Twin Peaks Monadnocks. Crowders Mountain State Park: an Environmental Education Learning Experience Designed for Grades 5-7

DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 376 030 SE 054 371

AUTHOR Sarver, Deidri TITLE Twin Peaks Monadnocks. Crowders Mountain State Park: An Environmental Education Learning Experience Designed for Grades 5-7. INSTITUTION North Carolina State Dept. of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources, Raleigh. Div. of Parks and Recreation. PUB DATE Sep 93 NOTE 51p.; For other Environmental Education Learning Experiences, see SE 054 364-370. AVAILABLE FROMNorth Carolina Division of Parks and Recreation, P.O. Box 27687, Raleigh, NC 27611-7687. PUB TYPE Guides Classroom Use Teaching Guides (For Teacher) (052)

EDRS PRICE MFOI/PC03 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Classification; *Environmental Education; Experiential Learning; Field Trips; *Geology; Intermediate Grades; Junior High Schools; Middle Schools; Mineralogy; Minerals; *Outdoor Activities; Outdoor Education; *Petrology; Teaching Guides IDENTIFIERS *North Carolina; *Rocks; State Parks

ABSTRACT This learning packet, one in a group of eight, was developed by the Crowders Mountain State Park in North Carolina for Grades 5-7 to introduce students to the geology of the Kings Mountain range in the park. Loose-leaf pages are presented in nine sections that contain: (1)introductions to the North Carolina State Park System, the Crowders Mountain State Park, the park's activity packet, and the geological history of Crowders Mountain; (2)a summary of the activities that includes major concepts and objectives covered;(3)a pre-visit activity to introduce the sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rock classifications and explain the rock cycle;(4) an on-site activity to enable students to identify two rocks and four minerals;(5) a post-visit activity to enable students to understand how daily materials come from the earth's resources; (6)a list of 66 related vocabulary words;(7) necessary park and parental permission forms for the visit; and (8) blank pages for taking notes. Contains 26 references. (MDH)

*********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** TWN PEAKS

MONADNOCKS

U.S. DEPARTMENT L. EDUCATION Office or Educational Research and improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS CENTER (ERIC) MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY X This document has been reproduced as received from the person Or organization OnginatIng James B. Hallsey Manor Changes have bean made to improve ragrocluChon Quality

Points of new Or opinions stated in this docu. meal ao not necessarily represent offic.al OE RI positron or pohCy TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)." Crowders Mountain State Park An Environmental Education Learning Experience Designed for Grades 5-7

BEST COPYAVAILABLE2 "The earth, from the time of the chalk, to the present day, has been the theater of a series of changes as vast in their amount as they were slow in their proms. The area on -which we stand has been first sea and then land Jr a at least fbur alternations and has remained in each of hese conditions for it period qfgreat lemth."

Thomas Huxley. 1868. "On a Piece of Chalk" Funding for this publication was generously provided by C P&L

ii This Environmental Education Learning Experience was developed by

Deidri Sarver, Lead Interpretation and Education Ranger Crowders Mountain State Park

N.C. Division of Parks and Recreation Department of Environment, Health and Natural Resources

461114:1111;21FA "...... o.1111111' C) James B. Hunt. Jr. Jonathan B. Howes Governor Secretary

ill Other Contributors...

Park volunteers;

Grant Gibson, Ranger III, Jordan Lake State Recreation Area;

P. Albert Carpenter, III, N.C. Geological Survey Section, Division of Land Resources;

The N.C. Department of Public Instruction;

The N.C. Division of Water tesources;

The N.C. Department of Environment, Health and Natural Resources;

and the many individuals and agencies who assisted in the review of this publication.

500 copies of this public document were printed at a cost of $1,750 or $3.50 per copy

Printed on recycledpaper. 11-93

6 Table of Contents.

1. Introduction Introduction to the North Carolina State Parks F.-:.em 1.1 Introduction to Crowders Mountain State Park 1.2 Introduction to the Activity Packet for Crowders Mountain State Park 1.5 Introduction to the Geologic History of Crowders Mountain 1.6

2. Activity Summary

3. Pre-Visit Activity Hard Rock Cravola 3.1

4. On-Site Activity Read a Rock 4.1

5. Post-Visit Activity Geo-Scavenge 5.1

6. Vocabulary 6.1

7. References 7.1

8. Forms 8.1

9. Notes 9.1

7 Introduction to the North Carolina State Parks System

and protecting That was in 1915. The As one of North Carolina's rpreserving North Carolina's natural North Carolina State Parks principal conservation agen- resources is actually a rela- System has now been estab- cies, the Division of Parks and tively new idea. The seeds of lished for more than three Recreation is responsible for the conservation movement quarters of a century. What the more than 125,000 acres were planted early in the 20th started out as one small plot that make up our state parks century when citizens were of public land has grown into system. The Division man- alerted to the devastation of 59 properties across the state. ages these resources for the Mount Mitchell. Logging including parks. recreation safe enjoyment of the public was destroying a well-known and protects and preserves landmark - the highest peak them as a part of the heritage east of the Mississippi. As we will pass on to generations the magnificent forests or to come. this mile-high peak fell to An important component the lumbermen's axe, alarmed of our stewardship of these citizens began to voice lands is education. Through their opinions. Gover- our interpretation and environ- nor Locke Craig joined mental education services, them in their efforts to the Division of Parks arid save Mount Mitchell. To- Recreation strives to offer gether they convinced the enlightening programs which legislature to pass a bill lead to an understanding and establishing Mount Mitchell areas, trails, rivers, lakes and appreciation of our natural as the first state park. natural areas. This vast net- resources. The goal of our work of land boasts some of environmental education the most beautiful scenery in program is to generate an the world and offers endless awareness in all individuals recreation opportunities. But which cultivates responsible our state parks system offers stewardship of the earth. much more than scenery and recreation. Our lands and waters contain unique and valuable archaeological, geological arid biological resources that are important parts of our natural heritage. For more information contact:

NC Division of Parks and Recreation P.O. Box 27687 Raleigh, NC 27611-7687 8 919/ 733-4181

Crowders Mountain State Park. NC 1, 1 November 1993 ijidden amongst the sprawl mountain's natural beauty was The Park As An Outdoor of urbanization and lo- in danger of being destroyed. Classroom: cated in the sixth most popu- In response, the exploratory Crowders Mountain State lated county in North Carolina mining was halted and the first Park abounds with natural is Crowders Mountain State section of the park opened in history. The park is rich with Park. Many first-time visitors 1974. cultural resources and provides come upon the park by chance. Crowders Mountain and a wonderful outdoor classroom As they drive along Interstate Kings Pinnacle are the tallest for learning about the geologi- 85, they notice the rocky peaks peaks in the Kings Mountain cal formation of the Kings of the park towering above range. This mountain range Mountain range and many the surruinding countryside. was formed over 570 million other themes. Curiosity brings them into years ago, and was once taller A wide variety of outdoor this park of over 2,500 acres than the Alps. Today, the educational programs are of hills, trees and rocks. The harder, more weather resistant towering twin peaks: Crowders available at Crowders Moun- basement rock is what stands tain State Park. Leaders may Mountain and Kings Pinnacle, above the rolling piedmont lure more than 150,000 visitors choose to design and conduct landscape. The Kings Moun- their own activities, or to make a year. Park visitors can enjoy tain Range begins in Gaffney, many outdoor activities such use of the park's Environmen- South Carolina and runs in tal Education Activity Packets as hiking, rock climbing, na- a northeastern direction for ture study, backpack camping, or this Environmental Educa- approximately 50 miles to the tion Learning Experience, fishing, canoeing and picnick- Catawba River northeast of ing as they enjoy nature's "Twin Peaks Monadnocks." Gastonia. beauty. The park's primary themesare With their vast areas of gc..,;logy, plant communities, Early in the 1970s, the exposed rock, Crowders water quality, cultural history beauty and solitude of Mountain and Kings Pinnacle and resource management. Crowders Mountain was offer an exceptional opportu- Programs in these and other threatened by mining compa- nity for the student interested nies. Local citizens remem- areas are available to groups. in geology to study using a bered what had happened The emphasis of the park's "hands-on" approach. Many twenty years earlier at Henry's environmental areas of exposed rock can be Knob, a rounded, tree-covered education program,e., seen while hiking along park knoll in nearby York County. is to provide i":;,1 trails. Five types of rocks are South Carolina. A mining learning oppor- abundant in the park, and tunities utilizing firm started strioping it fora many others can be found in mineral deposit used in mak- resources contained smaller quantities. Rock cliffs ing porcelain (kyanite). Today within the park. over 100 feet tall at the summit the knoll is gone and in its Our approach is one of the two peaks are a rock- in which the students place is a lifeless hole in the lover's "dream come true." ground. Citizen and deal directly with conserva- These weathered monadnocks tion groups banded together the resource in a tell the story of the changes to draw the governor's way that relates \, ;;. that have occurred in the last attention to the fact that the to them. Grourst,,,:,, 250 million years. are encouraged to 9 Crowders Mountain State Park. NC 1.2 November 1993 visit the park during all 8. If you will be late or need Please obey the following seasons of the year for hikes, to cancel your trip, notify the rules: exploration, environmental park immediately. 1. Be as quiet as possible educatirn programs and activi- 9. Research activity permits while at the park. This will ties. However, as an alterna- may be required for activities help you get the most out of tive, we do have an outreach which require samples to be the experience, while increas- program in which the park stafftaken from the park. ing the chance of observing will come to the schools. 10. Complete the pre-visit wildlife. Planning a Field Trip to activity "Hard Rock Crayola". 2. On hikes, the group should walk behind the leader at all Crowders Mountain State While at the Park: Park: times. Running is not permit- Complete the on-site activ- Before You Make the Trip: ted. Please stay on the trails! ity "Read A Rock" if your 3. All plants and animals are 1. Please contact the park at class is doing the Environmen- protected within the park. least two weeks in advance to tal Education Learning Experi- Injuring or removing plants or make a reservation. ence. animals is prohibited in all 2. Complete the schedu'ing When hiking and studying state parks. This allows others worksheet provided at the back the rocks of Crowders Moun- in th 2. future to be able to enjoy of the activity packet. tain State Park, please be our natural resources. 3. Group coordinators should safety conscious. Some sec- 4. No rocks should be taken visit the park without the par- tions of the trails are fairly from the park. ticipants prior to the group trip. strenuous and may require a This will enable you to becomeminimal amount of "scram- 5. Picnic only in the desig- familiar with the facilities and bling," which should be done nated picnic areas. Helo keep park staff, and to identify any slowly and with care. It is the park clean and natural by potential problems. recommended that proper foot-not littering and by properly disposing of any litter you 4. Group coordinators should wear and water are brought. find. discuss park rules and behaviorAlso, hazards such as bees, expectations with adult leaders snakes, ticks, poison ivy and 6. In case of accidents or and participants. Safety shouldextreme weather conditions emergencies, contact the park be stressed. do exist. These hazards can staff immediately. cause problems if you are not 5. Everyone should wear a prepared. Students with any name tag. Please color-code medical conditions should be tags (for groups) and establish monitored closely by the adult a buddy system. leaders. 6. Encourage everyone to As you enjoy the natural wear appropriate, comfortable setting of the park, hike the clothing and walking shoes. trails, picnic or fish in the nine 7. The group leader is respon- acre lake, remember that the sible for parental permission park is for your enjoyment. forms, located at the back of Please follow all safety con- this packet, and the group's cerns and obey the park rules medical and health needs. and regulations.

