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The KNIGHT REVISION of HORNBOSTEL-SACHS: a New Look at Musical Instrument Classification
The KNIGHT REVISION of HORNBOSTEL-SACHS: a new look at musical instrument classification by Roderic C. Knight, Professor of Ethnomusicology Oberlin College Conservatory of Music, © 2015, Rev. 2017 Introduction The year 2015 marks the beginning of the second century for Hornbostel-Sachs, the venerable classification system for musical instruments, created by Erich M. von Hornbostel and Curt Sachs as Systematik der Musikinstrumente in 1914. In addition to pursuing their own interest in the subject, the authors were answering a need for museum scientists and musicologists to accurately identify musical instruments that were being brought to museums from around the globe. As a guiding principle for their classification, they focused on the mechanism by which an instrument sets the air in motion. The idea was not new. The Indian sage Bharata, working nearly 2000 years earlier, in compiling the knowledge of his era on dance, drama and music in the treatise Natyashastra, (ca. 200 C.E.) grouped musical instruments into four great classes, or vadya, based on this very idea: sushira, instruments you blow into; tata, instruments with strings to set the air in motion; avanaddha, instruments with membranes (i.e. drums), and ghana, instruments, usually of metal, that you strike. (This itemization and Bharata’s further discussion of the instruments is in Chapter 28 of the Natyashastra, first translated into English in 1961 by Manomohan Ghosh (Calcutta: The Asiatic Society, v.2). The immediate predecessor of the Systematik was a catalog for a newly-acquired collection at the Royal Conservatory of Music in Brussels. The collection included a large number of instruments from India, and the curator, Victor-Charles Mahillon, familiar with the Indian four-part system, decided to apply it in preparing his catalog, published in 1880 (this is best documented by Nazir Jairazbhoy in Selected Reports in Ethnomusicology – see 1990 in the timeline below). -
3 the Invention of the Concertina
3 The Invention of the Concertina Introduction Having outlined the concertina’s place within the broad history of modern free-reed instruments, I now discuss in detail the circumstances surrounding its appearance and first commercial production. I seek to identify the intentions of its creator, the influences upon its form and the degree of innovation involved. In doing so I hope to address two popular, yet contrasting, views on the invention of the concertina. Firstly, I wish to challenge the view commonly held by enthusiasts of the instrument, including many of my informants, that its invention was the one-off, brilliant creation of an eccentric scientific genius. The concertina was first produced some time during the 1830s by Wheatstone and Co. of London and it is clear that its conception and design were the responsibility of Charles Wheatstone. It is, however, too easy to apply a “heroic” view of invention which clouds proper understanding of innovation in the nineteenth century and over-elevates individual achievements. As the previous chapter described, the concertina was just one of a number of new free-reed products to emerge from an extended period of research and innovation in musical instrument design and manufacture. I wish to emphasise here that it was also just one part of a line of innovations by its creator, who was also an outstanding teacher, experimenter and pioneering inventor in acoustics, optics, electricity, telegraphy and other fields. Secondly, while popular tradition privileges this single aspect of Wheatstone’s work, writers on scientific matters have tended to regard his activities in the musical field as an interesting sideline, engaged in while bearing early responsibility for the family music business but abandoned on maturity for pressing work in other, more important fields. -
Introducing the Harmonica Box Concertina
