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Deciduous Trees 11/23/2009 Deciduous trees Mike Maddox HilHorticulture Educator Rock County UW-Extension Director of Education Rotary Botanical Gardens DECIDUOUS TREES ISA Certified Arborist http://rock.uwex.edu/hort Advanced Master Gardener Training 2009 password: tree Overview Average Tree Age per Site What is “stress”? Specific problems 160 150 General overview Acer 140 Acute vs chronic Betula Primary vs secondary Fraxinus 120 Biotic vs abiotic Malus 100 Major stresses Prunus Soil and site problems Quercus 80 Physiological disorders Tilia 60 60 Physical / mechanical Ulmus injury Society of Municipal 40 32 Architectural problems Arborists- Tree of the Year Insects 20 7 Diseases 0 downtown avg. city site best city site rural site What is stress? Types of stress Stress Acute stress Chronic stress Condition in which a tree is not in good health Disorder that occurs Disorder occurring over Factors promoting plant health are out of balance suddenly or over a short a long period of time Light, Air, Water, Nutrients, etc. period of time Nutritional imbalance, Examples: pesticide improper soil pH, long sprays, frosts or freezes, term weather changes, mechanical injury, etc. incorrect light intensity, etc. 1 11/23/2009 Types of stress Types of stress Biotic stress Abiotic stress Primary (inciting) stress Secondary stress Disorder that occurs Disorder occurring from Usually a chronic factor Usually a biotic factor from a living organism a non-living source effecting the plant’s that compounds the Examples: insect feeding, Examples: Nutritional overall health stress disease infestation, imbalance, frost Examples: nutrient Disease or insect pest animal damage damage, flooding, etc. imbalance, improper soil pH, construction damage, weather, etc. Soil and Site Problems General Examples of Stress Root related problems difficult to diagnose WHY? Symptoms typically appear on trunk and canopy Soil and site problems Typically abiotic, chronic, primary stress Physiological disorders Physical and mechanical injuries Compacted soil Insects and other pests Salt usage Diseases Soil pH Soil water holding capacity Grade changes and soil layering 2 11/23/2009 Soil and Site Problems Soil compaction is extremely difficult, expensive, and often impractical to correct once it has occurred Avoid grade changes and soil compaction in the Critical Root Zone (()CRZ) or Radius ( ()CRZ) DBH x 1.5 = __ft of radius 3 11/23/2009 Physiological Disorders Non-infectious disorders Typically abiotic, chronic, primary stress Insufficient water Girdling roots Nutrient imbalance 4 11/23/2009 Research Summary Physiological Disorders Insufficient water Gary Watson, Morton Arboretum Unfertilized Fertilized ~1” of water per week (at recommended turf rates) (over recommended turf rates) Girdling roots Low root density Proper planting Low root density Turf Normal carbohydrate Nutrient imbalance Low carbohydrate storage storage Proper fertility regime High root density ‘Right Tree, Right Place’ High root density Mulch Normal carbohydrate Low carbohydrate storage storage Physical and Mechanical Injury Typically acute stress Full extent of damage cannot be immediately assessed Fire injury Animal feeding Lightning Lawn mower damage Vandalism (or stupid stuff) 5 11/23/2009 Physical and Mechanical Injury Fire injury Use appropriate controlled-burn strategies Animal feeding Use tree wrappgp and fencing to protect May be associated with other stress ie. Woodpeckers & borers Lightning Install lightning protection in trees on special trees Vandalism (and stupid stuff) Lawn mower damage Mulch trees and educate the person with the weed-whip! 6 11/23/2009 Architectural Problems Improper pruning Double leaders Included bark ed. Restart your Proper Pruning Cut 3 Point Cut Undercut Stub cut Cut at branch collar Best in dormant season “Stub Cut” “Flush Cut” 7 11/23/2009 8 11/23/2009 9 11/23/2009 Family A’s Tree - Not Pruned When Young Family BBs’sTree Tree - Pruned When Young At Planting 3-4 Yrs. 5-7 Yrs. 15 Years later Insects Many insects, harmful or not, may live on plant Different life stages may be harmful to plant Most insect damage is result of feeding activity Bio tic and typi call y secondary stress Leaf feeding insects vs Wood boring insects RDC A Courtesy of D. Herms, OSU/ O Feeds on phloem tissue just Scars the xylem tissue on the under the bark surface of the sapwood 10 11/23/2009 Insects Diseases Develop IPM strategy for insect control Susceptible host, pathogen, and favorable Resistant varieties environment must be present for infection to form i.e. don’t plant ash trees? Most pathogens are host specific Scouting and monitoring Part of tree affected indicates severity of disease Preventative measures Leaves, stems, trunks, roots, flowers Systemic insecticide, inspect incoming stock, etc. Cosmetic vs. fatal Curative measures Biotic, chronic or acute, typically secondary Diseases Develop IPM strategy for disease control Resistant varieties Scouting and monitoring PttiPreventative measures Preventative pesticide applications, pruning, disinfect tools, sanitation, etc. Curative measures? 