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Habitat Establishment, Captive Breeding and Conservation Translocation to Save Threatened Populations of the Vulnerable European Mudminnow Umbra Krameri

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Habitat Establishment, Captive Breeding and Conservation Translocation to Save Threatened Populations of the Vulnerable European Mudminnow Umbra Krameri Habitat establishment, captive breeding and conservation translocation to save threatened populations of the Vulnerable European mudminnow Umbra krameri S ÁNDOR T ATÁR,BÁLINT B AJOMI,ANDRÁS S PECZIÁR,BALÁZS T ÓTH M AGDOLNA M ÜLLERNÉ T RENOVSZKI,BÉLA U RBÁNYI,BÉLA C SÁNYI J ÓZSEF S ZEKERES and T AMÁS M ÜLLER Abstract In Europe % of freshwater fish are threatened. restoration and potential areas for creation of surrogate ha- However, conservation activity is less widespread for fish bitats, and enhancing induced propagation methodology. compared to other vertebrate groups. The Vulnerable Keywords Carassius carassius, habitat loss, Hungary, European mudminnow Umbra krameri is a marshland Misgurnus fossilis, reintroduction, surrogate habitats, threa- fish endemic to the Carpathian Basin. Its range and popula- tened populations, Umbra krameri tion have declined significantly since the s. The main threats to the species are habitat loss and the invasive To view supplementary material for this article, please visit Chinese sleeper Perccottus glenii. During – a spe- https://doi.org/./S cies conservation programme was established to rescue broodstocks from threatened populations, breed them under controlled conditions, translocate both rescued fish Introduction and their laboratory-reared offspring to surrogate habitats, n their overall assessment of the European Red List of fresh- and finally reintroduce offspring to their original habitats. Iwaterfish,Freyhof&Brooks()concludedthatnearly Broodstocks from three threatened habitats were bred in %ofnativespeciesinEuropeareendemicand%are the laboratory and produced offspring appropriate for threatened, which is high compared to other taxonomic stocking. Six artificial ponds were created in the pilot groups (e.g. %ofamphibiansand% of mammals are study area according to the environmental needs of the spe- threatened; Freyhof & Brooks, ).Thereisevidencethat cies, four of which proved to be suitable surrogate habitats fish species have already gone extinct in Europe, with five in which translocated fish survived and reproduced success- others facing impending extinction. The greatest threats to na- fully. Populations in the original habitats were supplemen- tive European fish are pollution, habitat destruction and inva- ted with fish from laboratory breeding and from the natural sive alien species (Dudgeon et al., ). The effects of climate recruitment of surrogate habitats, with special care of the change (e.g. drought) have been shown to drive the deterior- corresponding broodstocks. Future challenges include im- ation of freshwater ecosystems, and fish living in shallow proving our knowledge about the ecological processes in waters of wetlands are in particular danger (Heino et al., which the European mudminnow participates, identifying ; Pratchett et al., ; Jeppesen et al., ; Ellis et al., the most threatened populations, habitats suitable for ). Nonetheless, fish are underrepresented in the conserva- tion literature, with a clear bias in favour of birds and mam- mals (Seddon et al., ;Bajomietal.,). SÁNDOR TATÁR*† Tavirózsa Association, Veresegyház, Hungary Fen habitats are particularly exposed to environmental BÁLINT BAJOMI† (Corresponding author) Faculty of Sciences, Centre for regulation by people, and in Europe their area has decreased Environmental Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary. E-mail [email protected] by %to, km since the s (Rosenthal et al., ; ANDRÁS SPECZIÁR Balaton Limnological Institute, Hungarian Academy of Joosten & Couwenberg, ; Brinson & Malvárez, ). In Sciences Centre for Ecological Research, Tihany, Hungary Hungary % of fens have been destroyed by regulation of BALÁZS TÓTH Danube-Ipoly National Park Directorate, Budapest, Hungary watercourses, draining and ploughing (Tatár, ). Small, MAGDOLNA MÜLLERNÉ TRENOVSZKI,BÉLA URBÁNYI and TAMÁS MÜLLER† isolated remnant marshland populations are particularly Department of Aquaculture, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary sensitive to environmental alterations, which often lead to BÉLA CSÁNYI and JÓZSEF SZEKERES Danube Research Institute, Hungarian a decrease in genetic diversity and an increase in mortality, Academy of Sciences Centre for Ecological Research, Budapest, Hungary as in the case of the European mudminnow Umbra krameri. *Also at: Department of Aquaculture, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Freyhof & Brooks () urged the establishment of Hungary †These authors have contributed equally to the results presented in this paper. Freshwater Key