10 Crowders Mountain State Park, NC I.3 November 1993 Following the Trip: 4. Give tests or evaluations, if Park Information: 1. Complete post-visit activity appropriate, to determine if stu-Address: "Geo-Scavenge". dents have gained the desired Crowders Mountain State Park 2. Build upon the field experi- information from the experience. Route I, Box 159 ences and encourage partici- Kings Mountain, N C 28068 pants to seek answers to ques- 5. Write a follow-up note to theTel: 704-853-5375 tions and problems encoun- park informing the park staff of tered while at the park. positive aspects of the experi- Hours of Operation: Nov - Feb 8:00 a.m. - 6:00 p.m. 3. Relate the experience to ence and any suggestions for improvements. Mar. Oct 8:00 a.m. -7:00 p.m. classroom activities through Apr. May. Sep 8:00 a.m. - 8:00 p.m. reports, projects, demonstra- Jun - Aug 8:00 a.m. - 9:00 p.m. tions, displays and presenta- tions.

.:- ..e ,17:,-: 11.i:%V/ .,4,14II.4.4 = --4-n-4..b:ii.izi.I-24 --%1' ,Vitmorfa}",....%.i.4' -1. N-r le `.1.A7-tro ... YZ-4, iv,.,,ve..a;,,vos.-4.-r.-1= -9C*4 kl . . 1.,4 A. tm, . . 0... A, .%.vo, %., Ayc$V.:44.) k. 4),,., t.I0'.1,...Qe/tr v.', ,.)!I", 41 0. 41.' 1.N,A.I4r11i ;INIwo. ,. ,1 glAp.u. I P e 11 Crowders Mountain State Park. NC 1.4 NovemkT 1993 I I A a I

The Environmental Educa- classroom environment. The The first occurrence of a tion Learning Experience, pre-visit activity should be vocabulary word used in these "Twin Peaks Monadnocks,- is done prior to the park visit so activities is indicated in hold designed to introduce students the students will have the nec- type. Definitions are listed in to the geology of the Kings essary geologic background the hack of this Environmental Mountain range through and vocabulary for the on-site Education Learning Experi- hands-on activities for the activity. We encourage you to ence. A list of the reference classroom and the outdoor set- use the post-visit activity to materials used in developing ting of Crowders Mountain reinforce concepts. skills and the activities follows the vo- State Park. The packet is tar- vocabulary learned in the pre- cabulary list. geted for grades 5, 6 and 7. visit and on-site activity. This document was de- and meets established curricu- This Environmental Educa- signed to he reproduced. in part lum objectives of the N.C. tion Learning Experience. or entirety, for use in North Department of Public Instruc- "Twin Peaks Monacinocks.- Carolina classrooms. If you tion. Three types of activities will expose the student to the wish to photocopy or adapt it are included: following major concepts: for other uses, please credit the Pre-visit activity Weathering N. C. Division of Parks and On-site activity Erosion Recreation. Post-visit activity Environmental changes The on-site activity will he Rock formations conducted at the park, while Rock composition the pre-visit and post-visit ac- Rock and mineral tivities ,.re designed for the identification Land forms

Crowders Mountain State Park, NC 1.5 November 1993 I

About 540 million years and pressure caused by the ago, the sediments and volca- collision of the continental nic materials which formed the plates also formed metamor- rocks of the Crowders Moun- phic rocks, changing the tain area were being deposited shales into schist and gneiss, in a shallow basin or sea. This and sandstone into massive process continued for millions quartzites, creating the rocks of years, burying the succes- which formed Crowders sive layers of sediment miles Mountain and Kings Pinnacle. major geologic event to affect beneath the surface of the Further evidence of the the east coast of the North Earth. Then, approximately intense heat and pressure American continent. During 250 million years ago, the (compaction) caused by this this event, the rocks which North American and African collision is seen in the pres- form Crowders Mountain and continents collided, pushing ence of metaconglomerates, Kings Pinnacle were pushed the land upwards, forming the and in the presence of kyanite closer to the surface. It was Appalachian Mountains, and crystals in the quartzite which another 200 million years be- closing the shallow sea. The forms the mountains. Con- fore the tops of the rocks were deeply buried layers flowed glomerates are sedimentary exposed on the surface of the like putty, forming large up- rocks composed of chemically earth by the processes of ward folds (anticlines) and cemented pebbles and sand. weathering and erosion. At downward folds (synclines). Metaconglomerates are meta- that time, the summits of anticline syncline morphosed conglomerates Kings Pinnacle and Crowders which still contain identifiable Mountain were part of a broad pebbles. The pebbles in the peneplain which stretched metaconglomerates of our area from Tennessee to the coastal are deformed and elongated, plain of North Carolina. A due to the forces of the colli- peneplain is a gently rolling sion. Kyanite is a silicate landscape created by the Evidence of this can be seen mineral which forms under effects of weathering and ero- in the buckled and folded pressure and heat deep within sion. rocks along the ridge tops in the earth. Its abundance in the Over the next 25 million Crowders Mountain State Crowders Mountain area is years, continued erosion cre- Park. The intense heat and due to the massive forces in- ated the land surface in North pressure not only folded and volved in the building of the Carolina as we know it today. metamorphosed the rocks of southern Appalachians. Steeper gradients on the east- our area, in some instances it ,,sliimmr-77110111111111.1114111116 ern slopes of the peneplain actually melted the rock, form- resulted in rapid erosion. ing pockets of magma which The rushing waters almost cooled beneath the surface, destroyed the surface of the forming the igneous rock, kyanite peneplain, while creating the granite. Granite outcrops can new surface we know today also be seen along the ridges in The Appalachian mountain as the piedmont. Remnants the park. The tremendous heat building episode was the last of the old surface still dot the 13 Crowders Mountain State Park. NC 1.6 November 1993 piedmont. Today people nants are called monadnocks. From sand to sandstone, recoanize names like Kings They have persisted because from sandstone to quartzite, to Mountain, Crowders Mountainthey are composed of harder the mountains we see today, and Kings Pinnacle, but few material than the surrounding the rocks of Crowders Moun- realize that these landmarks arelandscape. In the case of tain have endured for over 400 not mountains, but the remains Crowders Mountain and million years. They are now of an older and higher land Kings Pinnacle, this material set aside as a park, for the surface. These erosional rem- is quartzite. enjoyment of our generation and generations to come.

Crowders Mountain State Park, NC 1.7 November 1993 The following outline briefly summarizes each activity of this Environmental Education Learning Experience, the major concepts introduced and the objectives met by completion of the activity. I. Pre-Visit Activity #1 Hard Rock Crayola (page 3.1.1) In this interesting hands-on activity the processes of sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous rock formation will be "created" by the students. The activity will introduce the students to the different rock classifications: sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic. Students will learn how the different rock classifications are formed and how to recognize them. Major Concepts: Rock cycle Mechanical weathering Formation of sedimentary rock Formation of metamorphic rock Formation of igneous rock Objectives: List the three main rock classifications. Describe how these rock classifications are formed. Explain the rock cycle. II. On-Site Activity #1 Read a Rock (page 4.1.1) The on-site activity will familiarize the student with the specific rock types al: C-owders Mountain State Park, their classification and characteristics, and where they are found. The results should render a basic knowledge of rock and mineral identification. Major Concepts: Rock formation and characteristics Mineral formation and characteristics Sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous rocks Objectives: List and identify two major rock types and four major minerals found at Crowders Mountain State Park. Describe the difference between a rock and a mineral. List five characteristics that geologists use in identifying rocks and minerals.

kyanite 15 Crowders Mountain State Park, NC 2.1 November 1993 III. Post-Visit Activity *1 Geo-Scavenge (page 5.1.1) The Geo-Scavenge hunt will broaden the student's understandingand appreciation of the Earth's "ingredients." whichare found in ordinary objects that are used by all of us every day. The post-visit activity is designed for review, andto broaden the student's understanding of geology. Major Concepts: Uses of rocks and minerals Objectives: Differentiate between 10 objects, determine whether theyare derived from rocks, minerals, fossil fuel or organic materials. Explain the importance of geologic products inour daily lives.

