Grammar Glossary
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Comparing Bulgarian and Slovak Multext-East Morphology Tagset1
Comparing Bulgarian and Slovak Multext-East morphology tagset1 Ludmila Dimitrovaa), Radovan Garabíkb), Daniela Majchrákováb) a) Institute of Mathematics and Informatics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria [email protected] b) Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Sciences 813 64 Bratislava, Slovakia [email protected], http://korpus.juls.savba.sk Abstract We analyse the differences between the Bulgarian and Slovak languages Multext-East morphology specifica- tion (MTE, 2004). The differences can be caused either by inherent language dissimilarities, different ways of analysing morphology categories or just by different use of MTE design guideline. We describe all the parts of speech in detail with emphasis on analysing the tagset differences. Keywords: Bulgarian, Slovak, grammatical category, morphology specification, morphology tagset Introduction The EC project MULTEXT Multilingual Tools and Corpora produced linguistics resources and a freely available set of tools that are extensible, coherent and language-independent, for seven Western European languages: English, French, Spanish, Italian, German, Dutch, and Swedish (Ide, Veronis, 1994). The EC INCO-Copernicus project MULTEXT-East Multilingual Text Tools and Corpora for Central and Eastern European Languages is a continuation of the MULTEXT project. MULTEXT-East (MTE for short; Dimitrova et al., 1998) used methodologies and results of MULTEXT. MTE developed significant language resources for six Central and Eastern European (CEE) languages: Bulgarian, -
Affix Order and the Structure of the Slavic Word Stela Manova
9 Affix Order and the Structure of the Slavic Word Stela Manova 1. Introduction This article investigates the structural properties of the Slavic word in terms of affix ordering in three Slavic languages, the South Slavic Bulgarian, the East Slavic Rus- sian, and the West Slavic Polish and thus covers all three subgroups of the Slavic family.1 The discussion is with a focus on suffixation, in particular on suffixation in derivation.2 Recently much research has been carried out on affix ordering in lesser-studied languages; see the overviews in Manova and Aronoff (2010) and in Rice (2011). There has been much research on the ordering of the English derivational affixes as well, especially on the order of the suffixes, and a number of specific proposals have been formulated (in chronological order): level ordering or stratal approach (Siegel 1974; Allen 1978; Selkirk 1982; Kiparsky 1982, Mohanan 1986; Giegerich 1999); selectional restrictions (Fabb 1988; Plag 1996, 1999); the monosuffix constraint (Aronoff and Fuhrhop 2002), and the parsability hypothesis (Hay 2001, 2002, 2003) or com- plexity-based ordering (Plag 2002; Hay and Plag 2004; Plag and Baayen 2009). In this list of approaches, every following approach was formulated in response to its predecessor; that is, every following approach demonstrates that the predecessor 1The author was supported by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF), grant V64-G03, and the Eu- ropean Science Foundation (ESF), NetWordS-09-RNP-089 / Individual Grant 5566. Portions of this study were presented at the Fifth Annual Meeting of the Slavic Linguistics Society, Chicago, October 2010; the Linguistic Seminars of the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, December 2011; the Univer- sity of Sofia, March 2013; the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, May 2013; as well as within the CogSci Talk Series of the Research Platform Cognitive Science, University of Vienna, June 2013. -
Types of Pronouns in English with Examples
Types Of Pronouns In English With Examples If unpainted or hedgy Lucian usually convoke his bisexuals frazzling spotlessly or chain-stitch revilingly and damans.unamusingly, Unpreparedly how thinned legal, is Eddie?Durand Bomb tussled and hesitator culinary and Ossie pare always hemp. sanitized unbecomingly and fiddle his Learn with pronouns might be correct when they need are two personal pronouns refer to reflexive Such as a type of mutual respect that are used are like modern english grammar might be a noun. What i know how to their requested pronouns in english with pronouns examples of. Pronouns exemplify such a word class, or rather several smaller classes united by an important semantic distinction between them and all the major parts of speech. This is the meaning of english pronouns in with examples of mine, and a legal barriers often make. Common pronouns include I, me, mine, she, he, it, we, and us. New York Times best selling author, Tim Ferriss. This information was once helpful! Asused here in its demonstrative meaning, to introduce a parenthetical clause. The Health Sciences Library is open to Health Sciences affiliates. That and those refer to something less near to the speaker. Notice that occur relative clauses are within commas, and if removed they do these change the meaning being expressed in a one way, believe the sentences still a sense. Well, I managed to while speaking Italian after about month. The meal is receiving feedback will be delivered a speech. The examples of in english with pronouns specify a pronoun usage in the action is. -
