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Deciduous Tree Diseases PP697 (Revised) 1\ III III 1\ 311~[llill~I~!rlilllr~lil 0109 00838 111111~11~lllll 8350 Deciduous Tree Diseases R.W. Stack H.A. Lamey Professor of Plant Pathology Extension Plant Pathologist North Dakota State University North Dakota State University NDSU LIBRARIES 111111111111111111111111111111111111111I i 1111 I11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111I111I11 ill· 1 II i III i 1111111111111111111111I IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII!I III I! 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111III!IIIIIIIIIIIII ,11111 NDSU EXTENSION SERVICE NOVEMBER 1995 North Dakota State University, Fargo, NO 58105 ~.... ble of Contents Parasitic Diseases of Widespread Occurrence 8 Parasitic Diseases of Specific Trees (Listed alphabetically tree common name) 27 Non-Parasitic Disorders Reference to commercial products or trade names is supplied with the understanding that no discrimination is intended and no endorsement by the NDSU Extension Service is implied. 2 Parasitic Diseases of Widespread Occurrence any tree problems are caused by the Powdery Mildew M action of one or more living organisms. • Powdery mildew is a common foliage disease on Organisms which cause disease are called patho­ nearly all kinds of trees. Powdery mildew appears gens. The most common tree pathogens are as a white growth on the surface of leaves. The powdery appearance comes from millions of tiny fungi, a large and diverse group of plants lacking spores of the causal fungus, which are spread in chlorophyll which derive their nourishment by air currents to cause new infections. Tiny black parasitizing green plants, thereby causing dots found in the powdery patches are another disease. Most fungi are microscopic, but a few, type of spore body by which the fungus survives especially the wood-rotting fungi, produce large, the winter. Trees most commonly affected by powdery mildew are linden, crabapple, catalpa and often colorful, fruiting bodies as mushrooms or chokecherry, but almost any tree or shrub, includ­ conks. Some tree diseases are also caused by ing alpine current and rose, may be infected at bacteria and viruses. some time or other. Powdery mildew is especially Some types of pathogens infect many differ­ common on lilac. Because the usually dry climate of North Dakota is unfavorable for the humidity­ ent tree species with similar disease symptoms. loving powdery mildew fungi, the disease is seldom Other pathogens attack only a specific tree or a severe problem here (Figure 1). only certain cultivars of a tree. Diseases of the Control: Occasional or late-season infections first type will be considered in this section. are seldom important enough to warrant chemical control. If necessary spray with wettable sulfur at Diseases unique to specific trees will be consid­ 2 to 4 pounds per 100 gallons (1 to 2 tablespoons/ ered under the tree name in the second section gal.) unless specified otherwise on the label. on Parasitic Diseases of Specific Trees. Sulfur may injure tender foliage, especially in hot weather. Do not use sulfur on walnuts, as injury may occur. Funginex can also be sprayed on lilac at a rate of 1 tablespoon per gallon. Figure 1. Powdery mildew on leaves of hop hornbeam. 3 these branches. Stunting occurs in trees that have been affected for several seasons. When an affected branch is cut off, a ring of discolored wood can be Sooty Mold seen, with the color varying from gray to light or • Sooty mold, as the name implies, is a black dark brown to green. If the bark is peeled back, growth on the surface of leaves, especially those discolored streaks can be seen in the wood (Figure in shade. The sooty mold fungi are not plant 2). On elm, streaking caused by Verticillium re­ parasites but grow on the sweet honeydew depos­ sembles that from Dutch elm disease. A laboratory ited by various insects, especially aphids. Although test is needed to be sure which organism is unsightly, it seldom damages the tree. Sooty mold present. may occur on any tree but is most common on The Verticillium fungus invades through the boxelder, elm, linden, and maple. root system. Many tree species are susceptible, Control: Control depends on reducing the but the danger is greatest in a highly susceptible numbers of the honeydew secreting insects in tree such as maple, catalpa, elm or stone fruit. the tree. Honeydew on leaves of small trees can be The fungus attacks over 300 species of cultivated reduced by directing a stream of water over the plants. foliage at frequent intervals. There is no good control for verticillium wilt. Sometimes a tree will recover if affected branches are pruned out and proper fertilizing and watering Verticillium Wilt are provided to help promote vigorous growth. If a tree must be removed because of verticillium • Verticillium wilt, caused by the soil-borne wilt, do not plant another susceptible tree in the fungus Verticillium albo-atrum, causes light col­ same spot, since the Verticillium fungus survives ored leaves with a dull appearance in early sum­ a number of years