Introducing The Harmonica, Button Box and Anglo Concertina The harmonica, the Anglo concertina and the button accordion are three instruments that operate on a similar blow/draw or push/pull principle. This means, in theory at least, that if you can get your mind around the way one of them works then moving on to another will be familiar, even relatively painless. So if you can rattle out a tune on the mouth organ you should at least have an idea how the concertina or button accordion works. A full octave of musical tones or steps contains 12 notes, 13 if you count the next octave note. (To get an octave note just means doubling, or halving, the frequency, such as by halving the length of a guitar string, or causing a reed to vibrate half, or twice, as fast). A scale containing all those 12 notes is called a chromatic scale. Most basic songs and tunes however only need a select 8 of these tones, the familiar ‘doh, re, me, fa, so, la, ti, doh’ thing, that’s 7 only notes, or 8 if you count the second ‘doh’. This is called a diatonic scale. The harmonica, Anglo concertina and button accordion are diatonic free reed instruments, in general they come with just the basic 7 notes that you will need to play most tunes, in one set key or starting point. And they make those notes when air is blown over little metal reeds that sit snugly in a frame. Each button, or hole on a harmonica, has two reeds and makes two different sounds, one when the bellows are pushed together, or you blow into a harmonica, another when the bellows are pulled apart, or you draw air in. -
The Harmonica Its Evolution, Variety and Beauty for Players, Collectors, and the Curious
The Harmonica Its Evolution, Variety and Beauty For Players, Collectors, And the Curious A Presentation for the Members of the Lyncean Group by John Whiteman La Jolla, CA eMail: [email protected] Mobile Phone: (858) 922-3750 July 11, 2018 Outline 1. About harmonicas • Definition • History 2. Harmonica as a musical instrument • Types • Demonstration 3. Harmonica as a “collectible” • Show and tell 3 Definition of “Harmonica” • “Free reed” instrument that is played by blowing/drawing with the mouth. – Also known as mouth organ (UK mostly), mundharmonika (Germany), harp • Other popular free reed instruments: – Accordion (button box, concertina, handharmonika, piano accordion) – Jew’s harp – Reed organ (pump organ) – Melodica (evolved from the blow accordion) 4 Standard Harmonica I’ll explain this later Typical “Diatonic” Harmonica With 10 holes and 20 reeds (2 per hole) (Disassembled on the next slide!) A harmonica reed Organ reeds Air Reed is “offset” from the reed plate; air must pass in direction of arrow for reed to vibrate and make sound 5 The Insides Comb – it is sandwiched between the reed plates Plastic: good Lower CoverPlate Wood: bad Upper Cover Plate Upper Reed Lower Reed Plate - Plate - Blow Draw 27 September 2017 6 Brief History of the Harmonica • ~1821 – first harmonica was made in Berlin from pitch pipes by Christian Buschmann – a mere 196 years ago • ~1830 – first U.S. harmonicas made by James Bazin • 1857 – Hohner starts to manufacture (700 first year) • 1887 – Hohner produces 1 million per year • 1920s – Golden age of harmonicas, 20 million/year • 1932 – Peak production of 25m despite Depression • 1938 – Recorded music and world situation decreases Hohner production back to 20 million, steadily declining ever since; Germany eventually cedes harmonica preeminence to Japan and China. -
Music in the Northern Woods: an Archaeological Exploration of Musical Instrument Remains
Michigan Technological University Digital Commons @ Michigan Tech Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports 2018 Music in the Northern Woods: An Archaeological Exploration of Musical Instrument Remains Matthew Durocher Michigan Technological University, [email protected] Copyright 2018 Matthew Durocher Recommended Citation Durocher, Matthew, "Music in the Northern Woods: An Archaeological Exploration of Musical Instrument Remains", Open Access Master's Thesis, Michigan Technological University, 2018. https://doi.org/10.37099/mtu.dc.etdr/575 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etdr Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons, Ethnomusicology Commons, and the Musicology Commons MUSIC IN THE NORTHERN WOODS: AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION OF MUSICAL INSTRUMENT REMAINS By Matthew J Durocher A THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE In Industrial Archaeology MICHIGAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 2018 © 2018 Matthew J Durocher This thesis has been approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Industrial Archaeology. Department of Social Sciences Thesis Advisor: Dr. LouAnn Wurst Committee Member: Dr. Steven A. Walton Committee Member: M. Bartley Seigel Department Chair: Dr. Hugh Gorman Table of Contents List of Figures………………………………………………………………………….v List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………vii Acknowledgments........................................................................viii Abstract………………………………………………………………………………….x 1. There was music…………………………………………………………………..1 1.1. Enter Coalwood…………………………………………………………………………….3 1.2. A prelude……………………………………………………………………………………..7 2. Fresh Water, Ore, and Lumber……………………………………………10 2.1. Early logging and music in the Upper Peninsula………………………….