Crowder's Mountain Stale Park. NC November 1993 I a A

Curriculum objectives: Estimated Time: Major Concepts: Grade 5 Two to four hours Rock cycle Communication Skills: lis- Mechanical weathering tening, reading, vocabulary Appropriate Season: Any Formation of sedimentary and viewing comprehension, rock writing Materials: Guidance: competency for Provided by educator: Formation of metamor- interacting with others Per student: safety goggles, phic rock Healthful Living: safe school large pocket pencil sharpener, Formation of igneous rock environment 4 wax crayons of the same Science: earth science color (either red, green, blue, Objectives: Social Science: gather, or yellow), envelopes List the three main rock organize and analyze infor- Per group: hot plate, 2 oven classifications. mation, draw conclusions, mittens, petri dish, aluminum Describe how these rock participate effectively in foil, 3 disposable aluminum classifications are formed. groups foil pie pans, wax paper, wooden or metal trivet, Explain the rock cycle. Grade 6 newspaper (enough to cover Communication Skills: lis- lab surfaces have lots of tening, reading, vocabulary newspapers handy) Educator's Information: and viewing comprehension, Per class: one or more vises with writing 2 board pieces (3 cm x 13 cm Many students have a Guidance: competency and x 20 cm), samples of real difficult time understand- skill for interacting with sedimentary, metamorphic ing the abstract concept of the others and volcanic rocks (contact rock cycle. The students can Social Studies: gather, the park if you need to borrow see rock examples in the class- organize and analyze infor- a rock set), crushed ice, water mation, draw conclusions room; the difficulty lies in Special Considerations: their inability to visualize just Grade 7 Take proper safety precau- how these rock samples were Communication Skills: lis- tions. Hot plate and hot formed. The following activ- tening, reading, vocabulary crayon wax can cause burns. ity is extremely effective in and viewing comprehension Vise can pinch/crush fingers. Guidance: being responsible giving students the opportunity in a group to "see" the rock cycle through Healthful Living: school a series of simulation activi- safety ties: mechanical weathering Science: earth science, natural phenomena and erosional processes, and Social Studies: knowthe formation of sedimentary, importance of natural metamorphic and igneous resources, gather, organize rock. The activity can be done and analyze information, as one continuous process or draw conclusions can be broken down into five Location: separate parts. Classroom/science. lab

Group Size: 30 students or less, divided into groups of four

Crowders Mountain State Park, NC 3.1.1 17 November 1993 I I I

The rocks of the earth's molten state. It can be extru- pressure over a long period crust are classified sive or intrusive. Extrusive of time into a harder rock, according to origin. There are igneous rock is formed when with different qualities. An three basic rock classifications. magma spews out onto the example of sedimentary rock Of these three, two (igneous earth's surface from cracks or which was changed to a and metamorphic) are formed vents in the earth's crust. This metamorphic rock is quartzite. by geological processes occur- type of magma is called lava. Quartzite, made from sand- ring deep within the earth. TheIntrusive igneous rock stone, is a major rock type other, sedimentary, is formed is formed when magma finds found at Crowders Mountain. closer to the earth's surface. its way into cracks in the rock The word metamorphosis The relationship between these and solidifies within the earth. means a transformation, a three rock classifications is The igneous rock formations atmarked change in appearance what is generally called the Crowders Mountain are intru- or condition. A more familiar rock cycle. sive igneous rocks. Granite example of metamorphosis is 1) Sedimentary rock - rock outcrops are a good example a caterpillar changing, or that is composed of tiny par- of the intrusive igneous rock metamorphosing, into a butter- ticles of sand, clay or other found at Crowders Mountain. fly (although this is not ac- sediments that are deposited 3) Metamorphic rocksedi- complished by applying ex- in layers on land or on the mentary or igneous rock that treme heat and pressure to the bottom of lakes, rivers and has been changed deep inside caterpillar). oceans. Over time, the extremethe earth by extreme heat and pressure from the weight of the layers above pressed the materials below into rock, cementing the sedimentary particles together. Examples are limestone, sandstone and shale. Sedimentary rocks are important when discussing the rock cycle and also the metamorphic rock formations at Crowders Mountain. V:1*::"' The metamorphic rock at n+ti. Crowders Mountain was formed when the sedimentary rock layers were subjected to extremely high temperatures and pressure during the last 540 million years. 2) Igneous rock rock formed from magma, solidified from a

Crowders Mountain State Park. NC' 3.1.2 November 1993 18 The Earth's History American continent is drifting ing into rocks again or break- & the Rock Cycle westward. Where two conti- ing down and then being nental plates collide, one will pressed into rocks again has Geologists believe the earth often slide beneath the leading happened many times.It is was at one time a ball of mol- edge of the other, pushing the hard to imagine that all the ten magma and gasses. Slowly,. crust down far enough that it rocks vou see around you the earth cooled, forming a melts, turning into magma. were once sediments at the crust of igneous rock. This This collision of continental hottom of the "sea, and that rock floated on the mantle, plates pushed up the Rocky one day the particles in these the geologic term for the layer Mountains. Sedimentary and rocks will be washed there between the crust and the core. igneous rocks caught in such again.It is also difficult to The crustal rock was immedi- collisions are subjected to imagine something as hard as ately subject to weathering. tremendous heat and pressure, a rock breaking down and the For over three billion years forming a third class of rock time it takes for this to hap- the weathering forces of grav- known as metamorphic. en- pen. The particles in the ity, wind and water worked on tually the metamorphic rock rocks making up Mt. Everest, the hare rock of the continents. will reach the earth's surface the highest mountain in the eroding it into sediments. and will he exposed to weath- orid. arc estimated to have Wind and rain deposited these ering as well. eroded to the :ea at least sediments. the first soils, into The continuing cycle of three times. the oceans at the edges of the rocks melting down and cool- continents. These soils trav- eled quickly, since there were no plants to slow them down or stabilize them. The sediments continued to build up as the continents wore down. Underlying layers of sediments became rock again as the pressure and heat cemented the particles hack together. Often, as the continents eroded, they became lighter and rose up on the mantle, exposing the sedimen- !! tary rocks to the air, where they started to erode away once again. Though most of the earth's crust is made up of igneous rock, the most common class of rock found on the earth's continental surface ."4W-.140

is sedimentary, which lies on Alta. val.`"47-7-0,4vp. . . frac- top of the igneous crust. ; ;:.. ' f '5:.1":44%1 AV:441,14`1' The continents are not sta- -t 44,4114. tionary as they float on top of the molten mantle. The North

Crowden Mountain State Park, NC 3.1.3 November 1993 of all the sedimentpacked piling togethersediments onAs top.sediments by onthe the weight pilebottom up, thoseare Compaction Rock from thecrust center andThe themovementof the tremendous earthHeat of act the heat andearth's Pressure Eventually, the compacted Cycle Worksheet together to transform rocks. sediments turn to rock. Sediment compaction pressureheat & erosion erosion )%%...... heat & erosion sasso.. Metamorphic Rocks Igneous Rocks pressure melting melting Erosion breaks down all .Erosion cooling Melted rock is called Magma kinds Wind,of rock water, into sediment. ice and snow all cause erosion. 20 21 comesmagma. out of a When volcano, magma it is called lava. Instructions: As the students are "weath- similar weathering processes ering" their crayons on to the will usually take place in one Set the stage by asking wax paper, call their attention particular area. Also smaller, students to describe local rocks to the size and shape of the lighter rock fragments will be and/or rock formations, or ones fragments. Discuss with them carried away in a winnowing that they have seen during the following questions: effect. walks along a lake or river's edge, near or on a mountain. "Are the weathered frag- When the "weathering" is or during drives along roads ments all the same?" Answer: complete, the students should that were built through road No. wrap their fragments in their cuts. Be sure to have several "Why or why not?" An- wax paper and place each color rock samples distributed swer: The process of weather- in a separate envelope, unless around the room. ing can he either mechanical you plan to do Part B immediately. Label each package for Ask the students questions (breaking up a rock into smaller fragments), or chemi- proper distribution when the such as, "Have you ever won- activity is resumed. dered just how these rocks cal (rearranging the elements form?" and "Are new rocks into new minerals). Many Part B: Erosion and forming at this moment?" factors are involved within Sedimentation You might ask each student to each of the two types. As a Once rock fragments have result, rock will show a charac- write down one rock-related been created, they are ust!2'ly question they would like to teristic size and/or shape, moved by some force of na- depending on which kind of have answered in class. Dis- ture; here, the students act as cuss with the students the three weathering is taking place. the erosive force as they move classifications of rock: sedi- "What are some of nature's the envelopes containing the mentary, metamorphic and weathering forces?" Answer: fragments within the room. igneous. Mechanical weathering forces Ask the students what this can include water, ice, wind, Part A: Weathering force of movement is called, growing roots, worms and and to name some of its causes. Give each student a "Hard burrowing animals, lightning, (Answer: erosion, caused Rock Crayola" worksheet to expansion and contraction by wind and water such as complete as they do the activ- caused by heating and cooling, streams, rivers and waves.) ity. Cover all desk tops with human activity and expansion newspaper. Give each student Place all the weathered of rock caused when erosion "rock" fragments in four sepa- a sheet of wax paper, a pocket removes weight on top and rate pileS, one color to a pile. pencil sharpener and four cray-produces cracks under the sur- ons of the same color. The Divide the class into groups face of the rock. Chemical of four and give each group a crayons represent rock mate- weathering forces include sheet of co uminum foil (45 cm rial, and the pencil sharpeners oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, x 45 cm). A student from each represent weathering agents. etc., reacting with a rock or group should carefully transfer Students should remove and mineral resulting in change. discard the paper from the some "weathered" fragments "Where do rock fragments outside of their crayons. Next, to the center of their aluminum tend to collect?" Answer:. On they should carefully shave foil. Spread the fragments into the downhill side of the rock. the crayons with the pencil a 1 cm thick layer. Repeat sharpener, keeping all of the "Why?" Answer: Gravity with the remaining colors, la:- fragments (which represent "Why do similarly sized ering the colors one on top of rock sediments) in a small pile. fragments seem to be found another (see illustration). together?" Answer: Because

