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Glasses and the Historical Research Glasses and the historical research Jaroslav Sestak DISTINCTIVE ANNIVERSARIES, PAPERS AND CITATION RECORDS IN THE TOPIC OF GLASS CRYSTALLIZATION Sklář a keramik 11–12 / 2011 – 265 F R E D E R I K WILIE. H. Z A C H A R I A S E N BIBLIOGRAPHY IN MEMORIAM: WALTER KAUZMANN (1916–2009) C.A. Angell, D.R.McFarlane and M. Oguni KAUZMANN PARADOX, METASBLE LIQUIDS AND IDEAL GLASSES Annals of N.Y. Academy of Sciences David Turnbull UNDER WHAT CONDITIONS CAN A GLASS BE FORMED? Contemp. Phys., 1969, VOL. 10, NO. 5, 473-488 Jaroslav Šesták GLASSES AND ITS HISTORY Assay Některá výročí, publikace a citovanost v oboru krystalizace skel Distinctive anniversaries, papers and citation records in the topic of glass crystallization Jaroslav Šesták Nové technologie – Výzkumné centrum západočeského regionu, Západočeská universita, Universitní 8, CZ-30114 Plzeň, E-mail: [email protected]; Sekce fyziky pevných látek, Fyzikální ústav AV ČR, v.v.i., Cukrovarnická 10, CZ-16200 Praha; E-mail: [email protected] Práce zveřejňuje osmnáct většinou neznámých fotografií vý- Eighteen unfamiliar photos of distinguished specialists in glass značných odborníků v oblasti studia fázových transformací skel research are exposed describing also their scientific contribu- a ukazuje jejich badatelský význam. Je též otištěna fotografie tions. The work of CT7 (of ICG-International Commission on pracovní skupiny CT7 (ICG-International Commission on Glass) Glass) is mentioned including its photo from the year 2000.. dlouhodobě pracující v oblasti krystalizace skel. Text zahrnuje Text shows the survey of recently published books and reveals přehled nedávno publikovaných knih a analyzuje citační odezvy the best cited papers published in selected journals dealing with nejcitovanější publikací (podle WOS), zejména v časopisech Czech the topic of glass crystallization such as Czech J Phys, J Thermal J Phys, J Thermal Anal, Thermochim Acta, J Nocryst Sol, Phys Anal, Thermochim Acta, J Nonocryst Solids, Phys Chem Glasses, Chem Glasses, J Amer Cer Soc a Silikáty. Uvedeno přes sto citací J Amer Cer Soc and Silikáty. Text contains over hundred useful s názvy článků citations with titles. Úvod Frederik F. H. Zachariasen (1906–1979) rakterizace skel, mezinárodně uznáva- Existuje řada významných osobností, zvažoval principy propojování atomů ný autor knih [8]. Prostřední řada: Sir které přichystali vědeckou cestu k lep- a navrhl podmínky pro koordinaci Nevill F. Mott (1905–1996) čelný autor šímu pochopení podstaty nekrystalic- nejbližších sousedů bez nutnosti krys- článků o elektronické struktuře mag- kých látek, zejména v oblasti tradičních talického uspořádání na dlouhou vzdá- netických neuspořádaných systémů, skel [1]. Především se jednalo o po- lenost [4]. Walter Kauzman (1916–2009) zejména a morf ních polovodičů [9], po chopení specifičnosti krystalizačních analyzoval charakter skelného stavu němž se jmenuje přechod mezi ko- procesů při vytváření a devitrifikaci a vlastnosti tavenin při nižších teplo- vovým a nekovovým stavem („Mott skelného stavu. Historické aspekty se tách a dospěl k závěru, že entropie pod- transition“), a který je i nositelem No- zpravidla vytratily v prodloužené mi- chlazené taveniny prudce klesá během belovy ceny za fyziku v roce 1977. Jan nulosti vědeckého bádání a v následují- chlazení přes oblast tzv. skelné trans- Tauc (1922–2010) předložil nový kon- cím obr. 1 se pokoušíme připomenout formace (Tg) až v extrapolaci dosahuje cept pohledu na amorfní polovodiče, některé z nich, i když ve velice omeze- hodnoty odpovídajícího krystalické- když si uvědomil, že zakázané pásmo ném pohledu ohraničeným dostupnos- ho stavu při tzv. Kauzmanovy teplotě v pásové struktuře pevných látek může [5] tí portrétů významných osobností, což (TK) . Jakov I. Frenkel (1894–1952) se bez ostrých okrajů existovat i v neu- tak zvýrazňuje potřebu uchránit v naší zapsal do historie fundamentální prací spořádaném systému [10]. Arnošt Hrubý paměti příběhy z historie sklářského o kinetické teorii kapalin, kde skutko- (1919–) dnes často zapomínaný vynika- výzkumu, která je velkolepá, stejně vě zavedl koncept neuspořádanosti [6]. jící technolog, který uměl syntetizovat jako jeho slavní protagonisté. David Turnbull (1915–2007) se zasloužil nejrůznější amorfní polovodiče (typu o pochopení procesů nukleace a struk- III-V, II-IV) a který stanovil uznávaný Obr. 1., Některé z výrazných osobností turních transformací a zavedl koncept (Hrubého) koeficient sklotvornosti [11]. nauky o skle, horní řada z leva: Gus- redukovaných teplot (např. Tg/Tm = Tgr) Hywel A. Davies (1941–) emeritus, Sheffi- tav H. J. Tammann (1861–1938) který čímž upozornil, že i sklotvorné proce- eld univerzita, vylepšil výzkum a tech- jako první podtrhnout důležitost jevu, sy se mohou popsat kvantitativně [7]. nologii přípravy kovových skel ultra- že čím je vyšší viskozita taveniny při Miloš B. Volf (1915–1983) dnes bohu- rychlým chlazením, připravil amorfní teplotě tání tím nižší je její tendence žel opomíjená individualita českého a nanokrystalické magnetika. Donald ke krystalizaci [2] stejně tak jako prv- sklářství, významný svými encyklope- R. Uhlmann (1935–) emeritus, dřívější ní zavedl termín termická analysa [3]. dickými schopnostmi nejrůznější cha- ředitel význačného Výzkumného cent- 264 – Studie Obr. 1 – Některé z výrazných osobností nauky o skle ra Arizonské university (Tucson), uzná- Alfred Univerzity, studoval krystali- časopisu, který se počítá v průměru po- vaným spoluautorem Kingeriho knihy zační procesy [21], vitrifikace nukleární- sledních dvou let) [46] nedílnou součástí o základech nauky o skle a keramice ho odpadu a podporoval mezinárodní hodnocení vědeckých výstupů odborné a blízkým spolupracovníkem Norberta spolupráci (vznik a editace nového časo- práce širokého okruhu badatelů [46–48]. J. Kreidla [13, 14]. Edgar D. Zanotto (1954–) pisu Journal of Applied Glass Science). Nejpoužívanějším přístupem je využi- São Carlos univerzita (Brazilie) se za- Cornelius T. Moyniham (1937–) emeritus, tí databáze WOS (= Web of Science [48], sloužil o porozumění procesů nukleace Rensselaer polytechnika (Troy) zavedl který je použit i v tomto článku) a krystalizace skel [15,16] a je význam- koncept fiktivní teploty pro charakteri- V letošním roce se sešlo několik důle- ným editorem žurnálu nekrystalických zaci struktivní relaxace skel [22]. žitých výročí renomovaných autorů látek. Spodní řada: Hiroshi Suga (1930–) Na kontinuálním pokroku nauky v oblasti studia skelného stavu. Před emeritus, Osaka univerzita (Japonsko) o skelných přeměnách se významně po- čtyřiceti lety na přelomu sedmdesá- zakladatel teorie a klasifikace nekrys- dílela i speciální skupina „C7 = Nukleace tých let byl vědecký výzkum tehdejší- talických látek včetně originálních a krystalizace skel“, která byla ustavená ho Ústavu fyziky pevných látek (ÚFPL studia kalorického nízkoteplotního před 30. lety v rámci mezinárodní spo- ČSAV, předchůdce dnešního Fyzikál- chování specifického tepla [17]. Bernhard lečnosti skel (ICG) a jejíž historické foto ního ústavu, FzÚ AV ČR) zaměřen na Wunderlich (1931–) emeritus, Tennessee je ukázáno v obr. 2. Neměli bychom ani zkoumání polovodivých vlastností nej- univerzita (Knoxville), zajistil klasifi- opominout českou stopu zejména v ob- různějších materiálů. Jeho pracovníci kaci stupně krystalinity v makromo- lasti knižní propagace nauky o sklech tehdy znali jak připravit vysoce čisté lekulárních látkách, zabýval se struk- [8, 10, 23–33] ani mezinárodní knižní pub- germanium a křemík, tak i možností turou látek existujících mezi kapalným likace z posledních deseti let [32–45]. jejích dopování (vnesení příměsí) a sou- a pevným stavem [18]. Charles A. Angell časně dospěli v oblasti studia, přípra- (1933–) emeritus, Arizona univerzity vy a chování amorfních chalkogenidů (Tampe) se zabýval studiem struktury Citovanost publikací k poznání, že se jedná o významnou kapalin a jejími transportními a ter- a některá významná výročí inovaci v oboru skel. Tzv. zakázaný modynamickými charakteristikami v oboru nauky o sklech elektronový pás zde existuje i přes ab- a upřesnil metastabilní stavy podchla- senci dlouho-dosahového krystalového zení a fragilitu skel [19]. Larry L. Hanch V současné době se stal citační rejstřík uspořádání, který není ani v nekrys- (1937–) emeritus, Florida univerzity, autorů (tzv. citovanost reprezentující talickém blízko-dosahovém spořádání který se zasloužil o pochopení bio- četnost odkazů na jednotlivé publika- prázdný, protože obsahuje dostatečné aktivity anorganických povrchů skel ce) stejně jako tzv. impaktní faktor od- množství lokalizovaných stavů, jen a jejich možnou implantaci do živých borných časopisů (≈IF, tj. citační odkazy vykazuje neostré okraje. Spoluobjevite- tkání [20]. David L. Pye (1937–) emeritus, vlastních článků na stránkách daného lem fundamentálního pojednání o op- Sklář a keramik 11–12 / 2011 – 265 tické absorpční hraně v tetraedrických základě experimentálně stanovených přilákala nebývalé množství interpreta- polovodičích byl výše zmíněný J. Tauc, charakteristických teplot získaných cí [59, 60] a lze ji tak srovnat s jinou světo- jeden z nejvýznačnějších českých fyzi- pomocí metody diferenční termické vě uznávanou rovnicí nazývanou „Jan- ků posledních let. Jeho článek v Physics. analysy (DTA) studia chalkogenidů, der diffusion equation“ [61] (s 550 citacemi, Status Solidi (IF = 1.15) z roku 1966 [49] dodnes nazývanou „Hrubý glassforming IF = 1,23). Předchůdcem tohoto článku získal chvályhodných 1 375 citačních coefficient“. Tento jeho článek, publi- v TCA bylo pojednání J. Šestáka (1938–)
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