11/23/2009

Deciduous trees

Mike Maddox HilHorticulture Educator Rock County UW-Extension Director of Education Rotary Botanical Gardens DECIDUOUS TREES ISA Certified Arborist http://rock.uwex.edu/hort Advanced Master Gardener Training 2009 password: tree

Overview Average Tree Age per Site

What is “stress”? Specific problems 160 150 General overview † Acer 140 † Acute vs chronic † Betula † Primary vs secondary † Fraxinus 120 † Biotic vs abiotic † Malus 100 Major stresses † Prunus † † Soil and site problems Quercus 80 † † Physiological disorders Tilia 60 † 60 † Physical / mechanical Ulmus injury Society of Municipal 40 32 † Architectural problems Arborists- Tree of the Year † Insects 20 7 † Diseases 0 downtown avg. city site best city site rural site

What is stress? Types of stress

Stress Acute stress Chronic stress † Condition in which a tree is not in good health † Disorder that occurs † Disorder occurring over † Factors promoting plant health are out of balance suddenly or over a short a long period of time „ Light, Air, Water, Nutrients, etc. period of time „ Nutritional imbalance, „ Examples: pesticide improper soil pH, long sprays, frosts or freezes, term weather changes, mechanical injury, etc. incorrect light intensity, etc.

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Types of stress Types of stress

Biotic stress Abiotic stress Primary (inciting) stress Secondary stress † Disorder that occurs † Disorder occurring from † Usually a chronic factor † Usually a biotic factor from a living organism a non-living source effecting the plant’s that compounds the „ Examples: insect feeding, „ Examples: Nutritional overall health stress disease infestation, imbalance, frost „ Examples: nutrient „ Disease or insect pest animal damage damage, flooding, etc. imbalance, improper soil pH, construction damage, weather, etc.

Soil and Site Problems

General Examples of Stress Root related problems difficult to diagnose WHY? Symptoms typically appear on trunk and canopy

Soil and site problems Typically abiotic, chronic, primary stress Physiological disorders Physical and mechanical injuries † Compacted soil Insects and other pests † Salt usage Diseases † Soil pH † Soil water holding capacity † Grade changes and soil layering

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Soil and Site Problems

Soil compaction is extremely difficult, expensive, and often impractical to correct once it has occurred

Avoid grade changes and soil compaction in the Critical Root Zone (()CRZ) or Radius ()(CRZ) † DBH x 1.5 = __ft of radius

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Physiological Disorders

Non-infectious disorders

Typically abiotic, chronic, primary stress † Insufficient water † Girdling roots † Nutrient imbalance

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Research Summary Physiological Disorders

Insufficient water Gary Watson, Morton Arboretum Unfertilized Fertilized † ~1” of water per week (at recommended turf rates) (over recommended turf rates) Girdling roots

Low root density † Proper planting Low root density

Turf Normal carbohydrate Nutrient imbalance Low carbohydrate storage storage † Proper fertility regime

High root density † ‘Right Tree, Right Place’ High root density

Mulch Normal carbohydrate Low carbohydrate storage storage

Physical and Mechanical Injury

Typically acute stress

Full extent of damage cannot be immediately assessed † Fire injury † Animal feeding † Lightning † Lawn mower damage † Vandalism (or stupid stuff)

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Physical and Mechanical Injury

Fire injury † Use appropriate controlled-burn strategies

Animal feeding † Use tree wrappgp and fencing to protect † May be associated with other stress „ ie. Woodpeckers & borers

Lightning † Install lightning protection in trees on special trees

Vandalism (and stupid stuff)

Lawn mower damage † Mulch trees and educate the person with the weed-whip!

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Architectural Problems

Improper pruning

Double leaders

Included bark

ed. Restart your

Proper Pruning Cut

3 Point Cut † Undercut † Stub cut † Cut at branch collar

† Best in dormant season

“Stub Cut”

“Flush Cut”

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Family A’s Tree - Not Pruned When Young

Family BBs’sTree Tree - Pruned When Young

At Planting 3-4 Yrs. 5-7 Yrs. 15 Years later

Insects

Many insects, harmful or not, may live on plant

Different life stages may be harmful to plant

Most insect damage is result of feeding activity

Bio tic and typi call y secon dary stress † Leaf feeding insects vs Wood boring insects RDC A Courtesy of D. Herms, OSU/ O Feeds on phloem tissue just Scars the xylem tissue on the under the bark surface of the sapwood

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Insects Diseases

Develop IPM strategy for insect control Susceptible host, pathogen, and favorable

Resistant varieties environment must be present for infection to form † i.e. don’t plant ash trees? Most pathogens are host specific

Scouting and monitoring Part of tree affected indicates severity of disease

Preventative measures † Leaves, stems, trunks, roots, flowers † Systemic insecticide, inspect incoming stock, etc. † Cosmetic vs. fatal

Curative measures Biotic, chronic or acute, typically secondary

Diseases

Develop IPM strategy for disease control

Resistant varieties

Scouting and monitoring

PttiPreventative measures † Preventative pesticide applications, pruning, disinfect tools, sanitation, etc.