in the soil. Plantings on land mer. The leaves then begin to drop without wilting, formerly in potatoes may be particularly likely to starting at the bases of affected branches and get verticillium wilt. progressing upward. The symptoms may involve The following trees have been reported as only one side of the tree or they may involve the resistant to verticillium wilt: entire tree. In severe cases, and on highly suscep­ Birch Betula tible trees such as sugar maple, entire branches Hornbeam Carpinus may wilt and die. Dry leaves remain attached to Hawthorn Crataegus Honey Locust Gleditsia Flowering Crabapple Malus Willow Salix Mountain-ash Sorbus Pine Pinus Spruce Picea Figure 2. Streaking in wood by Verticillium wilt. Bark has been removed from this branch to show the characteristic streaking of sapwood caused by Verticillium wilt. 4 Canker drought, lack of fertility, insect defoliation, or • The term "canker" is used to describe a killed herbicide damage predisposes trees to canker. area in the bark on the branch or trunk of an In general, cankers are more prevalent on young infected tree. More than 20 species of fungi that trees, on suppressed low vigor trees, or on trees at cause canker diseases are found in North Dakota. poor sites. Cankers most often occur on trees pre­ These fungi commonly invade wounded or injured disposed to infection by environmental stresses bark tissues to form a canker and subsequently such as herbicide drift, defoliation by insects or produce reproductive structures called fruiting chemicals or root damage. bodies. Spores from these fruiting bodies serve as Control: A sound control program for canker inoculum for new infections. Cankers may be diseases must be based on knowledge of the causal "superficial," forming on the outer portion of the organism, the host tree, the cultural and environ­ bark and doing little damage, or "cambial" when mental conditions under which the trees are extended into the cambium, where the bark grown, and available control methods. Control sloughs off and sapwood is exposed allowing involves both disease prevention and treatment. subsequent decay to develop in woody stem tissues. While homeowners may be able to justify control Annual cankers are active for one growing measures, they may not be economical in most season, and infected tissues are sloughed off or windbreak situations in North Dakota. healed over by callus (Figure 17, page 25). New Disease prevention involves growing vigorous cankers may form, but existing cankers cease to trees to prevent entrance of pathogens into the develop. bark. Wounds are essential for establishment of Perennial cankers are most conspicuous and most canker infections. The best preventive mea­ destructive. There are two types. In target cankers sure is to avoid unnecessary wounds, especially in (Figure 14, page 20) a succession of callus tissue the immediate area of active cankers containing repeatedly forms on canker margins over a period fungus spores. Establish new plantings on good of years. Diffuse cankers are generally oval in sites, use vigorous planting stock, fertilize trees shape and either sunken or swollen, little or no to promote growth, and control weeds for several callus is formed, and stems, twigs and branches years after planting. Improve vigor of landscape are girdled. trees by deep watering or trickle irrigation, espe­ Infections of living trees by canker fungi are cially during dry summer months, and maintain influenced by site, age, tree vigor, environmental good drainage. Protect trees from wounds or conditions and cultural practices. Stress by injuries. Sunscald control measures may also be implemented. See winter damage under Non­ Parasitic Disorders. It is difficult to cure infected trees by pruning diseased branches, since pruning frequently causes increased exposure and sun injury to remaining branches. In the case of landscape or severely storm damaged trees, dead, dying, or severely cankered branches may be pruned from infected trees during winter or early spring, but not at other times. 5 Leafspots • Localized infections of leaves ("leafspots") on When fungicides are used, they must be many trees are caused by a variety of fungi and applied prior to buildup of disease to effectively some bacteria. Positive identification usually control leafspotting fungi. If severe leafs potting requires laboratory diagnosis. Leafspot diseases and/or defoliation occurs for several years, chemi­ are seldom of sufficient importance in North cal control may be necessary, but the causal agent Dakota to warrant control measures. The few should be identified first (submit samples to the exceptions which may require control are noted NDSU Plant Diagnostic Laboratory through under specific diseases for that tree species. your county agent). Timing of protectant fungicide Leafspot fungi infect leaves by spores which sprays is critical and varies for different fungi. are dispersed by air currents or splashing rain. Correct timing is a key to effective chemical Infection usually requires moisture, such as dew, control.
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