 000 15

20 000 10

10 000 5

0 0 2018 2019 2018 2019

Other countries Turkey Other countries Turkey China Japan China Japan Saudi Arabia Canada Saudi Arabia Canada United Arab Emirates India United Arab Emirates India Mexico United States Mexico United States

Note: The geographical scope of presented data is the EU-28. Note: The geographical scope of presented data is the EU-28. Bulk imports presented here do not include imports of Bulk imports presented here do not include imports of pre-blended polyols and are thus compatible with the pre-blended polyols and are thus compatible with the MP definition. 2018 HFC exports to China given here are MP definition. 2018 HFC exports to China given here are significantly below the amounts given in the previous significantly below the amounts given in the previous report (EEA, 2019) due to erroneous data identified during report (EEA, 2019) due to erroneous data identified during quality control. quality control. Sources: EEA (2019, 2020b). Sources: EEA (2019, 2020b).

Figure 3.13 and Figure 3.14 show the destination 3.3 Destruction and feedstock use of countries of bulk HFC exports by mass and in fluorinated greenhouse gases

CO2e, which have been available since 2018. The United States commands about one third of the This section presents the amounts of F-gases HFC exports from Europe, about 40 % if measured reported as destroyed or used for feedstock. Use for in GWP. Other notable countries of export include feedstock means that the gas undergoes a chemical India, Canada, China, Japan, Turkey, Mexico, the transformation that converts it to a different substance, United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia. About 70 % which will result in insignificant emissions. Note that of all exports are destined for those nine countries, some industrial processes that use F-gases, for example while the remaining 30 % are destined for about etching or cleaning chemical vapour deposition 100 other different countries. chambers in the electronics industry, do result in considerable destruction rates, but they do not qualify The composition of bulk F-gas exports mirrors that as destruction or feedstock use. of production. Exports are dominated by HFCs (almost 90 % of the total). Other gases make up a small proportion of exports but contribute almost 3.3.1 Destruction

50 % to their total GWP (mostly due to SF6). Destruction of F-gases in the EU increased strongly Detailed data on exports can be found in in Table from 2008 to 2015, except for very low reported A5.13 and Table A5.14 in Annex 5. levels for 2013 (11). Destruction amounts reported for

(11) A thorough analysis of the confidential data indicates that this is likely to be due to incomplete reporting, which manifested itself most strikingly in 2013.

Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 23 Fluorinated greenhouse gas activity in the EU

Figure 3.15 EU destruction of F-gases alone accounts for about 90 % of the GWP of F-gases destroyed in 2019.

Tonnes MtCO2e HFC destruction plays a role in determining 1 800 18 consumption under the Montreal Protocol because HFCs that are destroyed are subtracted from the

1 600 16 amounts of HFCs that are produced and imported in that calculation (see Chapter 6). In comparison with the declining amounts of EU HFC consumption, HFC 1 200 12 destruction jumped from 6 % in 2018 to 22 % in 2019

(measured in CO2e). 800 8 Detailed data on HFC destruction can be found in Table A5.15 and Table A5.16 in Annex 5. 400 4

0 0 3.3.2 Feedstock use 2 3 7 8 9 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 201 201 2014 2015 2016 201 201 201 EU feedstock use has been almost constant since 2015, following stronger variations in the years Other F-gases (tonnes) Total F-gases (MtCO2e) between 2007 and 2014. Since 2014, feedstock use has HFCs (tonnes) HFCs (MtCO2e) Total F-gases (tonnes) consisted almost exclusively of HFC-23. In addition, very small amounts have occasionally been reported Notes: The geographical scope of presented data is the EU-28 except Croatia for the period 2007-2012 and the EU-28 for a couple of other gases, among them HFCs, PFCs, for the period 2013-2019. Annex II F-gases (unsaturated hydrofluoroethers (HFEs) and unsaturated HFCs (12). HFCs and HCFCs; hydrofluoroethers, HFEs, and alcohols; Between 2010 and 2013, large amounts of HFC-152a and nitrogen trifluoride, NF3, and other perfluorinated compounds) were not subject to reporting for the years were reported by a gas importer identifying feedstock 2007-2013. HFC destruction prior to 2014 is not identified use as the intended application in the EU. It is possible, for confidentiality reasons. Mt, million tonnes. though, that the indication of feedstock use as intended Sources: EC (2011, 2014); EEA (2019, 2020b). application was erroneous and should instead have been foam or aerosols. Given the relatively low GWP of 124 for HFC-152a, however, these amounts hardly

the period 2016-2018 were about 50 % below 2015 affect the total expressed in CO2e calculated for levels (Figure 3.15). The steep rise in 2019 destruction feedstock use. compared with 2018 (more than doubling in tonnes,

tripling in CO2e) is mostly due to more complete As with destruction, any HFCs that are used as reporting on the by-production of HFC-23 and feedstock do not count towards consumption subsequent destruction, as discussed in Section 3.1 (see Chapter 6). Given the significant reduction in on production. HFC consumption, the proportion of HFCs used as feedstock, in comparison with HFC consumption, Destruction is focused on HFCs (98 % of the total more than doubled from 2 % in 2015 to 5 % in 2019

amount in 2019), of which about 60 % is HFC-23. (measured as CO2e). HFC-23 occurs as a by-product in certain production processes of F-gases, and its destruction or reclamation Detailed data on feedstock cannot be presented for is obligatory under the F-gas Regulation. HFC-23 confidentiality reasons.

12 ( ) Note that the reporting obligation for feedstock use covers only the Annex I F-gases HFCs, PFCs and SF6. Thus, data reported on Annex II F-gases

(unsaturated HFCs/HCFCs, HFE and alcohols; and nitrogen trifluoride, NF3, and other perfluorinated compounds) may not necessarily be complete.

24 Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 Supply of fluorinated greenhouse gases to the EU

4 Supply of fluorinated greenhouse gases to the EU

Supply of fluorinated greenhouse gases (F-gases) is a In addition, allegations of illegal HFC imports metric used by the EEA that provides information on the outside the reporting and compliance system actual use of F-gases by EU industries. It is calculated under the F-gases Regulation (FGR) have been primarily from reported production, imports and made and were explored in a recent study for exports (13). the Directorate‑General for Climate Action of the European Commission (DG CLIMA) (EC, 2019). Total In Section 4.1, some key trends are analysed in the quantities as collected by Eurostat and the F-gas development of the EU supply of total F-gases and reporting data match well. The study therefore specific gases and gas groups and in differentiating bulk concluded that at this stage it does not appear supply and supply in products and equipment. In Section possible to quantify customs evasion and that the 4.2, trends in the intended application of supply are HFC phase-down continues to be successful in presented. promoting innovation and a shift towards climate- friendly solutions, in particular as gas prices remain significantly higher than before the EU HFC 4.1 Trends in the EU supply by gas phase-down. Any illegal imports of HFCs would be reflected neither in the HFC imports nor in the HFC The supply of F-gases to the EU-28 was reasonably supply totals in the present report, which is based stable from 2007 until the 2014 peak, prior to the on officially reported data. hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) quota system entering into force. Following relative stability in the years 2015 to HFC quotas allocated for 2019 were basically at the 2017, the supply of total F-gases has strongly declined same level as 2018, and the next reduction step since 2017: the 2019 supply measured in tonnes was will not take place before 2021, when total quotas 15 % below 2018 and almost 25 % below 2017. Expressed for the EU‑28 will be reduced by about one third in carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e), the reduction is even compared with 2018-2020 levels (see Chapter 5). more significant at 20 % below 2018 and 42 % below 2017 (Figure 4.1). Beyond HFCs, there was a 23 % decrease for perfluorocarbons (PFCs), a 14 % decrease for

The supply of F-gases was dominated by HFCs, which sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), an 8 % decrease for accounted for approximately three quarters (in tonnes hydrofluoroethers (HFEs) and alcohols, as well as and in CO2e) of the total in 2019. a 7 % decrease for nitrogen trifluoride (NF3), all outweighed by a 3 % increase in unsaturated HFCs For HFCs, the reduction compared with the previous and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) which now year was stronger than for total F-gases: the 2019 HFC make up 23 % of supply if measured in tonnes. supply in tonnes was 20 % below 2018 (22 % below 2018 Expressed in CO2e, the supply of F-gases except in CO2e), caused by a reduction in HFC demand from EU HFCs in 2019 was 13 % below 2018. None of the industries moving to alternatives with low global warming latter substances are covered by the quota system. potential (GWP).

(13) For methodological details on the calculation of EU supply, please refer to Annex 4, in particular Table A4.2, which explains the difference between the metrics of 'EU supply', 'placing on the market', and 'consumption', which are relevant for different aspects of the legal framework.

Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 25 Supply of fluorinated greenhouse gases to the EU

The HFC supply shown in Figure 4.1 for the years delivered in bulk (61 % of total EU supply of 2014‑2018 includes equipment imports, while the levels F-gases) and about 13 % is HFCs delivered in for the period 2007-2013 reflect HFC bulk supply only. products and equipment. Unsaturated HFCs

When corrected for this discontinuity, HFC bulk supply have risen to a share of 23 %. PFCs, SF6 and other for the period 2015-2017 was well below 2007-2013 gases are supplied almost exclusively in bulk. The levels, and decreasing. The proportion of equipment picture looks somewhat different when looking at imports in the total supply increased over time to reach the total GWP of total supply (Figure 4.4). While

a level of 14 % in 2019 (11 % as CO2e) (Figure 4.2). non-HFCs make up about a quarter of the total

supply both in tonnes and in CO2e, the relevant

Figure 4.3 shows the make-up of supply in 2019 non‑HFC gases in terms of GWP are SF6, NF3 in more in detail: the largest proportion is HFCs and PFCs.

Figure 4.1 EU supply of F-gases Figure 4.2 EU supply of F-gases by type

Tonnes MtCO2e Tonnes MtCO2e

140 000 350 140 000 350

120 000 300 120 000 300

100 000 250 100 000 250

80 000 200 80 000 200

60 000 150 60 000 150

40 000 100 40 000 100

20 000 50 20 000 50

0 0 0 0 7 7 12 13 18 19 12 13 18 19 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 20 20 2014 2015 2016 201 20 20 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 20 20 2014 2015 2016 201 20 20

Other F-gases (tonnes) Total F-gases (MtCO2e) Supply in products and Total supply (MCO2e) equipment (tonnes) HFCs (tonnes) HFCs (MtCO2e)

Bulk supply (tonnes) Bulk supply (MtCO2e) Bulk HFCs (MtCO2e)

Notes: The geographical scope of presented data is the EU-28 Notes: The geographical scope of presented data is the EU-28 except except Croatia for the period 2007-2008 and the EU-28 Croatia for the period 2007-2008 and the EU-28 for the for the period 2009-2019. Annex II F-gases (unsaturated period 2009-2019. Annex II F-gases (unsaturated HFCs and

HFCs and HCFCs; HFEs and alcohols; and NF3 and other HCFCs; HFEs and alcohols; and NF3 and other perfluorinated

perfluorinated compounds) and HFCs, PFCs and SF6 compounds) and HFCs, PFCs and SF6 imported in products imported in products and equipment were not subject to and equipment were not subject to reporting for the reporting for the years 2007-2013. Data available for Croatia years 2007-2013. Data available for Croatia for the period for the period 2009-2012 is limited to HFCs and does not 2009‑2012 is limited to HFCs and does not cover PFCs and

cover PFCs and SF6. SF6. Imports of pre-blended polyols, available since 2018, Mt, million tonnes. were assigned to the supply in products and equipment. Mt, million tonnes. Sources: EC (2011, 2014); EEA (2019, 2020b). Sources: EC (2011, 2014); EEA (2019, 2020b).

26 Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 Supply of fluorinated greenhouse gases to the EU

Figure 4.3 2019 total supply by types and groups Figure 4.4 2019 total supply by types and groups of F-gases of F-gases

Percentage of tonnes Percentage of CO2e 2 % 0.1 %

6 %

14 % 23 %

4 %

61 % 11 % 13 % 66 %

HFCs (bulk) SF6

HFCs (equipment) NF3 Unsaturated H(C)FCs Other F-gases PFCs

Note: The geographical scope of presented data is the EU-28. Note: The geographical scope of presented data is the EU-28. Source: EEA (2020b). Source: EEA (2020b).

Detailed data on total supply and bulk supply are given in Table A5.17 to Table A5.20 in Annex 5. For supply in imports and equipment, please refer to Table A5.9 and Table A5.10.

Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 27 Supply of fluorinated greenhouse gases to the EU

Figure 4.5 2019 EU supply by intended Figure 4.6 2019 EU supply by intended applications applications

Percentage of tonnes Percentage of CO2e

3 % 5 %

11 % 9 %

10 % 14 %

9 % 63 % 71 % 4 %

Refrigeration, air-conditioning and Electrical equipment heating and other heat transfer ﬂuids Foams, including pre-blended polyols Semiconductor, photovoltaics and other electronics manufacture

Aerosols Other or unknown applications

Note: The geographical scope of presented data is the EU-28. Note: The geographical scope of presented data is the EU-28. Source: EEA (2020b). Source: EEA (2020b).

4.2 Intended applications of EU supply and refrigerant industry must be making use of

non‑F-gas refrigerants ('natural refrigerants', e.g. CO2, Figure 4.5 and Figure 4.6 show the proportions of hydrocarbons, ammonia, water) which by definition will intended applications calculated for the 2019 supply not need to be reported. As discussed in Section 4.1, of F-gases, while Figure 4.7 and Figure 4.8 show the the potential impact of alleged illegal imports cannot trends over time since 2007. When analysing the presently be quantified. trends, the discontinuity between 2013 and 2014 due to the change in reporting requirements on equipment F-gases used for foam blowing account for 14 % of imports and Annex II gases should be kept in mind. the 2019 supply, when measured in tonnes. The gases used here, mostly HFCs, have comparatively low GWPs; Refrigeration, air conditioning and heating are by far therefore, foams account for only 4 % of total GWP. the most relevant applications of supplies of F-gases to In absolute numbers, the supply for foam blowing the EU, representing 71 % of the 2019 supply in tonnes remained constant compared with 2018. However, the

and 63 % in CO2e. However, the supplied quantity of total GWP of F-gases used for foam blowing decreased refrigerants fell by 20 % compared with 2018, and by 31 % compared with 2018, which is explained by a

its total GWP measured in CO2e decreased by 22 %. switch from HFCs to unsaturated HFCs and HCFCs. Compared with 2017, the 2019 supply of refrigerants was 34 % lower, or 44 % expressed in GWP. While the The use of F-gases, mainly HFC-134a, for aerosols change in GWP of supplied refrigerants may be largely decreased by about 2 % compared with the previous explained by the trend towards using refrigerants with year, which equals a decrease of 4 % of the GWP. lower GWPs, this does not hold for the trend in tonnes Aerosols account for 11 % of the total use, or 9 % of

of F-gases supplied as refrigerants. The air conditioning the total CO2e.

28 Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 Supply of fluorinated greenhouse gases to the EU

Figure 4.7 Intended applications of EU total Figure 4.8 Intended applications of EU total supply of F-gases supply of F-gases

Tonnes MtCO2e

140 000 350

120 000 300

100 000 250

80 000 200

60 000 150

40 000 100

20 000 50

0 0 9 5 2007 2008 200 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 11 2007 2008 2009 2010 20 2012 2013 2014 201 2016 2017 2018 2019

Other or unknown applications Other or unknown applications Semiconductor, photovoltaics and other electronics manufacture Semiconductor, photovoltaics and other electronics manufacture Electrical equipment Electrical equipment Fire protection Fire protection Aerosols Aerosols Foams, including pre-blended polyols Foams, including pre-blended polyols Refrigeration, air-conditioning and heating and other heat transfer ﬂuids Refrigeration, air-conditioning and heating and other heat transfer ﬂuids

Notes: The geographical scope of presented data is the EU-28 Notes: The geographical scope of presented data is the EU-28 except Croatia for the period 2007-2008 and the EU-28 except Croatia for the period 2007-2008 and the EU-28 for the period 2009-2019. Annex II F-gases (unsaturated for the period 2009-2019. Annex II F-gases (unsaturated

HFCs and HCFCs; HFEs and alcohols; and NF3 and other HFCs and HCFCs; HFEs and alcohols; and NF3 and other

perfluorinated compounds) and HFCs, PFCs and SF6 perfluorinated compounds) and HFCs, PFCs and SF6 imported in products and equipment were not subject to imported in products and equipment were not subject to reporting for the years 2007-2013. Data available for Croatia reporting for the years 2007-2013. Data available for Croatia for the period 2009-2012 is limited to HFCs and does not for the period 2009-2012 is limited to HFCs and does not

cover PFCs and SF6. cover PFCs and SF6. Sources: EC (2011, 2014); EEA (2019, 2020b). Sources: EC (2011, 2014); EEA (2019, 2020b).

