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The Effects of Land Use Types on the Hydrology and Water Quality of the Upper-Athi River Basin,Kenya

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The Effects of Land Use Types on the Hydrology and Water Quality of the Upper-Athi River Basin,Kenya THE EFFECTS OF LAND USE TYPES ON THE HYDROLOGY AND WATER QUALITY OF THE UPPER-ATHI RIVER BASIN, KENYA By KITHI1A, SHADRACK MULEI University of N AIR O B I Library 0406305 3 A Thesis submitted in fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D) in Hydrology of the University of Nairobi. DECLARATION This thesis is my original work, and has not been presented for a degree in any other university. Shadrack Mulei Kithiia Date ^ 7 —p?~ zta cb (Ph. D. Candidate) This thesis has been submitted for examination with our approval as university supervisors. Prof. Francis M. Mutua Date (University Supervisor) Prof. George O. Krhoda Date (University Supervisor) Prof. Kenneth M. Mavuti_ \ ____ __ Date (University Supervisor) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank most sincerely the following persons and institutions for their contribution in various ways who led the way all through to the completion of this thesis. First, my sincere gratitude goes to the University of Nairobi, Board of Postgraduate studies, through whom I managed to secure a scholarship. Secondly, the German Academic Exchange Programme (DAAD), whose funds enabled me to complete the thesis in time. Thirdly, I thank my academic supervisors, the late Professor George S. Ongwenyi and Professors; Francis M. Mutua, George O. Krhoda and Kenneth M. Mavuti for their guidance, critism and corrections. This helped me to shape up my ideas and organise the thesis in an academic manner. Fourthly, my parents; Mr. & Mrs. James Kithiia and Tabitha Nzilani for their earnest sacrifice in educating me and, my children Anne, Miriam and my wife Virginia for their support and patience whenever I was in the field collecting data. Fifthly, I would like to register a vote of thanks to the Ministry of Natural Resources, Water Resources Department staff, Messrs Mwandoe, Njoroge and Tangus for assisting in collection and analysis of water samples. Lastly but not least to my friend Geoffrey Munywoki for his unshakable support during the period of data collection and my colleagues Messrs Wambua and Musingi who continued to give moral support all through. To all the persons mentioned and to those not mentioned by name, I pray that God may bless all abundantly. 111 DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to the late Prof. George S. Ongwenyi who was my supervisor, dear friend and my academic mentor. His kindness, encouragement and wisdom helped me to shape and sharpen my ideas throughout my academic research and career. May God Almighty rest his soul in peace. My dear wife, Virginia and two daughters, Anne and Miriam, my parents; Nzilani and Kithiia, friends and to all my dear colleagues in the Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, College of Education and External Studies, Kikuyu. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS THE EFFECTS OF LAND USE TYPES ON THE HYDROLOGY AND WATER QUALITY OF THE UPPER-ATHI RIVER BASIN, KENYA..................................................................................... I DECLARATION................................................................................................................................... II ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.......................................................................................................... .......Ill DEDICATION......................................................................................................................................IV TABLE OF CONTENTS......................................................................................................................V LIST OF FIGURES............................................................................................................................. IX LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................................ XII LIST OF PLATES (PHOTOS).......................................................................................................... XV LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS...........................................................................................................XVI ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................... XVII CHAPTER 1-STUDY INTRODUCTION 1.0. GENERAL INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................1 1.1. LITERATURE REVIEW AND GAPS......................................................................................... 4 1.2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM..........................................................................................34 1.3. JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY..........................................................................................35 1.4. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY............................................................................................36 v 1.5. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY .37 1.6. STUDY AREA CHARACTERISTICS.........................................................................................39 1.6.1. Geological Characteristics...................................................................................................40 1.6.2. Climatology and Hydrology..................................................................................................43 1.6.3. Hydrology of the Athi River Drainage Basin.................................................................... 46 1.6.3.1. Hydrological characteristics by sub-basins ................................................................... 5 2 1.6.3.1.1. Sub-drainage area code 3B...........-............................................................................. 52 1.6.4. Population Characteristics and Implications.................................................................. 55 1.6.5. Land-use characteristics........................................................................................................57 CHAPTER 2- METHODS OF STUDY AND ANALYSIS...............................................................62 2.0. INTRODUCTION....... 62 2.1. DATA COLLECTION 62 2.2. DATA TYPES............................... ~................................. .63 2.2.1. Primary Da ta .................................................... .63 2.2.1.1. Discharge M easurem ent .................................... .64 2.2.1.2. Sam pling strategy .............................................. .65 2.2.1.2.1. Sam pling Points .............................................. .65 2.2.1.2.2. Laboratory Analysis........................................ .68 2.2.1.2.3. Measurement of Water Quality Parameters....... .68 2.2.1.2.4. Suspended Sediment Measurement.................. .70 2.2.1.2.5. Heavy Metal Analysis in water........................ .71 2.2.1.2.6. Determination of Heavy Metals in Plant Tissues .71 2.2.2. Secondary Da ta .................................................... .73 2.2.2.1. Rainfall D ata .................................................. .73 2.3. METHODS OF STUDY................................................ .74 VI 2.3.1. Methods of Statistical data Analysis 75 2.3.1.1. Time Series ........................................................................................................................ 7 6 2.3.1.2. Principal Com ponent Analysis (PCA) ............................................................................. 78 2.3.1.3. Regression A nalysis ...........................................................................................................8 1 CHAPTER 3 - RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS............................................................................... 84 3.0. INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................84 3.1. RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION AND PATTERN.........................................................................84 3.2. HYDROLOGICAL VARIABILITY........................................................................................... 85 3.3. LAND USE CHANGES................................................................................................................ 91 3.3.1. Land-use Change in Ngong/Mutoine River Sub-basin......................................................91 3.3.2. Land use Change in Nairobi River Sub-basin......................................................................94 3.3.3. Land use change in Mathare River sub-basin................................................................... 96 3.3.1.1. Com pounded effects o f land use change ......................................................................... 9 8 3.3.1.2. Land use Effect on R iver H ydrology ................................................................................ 9 9 3.4. WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS........................................................................................102 3.4.1. Mass Loadings......................................................................................................................... 104 3.4.2. Effects of Storm water on Water Quality......................................................................110 3.4.3. Effects of River Sediments on Water Quality................................................................118 3.4.4. Effects of Riverine Vegetation on Water Quality........................................................ 119 3.5. POLLUTANT SOURCES..........................................................................................................137 3.5.1. Chemical Quality....................................................................................................................138
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