The Resources for Processing Bulgarian and Serbian – the Brief Overview of Their Completeness, Compatibility, and Similarities
The Resources for Processing Bulgarian and Serbian – the brief overview of their Completeness, Compatibility, and Similarities Svetla Koeva, Cvetana Krstev, Ivan Obradovi, Duško Vitas Department of Computational Faculty of Philology Faculty of Geology and Faculty of Mathematics Linguistics – IBL, BAS University of Belgrade Mining, U. of Belgrade University of Belgrade 52 Shipchenski prohod, Bl. 17 Studentski trg 3 ušina 7 Studentski trg 16 Sofia 1113 11000 Belgrade 11000 Belgrade 11000 Belgrade [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] furthermore presupposes the successful Abstract implementation in different application areas as cross- Some important and extensive language resources lingual information and knowledge management, have been developed for Bulgarian and Serbain cross-lingual content management and text data that have similar theoretical background and mining, cross-lingual information retrieval and structure. Some of them were developed as a part information extraction, multilingual summarization, of a concerted action (wordnet), the others were multilingual language generation etc. developed independently. The brief overview of these resources is presented in this paper, with the 2. Electronic dictionaries emphasis on the similarities and differences of the information presented in them. The special 2.1 Bulgarian Grammatical Dictionary attention is given to the similarities of problems The grammatical information included in the encountered in the course of their development. Bulgarian Grammatical Dictionary (BGD) is divided into three types [Koeva, 1998]: category information 1. Introduction that describes lemmas and indicates the words clustering into grammatical classes (Noun, Verb, Bulgarian and Serbian as Slavonic languages show Adjective, Pronoun, Numeral, and Other); similarities in their lexicons and grammatical paradigmatic information that also characterizes structures. -
Distributional Regularity of Cues Facilitates Gender Acquisition: a Contrastive Study of Two Closely Related Languages
Distributional Regularity of Cues Facilitates Gender Acquisition: A Contrastive Study of Two Closely Related Languages Tanya Ivanova-Sullivan and Irina A. Sekerina 1. Introduction Research on various languages and populations has highlighted the role of transparency that leads to perceptual salience in gender acquisition (Janssen, 2016; Kempe & Brooks, 2005; Mastropavlou & Tsimpli, 2011; Rodina, 2008; Rodina & Westergaard, 2017; Szagun, Stamper, Sondag, & Franik, 2007). Transparency is a gradient phenomenon that characterizes inflectional morphology in terms of the phonological regularity of stems or suffixes. Across gender-marked languages, such as Romance and Slavic, consistent associations between noun suffixes and gender classes “allow to set apart nouns where formal cues are highly predictive of the noun gender from nouns where gender cannot be recovered from the surface form.” (De Martino, Bracco, Postiglione, & Laudanna, 2017: 108). Studies show that learners make use of perceptual properties of noun suffixes that link items within a category and consistently identify words across different contexts as similar to one another (Reeder, Newport, & Aslin, 2013). For example, nouns ending in -a are transparent and typically categorized as feminine in Slavic and some Romance languages, such as Spanish and Italian. However, there are cases of mismatch between the phonological form of somenoun endingsand the abstract gender, thus making such endings less reliable for establishing form- meaning correlations. Despite the facilitatoryeffects of transparency ofgender-correlated noun endings in productionin various languages (Janssen, 2016; Paolieri, Lotto, Morales, Bajo, Cubelli, & Job, 2010; Rodina & Westergaard, 2017; Szagun et al., * This research was partially funded by the PSC-CUNY grant TRADB-48-172 awarded to Irina A. -
English Pronouns
Will C. H. Possessive pronouns ENGLISH PRONOUNS: A LIST Mine First person singular Yours Second person singular English Pronouns List His Third person singular Below is a list of English pronouns Hers Third person singular Pronouns are words that are used as noun Its Third person singular and noun phrase replacements. Ours First person plural Subject pronouns Yours Second person plural I First person singular subject Theirs Third person plural pronoun You Second person singular subject Reflexive pronouns pronoun Myself First person singular He Third person singular subject Yourself Second person singular pronoun Himself Third person singular She Third person singular subject Herself Third person singular pronoun Itself Third person singular It Third person singular subject Ourselves First person plural pronoun Yourselves Second person plural We First person plural subject pronoun (includes the speaker) Themselves Third person plural You Second person plural subject pronoun Relative Pronouns Question words can also function as They Third person plural subject pronouns pronoun Who Can function as the Object personal pronouns subject, object Used as the object of a sentence Which Can function as the Me First person singular object subject, object pronoun That Can function as the You Second person singular subject, object Him Third person singular Whom Functions as Her Third person singular object* It Third person singular Where Functions as object Us First person plural in reference to time You Second person plural When Functions as object Them Third person plural referencing place Possessive adjectives Why / What Functions as object These are words that modify nouns referencing My First person singular explanation Your Second person singular Whose Possessive His Third person singular Of which Possessive Her Third person singular *quite formal in American English Its Third person singular Demonstrative pronouns Our First person plural Points a thing out. -