Some niche applications make use of F-gases that have a substantial increase in semiconductor, photovoltaics very high GWPs, which means that they represent and electronics manufacturing use between 2013 and a significant proportion of total GWP, although the 2014 — this is mainly because companies were not amounts of F-gases used are small. These F-gases obliged to report use of NF3 before 2014. are primarily SF6, PFCs and NF3, which are used in electrical equipment (10 % of total GWP in 2019) and Data on intended applications can be found in Table in semiconductor, photovoltaics and other electronics A5.21 to Table A5.24 in Annex 5. For categories of supply manufacture (9 % of total GWP). The supply into both of in products and equipment, please refer to Table A5.11 these applications decreased by about 15 % compared and Table A5.12. For details of the calculation methods, with 2018. Note that the time series in Figure 4.8 shows please refer to Annex 4.

Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 29 Progress of the EU HFC phase-down

5 Progress of the EU HFC phase-down

Starting in 2015, the amount of hydrofluorocarbons EU on 31 January 2020 (Brexit), the FGR and the EU HFC (HFCs) that can be placed on the EU market annually phase-down continue to apply in the United Kingdom is capped to a limited HFC quota, which is being until the end of the Brexit transition period (which is progressively reduced ('EU HFC phase‑down'). scheduled for 31 December 2020). For the period after Companies that deal in HFCs receive annual the transition period, maximum quantities for the EU- quotas, which are transferrable only under certain 27 will need to be recalculated. conditions and, unlike emissions allowances under the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS), are not freely Since 2017, the HFCs contained in refrigeration, air tradable (14). In order to legally place HFC bulk gases conditioning and heat pump (RACHP) equipment have on the EU market, companies must have sufficient also been covered by the quota mechanism. In order annual quota. Companies exceeding their quota to import such equipment, importers must acquire face a penalty of twice the exceedance amount, authorisations to use quota from quota-holding applied to the subsequent quota allocation by the companies. Notably, it is the sale of authorisations by European Commission. Additional consequences for the quota holder and not the actual import of RACHP non‑compliant companies are subject to Member equipment by the authorised party that counts as States' legislation including criminal prosecution, placing on the market (POM) (16) for the purpose of depending on the severity of the non-compliance. the annual quotas, as authorisations do not expire at the end of a year and can be used in subsequent Quotas are expressed in carbon dioxide equivalent years (17). Therefore, equipment imports can physically

(CO2e), rather than physical tonnes of gases, to create occur in a later year, while the sale of authorisations an incentive to use gases with lower GWPs. The initial must be covered by the quota for the year of the sale.

total allocation in 2015 was 183.1 million tonnes CO2e Issued authorisations are already accounted for in the (EC, 2020). In 2016 and 2017, the first stage of reduction following figures on bulk POM.

applied, and only 170.3 MtCO2e was allocated (93 % of the 2015 allocation (15). Following a recalculation of In 2019, the EU-28 Member States were on track for the maximum quantity for 2018, which allowed for the meeting the HFC phase-down obligation (Figure 5.1).

subtraction of exempted gases as stipulated in Annex The total quota-relevant POM was 2.0 MtCO2e or 2.0 % V of the F-gas Regulation (FGR), an HFC quota totalling below the maximum quantity (18) for this year. In 2018

101.2 MtCO2e was allocated for 2018, about 40 % and 2017, the margin was smaller (0.7 MtCO2e or 0.7 %

less than for 2017. For 2019 and 2020, the maximum of the maximum quantity in 2018 and 0.8 MtCO2e or quantities were again recalculated to consider the latest 0.5 % of the maximum quantity in 2017), while for available data on exemptions, resulting in allocations the first 2 years of the phase-down more significant

of 100.3 MtCO2e and 99.5 MtCO2e, respectively (EC, overachievements of 6 % (2015) and 4 % (2016) were 2020). After the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the observed (19).

(14) Quota allocations are set out in Article 16 and Annexes V and VI of the F-gas Regulation (EU) No 517/2014. Transfers and authorisations are regulated in Article 18. Penalties are covered in Article 25. (15) See the phase-down schedule in Annex V of the F-gas Regulation (EU) No 517/2014. (16) The monitoring of the EU HFC phase-down relies on the metric POM. For calculation details, please refer to Annex 4. Compliance‑relevant POM is the physical POM of bulk HFCs, where not covered by one of the exemptions of Article 15 of the F-gas Regulation, in addition to authorisations issued by quota holders. Starting in 2017, HFCs placed on the market within imported RACHP equipment are also considered in the overall assessment of the phase-down in those cases where the importers did not hold sufficient quota authorisation. (17) In contrast to authorisations, quotas are time-stamped for a specific year and unused quotas cannot be carried over to the following year. (18) Data for 2019 are preliminary and subject to scrutiny by the European Commission. (19) Numbers for 2017 and 2018 slightly deviate from the previous F-gases report (EEA, 2019) due to compliance scrutiny decisions by the European Commission.

30 Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 Progress of the EU HFC phase-down

Figure 5.1 Progress of the EU HFC phase-down

MtCO2e

300

250

200

150

100

0 8 7 2007 200 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 202 2028 2029 2030

Bulk HFC POM 2007-2013 Issued authorisations to use quota Bulk HFC POM 2014 (quota-relevant 2015) Quota-relevant bulk HFC POM Maximum quantity of HFC phase-down for the EU-27 and UK HFC POM in RACHP equipment, without authorisation coverage

Sources: EC (2011, 2014 and 2020); EEA (2019, 2020b).

The EU-level assessment presented in Figure 5.1 is HFCs and equipment importers are preliminary and based on company-level data concerning amounts of have not yet undergone in-depth compliance scrutiny bulk HFCs placed on the market and the quotas held by the European Commission. Thus, final numbers by these companies. Starting in 2017, HFCs placed on may change and this would be reflected in next the market within imported RACHP equipment are year's report. considered in those cases in which the importers did not hold enough quota authorisation (20). Quota-relevant POM as shown in Figure 5.1 does not include amounts of HFCs placed on the market Figure 5.2 shows how the EU-wide overachievement under the exemptions of Article 15(2) of the FGR. breaks down into quota compliance at company level: The exemptions for HFCs supplied to bulk export, in 2015 and 2016, the sum of unused quotas was to the production of pharmaceutical metered dose much larger than the quota exceedances observed for inhalers (MDIs) and to feedstock use are quantitatively some companies. In 2017, 2018 and 2019, the margin most relevant. The exemptions for supply to the was much closer, especially as non-compliant RACHP semiconductor industry and to military use and for equipment importers are also considered. Note that imports for destruction are used in significantly lower data on the 2019 quota exceedance for both bulk amounts. The share of quota-exempted amounts

20 ( ) The amounts of 0.4 MtCO2e for 2017, 0.7 MtCO2e for 2018 and 0.2 MtCO2e for 2019, subject to scrutiny by the European Commission, are too small to be discernible in Figure 5.1. Note that, for 2017, as the first year of the obligation to have RACHP imports covered by quota authorisation, the European Commission had proposed that Member States also consider for compliance checking authorisations acquired in the course of 2018. The accounting of authorisations applied in this report follows this approach.

Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 31 Progress of the EU HFC phase-down

in total bulk HFCs physically placed on the market The reserve of authorisations built up by the end increased from almost 21 % in 2018 to 26 % in 2019 of 2019 is equivalent to 61 % of the 2020 maximum (see Table A5.25 in Annex 5. Note that the exemption quota allocation and can be used to cover equipment under Article 15(2)(f) for pharmaceutical MDIs entered imports in 2020 and future years under the EU HFC into force on 1 January 2018. phase-down, because acquired authorisations are not earmarked for a particular year. At the same time, HFCs contained in imported RACHP equipment (as this accumulated reserve of authorisations reduces mentioned above) have been included in the EU the overall strain on quotas issued for the following HFC phase-down since 2017. Since then, equipment years, as RACHP equipment imports in those years importers have needed to hold authorisations to use will, at least partially, not need to be covered by quotas issued by HFC producers or bulk importers that quotas issued for those years. were allocated quotas by the European Commission. Figure 5.3 compares the authorisations issued since The rise in issued authorisations can be understood 2014 with authorisations used since 2017. The difference as a joint attempt by quota holders and equipment between authorisations issued and authorisations importers to make use of surplus 2019 quota in used results in a bank of authorisations stockpiled by future years, as the physical quota-relevant POM of equipment importers. By the end of 2019, this bank of bulk HFCs (Figure 5.1) declined by 23 % compared stockpiled authorisations amounted to five times the with 2018 (21). amount of authorisations used in 2019. This is because the amount of authorisations issued in 2019 was about A tabular overview of data related to the progress of twice the amount in 2018. At the same time, the use of the HFC phase-down under the FGR is given in Table authorisations, which is equivalent to the lawful import A5.25 in Annex 5. of HFCs in RACHP equipment, declined by 22 %.

Figure 5.2 Balance between placing on the Figure 5.3 Bank of authorisations for HFCs in market of HFCs and related quotas at RACHP equipment imports EU level

MtCO2e

MtCO2e 70 14 60

12 50

10 40

8 30

6 20

4 10 0 2 -10 0 -20 – 2 -30 – 4 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Issued authorisations to use quota Unused quota (company level) Use of authorisations Quota exceedance, bulk HFCs (company level) Bank of authorisations available for future use Quota exceedance, RACHP equipment (company level) EU-wide margin to maximum quantity Notes: The geographical scope of presented data is the EU-28. Mt, million tonnes.

Notes: The data for 2019 have not yet undergone scrutiny by Sources: EC (2020); EEA (2020b). the European Commission. The geographical scope of presented data is the EU-28. Mt, million tonnes.

Sources: EC (2020); EEA (2019, 2020b).

(21) This trend in physical quota-relevant POM is largely in line with the trend observed for bulk HFC supply and total HFC supply (both -22 %; Figure 4.1) and also for HFC consumption (-22 %; Figure 6.1).

32 Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 The international HFC phase-down under the Montreal Protocol

6 The international HFC phase-down under the Montreal Protocol

In October 2016, in Kigali, Rwanda, the Montreal In Figure 6.1, EU consumption of HFCs covered under Protocol was amended to regulate hydrofluorocarbons the Montreal Protocol since 2007 is presented and (HFCs) (the Kigali Amendment). Both developed contrasted with the Montreal Protocol phase-down and developing countries have taken on mandatory steps applying to the EU-28 starting from 2019. commitments on reducing the production and With the exception of 2014 (when consumption was consumption of HFCs in the next three decades. Under probably inflated as a result of the upcoming phase- the amended protocol, for the EU and other developed down; see Section 3.2, page 18), HFC consumption had countries, HFC consumption is limited to 90 % of the been experiencing a downward trend. In 2018, HFC baseline in 2019, with further reductions to be made consumption dropped by 38 % compared with 2017, in until a 15 % level is reached from 2036 onwards line with the 41 % drop in the maximum HFC quantity (Figure 6.1). Measuring the progress of this phase-down for that year under the EU HFC phase-down (see relies on the metric of 'consumption', which is similar, Chapter 5). In 2019, HFC consumption was 22 % below but not identical, to the metrics of 'supply' used by the 2018, corresponding to the 22 % drop in HFC supply EEA (Chapter 4) and 'placing on the market' (POM) used (see Chapter 4). The minor differences in the reduction for the EU HFC phase-down (Chapter 5) (22). of consumption, POM and supply of HFCs is due to the slightly differing definitions of these metrics (see The baseline for the Montreal Protocol HFC Annex 4, page 61). The variation between consumption phase‑down is defined as the average HFC and POM is mostly influenced by quota authorisations, consumption during the period 2011-2013, plus 15 % equipment imports and quota‑exempt HFC supplies. of the HCFC baseline in 1989, all expressed in carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e). As set out in the Montreal As a result, for 2019, the first compliance year of the Protocol, the hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) baseline HFC phase-down under the Montreal Protocol, the HFC also includes 2.8 % of the 1989 chlorofluorocarbon consumption of the EU-28 amounts to only 45 % of the (CFC) consumption. The 2011-2013 average HFC permitted amount. consumption of the EU-28, according to reporting under the F-gas Regulation (FGR) and additional data A tabular overview of HFC consumption is given in collected in Croatia, was 165.2 MtCO2e (EEA, 2019). The Table A5.26 in Annex 5. HCFC/CFC part of the EU baseline was calculated as

19.0 MtCO2e (EC, 2017). In total, the baseline for the EU-28 under the Montreal Protocol HFC phase-down is

184.2 MtCO2e.

(22) For details on how the metrics are calculated, please refer to Annex 4.

Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 33 The international HFC phase-down under the Montreal Protocol

Figure 6.1 EU progress under the Montreal Protocol HFC phase-down

MtCO2e

300

250

200

150

100

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036

EU HFC consumption EU-28 baseline for MP HFC consumption phase-down 2011-2013 average EU HFC consumtion HFC consumption limit under the MP for EU-27 and the United Kingdom

Notes: HFCs covered under the Montreal Protocol include all HFCs covered under EU F-gas Regulation No 517/2014, except HFC-161 (see Annex 1). The geographical scope of presented HFC consumption data is the EU-28 except Croatia for the period 2007-2008 and the EU‑28 for the period 2009-2019. MP, Montreal Protocol.

Sources: EC (2011, 2014); EEA (2019, 2020b).

34 Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 Terminology

Terminology

Fluorinated greenhouse gases (F-gases) PFCs

F-gases covered by this report can be grouped into: PFCs are relatively short aliphatic organic compounds that contain fluorine and carbon only. They are most • gases contained in Annex I of the new F-gas commonly used in semiconductor manufacture. Seven Regulation, as listed in Annex 1 of this report; PFCs and their GWPs are listed in Annex 1. All PFCs in Annex 1 were previously covered by the old F-gas • gases contained in Annex II of the new F-gas Regulation. Regulation, as listed in Annex 2 of this report.

Jointly, those gases are referred to in this report as SF6 'fluorinated greenhouse gases' or 'F-gases'.

SF6 is an inorganic compound; because it is an excellent The list of reportable F-gases under the old F-gas electrical insulator, its main use is in the electrical

Regulation was restricted to hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), industry. SF6 is a potent greenhouse gas; its GWP perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulphur hexafluoride SF6, is listed in Annex 1. SF6 was also covered by the old as identified in Annex 1. F-gas Regulation.

Annex I F-gases Annex II F-gases

F-gases under Annex I of the new F-gas Regulation 'Other fluorinated greenhouse gases' are listed in include HFCs, PFCs and SF6. The majority of these gases Annex II of Regulation No 517/2014 and include: have high global warming potentials (GWPs). • unsaturated hydro(chloro)fluorocarbons (H(C)FCs) The gases of Annex I of the new F-gas Regulation are (Section 1 of Annex II); given in Annex 1 of this report. • fluorinated ethers and alcohols (Section 2 of Annex II); HFCs • other perfluorinated compounds, including nitrogen

HFCs are relatively short aliphatic organic compounds trifluoride (NF3) (Section 3 of Annex II). that contain fluorine, carbon and hydrogen. They are most commonly used as refrigerants. Nineteen All these gases and their GWPs are listed in Annex 1 HFCs and their GWPs are listed in Annex 1. All HFCs in of this report. The Annex II F-gases were not covered Annex 1, except HFC-152 and HFC-161, were previously by the reporting obligations under the old F-gas covered by the old F-gas Regulation (EC) No 842/2006. Regulation (EC) No 842/2006. Any mixture (blend) that includes at least one HFC is considered an HFC under the F-gas Regulation and therefore is covered by the quota system. The GWP of such a mixture is calculated according to Annex IV of the F-gas Regulation.

Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 35 Terminology

Bulk gases and gases contained in equipment Nil report

Gases contained in gas containers, including bottles A nil report is a notification by a company that it and isotanks, are referred to as bulk gases, irrespective considers itself not obliged to report under the of the absolute amounts of gases handled. Bulk F-gas Regulation. gases are to be differentiated from gases contained in products or equipment, as different reporting obligations apply. GWPs

GWPs are used to make different gases comparable Mixtures in terms of their potential impact on climate change. The multiplication of a quantity of a gas by its GWP Mixtures of F-gases are often used in industrial results in that quantity expressed as carbon dioxide

applications. In their reports under Article 19 of equivalent (CO2e). the F-gas Regulation (EU) No 517/2014, companies report on their transactions (import, export, etc.) of The GWPs used under the new F-gas Regulation are such mixtures, while specifying their composition. in line with those published in the Intergovernmental For the purpose of the present aggregation report, Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment the amounts of mixtures are recalculated as the Report (AR4) (IPCC, 2007). The old F-gas Regulation (EC) proportions of their constituent F-gases as listed in No 842/2006 used the earlier set of GWPs published Annex 1, unless indicated otherwise. by the IPCC in its Third Assessment Report (TAR) (IPCC, 2001). Accordingly, previous EEA technical reports on F-gases up to 2014 used TAR GWPs. Annex IV gases Quantities of F-gases are reported in physical

Annex IV of the new F-gas Regulation lists some tonnes. Conversion of the figures into CO2e based on non-F‑gases that have GWPs that also need to be gas‑specific GWPs facilitates a focus on the potential considered when determining the GWP of a mixture. warming effect caused by these gases after release into These gases and their GWPs are also listed in Annex the atmosphere. Both metrics are used in this report 1 of this report. For all other substances included in a when analysing the data. mixture, a default value of 0 is used for the calculation of the GWP. The GWPs of gases used for the present report are listed in Annex 1. GWPs of mixtures are calculated according to Annex IV of the new F-gas regulation (EU, 2014b).

36 Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 Abbreviations

Abbreviations

AR4 Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

BDR Business Data Repository of the European Environment Agency

BS Bulk supply

CFC Chlorofluorocarbon

CO2e Carbon dioxide equivalent

EC European Commission

DG CLIMA Directorate-General for Climate Action of the European Commission

EEA European Environment Agency

ETC/CME European Topic Centre for Climate Change Mitigation and Energy

EU European Union

EU-27 Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain and Sweden

EU-28 Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom

F-gases Fluorinated greenhouse gases

FGR F-gas Regulation (EU) 517/2014

GWP Global warming potential

HCFC Hydrochlorofluorocarbon

HFC Hydrofluorocarbon

HFE Hydrofluoroether

IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change kg Kilogrammes

MDI Metered dose inhaler

MP Montreal Protocol

Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 37 Abbreviations

Mt Million tonnes (equivalent to megatonnes)

MtCO2e Million tonnes carbon dioxide equivalent

NF3 Nitrogen trifluoride

ODS Ozone-depleting substances

PFCs Perfluorocarbons

PFPMIE Perfluoropolymethylisopropylether

POM Placing on the market

QC Quality control

R-134a Refrigerant classification of HFC-134a

R-410A Refrigerant mixture of HFCs (50 % HFC-125, 50 % HFC-32)

R-507A Refrigerant mixture of HFCs (50 % HFC-143a, 50 % HFC-125)

RACHP Refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pump

SF6 Sulphur hexafluoride

SPE Supply in products/equipment

t Tonne

TAR Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

TS Total supply

UNEP United Nations Environment Programme

UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

38 Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 References

References

EC, 2011, Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2010 — Data EU, 2006, Regulation (EC) No 842/2006 of the reported by companies on the production, import European Parliament and of the Council of 17 May and export of fluorinated greenhouse gases in 2010, 2006 on certain fluorinated greenhouse gases (OJ L Confidential report to the European Commission 161, 14.6.2006, p. 1-11). and Member States' Competent Authorities, Umweltbundesamt, Vienna. EU, 2007a, Treaty of Lisbon amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty establishing the EC, 2014, Croatian HFC imports and exports 2009-2012, European Community, signed at Lisbon, 13 December Confidential data set considered for the calculation of 2007 (OJ C 306, 17.12.2007, p. 1-271). reference values for Croatian companies, Directorate- General for Climate Action, European Commission. EU, 2007b, Commission Regulation (EC) No 1493/2007 of 17 December 2007, establishing, pursuant to EC, 2017, ODS data reported by the European Commission Regulation (EC) No 842/2006 of the European and EU Member States for the calculation of the HCFC Parliament and of the Council, the format for the baseline, provided by the Ozone Secretariat to DG CLIMA, report to be submitted by producers, importers and European Commission. exporters of certain fluorinated greenhouse gases (OJ L 332, 18.12.2007, p. 7-24). EC, 2019, Indications of illegal HFC trade based on an analysis of data reported under the F-gas Regulation, EU, 2009, Regulation (EC) No 1005/2009 of the Eurostat dataset and Chinese export data, October 2019, European Parliament and of the Council of DG CLIMA, European Commission, (https://ec.europa. 16 September 2009 on substances that deplete the eu/clima/sites/clima/files/f-gas/legislation/docs/report_ ozone layer (OJ L 286, 31.10.2009, p. 1-30). illegal_trade_hcf_en.pdf) accessed 20 August 2020. EU, 2014a, Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) EC, 2020, Confidential data set extracted from the HFC No 1191/2014 of 30 October 2014 determining the Registry, 14 August 2020, Directorate-General for format and means for submitting the report referred Climate Action, European Commission. to in Article 19 of Regulation (EU) No 517/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council on EEA, 2019, Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2019 — Data fluorinated greenhouse gases (OJ L 318, 5.11.2014, reported by companies on the production, import and p. 5-20). export of fluorinated greenhouse gases in the European Union, 2007-2018, EEA Report No 20/2019, European EU, 2014b, Regulation (EU) No 517/2014 of the Environment Agency. European Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014 on fluorinated greenhouse gases and repealing EEA, 2020a, 'EEA greenhouse gas data viewer', Regulation (EC) No 842/2006 (OJ L 150, 20.5.2014, European Environment Agency (www.eea.europa.eu/ p. 195-230). data-and-maps/data/data-viewers/greenhouse-gases- viewer) accessed 21 August 2020. EU, 2017, Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2017/1375 of 25 July 2017 amending Implementing EEA, 2020b, Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 — Regulation (EU) No 1191/2014 determining the Confidential dataset: Compilation and analysis of data format and means for submitting the report referred reported by companies on the production, import, to in Article 19 of Regulation (EU) No 517/2014 of export, destruction and feedstock use of fluorinated the European Parliament and of the Council on greenhouse gases in the European Union, European fluorinated greenhouse gases (OJ L 194, 26.7.2017, Environment Agency. p. 4-8).

Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 39 References

EU, 2018, Commission Implementing Regulation IPCC, 2001, Third assessment report — Climate change, (EU) 2018/1624 of 23 October 2018 laying down Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (https:// implementing technical standards with regard to www.ipcc.ch/reports) accessed 14 November 2017. procedures and standard forms and templates for the provision of information for the purposes of IPCC, 2007, Climate change 2007: Synthesis report. resolution plans for credit institutions and investment Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth firms pursuant to Directive 2014/59/EU of the Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on European Parliament and of the Council, and repealing Climate Change, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2016/1066 Change (http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar4) accessed (OJ L 277, 7.11.2018, p. 1-65). 14 November 2017)

EU, 2019, Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) UNEP Ozone Secretariat, 1987, Montreal Protocol on 2019/522 of 27 March 2019 amending Implementing Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, international Regulation (EU) No 1191/2014 as regards the reporting treaty, adopted in Montreal on 16 September 1987. of data on production and on imports and exports of polyols containing hydrofluorocarbons pursuant to Article 19 of Regulation (EU) No 517/2014 (OJ L 86, 28.3.2019, p. 37-40).

40 Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 Annex 1 Gases covered by Regulation (EU) No 517/2014

Annex 1 Gases covered by Regulation (EU) No 517/2014

Table A1.1 Annex I of Regulation (EU) No 517/2014

Gas GWP (AR4) Gas group Reference Coverage in the 'old' F-gas Regulation No 842/2006 HFC-23 14 800 HFCs Annex I Section 1 Covered HFC-32 675 HFCs Annex I Section 1 Covered HFC-41 92 HFCs Annex I Section 1 Covered HFC-125 3 500 HFCs Annex I Section 1 Covered HFC-134 1 100 HFCs Annex I Section 1 Covered HFC-134a 1 430 HFCs Annex I Section 1 Covered HFC-143 353 HFCs Annex I Section 1 Covered HFC-143a 4 470 HFCs Annex I Section 1 Covered HFC-152 53 HFCs Annex I Section 1 Not covered HFC-152a 124 HFCs Annex I Section 1 Covered HFC-161 12 HFCs Annex I Section 1 Not covered HFC-227ea 3 220 HFCs Annex I Section 1 Covered HFC-236cb 1 340 HFCs Annex I Section 1 Covered HFC-236ea 1 370 HFCs Annex I Section 1 Covered HFC-236fa 9 810 HFCs Annex I Section 1 Covered HFC-245ca 693 HFCs Annex I Section 1 Covered HFC-245fa 1 030 HFCs Annex I Section 1 Covered HFC-365mfc 794 HFCs Annex I Section 1 Covered HFC-43-10mee 1 640 HFCs Annex I Section 1 Covered PFC-14 (CF4) 7 390 PFCs Annex I Section 2 Covered PFC-116 (C2F6) 12 200 PFCs Annex I Section 2 Covered PFC-218 (C3F8) 8 830 PFCs Annex I Section 2 Covered PFC-3-1-10 (C4F10) 8 860 PFCs Annex I Section 2 Covered PFC-4-1-12 (C5F12) 9 160 PFCs Annex I Section 2 Covered PFC-5-1-14 (C6F14) 9 300 PFCs Annex I Section 2 Covered PFC-c-318 (c-C4F8) 10 300 PFCs Annex I Section 2 Covered

SF6 22 800 SF6 Annex I Section 3 Covered

Note: GWP, global warming potential; HFC, hydrofluorocarbon; PFC, perfluorocarbon; 6SF , sulphur hexafluoride. Sources: EU (2006, 2014b).

Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 41 Annex 1 Gases covered by Regulation (EU) No 517/2014

Table A1.2 Annex II of Regulation (EU) No 517/2014 (not covered by old Regulation (EC) No 842/2006)

Gas GWP (AR4) Gas group Reference HFC-1234yf 4 Unsaturated HFCs/HCFCs Annex II Section 1 HFC-1234ze 7 Unsaturated HFCs/HCFCs Annex II Section 1 HFC-1336mzz 9 Unsaturated HFCs/HCFCs Annex II Section 1 HCFC-1233zd 5 Unsaturated HFCs/HCFCs Annex II Section 1 HCFC-1233xf 1 Unsaturated HFCs/HCFCs Annex II Section 1 HFE-125 14 900 HFEs and alcohols Annex II Section 2 HFE-134 6 320 HFEs and alcohols Annex II Section 2 HFE-143a 756 HFEs and alcohols Annex II Section 2 HCFE-235da2 (isofluorane) 350 HFEs and alcohols Annex II Section 2 HFE-245cb2 708 HFEs and alcohols Annex II Section 2 HFE-245fa2 659 HFEs and alcohols Annex II Section 2 HFE-254cb2 359 HFEs and alcohols Annex II Section 2 HFE-347mcc3 (HFE-7000) 575 HFEs and alcohols Annex II Section 2 HFE-347pcf2 580 HFEs and alcohols Annex II Section 2 HFE-356pcc3 110 HFEs and alcohols Annex II Section 2 HFE-449sl (HFE-7100) 297 HFEs and alcohols Annex II Section 2 HFE-569sf2 (HFE-7200) 59 HFEs and alcohols Annex II Section 2 HFE-43-10pccc124 1 870 HFEs and alcohols Annex II Section 2 HFE-236ca12 (HG-10) 2 800 HFEs and alcohols Annex II Section 2 HFE-338pcc13 (HG-01) 1 500 HFEs and alcohols Annex II Section 2 HFE-347mmy1 343 HFEs and alcohols Annex II Section 2 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropanol 42 HFEs and alcohols Annex II Section 2 bis(trifluoromethyl)-methanol 195 HFEs and alcohols Annex II Section 2 HFE-227ea 1 540 HFEs and alcohols Annex II Section 2 HFE-236ea2 (desfluoran) 989 HFEs and alcohols Annex II Section 2 HFE-236fa 487 HFEs and alcohols Annex II Section 2 HFE-245fa1 286 HFEs and alcohols Annex II Section 2 HFE 263fb2 11 HFEs and alcohols Annex II Section 2 HFE-329mcc2 919 HFEs and alcohols Annex II Section 2 HFE-338mcf2 552 HFEs and alcohols Annex II Section 2 HFE-338mmz1 380 HFEs and alcohols Annex II Section 2 HFE-347mcf2 374 HFEs and alcohols Annex II Section 2 HFE-356mec3 101 HFEs and alcohols Annex II Section 2 HFE-356mm1 27 HFEs and alcohols Annex II Section 2 HFE-356pcf2 265 HFEs and alcohols Annex II Section 2 HFE-356pcf3 502 HFEs and alcohols Annex II Section 2 HFE 365mcf3 11 HFEs and alcohols Annex II Section 2 HFE-374pc2 557 HFEs and alcohols Annex II Section 2

- (CF2)4CH(OH) - 73 HFEs and alcohols Annex II Section 2

NF3 (nitrogen trifluoride) 17 200 Other perfluorinated compounds Annex II, Section 3

c-C3F6 (perfluorocyclopropane) 17 340 Other perfluorinated compounds Annex II, Section 3 PFPMIE 10 300 Other perfluorinated compounds Annex II, Section 3

SF5CF3 17 700 Other perfluorinated compounds Annex II, Section 3

Notes: Annex II F-gases were not covered under the old F-gas Regulation (EC) No 842/2006. GWP, global warming potential; HCFC, hydrochlorofluorocarbon; HFC, hydrofluorocarbon; HFE, hydrofluoroether; PFPMIE, perfluoropolymethylisopropylether; SF5CF3, trifluoromethyl sulphur pentafluoride.

Source: EU (2014b).

42 Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 Annex 1 Gases covered by Regulation (EU) No 517/2014

Non-F- gases in Annex IV of Regulation of mixtures containing gases outside the scope of (EU) No 517/2014 (not covered by the old Annexes I and II of Regulation (EU) No 517/2014 are Regulation (EC) No 842/2006) to be calculated using the GWPs given here for the non‑F‑gases. For other constituents of mixtures that are According to Annex IV of the new F-gas Regulation not listed here (e.g. ozone-depleting substances, ODS), (EU) No 517/2014, the global warming potential (GWP) a GWP value of zero must be used.

Table A1.3 Annex IV of the new F-gases Regulation

Substance Formula GWP (AR4)

R-170 (ethane) CH3CH3 6

R-290 (propane) CH3CH2CH3 3

R-600 (butane) CH3CH2CH2CH3 4

R-600A (isobutane) CH(CH3)2CH3 3

R-601 (pentane) CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 5

R-601A (isopentane) (CH3)2CHCH2CH3 5

C5H10 (cyclopentane) C5H10 5

R-610 (ethoxyethane, diethyl ether) CH3CH2OCH2CH3 4

R-611 (methyl formate) HCOOCH3 25

R-702 (hydrogen) H2 6

R-717 (ammonia) NH3 0

R-744 (carbon dioxide) CO2 1

R-1150 (ethylene) C2H4 4

R-1270 (propylene) C3H6 2

E-170 (dimethyl ether) CH3OCH3 1

CH3Cl (methyl chloride) CH3Cl 13

CHCl3 (chloroform) CHCl3 31

Methylene chloride CH2Cl2 9

CH4 (methane) CH4 25

N2O (nitrous oxide) N2O 298

Note: AR4, Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; GWP, global warming potential.

Source: EU (2014b).

Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 43 Annex 2 F-gases reporting form

Annex 2 F-gases reporting form

The reporting format for submitting the fluorinated Large companies with subsidiaries in several EU countries greenhouse gas (F-gas) reports under Article 19 of are required to report separately for each country. To Regulation (EU) No 517/2014 is laid out in Commission protect their data, companies may voluntarily list affiliated Implementing Regulation (EU) No 1191/2014, and in companies on the cover sheet. Numbers for such the updated Implementing Regulation (EU) 2017/1375, groups of affiliates are treated in aggregate when the Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/1992 and confidentiality of figures is determined, thus increasing Regulation (EU) 2019/552. These are implemented as the likelihood that a figure remains confidential and an online questionnaire on the EEA's Business Data cannot be included in the public EEA report. Repository (BDR) reporting platform at https://bdr.eionet.europa.eu. Reporting is mandatory for every company that engages in the activities listed Section 1 (producers only) in Article 19 of Regulation (EU) No 517/2014. Section 1 contains data about the production of F-gases and mixtures: Cover sheet • total quantity of production, including On the cover sheet, companies provide their current uncaptured amounts (1A): data and the activities during the reporting year, which may be one or more of the following: – thereof: uncaptured amounts (1Aa):

• producer of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) or other – thereof: uncaptured amounts destroyed, F-gases; mandatory specification of destruction company (1A_a); • importer of HFCs or other F-gases; – thereof: captured amounts (1Ab, which equals • exporter of bulk gases; 1A minus 1Aa):

• EU feedstock user; – thereof: destroyed by-products, mandatory specification of destruction company (1B, 1C); • EU destruction company; – sum of destroyed captured production (1D); • importer of products or equipment containing F-gases of Annexes I or II; • net production available for feedstock use or sale (1E, which equals 1A minus 1D minus 1A_a); • undertaking having given an authorisation to use its HFC quota to another undertaking. • production for feedstock use (1A_fs):

In addition, companies select F-gases that will be – thereof: uncaptured amounts (1A_fs1); reported and specify the mixtures used by them. • production for other exempted use under the If none of these sections apply, companies may state Montreal Protocol (1A_Ex) (23); that they are not obliged to report, skipping the quantitative part of the reporting process (nil report). • production of mixtures (1F to 1H);

(23) 1A_Ex was not active in the 2020 reporting round as no exemptions were agreed on under the Montreal Protocol.

