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Abhidharmakosa Study Materials Chapter I: Dhatu (Elements)

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Abhidharmakosa Study Materials Chapter I: Dhatu (Elements) Abhidharmakosa Study Materials Chapter I: Dhatu (Elements) Contents Overview and the 5 Skandhas 22 Skandha-Ayatana-Dhatu-Pancavastuka Chart 23 More on the Skandhas, Ayatanas, Dhatus 24 Attribute Study of the Dhatus (Table) 25 More on the Dhatus 26 Basic outline of Chapter I Karika K1-3 Expository K4-7 Basic categories: conditioned & unconditioned, pure & impure K8-20 Skandhas, Ayatanas and Dhatus - Basic definitions K21-28 Exceptions and additions K29-48 Inclusion/Subsumption in terms of the dhatus Abhidharmakosa Chapter I: Dhatu (Elements) Overview: Chapters I and II lay out basic principles. The first 3 karikas are expository for the work as a whole and are in a different meter (as are the final 4 karikas of Chapter VIII). K3 in particular states that discernment of the dharmas (dharma- pravicaya) is necessary to realize liberation. Chapters I and II are an exposition of the dharmas, they describe the basic principles or elemental forces. The later chapters are concrete and describe how these forces work together in the process of samsara (Chapters III-V) and liberation (chapters VI-VIII). As such, the first two chapters are a difficult place to enter Abhidharma studies. The practical import of the material in Chapters I and II is unfolded in the later chapters. This chapter introduces a set of key distinctions in K4-8 (see table below), defines the 5 skandhas, describes the relationship between the 5 skandhas, 12 ayatanas and 18 dhatus (see chart below), deals with some related points and then carries out a detailed attribute study of the dhatus (see below). Table 1: K4–8: Key Distinctions: All Dharmas (sarva-dharma,諸法) Conditioned (samskrta, 有爲) Unconditioned (asamskrta, 無爲) Temporal (advan: paths), grounds of discourse, liable to expire (possessed of Space (akasa) and two leaving), well-grounded [on causes] (possessed of causes) (K7). types of cessation (nirodha) (K5) Contaminated (sasrava, 有漏) “because the Uncontaminated Uncontaminated defilements adhere to them” (K4) (anasrava) (K2) (anasrava, 無漏) (K5-6) 1st and 2nd Noble Truths 4th Noble 3rd Noble of Suffering (duhkha-satya, 苦諦) & Truth of the Path Truth of Cessation Origination (samudaya-satya, 集諦) (K8) (marga-satya, (nirodha-satya, 滅諦) Aggregates of Clinging (Upadana-skandha, 取蘊): of 道諦) (K4) (K6) conflict, the world, false opinions, existence (K8) Five Aggregates (panca-skandha, 五蘊) = All conditioned dharmas (K7) 12 Ayatanas (十二處) = 18 Dhatus (十八界) = All Dharmas (sarva-dharma, 諸法) Definitions of the 5 Skandhas: I. Rupa Skandha (色蘊): 5 sense organs, 5 sense objects and avijnapti: The 5 sense organs are the subtle materiality of the eye, ear, nose, tongue and body. (K9) The 5 sense objects are defined as follows: (K10) Visible matter is color and shape, or twenty-fold: four primary colors (blue, red, yellow, white), eight more colors (cloud, smoke, dust, mist, shade, glare, glow, darkness), and eight shapes (long, short, square, round, high, low, even, uneven). The Sautrantika only admit color, not shape or form, as a dharma. Note: the Sanskrit (rupa) and the Chinese (色) use the same term for material form (as in rupa-skandha) and visible matter (or color) (see K24). Sound is eightfold: caused by (1) animate or (2) inanimate beings, (3) articulate speech and (4) non-articulate sound, and in all 4 cases, either agreeable or disagreeable. Taste is sixfold: sweet, sour, salty, pungent, bitter, astringent. Odor is fourfold: good and bad odors that are either excessive or non-excessive. Tangibles are elevenfold: four primary elements (earth/solidity, water/humidity, fire/heat, wind/motion), softness, hardness. weight, lightness, cold, hunger, thirst. Avijnapti: “That serial continuity - pure or impure - which exists even in one whose thought is distracted or who is without thought, and which is dependent on the Great Elements, is called the non-informative (avijnapti) [matter].” (K11) 4 elements: Element: Characteristic: Function: The characteristics and functions indicate Earth Hardness/Solidity Supporting that the names of the elements (maha- Water Humidity/moisture Cohesion/collecting bhuta) should not be taken literally. Fire Heat Ripening Air Motion/mobility Expanding/spreading II. Vedana Skandha (受蘊): “The aggregate of feeling (vedana-skandha) comprises three types of affect: pleasure (sukha), suffering (duhkha), and neither-suffering-nor-pleasure (aduhkhasukha). Again, that [aggregate] can be divided into six groups of feeling (vedana-kaya): from feeling born of eye-contact through feeling born of mind-contact.” (K14) III. Samjna Skandha (想蘊): “This is the aggregate of ideas, namely the apprehension (grahana) of „marks‟ (nimitta) such as blue or yellow, long or