Crowders Mountain State Park. NC 3.1.5 22 November 1993 Students should record their press the "rock" fragments. ing sedimentary rock. Then, observations of their "weath- Once the "rock sandwich" when the North American and ered" fragments on the "Hard has been lightly compressed, African continental plates col- Rock Crayola" worksheet. remove it from the vise. Stu- lided, the buried sedimentary Fold the foil over the fragment dents should then carefully rock was changed into meta- layers, allowing for a 1 cm open their packages and ob- morphic rock, These rocks space all around the fragments, serve the new product. Call were the core, or basement, and then carefully fold the their attention to the central of the mountain range that edges to seal the packages. If region which is more tightly resulted from the collision. you are breaking the activity compressed; they should lift Later, as the rock above was into sections, stop here and this portion from the non- eroded away, the landscape label each package for proper compressed fragments and that we see around us today distribution later. carefully break it into two was exposed. Part C: Sediments/ parts. Look at the broken There is not much sedimen- Sedimentary Rock edges and describe the layers. tary rock left in its original Simulation How do they compare with layered form at Crowders the original layers? What hap- Mountain when compared to Instruct the groups to place pened to the spaces between their folded foil package be- the amount of metamorphic the fragments? (Answer: rock. This is due to the age of tween two boards. This "sand- The layers are thinner and the wich" should then be placed the rocks and the changes the space between the crayon rocks underwent as the frag- in the vise. Apply very light fragments is now smaller.) pressure with the vise to corn- ments were buried, heated, If possible, compare real folded and pressed together. sedimentary rock with the As "Hard Rock Crayola" dem- sedimentary "crayon rocks." onstrates, the original frag- Explain to the students that, in ments are hardly recognizable this area, sediments were laid after the pressure and heat down in a shallow basin or sea processes. around 540 million years ago. If available, have the class These sediments were buried examine a sedimentary rock within the earth's crust, form- with fossils embedded within

Crowders Mountain State Park, NC 3.1.6 23 November 1993 it. Almost all fossils are found metamorphose. In reality, as in sedimentary rock. Fossils the pressure deep within the are not found in igneous rock earth increases, the tempera- since the tremendous heat ture increases as well. A tem- necessary to melt rock would perature change is probably obliterate any fossils. The occurring in this activity but same is true for metamorphic the change cannot be measured If possible, examine a real rock. Due to the heat, folding - the chemicalactivity associ- metamorphic rock and com- and pressure required to create ated with the formation of pare to the metamorphic metamorphic rock, any fossils metamorphic rock is not a part "crayon rock." Also compare that might have been present of this activity. It is important the real metamorphic rock are usually destroyed. Since for the students to understand with the real sedimentary rock. almost all the rock at Crowdersthat metamorphic rock may Have the students examine the Mountain State Park is meta- become contorted in appear- texture, the edges and overall morphic, no fossils have been ance - and actually flow like a appearance of these rocks. Re- found. plastic material - in response to mind the class that the rocks at Crowders Mountain State Park Each group should transfer the pressure that is caused by are almost all metamorphic, a few of their loose fragments the over-riding rock load and and that as the basin or sea and the smaller piece of the continental plate movement. opened and closed due to two "sedimentary rock" into one Have the students release continents colliding about 250 of their pie pans. Place the the compression on the vise, million years ago, the sedi- rest of the fragments i:: an remove the foil package and mentary rock was turned into envelope (for Part E). The open it carefully to examine metamorphic rock by heat and pieces in the pie pan will be the newly formed "metamor- pressure. used for comparison with the phic rock." They should care- other "rocks" the students will fully break this "rock" into two Place the smaller piece of produce during this activity. parts and examine it, noting "metamorphic rock" into the Return the larger piece of what happened to the thick- pie pan with the fragments and "sedimentary rock" to the ness, fragment shape and sur- the first sedimentary "rock" aluminum foil and wrap it up face. The students should writesample the students made. If again. down their observations on you are breaking the activity into sections, stop here and la- If you are breaking the their worksheet. (The different bel each package for proper activity into sections, stop here colored "rock fragments" will distribution later. and label each package for be squeezed together.) proper distribution later. Part D: Metamorphic Rock Simulation Place the foil package with the "sedimentary rock" between the two boards and in the vise again. Tell the students to tighten the vise as much as they can this time. This part of the activity dem- onstrates the need for greater pressure to cause a rock to

Crowders Mountain State Park, NC 3.1.724 November 1993 Part E: Igneous Rock source. Students Should CAREFULLY do the follow- Formation Avoid Dropping Wax Frag- ing: ments on the Hot Plate Sur- Group I - Form a trench in Safety Note: This portion of the face or Themselves. The activity requires the students be the ice in the pie pan. Using especially safety conscious as students or teachers doing this the oven mittens, pour the they will be working with a hot portion of the activity should melted wax into the ice trench, plate and melted wax. wear protective oven mittens then cover the "magma" with to avoid being burned. Cover more crushed ice. This simu- Each group should line theireach hot plate surface with a remaining two pie pans with lates intrusive igneous rock, layer of foil before you turn it which is formed by magma aluminum foil and do the fol- on. (This will diffuse the heat lowing: flowing into rock cracks deep from the coils of the hot plate inside the earth. so the crayons will not burst Groups 1 and 2 should fill Group 2 - Using the oven into flames.) Each group one of their pie pans with mittens, pour the melted wax should place their pie pan of crushed ice. (lava) directly over the surface "weathered sediments" and of the crushed ice. This will Group 3 should fill one of "rock" on the hot plate and turn their pie pans halfway with simulate the formation of the hot plate temperature to warm water. extrusive igneous rock. medium. Melt the wax, being Group 4 should place half careful that the melting process Group 3 Using the oven of their set aside "weathered does not occur so rapidly that mittens, pour the melted wax elements," their "sedimentary the molten wax splatters or into the warm water. This will rock" and the smaller piece of burns. When most of the simulate the formation of ex- their "metamorphic rock" into "rock" and "weathered sedi- trusive igneous rock in awarm one of their pie pans. (Groups ments" are in the molten state. water region, i.e. a volcano 1, 2 and 3 will save their "sedi- turn the hot plate off and care- that forms under the ocean. ments" and "rock" pieces for full, remove the pie pan, Group 4- Using the oven everyone to use to compare mittens, pour the meltedwax with the four types of "igne- over the "weathered sedi- ous rocks" that will be made ments" and the small pieces in this part of the activity.) of "sedimentary" and "meta- For the "igneous rock" morphic" rock. This s;mulates simulation, Groups 1.2 and 3 lava flowing over sediments, should place the "weathered sedimentary and/or metamor- sediments" they set aside in phic rock, as would happen envelopes, and the larger piece in a volcanic eruption. Some of "metamorphic rock", into of the fragments will melt quickly, while the sedimentary the second of their foil lined using the oven mittens. There and the metamorphic "rocks" pie pans. Group 4 should is enough heat energy in the partially maintain their integ- place the second half of their molten wax to melt the re- rity. During a volcanic set aside "weathered sedi- maining solid mass. Caution: eruption, lava will flow over and ments" and their large piece Do not let the wax heat to around rocks in its path, of "metamorphic rock" into the splattering point! their second foil-linedpan. causing some to melt, while While the wax is still in the others remain as they were Be Especially Careful molten state, representing originally. These rocks thatare Here! This part of the activity magma, a student from each surrounded by lava are called requires a hot plate as a heat group or the teacher, should xenoliths.

Crowders Mountain State Park. NC 3.1.8 25 November 1993 Allow the pie pans and wax If possible. show the stu- Reiterate the concept of to cool thoroughly (about 5 to dents various examples of real the rock cycle by reminding lt.. minutes). After the "lava' volcanic rocks and compare the students of the "rocks" wax has cooled. the students the real rocks with their igne- (crayons) that were weathered should carefully remove their ous "crayon rocks." Explain down into "sediments". com- "igneous rocks" from the pie to the students that there are pressed into "sedimentary pans. Students should make few igneous rocks visible here rock- and then "metamorphic comparisons between the at Crowders Mountain State rock" and then melted into igneous rocks in each groups' Park. They have formed deep "igneous rocks.- pie pans. then draw and write within the earth and the process It is important for everyone down their observations on of weathering and erosion to understand that all condi- their worksheets. For instance,has not eroded down to them tions for rock formations comparisons should be made except in a few scattered gran- cannot be simulated. In fact, between the crystal sizes and ite outcrops. The rocks the geolo6sts have never "seen" shapes formed. Comparisons students will see at Crowders intrusive rocks form. How- should also he made between Mountain State Park are ever, they are able to look at these "igneous rocks" and the almost all metamorphic. all of the available evidence. "weathered sediments" and While the students are simulate some of the -ondi- the "sedimentary and metamor-looking at the three classes tions in the laboratory and phic rocks" students created of rocks, lead a discussion on arrive at results similar to in the previous sections of this the rock cycle, focusing on those found in nature. activity. the processes they observed As a class be sure to discuss in transforming one rock into the following: the next. Have the students Using Group I's pie pan, discuss the differences and discuss the effect of the similarities between their "magma" on the "metamorphic"crayon rocks" and the real rock" which the ice represents. rock samples. Talk about the questions your students had Using Group 2's pie pan. when the activity first started. discuss the effect of "lava" on the "surface sediments and rocks" which the ice represents. Using Group 3's pie pan, discuss the effect of the warm water on the "lava." Using Group 4's pie pan, discuss the effect of the "lava- flowing directly onto the "weathered sediments" and the "sedimentary and metamorphic rock.-

2 6 Crowders Mountain State Park, NC 3.1.9 November 1993 Worksheet for Pre-VisitACtivity '1 Hard ROck Crayola

1. Describe and draw the "weathered sediments" you made. Note the sizes and shapes of the "sediments".

2. Do a colored drawing of the "rock fragments" after lightpressure has compacted these "sediments" into "sedimentary rock." Describe the broken edge and the layers thatwere formed.