44 Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 Annex 2 F-gases reporting form

• voluntary: sales and purchases on the EU market – thereof: amount of used, recycled or reclaimed (1I to 1K). HFCs exported (3G);

From the data specified by the reporters, the total – thereof: amount of virgin HFCs exported for production available for sale (1E), relevant for calculating feedstock use (3H); supply, is determined by subtracting destroyed side‑products (1B, 1C) from total production (1A). – thereof: amount of virgin HFCs exported for uses exempted under the Montreal Protocol (3I) (25).

Section 2 (importers only) Values for 3A, 3A_pp, 3G, 3H and 3I have to be reported by country of import. Country-specific reporting for 3A • Total imports of bulk gases (2A): is limited to HFCs.

– thereof HFCs contained in pre-blended polyols (2A_pp). Section 4 (producers and importers)

• Imports that were destined for re-export contained Section 4 contains data on stocks of F-gases and in products or equipment and never released for their sources: free circulation in the EU (2B): • stocks on 1 January (4A) and breakdown by source – thereof: amount of used, recycled or reclaimed and previous status of free circulation (4B to 4E); HFCs (2C); • stocks on 31 December (4F) and breakdown by source – thereof: amount of virgin HFCs imported for and previous status of free circulation (4G to 4J); feedstock use (2D); • reclaimed and recycled amounts (4K, 4L). – thereof: amount of virgin HFCs imported for uses exempted under the Montreal Protocol From the data provided on production, imports, (2E) (24). exports and stocks, the total amount physically placed on the market by the reporter (4M) is determined using Values for 2A, 2A_pp, 2C, 2D and 2E have to be reported the formula: by country of import. Country-specific reporting for 2A is limited to HFCs. 4M = Net production (1E) + Total imports (2A) – Imports for re-export (2B) – Export of own production (3B) Section 3 (exporters only) + 1 January stocks previously not placed on the market (4C) Section 3 contains data about bulk exports only – 31 December stocks previously not placed on (exporters of products containing F-gases must not the market (4D) report here).

• Total exports (3A): Section 5 (producers and importers of HFCs) – thereof: contained in pre-blended polyols (3A_pp); Section 5 contains data about quantities of HFCs – thereof: amounts from own production or imported for uses exempted under the F-gas purchased amounts (3B); Regulation, Article 15(2). For all these transactions, trade partners must be specified and uses broken – thereof: determined amount of exports down by company: purchased in the EU (3C); • destruction (5A); – breakdown of destination of exports (recycling, reclamation, destruction) (3D to 3F); • feedstock applications (5B);

(24) 2E was not active in the 2020 reporting round, as no exemptions were agreed on under the Montreal Protocol. (25) 3I was not active in the 2020 reporting round, as no exemptions were agreed on under the Montreal Protocol.

Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 45 Annex 2 F-gases reporting form

• supply to other undertakings for re-export in bulk • aerosols — other uses; (5C exempted); • solvents; • military equipment (5D); • feedstock; • semiconductor manufacturing (5E); • semiconductor manufacture; • production of medical dose inhalers (5F). • photovoltaics manufacture; From the values, the total amounts of HFCs supplied to exempted uses and the resulting quota requirement • other electronics manufacture; are determined (5G to 5H). Reporters may voluntarily state their supply to other undertakings for production • electrical equipment; of equipment that is destined for re-export (5C voluntary); however, this figure does not feed into the • particle accelerators; total amount for exempted uses. • magnesium die casting operations;

Section 6 (producers and importers) • anaesthetics;

Section 6 contains a breakdown of the intended • other or unknown applications; applications of the total amounts supplied to the EU market by the reporting company. In this section, • leakage during storage, transport or transfer. companies must account for the full amount as determined by the formula: Section 7 (feedstock users) 6X = Net production (1E) + Total imports (2A) – Imports for re-export (2B) Contains the amount of gas used as feedstock by the – Export of own production (3B) + 1 January undertaking itself (7A). The reporting obligation on stocks of own production (4B) feedstock use is limited to Annex I gases (see Annex 1). – 31 December stocks of own production Feedstock use of Annex II gases is not subject to reporting. (4G) – Own reclamation (4K)

Note that this formula differs from the placing on Section 8 (destruction companies) the market (POM) determination in Chapter 4 in the method of correction for stocks. The full list of Section 8 contains data on destruction during the applications is: reporting year using different methods (8A to 8C), summed as total destruction in 8D, as well as stocks • export (in bulk, not in equipment or intended for destruction (8E, 8F). smaller packages);

• destruction; Section 9 (producers and importers)

• military equipment; Since 2015, companies have reported on authorisations they have issued to third parties to use their HFC quota, • refrigeration, air conditioning and heating; specifying each recipient in Section 9A.

• other heat transfer fluids; Section 10 (producers and importers • foams; that received quotas through the new entrants' reserve) • production of pre-blended polyols, e.g. for polyurethane foam; In Section 10, companies specify physical supplies of F-gases accompanying authorisations, as reported in • fire protection; Section 9A. Reporters specify each recipient and are required to supply proof of delivery (receipts, etc.) • aerosols — medical dose inhalers; for each one. This reporting section applies only to

46 Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 Annex 2 F-gases reporting form

companies that received HFC quota fully based on a The total content is found in line 11Q. declaration according to Article 16(2) of the new F-gas Regulation and was used in 2016 for the first time. For each type of equipment, users must specify:

• the total quantity of equipment expressed in a Section 11 (importers of equipment suitable unit; containing F-gases) • the total amount of F-gases contained in Section 11 contains a detailed breakdown of the types the equipment. of equipment imported by the reporting company. It differentiates between: From these numbers, specific charges per piece of equipment are determined. Where equipment does • equipment for refrigeration, air conditioning and not fall into pre-defined categories, users must report heat pumps (RACHP) containing HFCs (lines 11A them in the respective 'Other' sections and provide a to 11F; summed in 11G); description of the equipment (11A3, 11D, 11E4, 11F9, 11H4, 11P) and/or the intended use of the equipment • other types of equipment (11H to 11P). (11A9, 11A12, 11B3, 11B5, 11B7, 11B9, 11D). The full list of categories is contained in Table A2.1.

Table A2.1 Equipment categories for reporting

Code Description 11A Stationary equipment for comfort cooling or heating 11B Stationary equipment for refrigeration 11C Heat pump tumble dryers 11D Stationary heating/air conditioning including heat pumps as well as refrigeration (HACR) equipment for any other purposes 11E Mobile refrigeration equipment 11F Mobile air conditioning equipment 11G Total RACHP equipment 11H Foam products 11I Fire protection equipment (including systems incorporated into vehicles) 11J Medical or pharmaceutical aerosols 11K Non-medical aerosols 11L Medical equipment (without aerosols) 11M Switch gear for transmission and distribution of electricity 11N Other electrical transmission and distribution equipment 11O Particle accelerators 11P Other products and equipment containing gases listed in Annex I or Annex II of Regulation (EU) No 517/2014 11Q Total of products and equipment containing F-gases listed in Annex I or Annex II of Regulation (EU) No 517/2014

Source: EU (2014a).

Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 47 Annex 2 F-gases reporting form

Section 12 (applied for the first time in Section 13a (producers and importers reporting on 2017 in 2018) of bulk gases)

In Section 12, companies may specify those amounts of In Section 13a, producers and importers of bulk gases HFCs in imported RACHP equipment where the contained have to specify the amount of gas placed on the gas had been previously placed on the EU market under market in the United Kingdom for the first time in the the quota limitation, subsequently exported in bulk from reporting year. the EU, then charged into equipment outside the EU, and finally reimported within equipment. Section 13a is applicable to reporting data for 2018 and until and including the year in which EU law ceases to The companies that placed the HFCs on the EU market apply in the United Kingdom. in bulk and the companies that exported the HFCs from the EU need to be specified, along with the respective years.

Such quantities of HFCs do not need to be covered by quota authorisation.

48 Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 Annex 3 Reporting forms under the old F-gas Regulation (EC) No 842/2006

Annex 3 Reporting forms under the old F-gas Regulation (EC) No 842/2006

The reporting format for submitting the F-gas reports – other amounts collected for reclamation or under the old F-gas Regulation (EC) No 842/2006 was destruction from within the EU (27) (D); described in Regulation (EC) No 1493/2007 (EU, 2007b). The reported information is contained in the following – purchases from (E) and sales to (F) EU sets of forms: co‑producers (item for producers only, sums of the figures in the respective co-producer forms); • Part 3 of the Reporting Form for Producers, Importers and Exporters of Fluorinated – amounts purchased from other EU sources (G) Greenhouse Gases (company information) (26). (item for producers only); This is to be completed by all companies and includes a statement of whether the company – stocks at 1 January (H) and 31 December (I) (for that reports as a producer of F-gases within the non-producers, covering previously imported EU is an importer of F-gases into the EU and/ quantities only; for producers, full stocks); or is an exporter of F-gases out of the EU. For production and import activities, the gas groups – amount reclaimed by the reporting company (J); hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons

(PFCs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) need to – amount destroyed by the reporting company be differentiated. Based on the choice of F-gas (on-site) (K); activities, a tailored set of data reporting sheets is offered to the user of the form. – amount destroyed on behalf of the reporting company (off-site within the EU) (L); • Co-producer forms — specific for HFCs, PFCs

and SF6. – amount used as a feedstock by the reporting These are to be completed by producers only. company (M). In these forms, purchases from and sales to other producers in the EU are to be reported Of these amounts, a calculated total for the 'net amount by substance. available for sale in the EU' is determined according to the formula (A + B – C + D + E – F + G + H – I – K – L – M). • Producer and Importer forms — specific for HFCs,

PFCs and SF6. Furthermore, reporting companies need to give their These are to be completed by producers and best estimates of the intended applications of the importers. In these forms, companies report by amounts 'placed on the EU market for the first time'. substance on: The total amount placed on the EU market does not include any quantities previously held by EU importers – production (A); and/or distributors. Therefore, for non‑producing importers, the sum of the figures reported for – import (B); intended applications should equal the calculated total mentioned above. For producers, the sum of the – export (C); figures reported for the intended applications should equal the calculated total minus any quantities sold on

(26) Part 3 of the Reporting Form for Producers, Importers and Exporters of Fluorinated Greenhouse Gases (Annex to Commission Regulation (EC) No 1493/2007) was labelled 'company information' within the spreadsheet implementation of the reporting form used up to 2012. The term 'company information' was also used in the implementation of the online questionnaire in the EEA's Business Data Repository (BDR). (27) In Regulation (EC) No 842/2006 and Commission Regulation (EC) No 1493/2007, the terms 'European Community', 'Community' and 'EC' are used. In this report, the terminology 'European Union', 'Union' or 'EU' is used, respectively, as the European Community has been replaced by the European Union in accordance with the Treaty of Lisbon (EU, 2007a).

Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 49 Annex 3 Reporting forms under the old F-gas Regulation (EC) No 842/2006

the EU market that were previously purchased from EU substance/preparation. In addition, the amounts importers/distributors in the present reporting year or exported for recycling, reclamation or destruction in previous years. are also to be reported. All substances and

preparations (HFCs, PFCs and SF6) are covered in • Importer Form 3: HFC preparations/HFC blend the 'Exporter Form'. importer form (28). This form is to be completed by HFC importers. The The form sheets concerning HFCs and PFCs, as well sheet is structured as in the 'producer and importer as the Exporter Form, offer the possibility of adding forms'. However, the producer-specific lines (A, substances or preparations in addition to those that E, F and G above) are missing. Instead of single are pre-defined. If a reporting company uses this substances, companies report on HFC preparations. option, the composition of an added preparation has to be stated. These functionalities were also • Exporter Form. implemented in the EEA's Business Data Repository This form is to be completed by exporters (BDR) online questionnaire. with amounts exported from the EU per

(28) In part 4 of the Reporting Form for Producers, Importers and Exporters of Fluorinated Greenhouse Gases (Annex to Commission Regulation (EC) No 1493/2007), this form is called 'Importer Form 3: HFC preparations', while it is labelled 'HFC Blends Importer Form' in the spreadsheet implementation of the reporting form. In this report, the names as set in Commission Regulation (EC) No 1493/2007) are used. The term 'blend' is commonly used by industry for 'preparations', as defined in Commission Regulation (EC) No 1493/2007.

50 Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 Annex 4 Calculation methods

Annex 4 Calculation methods

This annex provides documentation for: Data reported for the export of pre-blended polyols, available since 2018, are not considered for the EU • calculation of EU imports; statistics on bulk exports.

• calculation of EU exports; Calculation of EU supply • calculation of EU supply;

• calculation of hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) amounts Total supply (TS) placed on the market (POM) under the EU HFC phase-down; 'EU total supply' is a parameter that provides information on the actual use of F-gases by EU • calculation of HFC consumption under the industries. Notably, TS also includes gases that are international HFC phase-down under the Montreal contained in exported products and equipment. Protocol. Following the logic of the supply metrics used in this report, such gases count towards the gas demand of Table A4.2 provides a summary of the comparison EU industries. 'EU total supply' is the sum of 'EU bulk between the three metrics supply, POM and supply' and 'EU supply in products/equipment'. It is consumption. comparable to the net supply metric used in earlier EEA reports on F-gases. The codes (1A), (2A), etc., used in the following paragraphs refer to the codes of reportable transactions in the reporting form; see Annex 2. Bulk supply (BS)

Where calculation details for the period 2007-2013 The 'bulk supply' metric is focused on emission-relevant are discussed, these refer to the reporting items as supplies of bulk gases to EU industries and therefore presented in Annex 3. does not cover EU supplies intended for feedstock or destruction. Since 2014, BS has been defined as:

Calculation of EU imports (BS) = production (1A) – destroyed (captured) production (1D) + full imports (2A) – full exports HFC imports reported for intermediate storage under (3A) + 1 January stocks from own import/production customs warehousing after inward processing are (4B) – 31 December stocks from own import/ not considered for the EU imports statistics. This data production (4G) + reclamation (4K) – POM intended have been available since 2018. However, such data for destruction (6B) – feedstock use (7A). are relevant for the calculation of amounts placed on the market. Since 2018, the new reporting items on imports (2A_pp) and exports (3A_pp) of pre-blended polyols are considered — imports of pre-blended are Calculation of EU exports subtracted and exports of pre-blended polyols are added in the equation for BS. HFC exports reported for intermediate storage under customs warehousing after inward processing are not Since 2019, the explicit inclusion of non-captured considered for the EU export statistics. These data production in the reporting scheme has been have been available since 2018. However, such data reflected in order to exclude the emissions are relevant for the calculation of amounts placed on of non‑captured production from supply — the market. non‑captured production totals (1Aa) are subtracted

Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 51 Annex 4 Calculation methods

and amounts of non-captured production used as 2. Assume leakage and accountancy adjustments in feedstock (1A_fs1) are added in the equation for BS or TS to be equal to the amounts reported in BS. Furthermore, imports from and exports to EU Section 6 and subtract those from total BS or TS. intermediate storage under customs warehousing after inward processing were excluded from the BS 3. Apply the proportions determined in step 1 to the calculation (those amounts are also excluded from remainder of BS or TS. the data presented in this report for imports and exports, respectively). 4. Assign any remainder to the category 'Other or unknown applications' (6T). For the years 2007-2013, BS is calculated as follows: 5. Assign all net exports of pre-blended polyols BS = production + imports – exports + 1 January (3A_pp-2A_pp) to the intended application 6G stocks – 31 December stocks + reclamation – own (pre‑blended polyols). feedstock use – intended application: feedstock.