Curative measures?

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Reducing Plant Stress

“Right Plant, Right Place”

Proper watering and nutrition

Proper maintenance (planting, pruning)

IPM, scouting

Resources † Woody ornamental pest management in Wisconsin, (A3597) † www.isa-arbor.com , www.treecareindustry.org

Tree Selection

Species Specific Issues For a healthy urban forest… † No more than 10% of any single tree species. † No more than 20% of any tree genus. Acer Quercus † No more than 30% of any tree family . BlBetula Tilia (Frank Santamour, Jr. 1990. METRIA 7) Fraxinus Ulmus Malus Gleditsia Prunus

Acer sp. (Maple)

Family Aceraceae † About 110-120 species of trees & shrubs † Acer (maple) † Dipteronia- occurs only in China MMyNostly N. Hemis phere Leaves † opposite, simple and palmately veined or palmately or pinnately compound. Fruit † samara

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Acer sp. (Maple) Acer sp. (Maple)

Insects Diseases Sugar- upland species, poor urban tolerance † Aphids** † Anthracnose* † Cottony maple scale* † Bacterial wetwood* Norway maple- OVERPLANTED, shade, invasive † Erinium gall mite † Basal canker Silver maple- weak wood, messy, weedy † Fall cankerworm** † Leaf scorch † Leafhopper* † Septoria leaf spot* Box elder- weak wood,,y,y messy, weedy † Lecanium scale † Tar spot* Amur maple- invasive † Maple bladder gall mite** † Verticillium wilt** † Maple petiole disorder Red maple- soil pH issues † Obliquebanded leafroller Japanese- cold hardiness † Oystershell scale † Spring cankerworm** Freeman maple (hybrid)- adaptable, overplanted? † Tussock moth † Autumn Blaze- 2003 Urban Tree of the Year by The † Yellowknecked cateripillar Society of Municipal Arborists

Betula sp. (Birch)

Family Betulaceae † 6 genera of about 120-170 species † Betula (birches) † Alnus (()alder) † Corylus (hazelnut) † Carpinus (musclewood)

Cool temperate environments of N. Hemisphere

Often associated with lakes and streams

Betula sp. (Birch) Betula sp. (Birch)

Shrubs or trees Insects Diseases † Aphids** † Canker** Leaves † Leafminer* † Leaf rust* † Alternate, simple † Birch leaf skeletonizer* † Leaf spot † Bronze birch borer*

Inflorescence † Dusky birch sawfly* † Catkin † Fall webworm** † Gypsy moth** Fruit † Leafhopper † Samara † Lecanium scale † Yellownecked caterpillar † Tussock moth

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Betula sp. (Birch)

Paper- heat hardiness, moisture

Whitespire- must be clonally propagated

River- adaptable, Japanese beetle, overplanted? † Betula nigra Heritage™ 2002 Urban Tree of the Year by The Society of Municipal Arborists

Fraxinus sp. (Ash) Fraxinus sp. (Ash)

Family Oleaceae (Olive family) Mostly temperate regions of N. Hemisphere

† 24-30 genera, herbs, shrubs, woody vines, trees Leaves † Fraxinus (ash) † opposite, odd-pinnately compound, leaflets serrate to † Chionanthus (fringetree) entire † Forsythia (forsythia) Fruit † Ligustrum (privet) † Samara † Syringa (lilac)

Fraxinus sp. (Ash) Fraxinus sp. (Ash)

Insects Diseases Green- very adaptable, “green trash”, leaf loss, † Aphids** † Anthracnose** susceptible to many problems, OVERPLANTED † Ash flower gall mite † Leafspots* White- more ornamental than green, cleaner, † Ash borer/lilac borer † Cankers* overplanted

† Emerald Ash Borer † Verticillium wilt** Blue- square stems, not as adaptable as others † Fall webworm** † Plantbugs** † Oystershell scale

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Fraxinus sp. (Ash)

Emerald Ash Borer (EAB) † Attacks ALL Fraxinus!

