A Glossary for Avian Conservation Biology
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Eastern Deciduous Forest
Eastern Deciduous Forest Physical description Most of the terrain is rolling except for the Ozark Mountains, which can be steep. The average annual precipitation ranges from approximately 35 inches to 90 inches and is usually well-distributed throughout the year. Summers are hot; winters are cold. Dominant vegetation Deciduous trees dominate the landscape across the Eastern Deciduous Forest ecoregion where there is a lack of disturbance. Depending on location, trees such as oaks, hickories, maples, American beech, basswood, buckeye, yellow poplar, walnut, and birches are common in the overstory and can be indicators of a climax successional stage. Prevalent midstory trees include flowering dogwood, sassafras, sourwood, eastern redbud, hophornbeam, American hornbeam, and striped maple. Common shrubs include arrowwood, black huckleberry, blueberries, hawthorn, pawpaw, spicebush, viburnums, and witchhazel. A wide variety of forbs and ferns may be found in the understory. Common evergreen trees on many sites undergoing succession include eastern redcedar and shortleaf pine. Figure 2. Deciduous forest cover occurs over the Eastern Deciduous Forest ecoregion, except where areas have been cleared for agriculture and livestock. Changes in the composition, structure and function of the Eastern Deciduous Forest have already occurred during the past 100 years with the loss of American chestnut and the near total exclusion of fire. Prior to fire suppression, savannas and woodlands dominated by oak and shortleaf pine were prevalent over much of this ecoregion. Well-interspersed with forested areas in the Eastern Deciduous Forest ecoregion are agricultural fields, pastures and hayfields, and fields undergoing succession. Virtually all of these “old- fields” have been cropped in the past, and the vast majority has since been planted to nonnative grasses, especially tall fescue. -
Mechanisms of Urodele Limb Regeneration
Received: 1 September 2017 Accepted: 4 October 2017 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.92 REVIEW Mechanisms of urodele limb regeneration David L. Stocum Department of Biology, Indiana University−Purdue University Indianapolis, Abstract 723 W. Michigan St, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA This review explores the historical and current state of our knowledge about urodele limb regen- Correspondence eration. Topics discussed are (1) blastema formation by the proteolytic histolysis of limb tissues David L. Stocum, Department of Biology, Indiana to release resident stem cells and mononucleate cells that undergo dedifferentiation, cell cycle University−Purdue University Indianapolis, 723 W. Michigan St, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. entry and accumulation under the apical epidermal cap. (2) The origin, phenotypic memory, and Email: [email protected] positional memory of blastema cells. (3) The role played by macrophages in the early events of regeneration. (4) The role of neural and AEC factors and interaction between blastema cells in mitosis and distalization. (5) Models of pattern formation based on the results of axial reversal experiments, experiments on the regeneration of half and double half limbs, and experiments using retinoic acid to alter positional identity of blastema cells. (6) Possible mechanisms of distalization during normal and intercalary regeneration. (7) Is pattern formation is a self-organizing property of the blastema or dictated by chemical signals from adjacent tissues? (8) What is the future for regenerating a human limb? KEYWORDS limb, mechanisms, regeneration, review, urodele 1 INTRODUCTION encouraged the idea that mammals have retained a latent ances- tral genetic circuitry for appendage regeneration that might be Evidence from the fossil record indicates that urodeles (salaman- activated by appropriate interventions and applied to the goal of ders and newts) of the Permian period (the last period of the Pale- regenerating a human limb. -
Buzzle – Zoology Terms – Glossary of Biology Terms and Definitions Http
Buzzle – Zoology Terms – Glossary of Biology Terms and Definitions http://www.buzzle.com/articles/biology-terms-glossary-of-biology-terms-and- definitions.html#ZoologyGlossary Biology is the branch of science concerned with the study of life: structure, growth, functioning and evolution of living things. This discipline of science comprises three sub-disciplines that are botany (study of plants), Zoology (study of animals) and Microbiology (study of microorganisms). This vast subject of science involves the usage of myriads of biology terms, which are essential to be comprehended correctly. People involved in the science field encounter innumerable jargons during their study, research or work. Moreover, since science is a part of everybody's life, it is something that is important to all individuals. A Abdomen: Abdomen in mammals is the portion of the body which is located below the rib cage, and in arthropods below the thorax. It is the cavity that contains stomach, intestines, etc. Abscission: Abscission is a process of shedding or separating part of an organism from the rest of it. Common examples are that of, plant parts like leaves, fruits, flowers and bark being separated from the plant. Accidental: Accidental refers to the occurrences or existence of all those species that would not be found in a particular region under normal circumstances. Acclimation: Acclimation refers to the morphological and/or physiological changes experienced by various organisms to adapt or accustom themselves to a new climate or environment. Active Transport: The movement of cellular substances like ions or molecules by traveling across the membrane, towards a higher level of concentration while consuming energy. -