EU supply in products/equipment (SPE) Calculation of HFC amounts placed on the market under the EU HFC phase-down The 'EU supply in products/equipment' metric covers the amount of F-gases that are imported into the EU within products or equipment and placed on The quota of relevant POM starting in 2015 is the market. Exports of F-gases within products and calculated as: equipment are not reported under the new F-gas Regulation (No 517/2014) or subtracted for the SPE bulk HFCs physically placed on the market (4M),

metric. Thus, the SPE metric covers only imports, and it converted into CO2e is not intended to cover the net flows of F-gases within minus products or equipment across EU borders. exemptions under Article 15(2) (5A + (5B) + 5C_

exempted + 5D + 5E), converted into CO2e SPE is calculated as the sum of all gases reported in (5F is included in the exemptions from 2017) Section 11 of the reporting questionnaire. Since 2018, plus the new reporting item on imports of pre-blended issued authorisations (9A). polyols (2A_pp) has been added. No data on SPE were collected before 2014. For years when the POM compliance exercise by the Directorate-General for Climate Change of the European Commission (DG CLIMA) has been Intended applications of bulk or total supply completed, the POM amounts given are based on the POM established in the HFC registry. In Section 6 of the reporting questionnaire, companies report on the intended applications of bulk gases supplied to the EU market (6X). This metric differs from Bulk HFC POM in the years 2007-2013 is calculated per BS in the way it accounts for re-exports and amounts year and per company, based on data reported under intended for destruction and feedstock. It is calculated the old F-gas Regulation (see Annex 3) as: as follows:

HFC production, converted into CO2e 6X = (net) production (1E = 1A – 1D) + full imports plus

(2A) – re-exports within products of own bulk HFC imports, converted into CO2e imports (2B) – bulk re-exports of own imports minus

(3B) + 1 January stocks from own import/production HFC exports, converted into CO2e (4B) – 31 December stocks from own import/ plus

production (4G) + reclamation (4K). 1 January HFC stocks, converted into CO2e minus

To estimate the intended applications of EU BS or TS, a 31 December HFC stocks, converted into CO2e five-step process is used: minus

HFCs used for feedstock, converted into CO2e 1. Per gas, determine the proportion of each reported minus application in a subset of categories without export HFC supplies intended for feedstock use, converted

(6A), destruction (6B), leakage (6U) and accountancy into CO2e. adjustments (6V).

52 Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 Annex 4 Calculation methods

Where the amount thus calculated is negative for (1A_ex is not yet applicable as no exemptions have a given company in a given year, the POM is set to been agreed upon under the MP so far) zero before calculating the EU total as the sum of plus all companies. HFC imports (2A), converted into CO2e minus HFC imports of pre-blended polyols (2A_pp),

Calculation of HFC consumption under the converted into CO2e international HFC phase-down under the minus Montreal Protocol imports of used, recycled or reclaimed HFCs (2C),

converted into CO2e The HFCs considered under the Montreal Protocol (MP) minus are all HFCs as listed in Annex I, Section 1 of the new virgin HFC imports for feedstock use (2D), converted

F-gas Regulation No 517/2014 (see Annex 1, page 66), into CO2e except HFC-161. minus virgin HFC imports exempted under the MP (2E),

converted into CO2e HFC consumption from 2019 is calculated as follows: (2E is not yet applicable as no exemptions have been agreed so far under the MP) From 2019, HFC consumption under the MP is calculated minus separately for HFC-23 (Annex F, Group II under the MP) HFC exports (3A), converted into CO2e and all other HFCs (Group I) covered by the MP: plus HFC exports of pre-blended polyols (3A_pp),

For Group I HFCs, the calculation approach as shown converted into CO2e below for 2018 is continued, with the additional plus element that imports from and exports to dependent exports of used, recycled or reclaimed HFCs (3G), overseas territories are not considered. A list of converted into CO2e dependent territories is given in Table A4.1 (page 81). plus virgin HFC exports for feedstock use (3H), converted

For Group II HFCs/HFC-23, generated amounts not into CO2e captured are not taken into account. In addition to the plus calculation scheme for Group I HFCs, the following data virgin HFC exports exempted under the MP (3I), are thus subtracted/added: converted into CO2e (3I is not yet applicable as no exemptions have been minus agreed so far under the MP) uncaptured HFC production (1Aa), converted into minus

CO2e total HFC destruction (8D), converted into CO2e. plus destroyed uncaptured HFC production (1A_a), Imports reported from and exports reported to

converted into CO2e intermediate storage under customs warehousing after plus inward processing are not considered as imports or uncaptured HFC production used as feedstock (1A_ exports for the purpose of consumption under the MP.

fs1), converted into CO2e.

HFC consumption for the period 2014-2017 is calculated HFC consumption in 2018 is calculated as follows: as follows:

HFC production (1A), converted into CO2e HFC production (1A), converted into CO2e minus plus

HFC production for feedstock use within the EU HFC imports (2A), converted into CO2e

(1A_fs), converted into CO2e minus

minus HFC exports (3A), converted into CO2e HFC production for other uses exempted under the plus

MP (1A_ex), converted into CO2e HFC exports for recycling (3D), converted into CO2e plus

Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 53 Annex 4 Calculation methods

HFC exports for reclamation (3E), converted into minus

CO2e HFC exports, converted into CO2e plus plus HFC exports for destruction (3F), converted into HFC exports for recycling, reclamation or

CO2e destruction, converted into CO2e minus minus

HFC feedstock use (7A), converted into CO2e reporting companies' own HFC destruction,

minus converted into CO2e

Total HFC destruction (8D), converted into CO2e. minus HFC amounts supplied by reporting companies to

HFC consumption up to 2013 is calculated from data third parties for destruction, converted into CO2e reported under the old F-gas Regulation (see Annex 3) as minus

follows: HFCs used for feedstock, converted into CO2e minus

HFC production, converted into CO2e HFC supplies intended for feedstock use, converted

plus into CO2e.

HFC imports, converted into CO2e

Table A4.1 Dependent overseas territories of the EU-27 and the United Kingdom

Territory Country dependency relation Anguilla UK Aruba NL Bermuda UK Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba NL British Indian Ocean Territory UK British Virgin Islands UK Cayman Islands UK Curaçao NL Falkland Islands UK Faroes DK French Polynesia FR French Southern and Antarctic Lands FR Gibraltar UK Greenland DK Guernsey UK Isle of Man UK Jersey UK Montserrat UK New Caledonia FR Pitcairn Islands UK Saint Barthélemy FR Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha UK Saint Pierre and Miquelon FR Sint Maarten (Dutch part) NL South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands UK Turks and Caicos Islands UK Wallis and Futuna FR

Note: DK, Denmark; FR, France; NL, Netherlands; UK, United Kingdom.

Source: EEA (2020b).

54 Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 Annex 4 Calculation methods

Comparison of supply, POM and consumption metrics

Table A4.2 Scope of supply, POM and consumption metrics

POM, relevant to Consumption, relevant Supply compliance with the EU to compliance with the HFC phase-down MP HFC phase-down HFCs of Annex I of HFCs of Annex I of Applicable to total EU F-gas Regulation EU F-gas Regulation F-gases and single No 517/2014, including No 517/2014 except Covered gases gases/gas groups HFC shares and non- HFC-161, including (e.g. HFCs) HFC shares of HFC- HFC shares of HFC- containing mixtures containing mixtures Both physical tonnes and Units used tCO2e (GWP: AR4) tCO2e (GWP: AR4) tCO2e (GWP: AR4) Transactions covered Type of contribution Captured Plus Yes Yes Yes amounts Uncaptured Yes, but excluded for Plus Yes Yes Production amounts HFC-23 Emissions of No, not applicable for Uncaptured Minus Yes No HFC-23 amounts Reclamation Plus Yes No No Recycling Plus No No No from EU intermediate storage under customs Plus No Yes No warehousing after inward processing Bulk imports from dependent Plus Yes Yes No overseas territories Yes (except import of from other Pus Yes Yes recycled and used bulk origins HFCs) Pre-blended Plus Yes Yes No polyols Imports 2015-2016: no; in products RACHP Since 2017, only Plus Yes No and equipment amounts not covered by equipment quota authorisations Other products Plus Yes No No and equipment into EU intermediate storage under Exports from own customs Minus No production and exports No warehousing from own imports are after inward subtracted. processing Other bulk exports Bulk exports subtracted if directly to dependent supplied by the overseas Minus Yes No importer/producer to the territories exporter (exemption Art. 15(2)c) Yes (except export of to other Minus Yes recycled and used bulk destinations HFCs)

Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 55 Annex 4 Calculation methods

Table A4.2 Scope of supply, POM and consumption metrics (cont.)

POM, relevant to Consumption, relevant Supply compliance with the EU to compliance with the HFC phase-down MP HFC phase-down HFCs of Annex I of HFCs of Annex I of Applicable to total EU F-gas Regulation EU F-gas Regulation F-gases and single No 517/2014, including No 517/2014 except Covered gases gases/gas groups HFC shares and non- HFC-161, including (e.g. HFCs) HFC shares of HFC- HFC shares of HFC- containing mixtures containing mixtures Both physical tonnes and Units used tCO2e (GWP: AR4) tCO2e (GWP: AR4) tCO2e (GWP: AR4) Transactions covered Type of contribution Pre-blended Minus No Yes No polyols Exports in Subtracted in case the products contained gases had and Other products never been placed on the Minus No No equipment and equipment market after bulk import (re-export, reported in section 2B) of EU production, destroyed Yes (exemption Art. Minus Yes Yes before POM 15(2)a) Destruction and imports for destruction of used gases recovered Minus No No Yes within the EU Yes (HFC production Yes (exemption Art. for feedstock use in the Feedstock use Minus Yes 15(2)b) EU and HFC import for feedstock use) Yes (exemption Art. Supplies to military uses Minus No No 15(2)d) Supplies to semiconductor Yes (exemption Art. Minus No No industry 15(2)e) Not considered 2015‑2017, Supplies to Minus No considered 2018 No pharmaceutical MDIs onwards (exemption Art. 15(2)f) Only those EU-based 1 January stocks Plus stocks from own production or own import considered Full EU-based stocks that have not yet been from own production or placed on the market, own import considered, stocks under customs stocks under customs warehousing not No warehousing not considered, considered, 31 December stocks Minus stocks from EU stocks from EU purchases purchases and stocks not considered from own imports/ own production already placed on the market not considered HFC quota authorisations Plus No Yes No issued by producers/importers

Note: AR4, Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; GWP, global warming potential; MDI, metered dose inhaler; POM, placing on the market; RACHP, refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pump.

56 Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 Annex 5 Data tables

Annex 5 Data tables

Measures to protect confidential data of substances or transactions. For example, a

confidential value for sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) The EEA takes appropriate steps to protect the may be deduced if there are figures published for confidentiality of commercially sensitive information perfluorocarbons (PFCs) as well as a total for SF6 in accordance with Article 19(8) of the new F-gas and PFCs. In the case of metrics such as 'supply', Regulation. Throughout the report, three rules are a confidential value, e.g. for 'production', may be applied to all numbers and figures to determine deduced if values for both 'import' and 'export' are whether a data item must remain confidential. known and the remainder of small transactions that make up 'supply' is very small. Therefore, two steps Three-company group rule. This rule stipulates that are taken: any value that is published must be the sum of at least three different companies. In addition, companies • In cases where a sum across substances or are invited to specify affiliates in their report. These transactions is published, and there is only one groups of affiliates, if mutually confirmed, count as value contributing to that sum that is confidential one company for the purpose of this evaluation. according to the above rules, a second part of the sum is made confidential to make sure that 5 % significance rule. The contributions of small the lone confidential value cannot be deduced companies to any value may be insignificant, and from the sum and remaining parts. larger companies' confidentiality may be compromised despite the first rule. Therefore, a value remains • In the case of supply metrics, a second of the confidential if fewer than three companies make up major contributors (production, import and more than 95 % of the total, discounting the smallest export) is made confidential if one of them is contributors that make up 5 % of the sum. confidential according to the above rules and the remainder of small transactions makes up less Preventing deduction. Deduction might be than 5 % of the total. possible where a confidential value is part of a sum

Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 57 Annex 5 Data tables

A practical guide to applying the 'three-company group rule' and '5 % significance rule' measures to data

Operationalisation of the combined three-company group rule and 5 % significance rule.

Step 1:all values reported by companies of a given company group for a given transaction year were added up for a given transaction and substance or substance group.

∑ Xi = X1 + X2 + ... + Xn

Xi = individual repoerted value by a single reporting undertaking

∑ Xi = sum of individual reported values by reporting undertakings belonging to the same company group

Step 2: the sum of all absolute contributions (∑ | ∑Xi) across company groups was calculated.

Step 3: the percentage of step 1 in relation to step 2 was calculated for each company group.

|∑ X | % = i ·100

∑ |∑ Xi |

Step 4: the company groups were sorted in ascending order of the percentages calculated in step 3.

Step 5: an accumulated percentage was calculated across the sorted company groups.

Step 6: the number of company groups for which the accumulated percentage was larger than 5 % was counted.

If the number of company groups counted in step 6 was one or two, the full aggregated value across company groups was hidden as confidential. If the number was three or more, the full aggregated value across company groups was reported and was thus not confidential.

58 Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 Annex 5 Data tables

List of data tables in Annex 5

Table A5.1 EU production of F-gases (tonnes) ...... 60

Table A5.2 EU production of F-gases (CO2e)...... 60

Table A5.3 EU reclamation of F-gases (tonnes) ...... 61

Table A5.4 EU reclamation of F-gases (CO2e)...... 61

Table A5.5 Total EU imports of F-gases (tonnes) ...... 62

Table A5.6 Total EU imports of F-gases (CO2e)...... 62

Table A5.7 EU bulk imports of F-gases (tonnes) ...... 63

Table A5.8 EU bulk imports of F-gases (CO2e)...... 63

Table A5.9 EU imports of F-gases within products and equipment (tonnes) ...... 64

Table A5.10 EU imports of F-gases within products and equipment (CO2e) ...... 64

Table A5.11 Categories of imports of F-gases in products and equipment (tonnes)...... 65

Table A5.12 Categories of imports of F-gases in products and equipment (CO2e)...... 65

Table A5.13 EU bulk exports of F-gases (tonnes) ...... 65

Table A5.14 EU bulk exports of F-gases (CO2e)...... 66

Table A5.15 EU destruction of F-gases (tonnes) ...... 66

Table A5.16 EU destruction of F-gases (CO2e)...... 67

Table A5.17 Total EU supply of F-gases (tonnes) ...... 67

Table A5.18 Total EU supply of F-gases (CO2e)...... 69

Table A5.19 EU bulk supply of F-gases (tonnes) ...... 70

Table A5.20 EU bulk supply of F-gases (CO2e)...... 71

Table A5.21 Intended applications of EU total supply of F-gases (tonnes)...... 71

Table A5.22 Intended applications of EU total supply of F-gases (CO2e)...... 72

Table A5.23 Intended applications of EU bulk supply of F-gases (tonnes)...... 72

Table A5.24 Intended applications of EU bulk supply of F-gases (CO2e)...... 73

Table A5.25 HFCs placed on the market and quota compliance...... 73

Table A5.26 Consumption of HFCs covered under the Montreal Protocol...... 74

Table A5.27 Companies reporting on 2019, by Member State and reported activities...... 75

Table A5.28 Non-EU companies reporting on 2019, by location of only representative...... 76

Table A5.29 Activities reported 2007-2019...... 77

Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 59 Annex 5 Data tables

Table A5.1 EU production of F-gases

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Gas group Tonnes

HFCs 55 235 38 519 33 106 43 792 41 040 40 854 36 717 31 050 32 339 33 380 27 713 19 270 18 499

PFCs C C C C C C C C C C C C C

SF6 C C C C C C C C C C C C C Unsaturated HFCs and HCFCs n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. — C C C C —

HFEs and alcohols n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. — — — — — —

NF3 and other perfluorinated compounds n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. — — — — — —

Total F-gases 58 098 41 359 35 123 46 440 44 030 44 220 39 909 34 049 35 377 36 159 30 345 21 787 21 160

Average GWP 3 012 3 361 3 088 3 226 3 432 3 508 3 573 3 723 3 419 3 293 3 470 4 054 4 820

Notes: Annex II gases (unsaturated HFCs and HCFCs; HFEs and alcohols; and NF3 and other perfluorinated compounds) were not subject to reporting for the years 2007-2013. The geographical scope of presented data is the EU-28 except Croatia for the period 2007-2008 and the EU-28 for the period 2009-2019. '—', no data reported; C, confidential; HCFCs, hydrochlorofluorocarbons; hydrofluorocarbons, HFCs; HFEs, hydrofluoroethers; n.a.,

not applicable; NF3, nitrogen trifluoride.