Override Reflexive Pronouns in English and Danish
Exam administrators Cover page Specialeteamet, tlf.nr. 8716 1178 [email protected] Exam information 132172E015 - Sara Sørensen - Speciale Assessors Sten Vikner Handed in by Examiner Sara Sørensen [email protected] [email protected] +4587162639 Steven Falkenberg Breunig Co-examiner [email protected] Hand-in information Title: Override Reflexive Pronouns in English and Danish: An investigation and comparison Title, english: Override Reflexive Pronouns in English and Danish: An investigation and comparison The sworn statement: Yes Does the hand-in contain confidential material: No Number of characters: 149078 Override Reflexive Pronouns in English and Danish: An investigation and comparison MA Thesis Name: Sara Sørensen Student identification number: 20112719 - Thesis supervisor: Sten Vikner - Master's Degree Programme In English Department of English, Faculty of Arts - Aarhus University - Submission date: June 3, 2019 i Table of Contents SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................ ii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2. BINDING THEORY ..................................................................................................... 2 2.1 Coindexation and c-command .............................................................................................. 3 2.2 The English Reflexive System (GB-Theory) .......................................................................... -
DEFACING AGREEMENT Bozhil Hristov University of Sofia
DEFACING AGREEMENT Bozhil Hristov University of Sofia Proceedings of the LFG13 Conference Miriam Butt and Tracy Holloway King (Editors) 2013 CSLI Publications http://csli-publications.stanford.edu/ Abstract This paper contributes to the debate over the number of features needed in order to offer an adequate analysis of agreement. Traditional grammar and some recent proposals, notably by Alsina and Arsenijevi ć (2012a, b, c), operate with two types – what is conventionally referred to as syntactic versus semantic agreement. Adopting Wechsler and Zlati ć’s (2000: 800, 2003, 2012) model, which envisages a division into three types of agreement (two syntactic ones, in addition to a separate, purely semantic feature), this paper argues that we need such a tripartition, because without it we cannot account for the facts in languages like Serbian/Croatian, English and Bulgarian. 1 Introduction 1 Traditional grammar has for a long time distinguished between so called syntactic (formal or grammatical) agreement/concord, (1), and semantic (or notional) agreement/concord, (2).2 (1) Even stage-shy, anti-industry Nirvana is on board. (COCA). (2) Nirvana are believed to be working on cover versions of several seminal punk tracks. (BNC) Some formal approaches, among them constraint-based ones, have called for at least three types of agreement (Wechsler and Zlati ć 2000: 800, 2003, 2012), as have researches with a more typological background (Corbett 1983a: 81, 1986: 1015). Recently there has been renewed interest in agreement features in the setting of constraint-based theories like LFG and HPSG, with some doubts expressed as to how many sets of features are really needed to account for agreement phenomena. -
Suffix Combinations in Bulgarian: Parsability and Hierarchy-Based Ordering
Suffix Combinations in Bulgarian: Parsability and Hierarchy-Based Ordering Stela Manova Department of Slavic Studies University of Vienna Universitätscampus AAKH Spitalgasse 2, Hof 3 A-1090 Vienna Austria Phone: +43-1-4277-42806 Fax: +43-1-4277-9428 Email: [email protected] URL: http://slawistik.univie.ac.at/mitarbeiter/manova-stela/ ; http://homepage.univie.ac.at/stela.manova/ Abstract This article extends the empirical scope of the most recent approach to affix ordering, the Parsability Hypothesis (Hay 2001, 2002, 2003) or Complexity-Based Ordering (CBO) (Plag 2002; Hay and Plag 2004; Plag and Baayen 2009), to the inflecting-fusional morphological type, as represented by the South Slavic language Bulgarian. In order to account properly for the structure of the Bulgarian word, I distinguish between suffixes that are in the derivational word slot and suffixes that are in the inflectional word slot and show that inflectional suffix combinations are more easily parsable than derivational suffix combinations. Derivational suffixes participate in mirror-image combinations of AB – BA type and can be also attached recursively. The order of 12 out of the 22 derivational suffixes under scrutiny in this article is thus incompatible with CBO. With respect to recursiveness and productivity, the Bulgarian word exhibits three domains of suffixation (in order of increasing productivity): 1) a non-diminutive derivational domain, where a suffix may attach recursively on non-adjacent cycles; 2) a diminutive domain, where a suffix may attach recursively on adjacent cycles; and 3) an inflectional domain, where a suffix never attaches recursively. Overall, the results of this study conform to the last revision of the Parsability Hypothesis (Baayen et al. -