short, female or male, friend or enemy, and so on.” (K14) (grahana: “grasping”, “determining”) IV. Samskara Skandha (行蘊): “Saṁskāraskandha are the saṁskāras different from the other four skandhas” (K15). See the 75 dharmas table in Chapter II for a detailed exposition of the Samskaras: citta-samprayukta and citta-viprayukta. V. Vijnana Skandha (識蘊): “Consciousness is the impression relative to each object.” The following chart illustrates the relationships between the teachings of the 5 skandhas, 12 ayatanas & 18 dhatus (Sutta teachings) and the 5 vastuka & 75 dharmas (Abhidharma teachings), connecting early taxonomies to the later, more developed analysis of the dharmas. See also: Dharma Theory in the Introductory Materials & the 75 Dharmas study in Ch II. Panca-vastuka 5 Skandha 75 Dharmas (Puguang’s distillation from the 12 Ayatana 18 Dhatu 5 Categories Aggregates Abhidharmakosa, Ch I, II & V) Gates Elements Five Indriya (Faculties) 1.Caksur (eye) 1.Caksur (eye) 1.Caksur (eye) 2.Srotra (ear) 2.Srotra (ear) 3.Ghrana (nose) 3.Ghrana (nose) I. Rupa 1.Rupa-skandha 2.Srotra (ear) 4.Jihva (tongue) 4.Jihva (tongue) (material form) (material form) 3.Ghrana (nose) 4.Jihva (tongue) 5.Kaya (touch) 5.Kaya (touch) 5.Kaya (touch) Five Artha (Sensory objects) 6.Rupa (sight) 6.Mano (mind) 6.Mano (mind) 7.Sabda (sound) 8.Gandha (smell) 9.Rasa (taste) 10.Sparstavya (tangible) 7.Rupa (sight) 7.Rupa (sight) 8.Sabda (sound) 8.Sabda (sound) 9.Gandha (smell) 9.Gandha (smell) 11. Avijnapti (non-infromation) 10.Rasa (taste) 10.Rasa (taste) 11.Sparstavya 11.Sparstavya II. Citta (Mind) 12. Citta (thought) (tangible) (tangible) 2.Vedana- Samprayukta (46 caitta): Mahabhumikas (universals): 12. Dharma 12.Dharma skandha (feeling) 13. Vedana (sensation), 14. Cetana (volition), 15. Samjna (ideation), 16. Chanda (predilection), 17. Sparsa (contact), 18. Prajna (understanding), 19. Smrti (mindfulness), 20. 3.Samjna-skandha Manaskara (attention), 21. Adhimoksha (determination), 22. (conception) Samadhi (concentration) Kusala-mahabhumikas (skillful universals): III. Caita-sika 23. Sraddha (faith), 24. Apramada (diligence), 25. (mental factors) Prasrabdhi (calm), 26. Upeksa (equanimity), 27. Hri (modesty), 28. Apatrapya (shame), 29. Alobha (non-greed), 30. Advesa (non-hatred), 31. Avihimsa (harmlessness), 32. Virya (vigor). Six Vijnana Klesa-mahabhumikas (Defiled universals): consciousnesses: 33. Moha (delusion), 34. Pramada (non-diligence), 35. 13.Caksur (eye) Kausidya (slackness), 36. Asraddhya (lack of faith), 37. 14.Srotra (ear) Styana (torpor), 38. Auddhatya (restlessness) 15.Ghrana (nose) Akusala-mahabhumikas (unskillful universals): 16.Jihva (tongue) 39. Ahrikya (non-modesty), 40. Anapatrapya 17.Kaya (touch) (shamelessness) 18. Mano (mind) Parittaklesa-bhumikas (defilements of restricted scope): 41. Krodha (anger), 42. Upanaha (enmity), 43. Sathya (dissimulation), 44. Irsya (jealousy), 45. Pradasa (stubbornness), 46. Mraksa (concealment), 47. Matsarya (avarice), 48. Maya (deceptiveness), 49. Mada (pride), 50. 4.Samskara- Vihimsa (harmfulness) skandha Aniyata (indeterminates): (formations) 51. Kaukrtya (remorse), 52. Middha (sleep), 53. Vitarka (reasoning), 54. Vicara (investigation), 55. Raga (greed), 56. Pratigha (hostility), 57. Mana (conceit), 58. Vicikitsa (doubt) IV.Viprayukta- Viprayukta (14): 59. Prapti (acquisition), 60. Aprapti (non- samskara acquisition), 61. Nikaya-sabhaga (group-homogeniety), 62. (disassociated Asamjnika (Ideationlessness), 63. Asamjni-samapatti formations) (ideationless attainment), 64. Nirodha-samapatti (cessation attainment), 65. Jivitendriya (vital faculty), 66. Jati-laksana (production-characteristic), 67. Sthiti-laksana (duration- characteristic), 68. Jara-laksana (deterioration- characteristic), 69. Anityata-laksana (impermenence- characteristic), 70. Namakaya (word-group), 71. Pada-kaya (phrase-group), 72. Vyanjana-kaya (syllable group) 5.Vijnana-skandha (consciousness) V. Asamskrta 73. Pratisamkhya-nirodha (extinction through deliberation), Rupa-skandha, mano- (unconditioned) 74. Apratisamkhya-nirodha (extinction not through ayatana, & dharma-dhatu deliberation), subsume all dharmas - see 75. Akasa AKB Ch I, K18 More on the Skandhas, Ayatanas and Dhatus (and their attributes) K20: The significance or meditative import of the teachings of the skandhas, ayatanas and dhatus: Instruction by the category Error/Delusion (moha) Faculties/Organs Joy/Predilections (ruci) of one (signifying): finding a “self” (atman) in: (indriya) are… predisposed to a teaching that is: 1 Skandha (heap, aggregate) Caitta (thought concomitants) Sharp Condensed (5 skandhas) [SKANDHA: 1 RUPA/4 CITTA] 2 Ayatana (gate of entry, Rupa (material Form) Medium Medium-length (12 ayatanas) access-door) [AYATANA: 10 RUPA/2 CITTA] 3 Dhatu (lineage, species, Rupa-citta (form & thought) Dull Extensive (18 dhatus) source) [DHATU: 10
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