3. Do a colored drawing of the "sedimentary rock" after heavypressure has compacted it into "metamorphic rock." Describe the broken edge and the layers thatwere formed. How have they changed with the addition of heavy pressure?

27 Crowders Mountain State Park, NC 3.1.10 November 1993 4. Do a colored drawing of each of the four igneous rocks created. Compare and contrast the formation of the intrusive with the extrusive .gneous rocks. Group One's "Igneous Rock" Group Two's" Igneous Rock"

Group Three's "Igneous Rock" Group Four's "Igneous Rock"

5. Write a comparison between the "weathered rock fragments." "sedimentary rocks,' metamorphic rocks," and "igneous rocks" formed in this activity. Describe their similarities and differences as to color, texture, etc.

Crowders Mountain State Park. NC 3.1. 1 1 November 1993 Answer Sheet for Pre-Visit Activity #1 Hard RockCtayola'

1. Describe and draw the "weathered sediments"you made. Note the sizes and shapes of the "sediments".

SaFetfear, 154e41..a Vik /#1, Are, '1,1,-.:30%. 'V.. V.,;,., ' IVIMIWSA".7-ff 4 dir,r/V, 017, , 11 " 0".' .1. te " ' 4 %

2. Do a colored drawing of the "rock fragments" afterlight pressure has compacted these "sediments" into "sedimentary rock." Describe the brokenedge and the layers that were formed.

ae.riegreed A*60S1:1111VaiLi. yellow ), "',t-d ,,,A ,, inur- Ih,,. red r'rs, .1'01 -. .1.'4, sqlrl green ."4, 4,4 blue

Do a colored drawing of the "sedimentary rock"after heavy pressure has compacted it into "metamorphic rock." Describe the broken edge and thelayers that were formed. How have they changed with the addition of heavy pressure?

, - yellow .- ._ r al. , . red green d blue

29 Crowders Mountain State Park. NC 3. 1. 12 November 1993 4. Do a colored drawing of each of the four igneous rocks created. Compare and contrast the formation of the intrusive with the extrusive gneous rocks. Group One's "Igneous Rock" Group Two's" Igneous Rock"

Group Three's "Igneous Rock" Group Four's "igneous Rock"

5. Write a comparison between the "weatheredrock fragments." "sedimentary rocks,- metamorphic rocks," and "igneous rocks" formedin this activity. Describe their similarities and differences as to color, texture. etc. The "weathered rock fragments" will vaiy in sizeand shape, depending on the implement used

and how it is used. The "rockfragtn, nts" can beoriented (up /do'ii or right/left) in an direction.

In "metamorphic rocks" the space between the fragmentsis very small and the orientation of

'fragments" is now flattened (right/left). The thicknessis much thinner, but each layer of rock

(color) can still be seen. The "igneous rock" is grayish-black due to the melting and mixin., o

different "rock fragments" and has a variety of forms, depending on how the separate groups'

rocks were cooled.

Note: The different methods j. cooling are not intended to simulate real rock formations: they

do, however, give the students the understanding that different cooling conditions will create

different rocks.

Crowders Mountain State Park. NC 3.1.13 30 November 1993 A a S v

Curriculum Objectives: Appropriate Season: Any Educator's Information: Grade S In this activity, the student Communication Skills: lis- Special Considerations: tening, reading, vocabulary During part of this activity, will identify two rocks and and viewing comprehension students will be breaking rocks four minerals. Each one is Guidance: competency for apart. Very sharp fragments found at Crowders Mountain interacting with others can fly off, causing injury. It is State Park and most could Healthful Living: recre- important that students wear ational safety safety goggles at all times. probably be found around the Science: earth science student's home and school. Social Science: gather, Materials: Each student will complete organize and analyze infor- Provided by the park: index a "Rock and Mineral Identifi- mation, draw conclusions, cards, hammers, safety cation" worksheet. This will participate effectively in goggles, streak plates (pieces groups of unglazed porcelain), win- require that they examine dow glass, pennies, steel files, each rock and mineral to Grade 6 hand lenses, and examples of determine the following: the Communication Skills: lis- quartz, quartzite, talc, barite, color of a newly exposed tening, reading, vocabulary mica schist and kyanite surface of the rock or mineral, and viewing comprehension Provided by the educator: Guidance: competency and "Rock and Mineral" fact the color the rock or mineral skill for interacting with sheet (one per student), "Rock leaves on a porcelain streak others, variety and complex- and Mineral Identification" plate, its luster, the approxi- ity of occupations worksheets (one per student), mate hardness of the rock or Science: how science helps poster-size "Rock and Mineral mineral and whether or not it us Identification" worksheet Social Studies: gather, is layered. After determining organize and analyze infor- the characteristics of each mation, draw conclusions rock or mineral and by using the written descriptions from Grade 7 Major Concepts: Communication Skills: lis- Rock formation and charac- the -Rock and Mineral Fact tening, reading, vocabulary teristics Sheet". the students will be and viewing comprehension Mineral formation and able to name each rock and Guidance: being responsible characteristics mineral sample and give its in a group classification. Science: earth science, natu- Sedimentary, metamorphic ral phenomena and igneous rocks Social Studies: mow the importance of nat.'resources, Objectives: gather, orgam.. ..id analyze information, draw conclu- List and identify two major sions rock types and four major minerals found at Crowders Location: Picnic shelter Mountain State Park. Describe the difference be- Group Size: 30 or less, 4 students per group tween a rock and a mineral. List five characteristics that Estimated Time: 50 minutes geologists use in identifying rocks and minerals.

Crowders Mountain State Park, NC 4.1.1 31 November 1993 Student's Information:

There are three basic rock each with its own distinctive found in combination with classifications: igneous, characteristics. To identify other elements. Look at the sedimentary and metamorphic. rocks, geologists look at hard- chemical formulas of the min- Igneous rocks are formed ness, color, crystalline arrange- erals listed on the "Rock and when molten magma cools ment, layering, types of miner- Mineral" fact sheet and you under the earth's surface or als and many other characteris-will see that each of them con- when the magma flows out on tics. tain oxygen. Three of the the earth's surface as lava and Geologists also look for the minerals, talc, quartz and cools there. Most of the rocks ratio of minerals in 2 rock. A kyanite, contain silicon, the at Crowders Mountain State rock is a collection of one or second most abundant ele- Park do not have an igneous more minerals. A mineral is ment. Together, oxygen and origin. a combination of one or more silicon make up almost 74% Sedimentary rocks are elements. Each mineral has of the Earth's crust. This formed when loose mineral its own chemical composition means that most minerals particles, or sediment, are and particular crystalline struc- contain either or both of these deposited on land or in water. ture. Quartz, for example, a elements. Sedimentary rocks usually common mineral in this area, The relationship between form in layers, which is the is a combination of two ele- a rock and its minerals can be easiest way to identify this ments, silicon and oxygen, compared to a fruit cake's type of rock. Very few of the and has a chemical formula relationship to its ingredients. rocks at Crowders Mountain of Si0.3. Its crystal shape is If the rock is like the fruit cake, are sedimentary; however, hexagonal (six-sided). the minerals would be the most of the metamorphic rocks The elements in the chart raisins, nuts, cherries, candied at Crowders Mountain were below account for almost 99% fruit, etc. formed from sedimentary of the earth's crust, and most Percentage rocks. minerals are composed of ElementSymbolby Weight Metamorphic rock is some combination of these Oxygen 0 46.7% formed when either igneous eight elements. Oxygen is the Silicon Si 27.7% or sedimentary rocks are put most abundant element in the Aluminum Al 8.1% under enough heat and pres- Earth's crust and is always Iron Fe 5.1% sure over a long period of Calcium Ca 3.7% Sodium Na 2.8% time. The rock is changed Potassium 2.6% both physically and chethi- Magnesium Mg 2.1% cally. Most of the rocks at Crowders Mountain State Park 98.8% are the result of metamorphic action. The Kings Pinnacle monadnock is a good example of the most common metamorphic rock found in the park; quartzite. The second most common metamorphic rock found here is mica schist. Geologists have identified about 2000 kinds of rocks, 32 Crowders Mountain State Park, NC 4.1.2 November 1993 Instructions: List the color of the rock/ It is a mineral because if it is mineral's streak when given space, it will develop a 1. Remind the students that scratched across the unglazed specific hexagonal crystal.It they must wear their safety porcelain plate. (The streak is sometimes classified as goggles at all times during this color for example #1 is white.) igneous rock.) activity and that they should be careful to break only a small Determine the luster, which 5. Have the students test the part of the rock/mineral. is classified as glassy, dull, remaining rocks/minerals pearly or metallic. (The luster using the same set of criteria 2. Tell the students that in this of example #1 is glassy.) to identify them. activity they will use the same tests a field geologist would to The hardness of a rock or 6. After each rock/mineral determine what rocks and min- mineral is determined by what identification worksheet is erals are found at Crowders is able to scratch its surface complete. place the large Mountain State Park. They or whether the rock or mineral answer sheet where everyone will travel from station to sta- can scratch another object. can see it. tion to identify the six rocks such as glass. Use fingernails, 7. Lead the students through or minerals, using their previ- pennies, porcelain streak the answers, comparing their ously learned geologic knowl- plates and the steel files to help group answers with those edge. the identification tests establish the rock's hardness. listed on the large "Rock and of a professional geologist, (The hardness of example '1 Mineral Identification" work- and the "Rock and Mineral" is classified as hard, 5.5 to 6.5 sheet. Discuss any discrepan- fact sheet. on the scale; a metal tile will cies with the answers. This is barely scratch its surface.) 3. Divide the students into especially important for streak, The "Rock and Mineral Identi- groups of 4 to 6, one group per luster and hardness, as these fication" worksheet contains station, except station '1. characteristics can vary from a hardness scratch scale de- specimen to specimen. 4. Using rock at station #1 signed to explain this identifi- (quartz), lead the students cation concept to the students. Suggested Extensions: through the tests below to learn Does the rock or mineral 1. The "Rock and Mineral the characteristics of mystery have layers? Put yes or no in Identification" worksheet can rock #1 and its identity. this column. (Example '1 be used to try and identify Determine the rock's over- does not have lavers.) other rock and mineral types. all color. Use the hammer to Have the students try and Have students bring rocks/ carefully break a small part of guess the name of the rock or minerals to class to try and the rock/mineral to see the mineral. Use the "Rock and identify. color inside. This is important, Mineral" fact sheet to help 2. Hike to the top of Kings' as the outside color may he with this question, as well as Pinnacle to see the effects of altered due to weathering its classification as mineral, erosion and weathering on factors. (The color of example or as igneous, sedimentary or the mountain. Try to identify #1 is white to pinkish.) nietamorphic rock. (The rocks and minerals found on name of example #1 is quartz. the Pinnacle.