A Statistical Study of Regeneration in Two Species of Crustacea by W
349 A STATISTICAL STUDY OF REGENERATION IN TWO SPECIES OF CRUSTACEA BY W. E. AGAR, Professor of Zoology, University of Melbourne. (Received 22nd April, 1930.) (With Three Text-figures.) CONTENTS. PAGE I. Introduction 349 II. Methods of culture 350 III. Growth and sex 351 IV. The material available . .351 V. Structure of the antenna 352 VI. The operation . • . 353 VII. General nature of the regeneration 353 VIII. Measuring and recording the amount of regeneration .... 355 IX. The influence of certain factors on regeneration ..... 357 (a) The segment through which amputation is performed . -357 (6) The level of amputation within the segment .... 357 W Age 358 (d) The simultaneous regeneration of the other antenna . 358 (e) The previous regeneration of the other antenna . -359 (/) Food 360 (g) General internal conditions of the animal 360 (h) General external conditions 361 X. The nature of the intrinsic factors controlling regeneration as disclosed by statistical analysis 362 XI. Discussion of results .......... 365 XII. Summary 367 I. INTRODUCTION. THIS study of regeneration in the two Cladoceran species, Simocephalus gibbosus and Daphnia carinata, grew out of a Lamarckian experiment on the possibility of improving (or otherwise altering) the power of regeneration in these animals by making them regenerate the antenna in many successive generations. Up to the present, these experiments have been completely negative in this respect, though they have furnished much data concerning the process of regeneration. The power of regeneration in a line of Simocephalus in which the antenna has been amputated a^»egenerated for seventy-four successive generations, and in a line of Daphnia for eighty generations, shows no difference from the power of regeneration of the JEB'VIliv 23 35° W. -
The History of Planet Earth
SECOND EDITION Earth’s Evolving The History of Systems Planet Earth Ronald Martin, Ph.D. University of Delaware Newark, Delaware © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9781284457162_FMxx_00i_xxii.indd 1 07/11/16 1:46 pm World Headquarters Jones & Bartlett Learning 5 Wall Street Burlington, MA 01803 978-443-5000 [email protected] www.jblearning.com Jones & Bartlett Learning books and products are available through most bookstores and online booksellers. To contact Jones & Bartlett Learning directly, call 800-832-0034, fax 978-443-8000, or visit our website, www.jblearning.com. Substantial discounts on bulk quantities of Jones & Bartlett Learning publications are available to corporations, professional associations, and other qualified organizations. For details and specific discount information, contact the special sales department at Jones & Bartlett Learning via the above contact information or send an email to [email protected]. Copyright © 2018 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright may be reproduced or utilized in any form, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. The content, statements, views, and opinions herein are the sole expression of the respective authors and not that of Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not constitute or imply its endorsement or recommendation by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, and such reference shall not be used for advertis- ing or product endorsement purposes. -
Plant Evolution an Introduction to the History of Life
Plant Evolution An Introduction to the History of Life KARL J. NIKLAS The University of Chicago Press Chicago and London CONTENTS Preface vii Introduction 1 1 Origins and Early Events 29 2 The Invasion of Land and Air 93 3 Population Genetics, Adaptation, and Evolution 153 4 Development and Evolution 217 5 Speciation and Microevolution 271 6 Macroevolution 325 7 The Evolution of Multicellularity 377 8 Biophysics and Evolution 431 9 Ecology and Evolution 483 Glossary 537 Index 547 v Introduction The unpredictable and the predetermined unfold together to make everything the way it is. It’s how nature creates itself, on every scale, the snowflake and the snowstorm. — TOM STOPPARD, Arcadia, Act 1, Scene 4 (1993) Much has been written about evolution from the perspective of the history and biology of animals, but significantly less has been writ- ten about the evolutionary biology of plants. Zoocentricism in the biological literature is understandable to some extent because we are after all animals and not plants and because our self- interest is not entirely egotistical, since no biologist can deny the fact that animals have played significant and important roles as the actors on the stage of evolution come and go. The nearly romantic fascination with di- nosaurs and what caused their extinction is understandable, even though we should be equally fascinated with the monarchs of the Carboniferous, the tree lycopods and calamites, and with what caused their extinction (fig. 0.1). Yet, it must be understood that plants are as fascinating as animals, and that they are just as important to the study of biology in general and to understanding evolutionary theory in particular. -