…14 2.2. Cleveland Cliffs Iron Mining Company………………………………………….16 2.3. Coalwood: 1901-1912…………………………………………………………………..18 2.4. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………26 3. The Sounds of a Place.………………………………………………………..28 3.1. -
The Accordions
Chapter 33 The Accordions Program33 Performances 1. Cousin Fuzzy, "Why Don't You Squeeze Me." 2. Tom Marincel, "Croatian Kolo." 3. Richie Yurkovich, "Maricka pegla." 4. Arthur "Zeke" Renard, "A la fete." 5. Louie Bashell, "South." 6. Hank Magayne, "Barking Dog Polka." 7. Jerry Schneider, "Emil's Polka." 8. Tuba Dan and the Polkalanders, "Flutaphone Polka." Accord ion Jamboree or the past fourteen years on the Sunday after Easter, two or three dozen accordion players have gathered at the Chalet St. Moritz, a Swiss restaurant Fsurrounded by dairy farms just west of Middleton. In front of two or three hundred listeners, these men and women spend a long pleasant afternoon taking turns on stage at the Accordion Jamboree. For many years, Rudy Burkhalter, the patriarch of Swiss music in America, was master of ceremonies. The accordions' variety and appearance are striking: little one-row button boxes have big onion shaped handles on the stops; two-, three-, and four-row button boxes are encased in gleaming red plastic from Germany or intricate inlaid wood from Slovenia; piano keyboard accordions are bejeweled with rhinestones, with a pha lanx of rectangular stops labeled Trumpet, Clarinet, Musette; chromatic button accordions have a dizzying array of black and white dots flanking ribbed bel lows emblazoned with a kinetic diamond pattern; electronic cordovoxes are technical wonders running on electricity, not air, the bellows but vestigial reminders of their lineage; and a few other squeezeboxes are not even accor dions at all, but concertinas and a bandoneon. The players play only the southern Wisconsin sampling of the diverse ethnicities and musical styles of the accordion world: Swiss landlers, German and Slovenian polkas, Polish obereks, Finnish hoppwaltzes, Irish and Scottish jigs, Norwegian schottisches, French-Canadian reels, Italian operetta overtures, Czech waltzes, a few jazz numbers, and some country and western tunes. -
The Harmonica and Irish Traditional Music by Don Meade
The Harmonica and Irish Traditional Music by Don Meade Revised March, 2016 Donald J. Meade All rights reserved TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 3 WHAT KIND OF HARMONICA? 4 TECHNICAL TIPS 13 MAJOR, MINOR, MODAL 16 ORNAMENTATION 19 CUSTOMIZING AND MAINTAINING CHROMATIC HARMONICAS 22 Appendix A: IRISH HARMONICA DISCOGRAPHY 27 Appendix B: MODE AND POSITION CHART 33 Appendix C: HARMONICA HISTORY 34 2 INTRODUCTION ingenious musicians from China to the The name “harmonica” has been applied to American south have found novel ways to a variety of musical instruments, the earliest play very different styles of music on it. of which was probably an array of musical Musicians in Ireland, influenced by the way glasses created by Ben Franklin in 1761. in which song airs and dance tunes are The 19th-century German-speakers who played on instruments with a longer history invented the mouth-blown free-reed in the country, have developed their own instrument now known as the harmonica distinctive techniques and styles. originally called it a Mundharmonika (“mouth harmonica”) to distinguish it from Instrumental technique is not really the key the Handharmonika, i.e., the accordion. to playing Irish traditional music. Anyone English speakers have since called it many who has ever heard a classical violinist things, including the mouth organ, mouth stiffly bow through a fiddle tune will harp, French harp, French fiddle, harpoon, understand that technical competence gob iron, tin sandwich and Mississippi cannot substitute for an understanding of saxophone. “Mouth organ” is the name traditional style. That understanding can most commonly heard in Ireland, where only be acquired by listening to and “harmonica” is sometimes used to refer emulating good traditional players. -