33 Crowders Mountain State Park, NC 4.1.3 November 1993 Rock and Mineral Fact Sheet

white, red, purple, pink, smoky There are many uses for black, black, yellow, green and quartz today. It is used in gray. radio, radar and optical appa- Quartz is classified as hard, ratus (rock crystal). Purple because a file will barely quartz (amethyst), in the form scratch it.It has a glassy of sand, is used in glassmaking Talc luster and does not have lay- and smoky quartz is used for ers. Quartz produces a white pottery and porcelain as well Talc is a mineral composed streak on a scratch plate. as an abrasive. Hardness: of a magnesium silicate, 5.5 - 6.5. Mg3Si4Om(OH) Often called Many times quartz func- soapstone, its color ranges tions as a rock "glue." When from apple green to white with rocks develop cracks, and if a pearly luster. It is greasy to the crack goes deep enough the touch and streaks white into the earth, molten silicon when struck on a streak plate. oxide (quartz) will often be It has no layers. Native Ameri-forced into the crack, "gluing" Mica schist cans often carved talc into the rocks back together. If the lamps, pipes, large pots and cavity does not fill completely Schists are metamorphic other vessels. Today, talc is and a space is left, the quartz rocks. They characteristically commonly used in baby pow- will develop into hexagonal form from sedimentary shale der. The easiest way to distin- crystals. rocks under temperature and guish talc is by its greasy Two interesting things pressure conditions which feel and softness. It can be come to mind about this rock can range from low to high. scratched with a fingernail. glue called quartz. First, the "Schist" is a descriptive term Hardness: 1. glue is usually harder than the used when mica grains are rocks it glues back together. large enough to show definite This results in quartz being layering. The presence of found on top of or in the soil mica is an obvious clue in after the rocks it has glued identifying this rock, which is back together have weathered the second most common rock to soil. Second, when the at Crowders Mountain State silicon oxide is being pushed Park. Mica schist is flaky and upward by the pressure from layered in appearance. Luster Quartz deep in the earth, other miner- is sparkling in a new specimen but dulls with time. Its color Quartz is the most common als will sometimes be carried can vary depending on its min- of all minerals. It is classified along with it. One of those eral content, ranging mostly as a mineral because it can minerals is gold. Tons of gold from silvery white.to gray. form a specific hexagonal have been found in the south- The color of its streak can crystalline structure. Its ern Piedmont of North Caro- vary also. Hardness: I to 7.5. chemical formula is SiO or lina and it is primarily found silicon oxide. In its pure form in association with quartz. quartz is clear, but usually con- Gold has been mined in tains impurities which can giveGaston County. it a variety of colors including 34 Crowders Mountain State Park. NC 4.1.4 November 1993 State Park. It is found in ness and color of quartzite gneiss and schist. Kyanite can vary greatly depending on can be blue, white, gray, green, the type of minerals found in nearly black or colorless. In the rock. It comes from sedi- a pure form, kyanite can be mentary quartz sandstone that identified by its blade-like has been metamorphosed. crystals that range from white It sometimes shows layers to blue-gray. It has a greasy and occasionally ripple marks Barite feel and a glassy luster.It from waves that formed in Barite is a mineral com- leaves a white streak when the parent sandstone. The posed of barium sulfate. struck on a streak plate. Kyan-quartzite found at Crowders BaSO4. Found in veins. barite ite is capable of resisting high Mountain State Park is grainy resembles quartz but has a temperatures and is used in the in appearance and has a pearly luster. Its color can making of high temperature peculiarly dull, sugary luster. vary from white to gray to porcelains such as spark plugs Hardness: 2.57. clear, with shades of yellow, and high temperature brick. brown, red or blue. Barite Before Crowders Mountain streaks white on the porcelain became a state park. the ore streak plate.It commonly kyanite was mined from this occurs as a secondary mineral area. Hardness: 4 to 7. in veins with gold, silver, copper. lead and cobalt ores. Barite is used as an aid in well drilling (where it is used as a lubricant and sealant), as a paint pigment and a filler in making glossy paper and cloth. Hardness: 3 to 3.5.

Quartzite Quartzite is a rock composed of a variety of minerals. with quartz being the dominate one. Quartzite is the predomi- Kyanite nate rock making up both Kyanite is an aluminum Kings Pinnacle and Crowders silicate mineral, AI,Si05, and Mountain. Quartzite is usually is a product of the regional a hard metamorphic rock that metamorphism which oc- is extremely resistant to weath- curred at Crowders Mountain ering and erosion. The hard-

Crowders Mountain State Park. NC 4.1.5 November 1993 Rock and Mineral Identification Worksheet, Rock Color Sample StreakLuster HardnessLayeredClassificationName

Color the identifiable color. (Quartzmay be Hardness the following scale ranges from colorless, white, pink, smoky, yellowor one to ten, with one being the softest and ten purple, depending on the impurities within it.) being the hardest. The objects listed after the Streak the color a rock leaves behind when numbers are things that can scratch the rockor it is scratched across a streak plateor unglazed mineral, or be scratched by the rock or mineral. porcelain. (Quartz leavesa white streak.) (Quartz can be scratched by a file, so it is hard: 5.56.5.) Luster the way a rock reflects light. (Quartz Hardness: has a glassy luster. Other mineralsmay have I 2.5 (very soft) fingernail a dull or metallic luster or no luster at all.) 2.55 (soft) penny Layered- a rock either has layers (foliated) or 56.5 (hard) steel file it doesn't (non-foliated). In thespace provided 6.510 (very hard) porcelain put either yes or no, meaning it has layersor it Classification A rock is classified as a min- does not. (Quartz does not have layers.) eral, or as igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic. (Quartz is a mineral and is sometimes found in all the other rock types.)

Crowders Mountain State Park. NC 4.1.6 36 November 1993 Rock and Mineral Idene 'cation Answer Sheet

Rock Color StreakLuster HardnessLayeredClassificationName Sample

white white glassy 7 (hard) no mineral quartz 1 clear pink

white white pearly 3 3.5 (soft) no mineral barite 2 to gray

3 apple greenwhite glassy I 2.5 no metamorphic talc to (very soft) white

blue graycolorlessglassy 4 7 no metamorphic kyanite 4 to (soft to hard) white

silvery nonesparkling 28 yes metamorphicmica schist 5 white to (very soft to gray very hard)

silvery varies dull 2.57.5 yes metamorphic quartzite white to (very soft to 6 gray very hard)

Color the identifiable color. (Quartz may be Hardness - the following scale ranges from colorless, white, pink, smoky, yellow or one to ten, with one being the softest and ten purple, depending on the impurities within it.) being the hardest. The objects listed after the numbers are things that can scratch the rock or Streakthe color a rock leaves behind when mineral, or be scratched by the rock or mineral. it is scratched across a streak plate or unglazed (Quartz can be scratched by a file, so it is hard: porcelain. (Quartz leaves a white streak.) 5.5 - 6.5.) Luster the way a rock reflects light. (Quartz Hardness: has a glassy luster. Other minerals may have 1- 2.5 (very soft) fingernail a dull or metallic luster or no luster at all.) 2.5 - 5 (soft) penny Layered - a rock either has layers (foliated) or 56.5 (hard) steel file it doesn't (non-foliated). In the space provided 6.510 (very hard) porcelain put either yes or no, meaning it has layers or it Classification - A rock is classified as a min- does not. (Quartz does not have layers.) eral, or as igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic. (Quartz is a mineral and is sometimes fund in all the other rock types.) 37 Crowders Mountain State Park, NC 4.1.7 November 1993 Post-VisitActivity#1 Geo-Scavenge

Curriculum Objectives: Social Studies: know the im- Educator's Information: Grade 5 portance of natural resources, In this activity, the student Communication Skills: lis- gather, organize and analyze tening, reading, vocabulary information, draw conclu- will gain an understanding and viewing comprehension, sions of how eveiything we use in study skills using environ- our daily lives comes from mental sources Location: the earth's resources: rocks, Guidance: competency for Classroom and home minerals, fossil fuels or living interacting with others Library/Media Skills: work Group Size: 30 or less things (organic). The activity independently and creatively is in two parts. In the first in preparing assignments Estimated Time: part, the students will try to Science: earth science, 45 to 60 minutes identify items you provide in environment the classroom (see material Social Science: gather, orga- Appropriate Season: Any nize and analyze information, list) as derived from rock, draw conclusions, participate Materials: mineral, fossil fuel or organic. effectively in groups Provided by educator: In the second part, they will Scavenger Hunt list, aluminum take the "Geo-Scavenge Grade 6 can, aluminum foil, pencil, Communication Skills: lis- metal toy car, mirror, drinking Hunt" list home and identify tening, reading, vocabulary glass, metal scissors, table the things on the list, as well and viewing comprehension, knife, book, wooden spoon, as others they find at home. study skills using environ- notebook paper, houseplant, Upon completion of this activ- mental sources, writing table, paper bag, magazine, ity, lead a discussion focusing Guidance: competency and brick, gravel, basketball shoe, skill for interacting with cotton shirt, nylon book bag, on these resources, their con- others, variety and complex- leather shoe, video tape tinued availability (or their ity of occupations unavailability), and changes Library/Media Skills: work * These are just some examples. everyone can make to help independently and creatively The educator may want to conserve our resources. in preparing assignments adapt this list to use more con- Science: how science helps venient materials. us Social Studies: gather, organize and analyze infor- Major Concepts: mation, draw conclusions Uses of rocks and minerals Grade 7 Communication Skills: lis- Objectives: tening, reading, vocabulary and viewing comprehension, Differentiate between 10 study skills using environ- objects, determine whether mental sources they are derived from Guidance: being responsible rocks, minerals, fossil fuel in a group, develop an aware- or organic materials. ness of alternative points of view Explain the importance Science: interaction of people of geologic products in our and the environment, earth daily lives. science, natural phenomena, meteorology 3.8