Sources: EC (2011, 2014); EEA (2019, 2020b).

Table A5.2 EU production of F-gases

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Gas group Million tonnes of CO2e

HFCs 112.2 75.6 63.3 91.1 85.0 81.4 73.1 61.1 54.6 58.6 49.6 35.3 45.8

PFCs C C C C C C C C C C C C C

SF6 C C C C C C C C C C C C C Unsaturated HFCs and HCFCs n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. — C C C C —

HFEs and alcohols n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. — — — — — —

NF3 and other perfluorinated compounds n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. — — — — — —

Total F-gases 175.0 139.0 108.4 149.8 151.1 155.1 142.6 126.8 121.0 119.1 105.3 88.3 102.0

Average GWP 3 012 3 361 3 088 3 226 3 432 3 508 3 573 3 723 3 419 3 293 3 470 4 054 4 820

Sources: EC (2011, 2014); EEA (2019, 2020b).

60 Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 Annex 5 Data tables

Table A5.3 EU reclamation of F-gases

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Gas group Tonnes

HFCs C C 100 C C 460 C 377 647 1 314 1 659 1 829 1 478

PFCs — — — — — C — C C C C C C

SF6 C C 77 C C C C C C C 69 C C Unsaturated HFCs and HCFCs n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. — C C C C C

HFEs and alcohols n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. — — — — — —

NF3 and other perfluorinated compounds n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. — — — C — —

Total F-gases 417 398 177 326 508 487 484 416 679 1 364 1 751 1 934 1 523

Average GWP 4 919 4 860 10 963 3 961 3 498 3 321 2 555 4 250 3 527 3 033 3 145 3 223 3 313

Notes: Annex II gases (unsaturated HFCs and HCFCs; HFEs and alcohols; and NF3 and other perfluorinated compounds) were not subject to reporting for the years 2007-2013. The geographical scope of presented data is the EU-28 except Croatia for the period 2007-2012 and the EU-28 for the period 2013-2019. '—', no data reported; C, confidential; n.a., not applicable.

Sources: EC (2011, 2014); EEA (2019, 2020b).

Table A5.4 EU reclamation of F-gases

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Gas group Million tonnes of CO2e

HFCs C C 0.2 C C 1.0 C 0.9 1.7 3.1 3.8 4.8 4.0

PFCs — — — — — C — C C C C C C

SF6 C C 1.8 C C C C C C C 1.6 C C Unsaturated HFCs and HCFCs n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. — C C C C C

HFEs and alcohols n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. — — — — — —

NF3 and other perfluorinated compounds n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. — — — C — —

Total F-gases 2.1 1.9 1.9 1.3 1.8 1.6 1.2 1.8 2.4 4.1 5.5 6.2 5.0

Average GWP 4 919 4 860 10 963 3 961 3 498 3 321 2 555 4 250 3 527 3 033 3 145 3 223 3 313

Notes: Annex II gases (unsaturated HFCs and HCFCs; HFEs and alcohols; and NF3 and other perfluorinated compounds) were not subject to reporting for the years 2007-2013. The geographical scope of presented data is the EU-28 except Croatia for the period 2007-2012 and the EU-28 for the period 2013-2019. '—', no data reported; C, confidential; n.a., not applicable.

Sources: EC (2011, 2014); EEA (2019, 2020b).

Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 61 Annex 5 Data tables

Table A5.5 Total EU imports of F-gases

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Gas group Tonnes

HFCs 58 519 67 951 57 946 69 089 66 269 61 102 65 221 128 452 78 026 78 938 88 530 77 286 62 266

PFCs 253 306 129 230 238 310 155 350 409 363 498 416 397

SF6 747 691 671 539 587 374 483 430 382 420 565 420 410 Unsaturated HFCs and HCFCs n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 1 900 3 413 6 356 14 609 19 235 20 435

HFEs and alcohols n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. C C C C C C

NF3 and other perfluorinated compounds n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. C C C C C C

Total F-gases 59 518 68 948 58 746 69 858 67 094 61 787 65 859 131 794 82 910 86 878 104 835 98 223 84 284

Average GWP 2 215 2 227 2 412 2 287 2 232 2 172 2 257 2 209 2 170 2 113 1 887 1 525 1 432

Notes: Annex II F-gases (unsaturated HFCs and HCFCs; HFEs and alcohols; and NF3 and other perfluorinated compounds) and HFCs, PFCs and SF6 in products and equipment were not subject to reporting for the years 2007-2013. The data shown for 2007-2013 are thus limited to bulk imports. The geographical scope of presented data is the EU-28 except Croatia for the period 2007-2008 and the EU-28 for the

period 2009-2019. Data available for Croatia for the period 2009-2012 are limited to HFCs and do not cover PFCs and SF6. C, confidential; n.a., not applicable.

Sources: EC (2011, 2014); EEA (2019, 2020b).

Table A5.6 Total EU imports of F-gases

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Gas group Million tonnes of CO2e

HFCs 112.2 134.6 125.1 145.0 133.9 122.5 136.0 272.1 161.9 161.9 171.7 129.0 99.5

PFCs 2.6 3.2 1.4 2.5 2.5 3.2 1.6 3.4 3.9 3.6 4.7 4.0 3.8

SF6 17.0 15.8 15.3 12.3 13.4 8.5 11.0 9.8 8.7 9.6 12.9 9.6 9.3 Unsaturated HFCs and HCFCs n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1

HFEs and alcohols n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. C C C 0.0 C C

NF3 and other perfluorinated compounds n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. C C C 8.5 C C

Total F-gases 131.8 153.6 141.7 159.7 149.7 134.2 148.7 291.1 179.9 183.6 197.8 149.8 120.7

Average GWP 2 215 2 227 2 412 2 287 2 232 2 172 2 257 2 209 2 170 2 113 1 887 1 525 1 432

Notes: Annex II F-gases (unsaturated HFCs and HCFCs; HFEs and alcohols; and NF3 and other perfluorinated compounds) and HFCs, PFCs and

SF6 in products and equipment were not subject to reporting for the years 2007-2013. The data shown for 2007-2013 are thus limited to bulk imports. The geographical scope of presented data is the EU-28 except Croatia for the period 2007-2008 and the EU-28 for the

period 2009-2019. Data available for Croatia for the period 2009-2012 are limited to HFCs and do not cover PFCs and SF6. C, confidential; n.a., not applicable.

Sources: EC (2011, 2014); EEA (2019, 2020b).

62 Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 Annex 5 Data tables

Table A5.7 EU bulk imports of F-gases

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Gas group Tonnes

HFCs 58 519 67 951 57 946 69 089 66 269 61 102 65 221 122 781 70 993 68 971 79 577 67 152 52 320

PFCs 253 306 129 230 238 310 155 C C 355 496 416 396

SF6 747 691 671 539 587 374 483 C 377 417 563 400 401 Unsaturated HFCs and HCFCs n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. C C C C C C

HFEs and alcohols n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. C C C C C C

NF3 and other perfluorinated compounds n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. C C C C C C

Total F-gases 59 518 68 948 58 746 69 858 67 094 61 787 65 859 125 986 75 606 76 247 95 013 87 221 73 478

Average GWP 2 215 2 227 2 412 2 287 2 232 2 172 2 257 2 218 2 196 2 149 1 897 1 517 1 461

Notes: Annex II gases (unsaturated HFCs and HCFCs; HFEs and alcohols; and NF3 and other perfluorinated compounds) were not subject to reporting for the years 2007-2013. Bulk imports under F-gas Regulation definition. The geographical scope of presented data is the EU‑28 except Croatia for the period 2007-2008 and the EU-28 for the period 2009-2019. Data available for Croatia for the period 2009-

2012 are limited to HFCs and do not cover PFCs and SF6. C, confidential; n.a., not applicable.

Sources: EC (2011, 2014); EEA (2019, 2020b).

Table A5.8 EU bulk imports of F-gases

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Gas group Million tonnes of CO2e

HFCs 112.2 134.6 125.1 145.0 133.9 122.5 136.0 260.9 148.3 142.3 154.1 111.9 86.4

PFCs 2.6 3.2 1.4 2.5 2.5 3.2 1.6 C C 3.5 4.7 4.0 3.8

SF6 17.0 15.8 15.3 12.3 13.4 8.5 11.0 C 8.6 9.5 12.8 9.1 9.1 Unsaturated HFCs and HCFCs n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. C C C C C C HFEs and alcohols n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. C C C C C C

NF3 and other perfluorinated compounds n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. C C C 8.5 C C

Total F-gases 131.8 153.6 141.7 159.7 149.7 134.2 148.7 279.4 166.0 163.8 180.2 132.3 107.4

Average GWP 2 215 2 227 2 412 2 287 2 232 2 172 2 257 2 218 2 196 2 149 1 897 1 517 1 461

2012 are limited to HFCs and do not cover PFCs and SF6. C, confidential; n.a., not applicable.

Sources: EC (2011, 2014); EEA (2019, 2020b).

Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 63 Annex 5 Data tables

Table A5.9 EU imports of F-gases within products and equipment

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Gas group Tonnes

HFCs 5 671 7 033 9 967 8 953 10 134 9 946

PFCs C C 7 2 1 1

SF6 C 6 2 2 19 9

Unsaturated HFCs and HCFCs C C C C C C

HFEs and alcohols — C C C C C

NF3 and other perfluorinated compounds — — — — — —

Total F-gases 5 808 7 304 10 631 9 823 11 002 10 806

Average GWP 2 015 1 898 1 860 1 792 1 591 1 235

Notes: The geographical scope of presented data is the EU-28. Imports of pre-blended polyols were not subject to separate reporting before 2018. The HFC amounts given for 2018 significantly deviate from the amounts given in the previous report (EEA, 2019) as imports of pre‑blended polyols had not been included previously. '—', no data reported; C, confidential.

Sources: EEA (2019, 2020b).

Table A5.10 EU imports of F-gases within products and equipment

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Gas group Million tonnes of CO2e

HFCs 11.2 13.6 19.7 17.5 17.1 13.1

PFCs C C 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

SF6 C 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.2

Unsaturated HFCs and HCFCs C C C C C C

HFEs and alcohols — C C C C C

NF3 and other perfluorinated compounds — — — — — —

Total F-gases 11.7 13.9 19.8 17.6 17.5 13.3

Average GWP 2 015 1 898 1 860 1 792 1 591 1 235

Notes: The geographical scope of presented data is the EU-28. Imports of pre-blended polyols were not subject to separate reporting before 2018. HFC amounts given for 2018 significantly deviate from the amounts given in the previous report (EEA, 2019) as imports of pre‑blended polyols had not been included previously. '—', no data reported; C, confidential.

Sources: EEA (2019, 2020b).

64 Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 Annex 5 Data tables

Table A5.11 Categories of imports of F-gases in products and equipment

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Categories of products and equipment Tonnes

Stationary equipment for comfort cooling or heating 4 698 5 239 8 325 7 680 8 093 8 578

Mobile air conditioning equipment 798 1 205 1 405 1 210 1 206 1 207

Other refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pump equipment 208 363 570 559 628 527

Other products and equipment 104 496 331 373 1 076 494

Total supply in products and equipment 5 808 7 304 10 631 9 823 11 002 10 806

Note: The geographical scope of presented data is the EU-28. Imports of pre-blended polyols were not subject to separate reporting before 2018.

Sources: EEA (2019, 2020b).

Table A5.12 Categories of imports of F-gases in products and equipment

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Categories of products and equipment Million tonnes of CO2e

Stationary equipment for comfort cooling or heating 9.8 10.8 17.1 15.6 13.7 10.6

Mobile air conditioning equipment 1.0 1.4 1.1 0.5 0.6 0.6

Other refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pump equipment 0.4 0.7 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.8

Other products and equipment 0.6 0.9 0.6 0.5 2.2 1.4

Total supply in products and equipment 11.7 13.9 19.8 17.6 17.5 13.3

Note: The geographical scope of presented data is the EU-28. Imports of pre-blended polyols were not subject to separate reporting before 2018.

Sources: EEA (2019, 2020b).

Table A5.13 EU bulk exports of F-gases

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Gas group Tonnes

HFCs 24 162 19 187 15 720 20 455 21 330 21 171 21 699 26 239 25 577 27 414 29 224 26 039 22 475

PFCs 83 57 25 C C 255 253 91 95 132 176 C 297

SF6 1 670 1 499 1 423 C C 2 021 1 871 2 522 2 426 2 012 1 669 1 862 2 000 Unsaturated HFCs and HCFCs n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. C C C C C 1 246

HFEs and alcohols n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. C C 8 C 10 C

NF3 and other perfluorinated compounds n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. C C C 10 6 C

Total F-gases 25 915 20 742 17 168 22 233 23 383 23 448 23 822 29 065 28 417 30 274 32 105 29 350 26 033

Average GWP 3 140 3 342 3 531 3 411 3 630 3 599 3 405 3 469 3 506 3 263 2 828 2 958 3 308

Notes: Annex II gases (unsaturated HFCs and HCFCs; HFEs and alcohols; and NF3 and other perfluorinated compounds) were not subject to reporting for the years 2007-2013. Data given for the period 2014-2017 include gases exported in pre-blended polyols. The geographical scope of presented data is the EU-28 except Croatia for the period 2007-2008 and the EU-28 for the period 2009-2019. Data available for Croatia for the period 2009-2012 are limited to HFCs and do not cover PFCs and SF6. 2018 HFC exports given here are significantly below the amounts given in the previous report (EEA, 2019) due to erroneous data identified during quality control. C, confidential; n.a., not applicable.

Sources: EC (2011, 2014); EEA (2019, 2020b).

Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 65 Annex 5 Data tables

Table A5.14 EU bulk exports of F-gases

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Gas group Million tonnes of CO2e

HFCs 42.5 34.6 27.9 36.4 39.3 35.9 36.0 42.4 43.2 50.7 50.9 43.2 37.6

PFCs 0.8 0.5 0.2 C C 2.4 2.4 0.8 0.9 1.3 1.7 C 2.8

SF6 38.1 34.2 32.4 C C 46.1 42.7 57.5 55.3 45.9 38.0 42.5 45.6 Unsaturated HFCs and HCFCs n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. C C C 0.0 C 0.0

HFEs and alcohols n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. C C C 0.0 C C

NF3 and other perfluorinated compounds n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. C C C 0.2 0.1 C

Total F-gases 81.4 69.3 60.6 75.8 84.9 84.4 81.1 100.8 99.6 98.8 90.8 86.8 86.1

Average GWP 3 140 3 342 3 531 3 411 3 630 3 599 3 405 3 469 3 506 3 263 2 828 2 958 3 308

Sources: EC (2011, 2014); EEA (2019, 2020b).

Table A5.15 EU destruction of F-gases

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Gas group Tonnes

HFCs 56 47 86 173 C 485 99 878 1 251 596 555 664 1 645

PFCs C C C C — C C C C C C C C

SF6 C C C C C C C C 16 16 C 8 2 Unsaturated HFCs and HCFCs n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. — C C C 3 C

HFEs and alcohols n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. — C — C C —

NF3 and other perfluorinated compounds n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. — C C C C —

Total F-gases 56 49 96 179 221 487 101 887 1 277 624 652 674 1 648

Average GWP 1 748 2 395 4 338 9 249 9 690 3 763 10 497 8 879 7 612 9 270 6 991 8 225 10 067

Notes: Annex II gases (unsaturated HFCs and HCFCs; HFEs and alcohols; and NF3 and other perfluorinated compounds) were not subject to reporting for the years 2007-2013. The geographical scope of presented data is the EU-28 except Croatia for the period 2007-2012 and the EU-28 for the period 2013-2019. '—', no data reported; C, confidential; n.a., not applicable.

Sources: EC (2011, 2014); EEA (2019, 2020b).

66 Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 Annex 5 Data tables

Table A5.16 EU destruction of F-gases

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Gas group Million tonnes of CO2e

HFCs 0.1 0.1 0.2 C C 1.8 1.0 C 9.2 5.3 4.2 5.4 16.5

PFCs C C C C — C C C C C C C C

SF6 C C C C C C C C 0.4 0.4 C 0.2 0.1 Unsaturated HFCs and HCFCs n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. — C C C 0.0 C

HFEs and alcohols n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. — C — C C —

NF3 and other perfluorinated compounds n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. — C C C C —

Total F-gases 0.1 0.1 0.4 1.7 2.1 1.8 1.1 7.9 9.7 5.8 4.6 5.5 16.6

Average GWP 1 748 2 395 4 338 9 249 9 690 3 763 10 497 8 879 7 612 9 270 6 991 8 225 10 067

Notes: Annex II gases (unsaturated HFCs and HCFCs; HFEs and alcohols; and NF3 and other perfluorinated compounds) were not subject to reporting for the years 2007-2013. The geographical scope of presented data is the EU-28 except Croatia for the period 2007-2012 and the EU-28 for the period 2013-2019. '—', no data reported; C, confidential; n.a., not applicable.