Bulgarian Word Stress Analysis in the Frame of Prosody Morphology Interface
Bulgarian word stress analysis in the frame of prosody morphology interface 1. Previous analyses of Bulgarian stress 1.1. Early works 1.2. Basic works 1.3. Works of the last decades 2. Characteristics of Bulgarian lexical accent, accepted traditionally 2.1. Phonetic characteristics 2.2. Positional characteristics 2.3. Phonological features 3. Theoretical frame of the analysis 3.1. The lexical accent and the prosody morphology interface 3.2. Headedness 4. Metrical characteristics of Bulgarian lexical accent 4.1. Quantity sensitivity or Weight to Stress Principle (WSP) 4.2. Accent mobility and rhythmic organization 4.3. Unbounded stress system 4.4. Preferred, not preferred and missing positions of the word stress. Default accent. 4.4.1. Accentual patterns of masculine gender nouns 4.4.2. Accentual patterns of feminine gender nouns 4.4.3. Accentual patterns of neuter gender nouns with final vowel –e 5. Accentual specification of morphemes 5.1. Prefixes 5.2. Accentual specification of morphemes in non-derived words 5.2.1. Accentual specification of roots 5.2.1.1. Marked roots 5.2.1.1.1. Accented roots 5.2.1.1.2. Unaccentable or post-accented roots 5.2.1.1.3. Are there pre-accented roots? 5.2.1.2. Unmarked roots 5.2.2. Accent specification of inflectional suffixes in non-derived words: 5.2.2. 1. Unmarked inflectional suffixes 5.2.2. 2. Marked inflectional suffixes 5.2.2. 2.1.Accented inflectional suffixes 5.2.2. 2.2. Unaccentable inflectional suffixes 5.3. Accentual specification of morphemes in derivatives 5.3.1. -
English Weak Pronouns and Object Shift
English Weak Pronouns and Object Shift Joel C. Wallenberg University of Pennsylvania 1. Introduction Although it has been noticed from time to time in the literature that unstressed pronouns in English show some syntactic behavior that is not shared by their full DP counterparts, these differences have not yet been studied and accounted for in a systematic way.* This is not particularly surprising, as the special behavior of English pronouns is confined to only a few contexts, and so very few clues are provided to the analyst about the underlying processes involved (in contrast to, e.g., pronoun scrambling in German or Dutch). But this is only the case if we confine ourselves to data from the modern language. It is possible to learn a great deal more, however, by taking a broader, historical perspective of the phenomenon. With the help of corpus data from earlier stages of English, I will argue that the exceptional syntax of modern English object pronouns actually results from their status as “weak pronouns”, in the sense of Cardinaletti & Starke (1999), and their ability to undergo “Object Shift” of the Scandinavian type (Holmberg 1986, Holmberg 1999, inter alia). However, object shift is severely restricted in the modern language by a combination of Holmberg’s Generalization and an independent, but intersecting, phenomenon: the loss of movement of main verbs to Tense in the overt syntax. In this way, English is not the odd language out in Germanic, but rather patterns with the rest of the family in having a leftward movement process that applies to its unstressed object pronouns. -
Pronouns Point Pronoun Or Adjective? When Pronouns Directly Means Pronouns Point to Nouns with Alternate Names
Pro Pronouns Point Pronoun or Adjective? When pronouns directly means Pronouns point to nouns with alternate names. “for.” modify nouns, they become adjectives. Pronoun Pronoun means What is the time? “for a noun.” Adjective liberty What time is it? Personal Pronouns point to “people” nouns he she it (except for it and its ). • I, me, my, mine Demonstrative Pronouns Indefinite Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns • you, your/s point to specific nouns. point to non-specific nouns. “reflect” the nouns they point to. • he, him, his Singular Singular • she, her/s This, That Another, Each, One Singular • we, us, our/s Either, Neither myself • they, them, their/s Plural • Anyone / body / thing himself • who, whom, whose These, Those • Everyone / body / thing herself • it, its • Someone / body / thing yourself This is the boy. • No one / body / thing itself Subjective Case Those are the girls. She has a toy. Plural They have a car. Plural All, Both, Few ourselves Interrogative Pronouns yourselves Objective Case Many, Several point to nouns that are the themselves The toy was hers. answers to questions. The car was theirs. Singular or Plural What, Which He saw himself. Any, None, Some Possessive Case* Who, Whom, Whose They saw themselves. Sue gave her toy away. Neither is poor. The Smiths drove their car. What is the time? Both are thin. Imagine a noun looking *These pronouns become Who is there? Sugar? Some is okay. at its pronoun “reflection” Possessive Adjectives. Tom saw whom? Fats? Some are okay. in a mirror. Relative Pronouns I’m a good Antecede nt link dependent clauses to nouns .