Crowders Mountain State Park, NC 5.1.1 November 1993 Earth's Energy Carolina leads the nation in Another natural resource Storehouse the annual production of these we utilize extensively is living valuable minerals. The Kings things, or organic matter. rirowders Mountain State Mountain Mine, the most Living things have existedon ....Park is part of the Kings important gold mine in our earth for a very long time. The Mountain wit of rocks, which area, is just a few miles west oldest rock found on earth is is an area rich in rock and of the park. This mine pro- 4.1 billion years old; the oldest mineral deposits. The depos- duced as much as $1 million fossil is at least 3.2 billion its along this belt have been in gold before 1895. years old. Thus life (organic mined for feldspar, marble, Rocks and minerals aren't matter) has been a part of the lithium, tin, mica, kyanite, the only valuables stored in earth's history for 3/4 of its sillimanite, barite, gold.man- the Earth's crust. There is existence. ganese and iron. In this area, also energy. mostly in the form quartzites, such as those that We could not exist without of oil, natural gas and coal. make up Crowders Mountain, other living things. We eat Together, all three "fossil were prospected for kyanitc them, wear them, build and fuels" (they are called fossil and have been mined nearby. repair our houses and bodies along with feldspar, spo- fuels because they are formed from them. In addition, with- dumene (a lithium-bearing from the remains of ancient out them we could not breathe. organisms) account for more mineral), and mica. North Plants produce oxygen as a than 90 percent of all the result of photosynthesis. Liv- energy people use today. ing things also have excellent curative powers. Over halfour medicines are derived from organic matter.

Crowders Mountain State Park, NC 5.1.2 39 November 1993 Instructions: 3. Uncover the items for the Part II: Homework students to look at and have Part I: Classroom 1. Give each student a copy of students decide, as a class, the "Geo-Scavenger Hunt" list 1. Place all listed items on a how to classify each item: and have them check off each table or scatter groups of rock, mineral, fossil fuel or item they are able to locate items on several smaller organic. If the students are around their home or neigh- tables throughout the class- having trouble deciding, walk borhood. Classify each item room. Cover the items so that the students through some of listed as rock. mineral, fossil they can not be seen by the the following examples: fuel product or organic prod- students. foil (aluminum, which is uct. Items may fit in more 2. Discuss with the students made from bauxite, a mineral) than one category, i.e. a metal the various ways people use - pencil "lead" (graphite. a knife with a wooden handle. rocks, minerals, fossil fuel mineral) 2. After the students complete and living things. Be sure to drinking glass/mirror (glass the scavenger hunt, have them discuss the differences in is made from the quartz in share their answers with the these. sand or sandstone, rock) class. After discussing the cor- Rock - A substance made up - wooden spoon (wood. rect answers, emphasize how of one or more minerals. which is oraanic) rocks, minerals, fossil fuels Rocks are the building blocks and organic matter are all a big plastic fork (plastic, comes of the earth. Geologists have part of our daily lives and are from petroleum, which is a identified over 2000 types of part of the world's resources fossil fuel) rocks. we need to conserve and use Mineral An inorganic sub- wisely. stance occurring naturally in the earth and having a consis- tent and distinctive crystalline form and a composition that can be expressed as a chemical formula. Fossil fuel - Fuel such as coal. natural gas and petroleum which is derived from fossils. Plant material and marine and land organisms that lived and died millions of years ago are the source of fossil fuel. Organic material - Of, or pertaining to, or derived from living organisms.

40 Crowders Mountain State Park, NC 5.1.3 November 1993 Locate these objects. Item Rock Mineral Fossil Fuel Organic stone wall car or truck plastic bag cook book tombstone ink pen window pane paper clip straw basket faucet cement dinner plate door mat clock scissors wool blanket unglazed pottery diamond ring chalk oil paint diaper baby powder table salt

rubber band .

newspaper . birdbath spark plug chewing gum other:

Crowders Mountain State Park. NC 5.1.4 41 November 1993 Locate these objects. Item Rock Mineral Fossil Fuel Organic stone wall X car or truck plastic bag cook book tombstone ink pen window pane paper clip straw basket . X faucet cement X dinner plate X or X or door mat X or clock X or X or X or scissors wool blanket unglazed pottery diamond ring X chalk X oil paint diaper X or baby powder table salt X rubber band newspaper birdbath X or spark plug chewing gum' other:

42 dowders Mountain State Park, NC 5.1.5 November 1993 Aggregate - Rocks composed of a mixture of Crystal A solid mass of mineral, having minerals that may be separated by mechanical a crystalline structure: a regular geometric means. shape, bounded by smooth, flat surfaces (crystal faces). Anticline (anti-cline) - A geological structure in which rock layers are bent into an upfold or Decay - To decompose; rot. arch; evident in Crowders Mountain and Kings Pinnacle. anticline Decomposition - The chemical breakup of rock at or near the earth's surface. The mineral components of the rock are altered and new compounds are produced.

Earth's crust - A rigid shell, only about 30 miles thick, less than one hundredth of the distance to the earth's center. Eight elements account for almost 99% of the earth's crust: oxygen (46.7%), silicone (27.7%), aluminum (8.1%), iron (5.1%), calcium (3.7%), sodium Barite (bar-rite) A mineral usually found in (2.8%), potassium (2.6%), and magnesium the veins of sedimentary rocks; resembles (2.1%). quartz but barite has a pearly luster whereas quartz has a glassy luster. Erosion The group of natural processes, including weathering, dissolution, abrasion, Bedding The formation of layers or strata in corrosion and transportation, by which earthy sedimentary and metamorphosed sedimentary or rock material is removed from any part of rock. the earth's surface to another.

Chemical weathering The erosion or wearing Exfoliation An erosional process whereby down of a rock and its minerals by chemical rocks flake or come off in layers. reactions which change the identities of the minerals. Extrusive igneous rocks Rocks formed on the earth's surface by the cooling of molten Compaction - The process or state of being magma material originating from within the pressed together; compacted. earth's crust. Once magma reaches the surface it is called lava. Conglomerate (con-glom-er-ate) - Rounded bits and pieces of rock that have been cemented Fault - A fracture in the earth's crust along together by mineral substances. which rocks on one side have been displaced relative to rocks on the other side. Continental platesGranitic (granite) plates on which the continents ride. When these plates Foliated Rocks that exhibit a layered appear- collide they push up taiountains and create ance or texture. metamorphic rock due to the pressure of their collision. 43 Crowders Mountain State Park, NC 6.1 November 1993 Folding - The geologic formation created Lava - Molten rock (magma) that is forced out when a strata of rock is bent over or doubled of a volcano or out of cracks in the earth's crust up so that one part of the layer lies on another and onto its surface. part of the same layer. Limestone A sedimentary rock consisting Fossils - The remains or indications of an mainly of calcium carbonate. organism that lived in the geologic past. Luster (lus-ter) The quality and intensity of Fossil fuelFuel derived from fossils. Ex- light reflected from a mineral. Luster isone amples of the fuels include coal, natural gas of the characteristics geologists use to identify and petroleum. rocks and minerals.

Geology The scientific study of the origin, Magma (mag-ma) Molten rock deep within history and structure of the earth. the earth from which igneous rock is formed.

Geologic process The breaking down and Mantle - In geology, the layer of the earth building up of rocks, such as weathering, between the crust and the core. erosion, sedimentation and volcanic action; the phenomena of how the earth is shaped. Mechanical weathering- The erosion or breakdown of rock into particles without chang- Gneiss - A banded or foliated metamorphic ing the identities of the minerals in the rocks; rock, usually of the same composition as ice is the most important agent. granite, in which the minerals are arranged in layers. Metaconglomerate (me-ta-con-glom-er-ate) Metamorphosed sedimentary rocks composed Granite An intrusive igneous rock with very of chemically cemented pebbles and sand. The course grains composed of quartz and feldspar result of metamorphic processes (intense heat and other dark minerals; seen as outcrops on and pressure) on a sedimentary conglomerate the Crowders Mountain summit. which cause the pebbles within the conglomerate to be melted, fused, stretched and distorted. Hypothesis A proposed or possible answer to a problem; a premise from which a conclusion Metamorphic rocks (me-ta-mor-phic) Rocks is drawn. that have changed both physically and chemically due to increases in pressure and tempera- Igneous rocks (ig-ne-ous)Rocks formed by ture and chemically active solutions. the cooling of molten magma. Metamorphosis (me-ta-mor-pho-sis)- A Intrusive igneous rocks (in-tru-sive)Molten transformation, a marked change in appearance igneous rocks that force their way into the or condition. surrounding rock and solidify below the earth's surface. Mica A mineral family easily recognized by its dark colors and its capacity to easily be split Kyanite (ky-a-nite)- A blue-gray mineral into characteristic thin, pearly sheets. found as blade-like crystals in some metamorphic rocks at Crowders Mountain; used in the Mica schist- A layered metamorphic rock making of spark plugs due to its heat resistance. generally containing noticeable mica minerals. Appears shiny; the second most common rock type found at Crowders Mountain State Park.