Sources: EC (2011, 2014); EEA (2019, 2020b).

Table A5.17 Total EU supply of F-gases

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Gas Tonnes

HFC-23 247 184 190 299 306 137 73 94 78 63 95 54 45

HFC-32 3 987 5 086 4 430 5 390 4 930 5 025 5 334 11 060 9 384 11 022 12 053 15 535 14 483

HFC-41 C — C C C C C 1 2 1 1 1 1

HFC-125 12 371 12 501 13 992 18 248 15 345 15 598 15 116 25 476 17 916 18 701 17 409 13 770 9 581

HFC-134 C — — C — — — — C C — — —

HFC-134a 49 080 46 174 41 440 43 657 40 201 40 060 39 334 60 771 46 282 44 184 40 912 33 750 25 733

HFC-143 C — — — — — — — — — — — —

HFC-143a 8 998 9 817 9 620 10 572 8 854 9 007 8 817 13 512 7 069 7 205 6 006 843 1 268

HFC-152a 4 292 6 162 5 182 4 695 4 676 4 175 3 657 6 227 3 914 3 431 3 552 3 245 3 157

HFC-227ea 789 1 767 1 776 2 082 2 052 1 479 1 610 2 695 1 977 1 754 1 628 1 501 1 252

HFC-236fa C C C 30 44 31 38 52 40 42 37 C C

HFC-245ca — — — — — — — — — C — — —

HFC-245fa C C C C C C C C C C C C 876

HFC-365mfc C C C C C C C C C C C C C

HFC-43-10mee C C C C C C C C C C C C C

PFC-14 C 86 42 59 56 28 2 147 168 152 196 170 143

PFC-116 C 178 113 153 C C C 157 164 129 148 137 156

PFC-218 112 59 C 24 23 40 38 41 59 37 23 32 20

PFC-c-318 C C C C 10 C C 14 27 C C C C

PFC-3-1-10 C C — C C — — C C C C C C

PFC-4-1-12 — — — — — — — C C C — — —

PFC-5-1-14 C C C C C C C C C 117 C C C

SF6 1 810 1 860 1 435 1 522 1 502 1 490 1 535 716 909 1 004 1 225 843 727

HCFC-1233xf n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. — — C C — —

Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 67 Annex 5 Data tables

Table A5.17 Total EU supply of F-gases (tonnes) (cont.)

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Gas Tonnes

HCFC-1233zd n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. C C C C C C

HFC-1234yf n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. C C 5 214 10 574 11 451 10 294

HFC-1234ze n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. C C C C C C

HFC-1336mzz n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. C C C C C C

HFE-236fa n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. — — — C — —

HFE-245fa1 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. — — C — — —

HFE-347mcc3 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. C C C C C C

HFE-347pcf2 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. — — — C — C

HFE-449sl n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. C C C 90 C C

HFE-569sf2 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. C C C C C C

2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropanol n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. — C C C C C bis(trifluoromethyl)- methanol n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. C C C C C C

NF3 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 321 339 381 492 433 402

PFPMIE n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. C — — — C C

Gas group

HFCs 86 477 87 311 81 005 89 924 81 829 80 982 79 224 124 408 92 090 91 593 87 582 72 179 58 015

PFCs 299 398 241 303 289 243 139 480 524 464 649 563 436

SF6 1 810 1 860 1 435 1 522 1 502 1 490 1 535 716 909 1 004 1 225 843 727 Unsaturated HFCs and HCFCs n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. C C 6 305 13 400 17 767 18 350

HFEs and alcohols n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. C C 303 127 C C

NF3 and other perfluorinated compounds n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. C 339 381 492 C C

Total F-gases 88 586 89 569 82 681 91 749 83 620 82 715 80 898 127 547 96 779 100 050 103 475 92 179 78 293

Average GWP 2 410 2 433 2 451 2 521 2 489 2 470 2 474 2 241 2 187 2 142 2 027 1 658 1 552

Notes: Annex II F-gases (unsaturated HFCs and HCFCs; HFEs and alcohols; and NF3 and other perfluorinated compounds) and HFCs, PFCs and

SF6 in products and equipment were not subject to reporting for the years 2007-2013. The data shown for the period 2007-2013 are thus limited to bulk supply. The geographical scope of presented data is the EU-28 except Croatia for the period 2007-2008 and the EU-28 for the period 2009-2019. Data available for Croatia 2009-2012 are limited to HFCs and do not cover PFCs and SF6. 2018 supply of HFC-32, HFC-125 and HFC-134a given here is significantly above the amounts given in the previous report (EEA, 2019) due to erroneous data identified during quality control. '—', no data reported; C, confidential; n.a., not applicable; PFPMIE, perfluoropolymethylisopropylether.

Sources: EC (2011, 2014); EEA (2019, 2020b).

68 Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 Annex 5 Data tables

Table A5.18 Total EU supply of F-gases

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Gas Million tonnes of CO2e HFC-23 3.7 2.7 2.8 4.4 4.5 2.0 1.1 1.4 1.2 0.9 1.4 0.8 0.7

HFC-32 2.7 3.4 3.0 3.6 3.3 3.4 3.6 7.5 6.3 7.4 8.1 10.5 9.8

HFC-41 C — C C C C C 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

HFC-125 43.3 43.8 49.0 63.9 53.7 54.6 52.9 89.2 62.7 65.5 60.9 48.2 33.5

HFC-134 C — — C — — — — C C — — —

HFC-134a 70.2 66.0 59.3 62.4 57.5 57.3 56.2 86.9 66.2 63.2 58.5 48.3 36.8

HFC-143 C — — — — — — — — — — — —

HFC-143a 40.2 43.9 43.0 47.3 39.6 40.3 39.4 60.4 31.6 32.2 26.8 3.8 5.7

HFC-152a 0.5 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

HFC-227ea 2.5 5.7 5.7 6.7 6.6 4.8 5.2 8.7 6.4 5.6 5.2 4.8 4.0

HFC-236fa C C C 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 C C

HFC-245ca — — — — — — — — — C — — —

HFC-245fa C C C C C C C C C C C C 0.9

HFC-365mfc C C C C C C C C C C C C C

HFC-43-10mee C C C C C C C C C C C C C

PFC-14 C 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.0 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.4 1.3 1.1

PFC-116 C 2.2 1.4 1.9 C C C 1.9 2.0 1.6 1.8 1.7 1.9

PFC-218 1.0 0.5 C 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2

PFC-c-318 C C C C 0.1 C C 0.1 0.3 C C C C

PFC-3-1-10 C C — C C — — C C C C C C

PFC-4-1-12 — — — — — — — C C C — — —

PFC-5-1-14 C C C C C C C C C 1.1 C C C

SF6 41.3 42.4 32.7 34.7 34.2 34.0 35.0 16.3 20.7 22.9 27.9 19.2 16.6

HCFC-1233xf n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. — — C C — —

HCFC-1233zd n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. C C C C C C

HFC-1234yf n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. C C 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

HFC-1234ze n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. C C C C C C

HFC-1336mzz n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. C C C C C C

HFE-236fa n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. — — — C — —

HFE-245fa1 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. — — C — — —

HFE-347mcc3 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. C C C C C C

HFE-347pcf2 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. — — — C — C

HFE-449sl n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. C C C 0.0 C C

HFE-569sf2 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. C C C C C C

2,2,3,3,3-penta- n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. - C C C C C fluoropropanol bis(trifluoromethyl)- n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. C C C C C C methanol

NF3 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 5.5 5.8 6.6 8.5 7.4 6.9

PFPMIE n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. C — — — C C

Gas group

HFCs 169.3 171.5 167.4 193.5 171.0 167.9 163.8 259.2 179.9 180.4 167.2 120.6 93.6

PFCs 3.0 4.0 2.5 3.1 3.0 2.4 1.4 4.6 5.0 4.4 6.1 5.4 4.3

Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 69 Annex 5 Data tables

Table A5.18 Total EU supply of F-gases (cont.)

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Gas Million tonnes of CO2e

SF6 41.3 42.4 32.7 34.7 34.2 34.0 35.0 16.3 20.7 22.9 27.9 19.2 16.6 Unsaturated HFCs n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. C C 0.0 0.1 C 0.1 and HCFCs

HFEs and alcohols n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. C C 0.1 0.0 C C

NF3 and other perfluorinated n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. C 5.8 6.6 8.5 C C compounds

Total F-gases 213.5 218.0 202.6 231.3 208.2 204.3 200.1 285.8 211.6 214.3 209.8 152.8 121.5

Average GWP 2 410 2 433 2 451 2 521 2 489 2 470 2 474 2 241 2 187 2 142 2 027 1 658 1 552

Notes: Annex II F-gases (unsaturated HFCs and HCFCs; HFEs and alcohols; and NF3 and other perfluorinated compounds) and HFCs, PFCs and

SF6 in products and equipment were not subject to reporting for the years 2007-2013. The data shown for the period 2007-2013 are thus limited to bulk supply. The geographical scope of presented data is the EU-28 except Croatia for the period 2007-2008 and the EU-28 for the period 2009-2019. Data available for Croatia for the period 2009-2012 are limited to HFCs and do not cover PFCs and SF6. 2018 supply of HFC-32, HFC-125 and HFC-134a given here is significantly above the amounts given in the previous report (EEA, 2019) due to erroneous data identified during quality control. '—', no data reported; C, confidential; n.a., not applicable; PFPMIE, perfluoropolymethylisopropylether.

Sources: EC (2011, 2014); EEA (2019, 2020b).

Table A5.19 EU bulk supply of F-gases

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Gas group Tonnes

HFCs 86 477 87 311 81 005 89 924 81 829 80 982 79 224 118 737 85 057 81 626 78 629 62 044 48 069

PFCs 299 398 241 303 289 243 139 C C 457 647 562 435

SF6 1 810 1 860 1 435 1 522 1 502 1 490 1 535 C 903 1 001 1 223 824 718 Unsaturated HFCs and HCFCs n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. C C C C C C

HFEs and alcohols n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. C C C C C C

NF3 and other perfluorinated compounds n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. C 339 381 492 C C

Total F-gases 88 586 89 569 82 681 91 749 83 620 82 715 80 898 121 739 89 475 89 419 93 653 81 177 67 487

Average GWP 2 410 2 433 2 451 2 521 2 489 2 470 2 474 2 251 2 210 2 176 2 052 1 667 1 603

Notes: Annex II gases (unsaturated HFCs and HCFCs; HFEs and alcohols; and NF3 and other perfluorinated compounds) were not subject to reporting for the years 2007-2013. The geographical scope of presented data is the EU-28 except Croatia for the period 2007-2008 and the EU-28 for the period 2009-2019. Data available for Croatia for the period 2009-2012 are limited to HFCs and do not cover PFCs and

SF6. Imports of pre-blended polyols are not included since 2018. 2018 bulk HFC supply given here is significantly above the amounts given in the previous report (EEA, 2019) due to erroneous data identified during quality control. C, confidential; n.a., not applicable.

Sources: EC (2011, 2014); EEA (2019, 2020b).

70 Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 Annex 5 Data tables

Table A5.20 EU bulk supply of F-gases

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Gas group Million tonnes of CO2e

HFCs 169.3 171.5 167.4 193.5 171.0 167.9 163.8 248.0 166.4 160.7 149.6 103.5 80.5

PFCs 3.0 4.0 2.5 3.1 3.0 2.4 1.4 C C 4.3 6.1 5.4 4.2

SF6 41.3 42.4 32.7 34.7 34.2 34.0 35.0 C 20.6 22.8 27.9 18.8 16.4 Unsaturated HFCs and HCFCs n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. C C C C C C

HFEs and alcohols n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. C C C C C C

NF3 and other perfluorinated compounds n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. C 5.8 6.6 8.5 C C

Total F-gases 213.5 218.0 202.6 231.3 208.2 204.3 200.1 274.1 197.8 194.6 192.2 135.3 108.2

Average GWP 2 410 2 433 2 451 2 521 2 489 2 470 2 474 2 251 2 210 2 176 2 052 1 667 1 603

Notes: Annex II gases (unsaturated HFCs and HCFCs; HFEs and alcohols; and NF3 and other perfluorinated compounds) were not subject to reporting for the years 2007-2013. The geographical scope of presented data is the EU-28 except Croatia for the period 2007-2008 and the EU-28 for the period 2009-2019. Data available for Croatia for the period 2009-2012 are limited to HFCs and do not cover PFCs and

Sources: EC (2011, 2014); EEA (2019, 2020b).

Table A5.21 Intended applications of EU total supply of F-gases

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Intended applications of Tonnes bulk supply Refrigeration, air conditioning and heating and other 61 377 58 720 58 678 65 964 61 045 58 574 58 999 95 688 74 023 78 016 78 012 68 676 55 600 heat transfer fluids Foams, incl. pre‑blended 14 286 15 284 11 709 11 503 9 234 8 526 8 202 12 967 9 572 10 157 11 521 11 083 11 041 polyols

Aerosols 9 090 11 131 8 425 9 547 7 808 10 950 9 690 8 954 9 421 8 728 10 300 9 109 8 964

Fire protection 649 491 531 1 677 2 508 1 451 1 385 1 858 818 585 502 324 130

Electrical 1 197 1 422 969 1 290 1 344 1 362 1 419 622 745 813 951 640 534 equipment Semiconductor, photovoltaics and 127 301 184 265 243 169 71 1 057 715 755 924 897 769 other electronics manufacture Other or unknown 1 861 2 219 2 185 1 501 1 437 1 684 1 132 6 402 1 485 997 1 266 1 450 1 255 applications Total F-gases — 88 586 89 569 82 681 91 749 83 620 82 715 80 898 127 547 96 779 100 050 103 475 92 179 78 293 total supply

2009-2019. Data available for Croatia for the period 2009-2012 are limited to HFCs and do not cover PFCs and SF6. 2018 supply given here is significantly above the amounts given in the previous report (EEA, 2019) due to erroneous data identified during quality control. Feedstock use does not appear in this table as it is excluded from the scope of EU total supply.

Sources: EC (2011, 2014); EEA (2019, 2020b).

Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 71 Annex 5 Data tables

Table A5.22 Intended applications of EU total supply of F-gases

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Intended

applications of bulk Million tonnes of CO2e supply Refrigeration, air conditioning and 138.5 136.5 139.6 161.6 143.7 140.3 140.4 216.5 155.3 157.0 142.3 100.2 76.3 heating and other heat transfer fluids Foams, incl. pre- 13.4 12.9 9.8 10.4 6.5 6.1 5.9 11.7 7.2 8.8 8.4 6.8 4.7 blended polyols

Aerosols 12.2 14.5 11.2 12.5 9.9 14.1 12.7 11.7 13.1 11.6 14.4 11.7 11.3

Fire protection 4.0 3.0 3.2 7.5 9.7 5.8 2.6 6.6 3.0 2.2 1.8 1.1 0.5

Electrical equipment 27.3 32.4 22.1 29.4 30.7 31.0 32.4 14.2 17.0 18.5 21.7 14.6 12.2

Semiconductor, photovoltaics and 1.5 3.2 2.1 3.1 2.8 2.1 1.0 9.4 9.9 10.6 13.2 12.4 10.9 other electronics manufacture Other or unknown 16.7 15.4 14.7 6.7 4.9 4.9 5.3 15.8 6.1 5.5 7.9 6.0 5.7 applications Total F-gases — 213.5 218.0 202.6 231.3 208.2 204.3 200.1 285.8 211.6 214.3 209.8 152.8 121.5 total supply

Notes: Annex II gases (unsaturated HFCs and HCFCs; HFEs and alcohols; and NF3 and other perfluorinated compounds) and data on products and equipment were not subject to reporting for the years 2007-2013. The data presented for these years thus equal data presented for bulk supply. The geographical scope of presented data is the EU-28 except Croatia for the period 2007-2008 and the EU-28 for the period 2009-2019. Data available for Croatia for the period 2009-2012 are limited to HFCs and do not cover PFCs and SF6. 2018 supply given here is significantly above the amounts given in the previous report (EEA, 2019) due to erroneous data identified during quality control. Feedstock use does not appear in this table as it is excluded from the scope of EU total supply.