THE CASE AGAINST Marine Mammals in Captivity Authors: Naomi A
s l a m m a y t T i M S N v I i A e G t A n i p E S r a A C a C E H n T M i THE CASE AGAINST Marine Mammals in Captivity The Humane Society of the United State s/ World Society for the Protection of Animals 2009 1 1 1 2 0 A M , n o t s o g B r o . 1 a 0 s 2 u - e a t i p s u S w , t e e r t S h t u o S 9 8 THE CASE AGAINST Marine Mammals in Captivity Authors: Naomi A. Rose, E.C.M. Parsons, and Richard Farinato, 4th edition Editors: Naomi A. Rose and Debra Firmani, 4th edition ©2009 The Humane Society of the United States and the World Society for the Protection of Animals. All rights reserved. ©2008 The HSUS. All rights reserved. Printed on recycled paper, acid free and elemental chlorine free, with soy-based ink. Cover: ©iStockphoto.com/Ying Ying Wong Overview n the debate over marine mammals in captivity, the of the natural environment. The truth is that marine mammals have evolved physically and behaviorally to survive these rigors. public display industry maintains that marine mammal For example, nearly every kind of marine mammal, from sea lion Iexhibits serve a valuable conservation function, people to dolphin, travels large distances daily in a search for food. In learn important information from seeing live animals, and captivity, natural feeding and foraging patterns are completely lost. -
The Polyp and the Medusa Life on the Move
The Polyp and the Medusa Life on the Move Millions of years ago, unlikely pioneers sparked a revolution. Cnidarians set animal life in motion. So much of what we take for granted today began with Cnidarians. FROM SHAPE OF LIFE The Polyp and the Medusa Life on the Move Take a moment to follow these instructions: Raise your right hand in front of your eyes. Make a fist. Make the peace sign with your first and second fingers. Make a fist again. Open your hand. Read the next paragraph. What you just did was exhibit a trait we associate with all animals, a trait called, quite simply, movement. And not only did you just move your hand, but you moved it after passing the idea of movement through your brain and nerve cells to command the muscles in your hand to obey. To do this, your body needs muscles to move and nerves to transmit and coordinate movement, whether voluntary or involuntary. The bit of business involved in making fists and peace signs is pretty complex behavior, but it pales by comparison with the suites of thought and movement associated with throwing a curve ball, walking, swimming, dancing, breathing, landing an airplane, running down prey, or fleeing a predator. But whether by thought or instinct, you and all animals except sponges have the ability to move and to carry out complex sequences of movement called behavior. In fact, movement is such a basic part of being an animal that we tend to define animalness as having the ability to move and behave. -
Nature Based Solutions FEMA
PROMOTING NATURE-BASED HAZARD MITIGATION THROUGH FEMA MITIGATION GRANTS ABBREVIATIONS ADCIRC – Advanced Circulation Model HGM Approach – Hydrogeomorphic Approach BCA – Benefit-Cost Analysis HMA – Hazard Mitigation Assistance BCR – Benefit-Cost Ratio HMGP – Hazard Mitigation Grant Program BRIC – Building Resilient Infrastructure and MSCP – Multiple Species Conservation Program Communities NBS – Nature-Based Solution C&CB – Capability- and Capacity-Building NFIP – National Flood Insurance Program CDBG-DR – Community Development Block Grant- Disaster Recovery NFWF – National Fish and Wildlife Foundation CDBG-MIT – Community Development Block NOAA – National Oceanic and Atmospheric Grant-Mitigation Administration D.C. – District of Columbia NOFO – Notice of Funding Opportunity DEM – Department of Emergency Management NPV – Net Present Value DOI – Department of the Interior SCC – State Coastal Conservancy EDYS – Ecological Dynamics Simulation SDG&E – San Diego Gas & Electric EMA – Emergency Management Agency SFHA – Special Flood Hazard Area EPA SWMM – Environmental Protection Agency SHMO – State Hazard Mitigation Officer Storm Water Management Model SLAMM – Sea Level Affecting Marshes Model FEMA – Federal Emergency Management Agency SRH-2D – Sedimentation and River Hydraulics – FIRM – Flood Insurance Rate Map Two-Dimension FMA – Flood Mitigation Assistance STWAVE – Steady-State Spectral Wave Model FMAG – Fire Management Assistance Grant TNC – The Nature Conservancy HAZUS – Hazards US USACE – U.S. Army Corps of Engineers HEC-HMS – Hydrologic -
Fall Color Is a Byproduct of the Physiological Response of Temperate-Zone Plants to Shortening Days