Hohner Diatonic Harmonicas
CODE PRODUCT DETAILS RRP Hohner Diatonic Harmonicas MARINE BAND : HAND MADE SERIES : 1896 MODELS 000010 Marine Band HM C £30.99 000011 Marine Band HM Db £30.99 000012 Marine Band HM D £30.99 000013 Marine Band HM Eb £30.99 000014 Marine Band HM E £30.99 000015 Marine Band HM F £30.99 000016 Marine Band HM F# £30.99 000017 Marine Band HM G £30.99 000018 Marine Band HM Ab £30.99 000019 Marine Band HM A £30.99 000020 Marine Band HM Bb £30.99 000021 Marine Band HM B £30.99 000010A Marine Band HM 1896 Pro Pack C/G/A £89.99 000030 Marine Band HM (Minor Tuning) C Natural £36.99 000031 Marine Band HM (Minor Tuning) D Natural £36.99 000033 Marine Band HM (Minor Tuning) E Natural £36.99 000035 Marine Band HM (Minor Tuning) F Natural £36.99 000022 Marine Band HM (Minor Tuning) F# Natural £36.99 000036 Marine Band HM (Minor Tuning) G Natural £36.99 000038 Marine Band HM (Minor Tuning) A Natural £36.99 000040 Marine Band HM (Minor Tuning) Bb Natural £36.99 000029 Marine Band HM (Minor Tuning) C Harmonic £36.99 000032 Marine Band HM (Minor Tuning) D Harmonic £36.99 000034 Marine Band HM (Minor Tuning) E Harmonic £36.99 000023 Marine Band HM (Minor Tuning) F# Harmonic £36.99 000037 Marine Band HM (Minor Tuning) G Harmonic £36.99 000039 Marine Band HM (Minor Tuning) A Harmonic £36.99 000041 Marine Band HM (Minor Tuning) Bb Harmonic £36.99 000005 Marine Band HM (Minor Tuning) B Natural £36.99 MARINE BAND : HAND MADE SERIES : 364 MODELS 000042 Marine Band 24 C £39.99 000043 Marine Band 24 G £39.99 000065 Marine Band 24 D £39.99 000046 Marine Band Soloist -
The Life and Times of the Concertina: Stuart Eydmann
The Life and Times of the Concertina: the adoption and usage of a novel musical instrument with particular reference to Scotland Stuart Eydmann The Open University 1995 Supervisors: Dr Peter Cooke & Dr Richard Middleton http://www.concertina.com/eydmann August, 2005 1 Introduction Background I first became interested in the concertina during the early 1970s when I acquired a second-hand instrument from a Glasgow music dealer and taught myself to play Scottish dance music on it. A number of local folk revival players, competitions at music festivals and authoritative performances and gramophone recordings by leading singers and groups backed my assumption that the concertina was primarily an instrument of the “folk traditions” of the British Isles. In 1982, a chance encounter with an elderly musician introduced me to other areas of concertina playing, including sacred music, bands, the music hall and many forms of popular music. It was clear that these pockets of musical activity were on the wane and, although they were seemingly at odds with my taste for traditional music and song, I set out to record the music and testimony of their musicians for posterity. My initial objective, therefore, was the protection, preservation and publicising of residual musical forms in a manner similar to the practice of “rescue archaeology”1 in my day to day work as a local authority conservation officer. This field work, complemented by library research and wider reading, led me to re- assess my view of the concertina as a “folk” instrument. It became -
The Accordion in Twentieth-Century China A
AN UNTOLD STORY: THE ACCORDION IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY CHINA A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'I IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN MUSIC AUGUST 2004 By Yin YeeKwan Thesis Committee: Frederick Lau, Chairperson Ricardo D. Trimillos Fred Blake ©Copyright2004 by YinYeeKwan iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My 2002 and 2003 fieldwork in the People's Republic ofChina was funded by The Arts and Sciences Grant from the University ofHawai'i at Manoa (UHM). I am grateful for the generous support. I am also greatly indebted to the accordionists and others I interviewed during this past year in Hong Kong, China, Phoenix City, and Hawai'i: Christie Adams, Chau Puyin, Carmel Lee Kama, 1 Lee Chee Wah, Li Cong, Ren Shirong, Sito Chaohan, Shi Zhenming, Tian Liantao, Wang