Sources: EC (2011, 2014); EEA (2019, 2020b).

Table A5.23 Intended applications of EU bulk supply of F-gases

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Intended applications of Tonnes bulk supply Refrigeration, air conditioning and 61 377 58 720 58 678 65 964 61 045 58 574 58 999 89 984 67 216 67 715 68 562 58 750 45 288 heating and other heat transfer fluids Foams, incl. pre- 14 286 15 284 11 709 11 503 9 234 8 526 8 202 12 960 9 564 10 152 11 521 10 162 10 693 blended polyols

Aerosols 9 090 11 131 8 425 9 547 7 808 10 950 9 690 8 875 8 949 8 405 9 929 8 973 8 832

Fire protection 649 491 531 1 677 2 508 1 451 1 385 1 858 808 584 502 324 130

Electrical 1 197 1 422 969 1 290 1 344 1 362 1 419 604 739 811 949 621 525 equipment Semiconductor, photovoltaics and 127 301 184 265 243 169 71 1 057 715 755 924 897 769 other electronics manufacture Other or unknown 1 861 2 219 2 185 1 501 1 437 1 684 1 132 6 402 1 485 997 1 266 1 450 1 249 applications

Total bulk supply 88 586 89 569 82 681 91 749 83 620 82 715 80 898 121 739 89 475 89 419 93 653 81 177 67 487

Notes: Annex II gases (unsaturated HFCs and HCFCs; HFEs and alcohols; and NF3 and other perfluorinated compounds) were not subject to reporting for the years 2007-2013. The geographical scope of presented data is the EU-28 except Croatia for the period 2007-2008 and the EU-28 for the period 2009-2019. Data available for Croatia for the period 2009-2012 are limited to HFCs and do not cover PFCs and

SF6. Imports of pre-blended polyols are excluded since 2018. 2018 supply given here is significantly above the amounts given in the previous report (EEA, 2019) due to erroneous data identified during quality control. Feedstock use does not appear in this table as it is excluded from the scope of bulk supply.

Sources: EC (2011, 2014); EEA (2019, 2020b).

72 Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 Annex 5 Data tables

Table A5.24 Intended applications of EU bulk supply of F-gases

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Intended

applications of Million tonnes of CO2e bulk supply Refrigeration, air conditioning and 138.5 136.5 139.6 161.6 143.7 140.3 140.4 205.4 142.4 137.8 125.2 85.0 64.4 heating and other heat transfer fluids Foams, incl. pre- 13.4 12.9 9.8 10.4 6.5 6.1 5.9 11.6 7.2 8.8 8.4 5.1 3.7 blended polyols

Aerosols 12.2 14.5 11.2 12.5 9.9 14.1 12.7 11.6 12.4 11.2 13.9 11.5 11.1

Fire protection 4.0 3.0 3.2 7.5 9.7 5.8 2.6 6.6 3.0 2.2 1.8 1.1 0.5

Electrical equipment 27.3 32.4 22.1 29.4 30.7 31.0 32.4 13.8 16.9 18.5 21.6 14.2 12.0

Total bulk supply 213.5 218.0 202.6 231.3 208.2 204.3 200.1 274.1 197.8 194.6 192.2 135.3 108.2

Notes: Annex II gases (unsaturated HFCs and HCFCs; HFEs and alcohols; and NF3 and other perfluorinated compounds) were not subject to reporting for the years 2007-2013. The geographical scope of presented data is the EU-28 except Croatia for the period 2007-2008 and the EU-28 for the period 2009-2019. Data available for Croatia for the period 2009-2012 are limited to HFCs and do not cover PFCs and

Sources: EC (2011, 2014); EEA (2019, 2020b).

Table A5.25 HFCs placed on the market and quota compliance

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

POM category Million tonnes of CO2e POM of bulk HFC (1) 173.5 174.9 172.4 200.6 179.0 172.0 169.6 POM 2007-2013 Bulk HFC POM (2) 279.4 162.4 158.1 166.7 102.1 83.8 2014 onwards

thereof:

for exempted uses (3) C C C 18.8 21.1 21.6 Art.15(2)a-f: thereof: for (4) exempted uses 7.0 7.6 14.1 9.2 11.1 11.2 Art.15(2)a-e: thereof: exemption Art. 15(2)f: (5) C C C 9.6 10.0 10.3 Pharmaceutical MDIs Quota-relevant = (2) – (4); (6) bulk HFC POM since 154.7 144.0 157.5 81.0 62.2 2015 onwards 2018: = (2) – (3) POM of HFCs in (7) equipment 2014 = (8) + (10) 11.2 13.6 19.7 17.5 15.4 12.1 onwards:

thereof:

HFC POM in RACHP (8) 11.1 12.8 19.2 17.0 15.3 12.0 equipment thereof: without quota authorisation (9) 0.4 0.7 0.2 coverage, 2017 onwards

Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 73 Annex 5 Data tables

Table A5.25 HFCs placed on the market and quota compliance (cont.)

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

POM category Million tonnes of CO2e HFC POM in other (10) 0.1 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.2 equipment Total physical POM of HFC 2014 (11) = (2) + (7) 290.6 175.9 177.7 184.2 117.5 95.9 onwards (bulk + equipment) Quota authorisations (12) 17.1 19.9 11.6 18.8 35.8 issued 2015 onwards Quota-relevant (13) POM 2015 = (6) + (9) + (12) 171.8 163.9 169.4 100.4 98.2 onwards Maximum quantity (14) of HFC phase- 183.1 170.3 170.3 101.2 100.3 down Quota compliance

2015 onwards: Unused quota (15) 12.0 7.1 3.2 2.0 3.0 (company level) Quota exceedance (16) 0.7 0.6 2.4 1.0 1.0 (company level) thereof: production/ (17) = (16) – (9) 0.7 0.6 2.0 0.3 0.8 bulk import of HFCs EU-wide margin to (18) = (14) – (13) 11.2 6.3 0.8 0.7 2.0 maximum quantity

Notes: The geographical scope of presented POM data is the EU-28 except Croatia for the period 2007-2008 and the EU-28 for the period 2009‑2019. C, confidential; POM, placing on the market; RACHP, refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pumps.

Sources: EC (2011, 2014, 2020); EEA (2019, 2020b).

Table A5.26 Consumption of HFCs covered under the Montreal Protocol

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Million tonnes of CO2e EU consumption of HFCs covered 177.5 169.3 156.4 194.0 173.2 159.4 163.2 267.0 146.9 141.4 145.1 94.8 74.4 under the Montreal Protocol

Note: The geographical scope of presented data is the EU-28 except Croatia for the period 2007-2008 and the EU-28 for the period 2009-2019.

Sources: EC (2011, 2014); EEA (2019, 2020b).

74 Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 Annex 5 Data tables

Table A5.27 Companies reporting on 2019, by Member State and reported activities

Thereof:

Equipment Feedstock Destruction Quota Country Total Producers Importers Exporters importers users companies authorisers

Austria 28 — 16 — 13 — — 2

Belgium 59 1 25 8 31 — — 7

Bulgaria 104 — 60 1 34 — — 44

Croatia 38 — 15 2 22 — — 4

Cyprus 33 — 15 — 20 — — 5

Czechia 61 — 26 1 31 — 1 3

Denmark 36 — 12 3 21 — — 2

Estonia 27 — 16 — 9 — 1 5

Finland 29 — 7 1 19 — 2 4

France 165 3 58 11 107 1 1 23

Germany 187 3 63 19 115 1 7 18

Greece 72 — 29 4 38 — — 3

Hungary 46 — 19 — 27 — — —

Ireland 13 — 5 — 9 — — 1

Italy 340 — 212 14 104 — — 39

Latvia 14 — 9 — 4 — — 3

Lithuania 39 — 30 1 7 — — 5

Luxembourg — — — — — — — —

Malta 18 — 6 1 13 — — —

Netherlands 89 1 38 6 51 — 1 12

Poland 861 — 689 5 57 — 1 366

Portugal 39 — 12 4 23 — — 2

Romania 65 — 23 — 39 — — 3

Slovakia 18 — 7 — 7 — 1 3

Slovenia 33 — 11 — 23 — — —

Spain 123 — 43 15 74 — — 8

Sweden 151 — 117 4 35 — 1 9

United Kingdom 148 1 68 10 63 — 2 23

EU-28 2 836 9 1 631 110 996 2 18 594

Non-EU-28 total 310 n.a. 63 2 16 n.a. n.a. 248

Notes: Companies may report for more than one activity type. '—', no data reported; n.a., not applicable: Non-EU companies are not eligible to report as producers, feedstock users, or destruction companies.

Source: EEA (2020b).

Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 75 Annex 5 Data tables

Table A5.28 Non-EU companies reporting on 2019, by location of only representative

Thereof from:

EU-28 country of only representative Total represented non-EU-28 companies United Arab Emirates Canada Switzerland China Egypt Gibraltar Hong Kong India Japan South Korea Monaco Marshall Islands Mexico Malaysia Norway Saudi Arabia Singapore Thailand Turkey Taiwan, Province of China United States British Virgin Islands Vietnam

Belgium 6 2 — — — 1 — — — 1 — — — — — — 1 — — 1 — — — —

Bulgaria 3 — — — 3 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

Cyprus 46 — — — 46 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

Czechia 2 — — — — — — — — — 1 — — — — — — — — — — 1 — —

Finland 1 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1 — —

France 16 — 1 — — — — — 1 — — 1 — 2 — 1 — — — — — 10 — —

Germany 37 — — — 15 — — 4 — 2 4 — — — 1 — — 1 1 — 1 7 — 1

Ireland 171 — — — 167 — — 1 1 — — — 1 — — — — — — — — — 1 —

Italy 6 — — 1 3 — — — — 1 — — — — — 1 — — — — — — — —

Netherlands 8 — — 3 — — — 1 — 1 — — — — — 3 — — — — — — — —

Sweden 2 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 2 — — — — — — — —

United Kingdom 12 — — 1 — — 1 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 10 — —

EU-28 total 310 2 1 5 234 1 1 6 2 5 5 1 1 2 1 7 1 1 1 1 1 29 1 1

Note: '—', no data reported.

Source: EEA (2020b).

76 Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 Annex 5 Data tables

Table A5.29 Activities reported 2007-2019

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Reports received 77 86 94 110 125 133 153 468 780 1 284 1 728 2 137 3 146

Of which mention: Production of 6 12 8 7 9 10 9 10 9 9 8 8 9 F-gases thereof: HFC 4 9 6 5 7 8 7 6 6 6 5 5 7 production Bulk import of 55 53 58 70 77 91 112 187 293 379 577 895 1 694 F-gases thereof: bulk HFC 48 47 53 66 73 86 107 173 282 366 563 877 1 675 import Bulk export of 44 47 64 75 74 81 82 92 99 111 119 115 112 F-gases thereof: bulk HFC 37 39 55 67 64 70 72 81 89 98 104 100 94 export Import of products or equipment pre- n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 228 427 840 1 039 1 079 1 012 charged with F-gases thereof: RACHP equipment charged n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 220 409 826 1 028 1 067 1 002 with HFCs

Destruction 6 8 7 8 10 11 10 10 15 13 13 16 18

Feedstock use 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 5 2 Supply of quota n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 20 34 94 335 842 authorisation thereof: quota authorisation without any EU n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 7 6 22 52 357 production, import or export

Notes: The reporting obligation for equipment importers applied in 2014 for the first time. Reporting on quotas authorised to other companies has applied since 2015. The geographical scope of presented data is the EU-28 except Croatia for the period 2007-2008 and the EU-28 for the period 2009-2019. Companies may report on more than one activity. n.a., not applicable; RACHP, refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pumps.

Sources: EEA (2020b).

Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 77 Annex 6 Quality Control

Annex 6 Quality control

Three-tier concept categories, and typical amounts of F-gas in equipment. Gases not on the white lists are treated as unusual, and The quality control (QC) concept was designed to catch reporters are warned about a possible mistake in the many typical reporting errors, misunderstandings gas selection or a slip in the column. and inconsistencies automatically as users fill in the reporting form. Any implausible values are either Consistency. Across the report, corresponding rejected outright, or users are required to provide numbers must match. For example, the total amount of explanations for them. Such values, along with those gas accounted for in the 'Intended applications' section that have frequently caused inconsistencies in the must match the amount determined as placed on the past, are flagged for manual checking to the European market in the production/import/export section. Topic Centre staff. The QC process formally consists of three tiers: Correctness. Company data for trade partners that are specified by reporting companies are validated in • QC0: live automatic checks as data are entered into the automatic stage. A fuzzy algorithm compares the the web form; location and company names provided with the data associated with the VAT (value added tax) number • QC1: quality issues pertaining to a single report, in the Directorate-General for Climate Action's (DG automatic and manual; CLIMA's) F-gas portal.

• QC2: quality issues across reports (e.g. matching If a rule is violated, reporters are either prompted figures for mutual trading), manual. (immediately or at submission) to correct or amend their values or to provide comments to explain When problems are found or confirmed during the inconsistencies and unusual choices. Violation of critical manual stage, the report is put on hold and the rules prevents the submission of the report completely, company is contacted for clarification. Reports can pass while transgression against other rules results in a the QC process only after all problematic items have warning only. In the latter cases, submission of the been cleared. report is possible, and problematic values are flagged for a manual follow-up by the F-gas team.

Automatic quality control in the Business Data Repository Manual quality control by the F-gas team

Automated tests fall into four categories: In the second level of QC, the F-gas support team follows up on reports that were flagged by the Completeness. All the data necessary for a particular automated system. Reporters are contacted if reported company's activities must be present. For example, values remain questionable during this stage. If companies that have specified that they are reporting mistakes are confirmed, reporters are asked producers must fill out all fields that are relevant to to resubmit a corrected report via the Business Data F-gas production. Repository (BDR), ensuring the transparency of the reporting process. Only in exceptional cases are the Plausibility. One particularly large part of plausibility data manually adjusted, and these adjustments are tests is the inclusion of 'white lists' of gases that are documented in feedback files added to the respective commonly used for certain applications and equipment BDR envelope containing the company's submission.

78 Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 Annex 6 Quality Control

Common quality control issues in the Most failures related to: 2019 reporting season • mistakes in the order of magnitude (reporting in As in the previous year, the system proved very kilograms instead of tonnes); workable and was able to catch the majority of problems before they were submitted to the EEA • mistakes in the unit of reported amounts (tonnes of

(albeit with significant support to companies needed CO2e instead of physical tonnes); in some cases). The majority of issues left for manual investigation thus amounted to housekeeping, • confusion between bulk imports and imports checking comments, verifying numbers that may have of equipment; been counted twice and so on, and only a relatively small number of actual mistakes had to be corrected • reporting of RACHP equipment in non- by the reporting companies. RACHP categories;

However, with the number of companies increasing • confusion between HFC-134a and HFC-134; further, workload due to issues raised by the automated QC routines is still high. As resources • erroneous reporting of feedstock use. were limited, manual follow-up was restricted to key error categories either relevant to the order The obligation for equipment importers to upload of magnitude of reported amounts or significantly additional verification documents in the BDR was an affecting potential company non-compliance under additional challenge for many companies, creating a the HFC phase-down. huge amount of enquiries.

Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 79

European Environment Agency

Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2020 Data reported by companies on the production, import, export and destruction of fluorinated greenhouse gases in the European Union, 2007-2019

2020 — 79 pp. — 21 x 29.7 cm

ISBN 978-92-9480-294-1 doi: 10.2800/08599

Getting in touch with the EU

In person All over the European Union there are hundreds of Europe Direct information centres. You can find the address of the centre nearest you at: https://europa.eu/european‑union/contact_en

On the phone or by email Europe Direct is a service that answers your questions about the European Union. You can contact this service: • by freephone: 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (certain operators may charge for these calls), • at the following standard number: +32 22999696 or • by email via: https://europa.eu/european‑union/contact_en

Finding information about the EU

Online Information about the European Union in all the official languages of the EU is available on the Europa website at: https://europa.eu/european‑union/index_en

EU publications You can download or order free and priced EU publications at: https://publications.europa.eu/en/publications. Multiple copies of free publications may be obtained by contacting Europe Direct or your local information centre (see https://europa.eu/european‑union/contact_en). TH-AL-20-024-EN-N doi:10.2800/08599 eea.europa.eu/enquiries eea.europa.eu Web: Enquiries: Denmark Tel.: +45 33 36 71 00 Kongens Nytorv 6 1050 Copenhagen K European Environment Agency