Crowders Mountain State Park, NC 6.2 4Q November 1993 Mineral- A solid naturally occurring blend Quartzite (quartz-ite) - A hard metamorphic of elements having a fairly uniform chemical rock formed by heat and pressure on sandstone; composition and a constant set of physical the main rock type is properties including a crystalline shape. that forms Kings Pinnacle and Monadnock (mo-nad-nock) A hill or moun- Crowders tain of resistant rock remaining from a former Mountain highland, surrounded by a pene plain. Kings summits. Pinnacle and Crowders Mountain summits are both monadnocks made up of quartzite.

Non-foliated- Metamorphic rocks that do not Resistant rock Rock that weathersand have a directional or layered appearance to erodes more slowly than ocher rock inthe same their texture. area.

Ore Minerals which can be mined at a profit, Rock A naturally occurring consistentmass such as kyanite. of one or more minerals; thethree rock types are named according to their formationpro- Organic- Of, or pertaining to, or derived from cesses: sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous. living organisms. Rock cycle The process wherebyone rock Outcrop- An area of exposed rock. Examples type changes irew another. are road cuts, stream beds, quarries and naturally occurring rocky areas. Sandstone A sedimentaryrock consisting of quartz and sand cemented together. Peneplain (pe-ne-plain) A land surface of considerable size that has been worn nearly flat Schist Any, of various mediumto coarse due to erosion. grained metamoiphic rockscomposed cif laminated, often flaky,parallel laytt's of chiefly Petroleum A natural. yellow-to-black, thick, micaceous, minerals. flammable, liquid hydrocarbon mixture found principally beneath the earth's surface. It is Sediment Material thatsettles to the bottom processed into natural gas, gasoline, naphtha, of a liquid, such ?,,s soil beingwashed into a kerosene, fuel and lubrication oils, paraffin lake and settlinf; to thebottom. wax, asphalt, plastic and a wide variety of other products. Sedimentary rock (sed-i-men-ta-ry)Bits and pieces of other kinds ofrock that have been Quartz- A hard crystalline mineral of silicon cemented together underpressure and depos- dioxide, Si02 with a glassy luster. ited in layers near theearth's surface;sometimes containing the remainsof once-living things (fossils).

Shale- A fine-grained sedimentary rock composed largely of clay,mud or silt and characterized by its tendencyto split easily along parallel planes.

45 Crowders Mountain State Park, NC 6.3 November 1993 Silicate- Any of numerous compounds con- Vent - An exit hole for hot gases and lava to taining silicon, oxygen and a metal or organic flow from a volcano. radical, occurring in most rocks except limestone and dolomite, and forming the basis of Volcanic eruption- A generally violent common glass and bricks. bursting forth of lava, volcanic ash and gases from a volcano's vent. Streak - The color left behind when the mineral is rubbed across the surface of a piece of Volcano - A cone-shaped hill or mountain unglazed, white porcelain. consisting chiefly of volcanic materials built up around a vent or hole in the earth's crust Syncline A downward fold in rocks. from which eruptions occur.

Talc - A soft mineral of magnesium silicate; Weathering The chemical alteration and usually whitish, greenish or grayish with mechanical breakdown of rock materials a soapy feel, it occurs during exposure to air, moisture and organic in layered, granu- matter. laror fibrous masses. XenolithLiterally, a "stranger" rock, which was surrounded during the movement of magma to form an unrelated inclusion within the surrounding igneous rock.

Crowders Mountain State Park, NC 6.4 November 1993 References

Adams, George F. and Jerome Wyckoff. 1971. Flint, R. F. and Brian Skinner. 1974. Physical Landforms, A Golden Guide. Racine, WI: Geology, (2nd Edition). New York, NY: John Western Publishing Co. Wiley & Sons, Inc. The American Forest Council. 1987. Project Foster, Robert J.1983. Physk.al Geology. Learning Tree. For information contact The (4th Edition). Columbus, OH: Charles E. Project Learning Tree Coordinator, Box 8003, Merrill Publishing Co. NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695. Gallant, Roy A. and Christopher J. Schuberth. Barnes-Svarney, L. Patricia. 1991. Born of 1967. Discovering Rocks and Minerals. Heat and Pressure: Mountains and Metamor- Garden City, NY: The Natural History Press. phic Rocks. Hillside, NJ: Ens low Publishers. Headstrom, Richard. 1985. Suburban Geol- Bates, Robert L. and Julia A. Jackson. 1980. ogy. Englewood Cliff, NJ: Prentice Hall. Glossary of Geology. Falls Church. VA: Hogg, John C., Judson B. Cross and Kenneth American Geological Institute. E. Vordenberg. 1959. Physical Science, Beyer, Fred. 1991. North Carolina: The Years A Basic Course. Princeton, NJ: D. Van Before Man: A Geologic History. Durham, Nostrand Co. NC: Carolina Academic Press. Huxley, Thomas. (1868) 1983. "On a Piece Birdd, Donald L. 1990. "Color Me Metamor- of Chalk." In The Earth Through Time, (2nd phic." The Science Teacher; (April). Edition), by Harold L. Levin. New York, NY: CBS College Publishing, W. B. Saunders Carpenter, P. A., III. (editor). 1989. A Geo- Company. logical Guide to North Carolina State Parks. Bulletin 91. For information contact: Kurten, Bjorn. 1988. Before the Indians. NC Geological Survey Section, Division New York, NY: Columbia University Press. of Land Resources. PO Box 27687, Raleigh Lambert, David and the Diagram Group. 1985. NC 27611. The Field Guide to Prehistoric Life. New Chesterman, Charles W. 1978. The Audubon York, NY: Facts on File, Inc. Society Field Guide to North American Rocks Levine, Harold L. (1978) 1983. The Earth and Minerals. New York, NY: Alfred A. Through Time, (2nd Edition). New York, NY: Knopf. CBS College Publishing, W B. Saunders Cvancare, Alan M. 1986. Field Manual for Company. the Amateur Geologist. New York, NY: Mottana, Annibale, Rodolfo Crespi and Prentice Hall. Giuseppe Liborio. 1978. Simon and Schuster's Ernst, W. D. 1969. Earth Materials. Guide to Rocks and Minerals. New York, NY: Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Simon and Schuster. Eves, Robert L. and Larry E. Davis. 1988. National Wildlife Federation. 1988. "Geology, "Is the Rock Cycle an Outdated Idea, or a The Active Earth." Ranger Rick's Nature Unifying Concept?" Journal of Geological Scope. Washington, DC. Education, Vol. 36. 47 Crowders Mountain State Park, NC 7.1 November 1993 Park geology files. Crowders Mountain State Sund, Tillery and Trowbridge. 1973. Elemen- Park, Route 1, Box 159, Kings Mountain, NC tary Science Discovery Lesson -The Earth 28086. Sciences. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon. Pough, Fredrick H. 1960. A Field Guide to Tennissen, Anthony C. 1982. Nature of Earth Rocks and Minerals, The Peterson Field Guide Materials. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Series. Cambridge, MA: Riverside Press. Hall.

Crowders Mountain State Park, NC 7.2 November 1993 SCHEDULING WORKSHEET

For office use only: Date request received Request received by

I) Name of group (school)

2)Contact person name phone (work) (home)

address 3) Day/date/time of requested program

4) Program desired and program length

5) Meeting place

6)Time of arrival at park Time of departure from park

7) Number of students Age range (grade) (Note: A maximum of 30 participants is recommended.)

8) Numberof chaperones (Note: One adult for every 10 students is recommended.)

9) Areas of special emphasis

10) Special considerations of group (e.g. allergies, health concerns, physical limitations)

1 1) Have you or your group participated in park programs before? If yes, please indicate previous programs attended:

12) Are parental permission forms required? If yes, please use the Parental Permission form on page 8.2.

,have read the entire Environmental Educa- tion Learning Experience and understand and agree to all the conditions within it.

Return to: Crowders Mountain State Park Route 1, Box 159 Kings Mountain, NC 28086 49

Crowders Mountain State Park, NC 8.1 November 1993 PARENTAL PERMISSION FORM

Dear Parent:

Your child will soon be involved in an exciting learning adventurean environmental education experience at . Studies have shown that such "hands-on" learning programs improve children's attitudes and performance ina broad range of school subjects.

In order to make your child's visit to "nature's classroom"as safe as possible we ask that you provide the following information and sign at the bottom. Pleasenote that insects, poison ivy and other potential risks are a natural part of any outdoor setting. We advise that childrenbring appropriate clothing (long pants, rain gear, sturdy shoes) for their planned activities.

Child's name

Does your child:

Have an allergy to bee stings or insect bites? If so, please t.he them bring their medication and stress that they, or the group leader, be able to administer it.

Have other allergies?

Have any other heaith problemswe should he aware of?

In case of an emergency, I give permission formy child to be treated by the attending physician. I understand that I would be notifiedas soon as possible.

Parent's signature date

Parent's name Home phone (please print) Work phone

Family Physician's name phone

Alternate Emergency Contact

Name phone

Crowders Mountain State Park. NC 8.2 November 1993 NORTH CAROLINA PARKS &RECREATION PROGRAM EVALUATION

Please take a few moments to evaluate the program(s) youreceived. This will help us improve our service to you in the future.

Date I.Program title(s) Program leader(s)

2. What part of the program(s) did you find the mostinteresting and useful?

3. What part(s) did you find the least interesting anduseful?

4. What can we do to improve the program(s)'?

5. General comments

LEADERS OF SCHOOL GROUPS AND OTHERORGANIZED YOUTH GROUPS PLEASE ANSWER THESE ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS: 6. Group (school) name

7. Did the program(s) meet the stated objectives orcurriculum needs? If not, why?

Please return the completed form to park staff. Thank you.

Crowders Mountain State Park Route 1, Box 159 Kings Mountain, NC 28086

Crowders Mountain State Park, NC 8.351 November 1993