11 11/23/2009 Reducing Plant Stress “Right Plant, Right Place” Proper watering and nutrition Proper maintenance (planting, pruning) IPM, scouting Resources Woody ornamental pest management in Wisconsin, (A3597) www.isa-arbor.com , www.treecareindustry.org Tree Selection Species Specific Issues For a healthy urban forest… No more than 10% of any single tree species. No more than 20% of any tree genus. Acer Quercus No more than 30% of any tree family . BlBetula Tilia (Frank Santamour, Jr. 1990. METRIA 7) Fraxinus Ulmus Malus Gleditsia Prunus Acer sp. (Maple) Family Aceraceae About 110-120 species of trees & shrubs Acer (maple) Dipteronia- occurs only in China MMyNostly N. Hemisp here Leaves opposite, simple and palmately veined or palmately or pinnately compound. Fruit samara 12 11/23/2009 Acer sp. (Maple) Acer sp. (Maple) Insects Diseases Sugar- upland species, poor urban tolerance Aphids** Anthracnose* Cottony maple scale* Bacterial wetwood* Norway maple- OVERPLANTED, shade, invasive Erinium gall mite Basal canker Silver maple- weak wood, messy, weedy Fall cankerworm** Leaf scorch Leafhopper* Septoria leaf spot* Box elder- weak wood,,y,y messy, weedy Lecanium scale Tar spot* Amur maple- invasive Maple bladder gall mite** Verticillium wilt** Maple petiole disorder Red maple- soil pH issues Obliquebanded leafroller Japanese- cold hardiness Oystershell scale Spring cankerworm** Freeman maple (hybrid)- adaptable, overplanted? Tussock moth Autumn Blaze- 2003 Urban Tree of the Year by The Yellowknecked cateripillar Society of Municipal Arborists Betula sp. (Birch) Family Betulaceae 6 genera of about 120-170 species Betula (birches) Alnus (()alder) Corylus (hazelnut) Carpinus (musclewood) Cool temperate environments of N. Hemisphere Often associated with lakes and streams Betula sp. (Birch) Betula sp. (Birch) Shrubs or trees Insects Diseases Aphids** Canker** Leaves Leafminer* Leaf rust* Alternate, simple Birch leaf skeletonizer* Leaf spot Bronze birch borer* Inflorescence Dusky birch sawfly* Catkin Fall webworm** Gypsy moth** Fruit Leafhopper Samara Lecanium scale Yellownecked caterpillar Tussock moth 13 11/23/2009 Betula sp. (Birch) Paper- heat hardiness, moisture Whitespire- must be clonally propagated River- adaptable, Japanese beetle, overplanted? Betula nigra Heritage™ 2002 Urban Tree of the Year by The Society of Municipal Arborists Fraxinus sp. (Ash) Fraxinus sp. (Ash) Family Oleaceae (Olive family) Mostly temperate regions of N. Hemisphere 24-30 genera, herbs, shrubs, woody vines, trees Leaves Fraxinus (ash) opposite, odd-pinnately compound, leaflets serrate to Chionanthus (fringetree) entire Forsythia (forsythia) Fruit Ligustrum (privet) Samara Syringa (lilac) Fraxinus sp. (Ash) Fraxinus sp. (Ash) Insects Diseases Green- very adaptable, “green trash”, leaf loss, Aphids** Anthracnose** susceptible to many problems, OVERPLANTED Ash flower gall mite Leafspots* White- more ornamental than green, cleaner, Ash borer/lilac borer Cankers* overplanted Emerald Ash Borer Verticillium wilt** Blue- square stems, not as adaptable as others Fall webworm** Plantbugs** Oystershell scale 14 11/23/2009 Fraxinus sp. (Ash) Emerald Ash Borer (EAB) Attacks ALL Fraxinus! Malus sp. (Crabapples) Family Rosaceae (Rose) 97-100 genera, 3000 species World-wide distribution VVyery div erse: herbs to small trees Rosa (rose) Prunus (almond, apricot, cherry, Rubus (blackberry, raspberry) peach, plum) Fragaria (strawberry) Spireae Pyrus (pear) Potentilla Cratageus (hawthorn) Sorbus (Mtn. Ash) Malus sp. (Crabapples) Malus sp. (Crabapples) According to Michael Dirr… Leaves 400 to 600 types Alternate, simple Tend to freely hybridize Flowers Single flower with 5 petals, born in umbels or racemes Fruit Pome 15 11/23/2009 Malus sp. (Crabapples) Malus sp. (Crabapples) Insects Diseases White Bloom Rosy Bloom Aphids** Fireblight Red/pink buds Pink/magenta flowers Eastern tent caterpillar** Rust White flowers Leaves tinged red Fall cankerworm Scab Fall webworm Powdery mildew Leaves green Fall color burgundy Gypsy moth Fall color Fruits always red Japanese beetle yellow/orange Scale Fruits red or yellow Shothole borer (turning orange) Spider mites Malus sp. (Crabapples) Native varieties often lack disease/insect resistance (M. ioensis) Breeding for disease resistance, flower color,
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