Malus sp. (Crabapples)

Family Rosaceae (Rose) † 97-100 genera, 3000 species † World-wide distribution † VVyery div erse: herbs to small trees † Rosa (rose) † Prunus (almond, apricot, cherry, † Rubus (blackberry, raspberry) peach, plum) † Fragaria (strawberry) † Spireae † Pyrus (pear) † Potentilla † Cratageus (hawthorn) † Sorbus (Mtn. Ash)

Malus sp. (Crabapples) Malus sp. (Crabapples)

According to Michael Dirr… Leaves † 400 to 600 types † Alternate, simple

† Tend to freely hybridize Flowers † Single flower with 5 petals, born in umbels or racemes

Fruit † Pome

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Malus sp. (Crabapples) Malus sp. (Crabapples)

Insects Diseases White Bloom Rosy Bloom † Aphids** † Fireblight Red/pink buds Pink/magenta flowers † Eastern tent caterpillar** † Rust

White flowers Leaves tinged red † Fall cankerworm † Scab † Fall webworm † Powdery mildew Leaves green Fall color burgundy † Gypsy moth Fall color Fruits always red † Japanese beetle yellow/orange † Scale

Fruits red or yellow † Shothole borer (turning orange) † Spider mites

Malus sp. (Crabapples)

Native varieties often lack disease/insect resistance (M. ioensis)

Breeding for disease resistance, flower color, fruit size & persistence

Suckers and watersprouts

Prunus sp. (Plum, cherry…) Prunus sp. (Plum, cherry…)

Also Rosaceae family Leaves

According to Dirr… † Alternate, simple, serrated † Over 400 species of Prunus many difficult to distinguish Flowers † Many insect and disease problems † Five-petalled, showy

† Do not look upon as long-term garden investments Fruit † 1 seeded drupe of various shapes, stone fruit often enclosed

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Prunus sp. (Plum, cherry…) Prunus sp. (Plum, cherry…)

Insects More Insects Diseases † Aphids** † Lesser peachtree borer* † Bacterial leafspot & † Eastern tent caterpillar** † Obliquebanded leafroller canker † European red mite* † Oystershell scale* † Black knot † Fall cankerworm** † Peachtree borer † Fall webworm** † Pear slug sawfly* † Powdery mildew † Gypsy moth** † San Jose scale* † Japanese beetle** † Spring cankerworm** † Lecanium scale † Spider mite* † Yellownecked caterpillar

Prunus sp. (Plum, cherry…)

Purple leaf sand cherry (P. x c i s t e n a )- OVERPLANTED, JB, BK

American red plum (P. americana)- roadside waste land, BK

Quercus sp. (Oak)

Family Fagaceae (Beech) † 7 genera, 800-1000 species † Temperate and tropical N. Hemisphere † Castanea (()chestnut) † Fagus (beech)

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Quercus sp. (Oak) Quercus sp. (Oak)

Leaves Insects More Insects † Alternate, simple, usually pinnately veined † Aphids** † Oak leaf skeletonizer

Fruit † Fall cankerworm** † Spider mites † Nut † Fall webworm** † Sppgring cankerworm † Galls* † Twig pruner † Lacebug † Two-lined chestnut † Lecanium scale borer † Oakleaf miner † Yellownecked caterpillar

Quercus sp. (Oak) Quercus sp. (Oak)

Diseases Misc. White Oak Group Red Oak Group † Anthracnose* † Alkaline soil induced † Leaf spots** chlorosis Rounded leaves Pointed leaves † Oak wilt** 1 year to bear acorn 2 years to bear acorns † Root and butt rot Physiologically Very susceptible to resistant to oak wilt oak wilt

Quercus sp. (Oak)

White (Q. alba)- difficult to produce and transplant, slow growing; subject to decline with urbanization Swamp white (Q. bicolor)- moist bottomland species, chlorotic † 1998 Urban Tree of the Year by The Society of Municipal Arborists Bur (Q. macrocarpa) highly variable leaf description, “more tolerant of urban conditions than most oaks” (M. Dirr) Red (Q. rubra)- can be adaptable to urban areas, high pH intolerant Pin (Q. palustris or Q. ellipsoidalis)- prefers moist soils, high pH intolerant, can be questionable for northern climates.