Biodiversity Areas and the development of Received February . Revision requested March . species protection plans for European freshwater fish spe- Accepted May . First published online November . cies. They also suggested establishing habitat monitoring Oryx, 2017, 51(4), 718–729 © 2016 Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605316000533 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.33.19, on 01 Oct 2021 at 02:30:46, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605316000533 Saving the European mudminnow 719 and ex situ programmes, restrictions on settling of non-na- conservation of declining populations of the European mud- tive fish species, and revision of the relevant legislation. One minnow across its diminishing and fragmented range. of the most important roles of a species protection plan is to Our aim was to develop and test a comprehensive meth- identify and rectify factors that caused the initial extinction odology to promote the rescue and strengthening of popu- or decline (Fischer & Lindenmayer, ; IUCN/SSC, ; lations of European mudminnow, for which habitat loss is Cochran-Biederman et al., ). Accordingly, we summar- one of the most important threats (Sallai, ; Kuehne & ize the actions and results of our pilot conservation pro- Olden, ). Considering the decreased population size, gramme for the European mudminnow (Tatár et al., ). an important challenge is to preserve the species’ remnant The European mudminnow is small-bodied (– cm), genetic diversity, distributed across small and isolated habi- has a short lifespan ( years), is the only native representa- tat patches (Takács et al., ). Accordingly, we implemen- tive of the Umbridae family in Europe and is a relic and en- ted a pilot experiment that included: demic fish species of the Danube catchment area (Gaudant, (1) determining habitat characteristics required by the species, ). It occurs sporadically along the Danube River be- for consideration in the planning of surrogate habitats, tween Vienna and the Danube Delta. Some populations (2) creating new fen and marsh surrogate habitats to supple- live in the lower stretches of the River Dniester but the spe- ment lost native areas and harbour rescued populations cies’ main range is in the Carpathian Basin (Kottelat & (creating new self-sustaining populations in Szada Pilot Freyhof, ; Kuehne & Olden, ). The European mud- Area), minnow lives in marshes, fens, vegetated backwaters and (3) rescuing broodstocks from habitats known to be da- channels with clean water (Pekárik et al., ). The main maged or exposed to contamination, threats to the species are habitat loss as a result of dredging (4) checking the quality of the created habitats before of channels, the destruction of river and stream floodplains, stocking them with European mudminnow, the loss of fens and marshes (Wanzenböck, ; Kuehne & (5) propagating and rearing European mudminnow Olden, ) and the spread of the invasive Chinese sleeper under controlled laboratory conditions for reintroduc- Perccottus glenii. This voracious competitor and predator of tion and for the conservation of genetic diversity, and the European mudminnow is expanding its range in Eurasia (6) monitoring the quality of the created habitats after and has colonized the catchment area of the Danube and stocking. Dniester rivers (Reshetnikov & Ficetola, ; Reshetnikov, ). It is estimated that populations of European mud- Behavioural degradation could be minimized by introdu- minnow have declined by . % (Freyhof, ). The spe- cing rescued broodstock to the new surrogate habitats cies is categorized as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List on quickly rather than holding them in the laboratory the basis of its restricted and fragmented habitat (Freyhof, (Hammer et al., ; Ellis et al., ). The key behavioural ) and it also features on the Red Lists of seven aspects for the survival of stocked fish are the ability to eat European countries (Müller et al., ). and avoid being eaten. Fish are often necessarily reared on Several successful attempts have been made to conserve artificial diets because of the cost, limited supply and poten- populations of the species, primarily by means of habitat tial disease risk of wild foods, but this potentially reduces restoration and the reintroduction of rescued stocks their foraging efficiency in the wild (Hammer et al., ). (Wanzenböck, ;Keckeis&Sehr,); for example, in We hypothesized that carefully designed artificial habitats the Slovenian Beloviči backwater populations of European wouldbeappropriatesurrogatehabitatsfortheEuropean mudminnow, as well as weatherfish Misgurnus fossilis and mudminnow to establish permanent self-sustaining stocks, crucian carp Carassius carassius, increased significantly after and that either breeding in the laboratory or reproduction of restoration of their habitat (Povž, ). European mud- broodstocks in the artificial
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