Biyun, Wang Shusheng, Wang Xiaoping, Yang Wentao, Zhang Gaoping, and Zhang Ziqiang. Their help made it possible to finish this thesis. The directors ofthe accordion factories in China, Wang Tongfang and Wu Rende, also provided significant help. Writing a thesis is not the work ofonly one person. Without the help offriends during the past years, I could not have obtained those materials that were invaluable for writings ofthis thesis. I would like to acknowledge their help here: Chen Linqun, Chen Yingshi, Cheng Wai Tao, Luo Minghui, Wong Chi Chiu, Wang Jianxin, Yang Minkang, and Zhang Zhentao. Two others, Lee Chinghuei and Kaoru provided me with accordion materials from Japan. I am grateful for the guidance and advice ofmy committee members: Professors Frederick Lau, Ricardo D. -
Medium of Performance Thesaurus for Music
A clarinet (soprano) albogue tubes in a frame. USE clarinet BT double reed instrument UF kechruk a-jaeng alghōzā BT xylophone USE ajaeng USE algōjā anklung (rattle) accordeon alg̲hozah USE angklung (rattle) USE accordion USE algōjā antara accordion algōjā USE panpipes UF accordeon A pair of end-blown flutes played simultaneously, anzad garmon widespread in the Indian subcontinent. USE imzad piano accordion UF alghōzā anzhad BT free reed instrument alg̲hozah USE imzad NT button-key accordion algōzā Appalachian dulcimer lõõtspill bīnõn UF American dulcimer accordion band do nally Appalachian mountain dulcimer An ensemble consisting of two or more accordions, jorhi dulcimer, American with or without percussion and other instruments. jorī dulcimer, Appalachian UF accordion orchestra ngoze dulcimer, Kentucky BT instrumental ensemble pāvā dulcimer, lap accordion orchestra pāwā dulcimer, mountain USE accordion band satāra dulcimer, plucked acoustic bass guitar BT duct flute Kentucky dulcimer UF bass guitar, acoustic algōzā mountain dulcimer folk bass guitar USE algōjā lap dulcimer BT guitar Almglocke plucked dulcimer acoustic guitar USE cowbell BT plucked string instrument USE guitar alpenhorn zither acoustic guitar, electric USE alphorn Appalachian mountain dulcimer USE electric guitar alphorn USE Appalachian dulcimer actor UF alpenhorn arame, viola da An actor in a non-singing role who is explicitly alpine horn USE viola d'arame required for the performance of a musical BT natural horn composition that is not in a traditionally dramatic arará form. alpine horn A drum constructed by the Arará people of Cuba. BT performer USE alphorn BT drum adufo alto (singer) arched-top guitar USE tambourine USE alto voice USE guitar aenas alto clarinet archicembalo An alto member of the clarinet family that is USE arcicembalo USE launeddas associated with Western art music and is normally aeolian harp pitched in E♭. -
Detailed Instrument List & Descriptions
DIRECTORY OF INSTRUMENTS IN GARRITAN WORLD INSTRUMENTS 66 THE WIND INSTRUMENTS ARIA name: Description: Controls: Africa Arghul The Arghul is a reed woodwind instrument that Vel (attack), MW consists of two asymmetrical pipes. One pipe, (vol/eq), Porta, a chanter with between five and seven finger Lgth, VAR1, holes, is dedicated to the melody. The second VAR2, FiltLv, pipe, longer than the first, produces a drone. FiltFq, VibSpd, Arghuls come in different sizes and are played in Vib Amt, AirNs, Egypt and surrounding regions. Fluttr, Auto- • Range: C3- C6 Legato, BndSpd, Keyswitches Mijwiz 1 The Mijwiz is a traditional instrument of Egypt Vel (attack), MW and is one of the oldest wind instruments. Its (vol/eq), Porta, name means “dual” as it consists of two short Lgth, VAR1, bamboo reed pipes tied together. Instead of hav- VAR2, FiltLv, ing a separate reed attached to a mouthpiece, FiltFq, VibSpd, the reed in the Mijwiz is a vibrating tongue Vib Amt, AirNs, made from a slit cut into the wall of the instru- Fluttr, Auto- ment itself. Legato, BndSpd, • Range: C3 - C6 Keyswitches Mijwiz 2 Another Mijwiz instrument with a different Vel (attack), MW range and character. (vol/eq), Porta, • Range: C4 - C6 Lgth, VAR1, VAR2, FiltLv, FiltFq, VibSpd, Vib Amt, AirNs, Fluttr, Auto- Legato, BndSpd, Keyswitches A User’s Guide to Garritan World Instruments THE WIND INSTRUMENTS ARIA name: Description: Controls: China Bawu The Bawu is a side-blown wind instrument Vel (attack), MW found throughout China. Although it re- (vol/eq), Porta, Lgth, sembles a flute, it is actually a reed instrument.