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Tilia sp. (Linden) Tilia sp. (Linden)

Family Tiliaceae (Linden) Leaves † 50 genera, 450 species of trees, shrubs, herbs world- † Alternate, simple wide Fruit † Of family members in N. America, only Tilia is † Capsule (berry-like) arborescent

Tilia sp. (Linden) Tilia sp. (Linden)

Insects Insects (more) American (T. americana) – native species, soil † Aphids** † Japanese beetle** adaptable but not tolerant to pollution; European † Fall cankerworm** † Lecanium scale selections more ornamental and adaptable, “best † Fall webworm † Linden borer* left in the woods”, included bark † Gypsy moth** † San Jose scale † Redmond (T. americana x T. xeuchlora) - † Introduced basswood † Spring cankerworm** Little leaf (T. cordata) - easy to transplant, urban thrips* † Tussock moth tolerant, numerous cultivars, included bark † Yellownecked caterpillar

Ulmus sp. (Elm)

Family Ulmaceae (Elm) † 18 genera, 150 trees and shrubs, world wide † Celtis (hackberry)

Dirr… † “Why are elms treated like royalty when they are so fallible?”

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Ulmus sp. (Elm) Ulmus sp. (Elm)

Leaves Insects Insects (more) † Alternate, pinnately veined, often inequilateral at base † Aphids** † Lecanium scale

Fruit † Elm leaf beetle † Spider mites † Samara (elm), drupe (hackberry) † Elm sawfly † Sppyiny elm caterp illar † Fall cankerworm † Spring cankerworm † Fall webworm † Wooly apple aphid † Gypsy moth** † Yellownecked † Leafhopper caterpillar

Ulmus sp. (Elm) Ulmus sp. (Elm)

Diseases American (U. americana)- very adaptable, overused, DED † Bacterial wetwood Chinese or lacebark (U. parviflora)- durable and (slime flux) ornamental, DED resistant, underused? † Dutch elm disease* Siberian (U. pumila)- adaptable but little ornamental † Verticillium wilt* value, DED resistant, “a tree that does not deserve to be planted anywhere!” Dirr † Canker* Asiatic hybrids- DED resistant, form? † Leaf blister* † AccoladeTM (‘Morton’) U. japonica x U. wilsoniana † Leaf spots* † ‘Patriot’, ‘Urban’ x selection of U. wilsoniana † MANY others – need to question adult form.

Gleditsia sp. (Honeylocust) Gleditsia sp. (Honeylocust)

Family Fabaceae (legume) Leaves † Third largest family of flowering plants with 690-800 † Alternate, 1- to 2-pinnately compound genera, 14,000 to 20,000 species of herbs, shrubs, Fruit trees, woody vines, world-wide. † Elongated, compressed, indehiscent legume (pod) † Cercis (red bud) † Gymnocladus (Ky coffeetree) † Robinia (locust) † Cladrastis (yellowwood)

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Gleditsia sp. (Honeylocust) Gleditsia sp. (Honeylocust)

Insects Diseases Thornless honeysuckle (G. triacanthos var inermis)- † Aphids** † Canker** TOUGH urban tree, tends Y-branch, OVERPLANTED † Cottony maple scale † Honeylocust spider mi*ite* † Honeylocust plantbug* † Honeylocust pod gall midge † Leafhoppers † Lecanium scale

2010-Tree of the Year

Tree Recommendations Redbud Cercis Society of Municipal Arborists canadensis Tree of the Year Program

2009-Tree of the Year 2008-Tree of the Year

Chinkapin oak Black Tupelo

Quercus Nyssa muhlenbergii sylvatica

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2007-Tree of the Year 2006-Tree of the Year

Baldcypress Kentucky Coffeetree Taxodium distichum Gymnocladus dioicus

2005-Tree of the Year 2004-Tree of the Year

'Chanticleer' 'Autumn Blaze' Pear Maple

Pyrus Acer x calleryana freemanii 'Chanticleer'

2003-Tree of the Year 2002-Tree of the Year

'Allee' 'Heritage' Lacebark Elm River Birch

Ulmus Betula nigra parvifolia ‘Heritage’ ‘Emer II’

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2001-Tree of the Year 2000-Tree of the Year

Bur Oak 'Redmond' Linden Quercus macrocarpa

1999-Tree of the Year 1998-Tree of the Year

'Skyline' Swamp White Honeylocust Oak

Quercus bicolor

1997-Tree of the Year 1996-Tree of the Year

'Ivory Silk' 'Princeton Lilac Sentry' Ginkgo Syringa reticulata

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Questions?

Thank you.

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