Printed in: Southwest Horticulture (2001) 18(6):6 The Colors of Fall Ursula Schuch, Plant Sciences Department, University of Arizona, Tucson Cool nights and warm, sunny days signal the onset of fall, and perfect weather for the development of brilliant crimson, gold, copper or yellow foliage. Fall color is a byproduct of the physiological response of temperate-zone plants to shortening days. Best fall colors are generally seen in deciduous, broadleaf woody plants that originate in USDA zones 3 to 9. In Arizona, fall color is scarce in the low desert, but is displayed more generously at higher elevations. Chlorophyll is responsible for the green color of leaves or stems and enables plants to produce sugars through the process of photosynthesis. In green leaves, chlorophyll is the dominant pigment. Visible light is absorbed by pigments, and leaves appear green because chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light while transmitting and reflecting green light. Carotenoids are accessory pigments in the photosynthesis process with colors in shades of yellow to orange; however, they are much less abundant than chlorophyll. Starting in spring, when plant growth begins for temperate-zone plants, and throughout summer, chlorophyll is continuously produced in the growing leaves to enable maximum food production. This is the time of greatest stem elongation, new leaf production, and growth in girth. As summer transitions into fall, plants respond to shorter days with reduced stem elongation, initiation of leaf abscission, reduced chlorophyll production, and increased production of other pigments. This marks the onset of dormancy and the beginning of frost hardiness. The splendor of fall color begins when chlorophyll production declines in the leaves and when the less abundant carotenoids unveil yellow to orange hues, or anthocyanins flaunt colors of red and purple. -
Parasitism and the Biodiversity-Functioning Relationship
TREE 2355 No. of Pages 9 Opinion Parasitism and the Biodiversity-Functioning Relationship André Frainer,1,2,* Brendan G. McKie,3 Per-Arne Amundsen,1 Rune Knudsen,1 and Kevin D. Lafferty4 Species interactions can influence ecosystem functioning by enhancing or Highlights suppressing the activities of species that drive ecosystem processes, or by Biodiversity affects ecosystem causing changes in biodiversity. However, one important class of species functioning. interactions – parasitism – has been little considered in biodiversity and eco- Biodiversity may decrease or increase system functioning (BD-EF) research. Parasites might increase or decrease parasitism. ecosystem processes by reducing host abundance. Parasites could also Parasites impair individual hosts and increase trait diversity by suppressing dominant species or by increasing affect their role in the ecosystem. within-host trait diversity. These different mechanisms by which parasites Parasitism, in common with competi- might affect ecosystem function pose challenges in predicting their net effects. tion, facilitation, and predation, could Nonetheless, given the ubiquity of parasites, we propose that parasite–host regulate BD-EF relationships. interactions should be incorporated into the BD-EF framework. Parasitism affects host phenotypes,[216_TD$IF] including changes to host morphol- Incorporating Parasitism into the BD-EF framework ogy, behavior, and physiology, which How might biodiversity (see Glossary), ecosystem functioning, and the relationships might increase intra- and interspecific between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning respond to parasitism? Parasites are ubiq- functional diversity. uitous organisms with the potential to regulate and limit host abundance [1] as well as the The effects of parasitism on host abun- ecosystem processes that such hosts influence [2,3]. -
The Solar System
5 The Solar System R. Lynne Jones, Steven R. Chesley, Paul A. Abell, Michael E. Brown, Josef Durech,ˇ Yanga R. Fern´andez,Alan W. Harris, Matt J. Holman, Zeljkoˇ Ivezi´c,R. Jedicke, Mikko Kaasalainen, Nathan A. Kaib, Zoran Kneˇzevi´c,Andrea Milani, Alex Parker, Stephen T. Ridgway, David E. Trilling, Bojan Vrˇsnak LSST will provide huge advances in our knowledge of millions of astronomical objects “close to home’”– the small bodies in our Solar System. Previous studies of these small bodies have led to dramatic changes in our understanding of the process of planet formation and evolution, and the relationship between our Solar System and other systems. Beyond providing asteroid targets for space missions or igniting popular interest in observing a new comet or learning about a new distant icy dwarf planet, these small bodies also serve as large populations of “test particles,” recording the dynamical history of the giant planets, revealing the nature of the Solar System impactor population over time, and illustrating the size distributions of planetesimals, which were the building blocks of planets. In this chapter, a brief introduction to the different populations of small bodies in the Solar System (§ 5.1) is followed by a summary of the number of objects of each population that LSST is expected to find (§ 5.2). Some of the Solar System science that LSST will address is presented through the rest of the chapter, starting with the insights into planetary formation and evolution gained through the small body population orbital distributions (§ 5.3). The effects of collisional evolution in the Main Belt and Kuiper Belt are discussed in the next two sections, along with the implications for the determination of the size distribution in the Main Belt (§ 5.4) and possibilities for identifying wide binaries and understanding the environment in the early outer Solar System in § 5.5.