aqua Journal of Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology Vol. 8 (3), June 2004
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Wolfgang Villwock, Universität Hamburg, Zoologisches ISSN 0945-9871 Institut und Zoologisches Museum, Martin-Luther-King- Publisher: Aquapress, Redazione aqua, Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany I-27010 Miradolo Terme (Pavia), Italy Printer: Grafiche Dessì (Torino) Italy Chem Yi-yu, Institute of Hydrobiology, Academia Sinica, Typesetting: Rossella Bulla Wuhan Hubei, P. R. China © 2004 aqua , Journal of Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology aqua, Journal of Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology
A new species of combtooth blenny Scartella Jordan, 1886 (Teleostei: Blenniidae) from Trindade Island, Brazil
1* 2 3 Carlos A. Rangel , João Luiz Gasparini , and Ricardo Z. P. Guimarães
1) Setor de Ictiologia, Departamento de Vertebrados, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista, s/n, São Cristóvão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20940-040, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] 2) Dept. de Ecologia, UFES, Caixa Postal 5130, Vitória, ES, 29040-090, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] 3) Laboratório de Biodiversidade de Recursos Pesqueiros, Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21.941-569, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] * Corresponding author
Accepted: 19.11.2003
Keywords antes: tête et corps couverts de petites taches noires, Blenniidae, Scartella , Trindade Island, Brazil, nombre de rayons segmentés de la dorsale de 14 en western South Atlantic, new species, reef oceanic moyenne, nombre de rayons segmentés de l'anale de islands 16 en moyenne et nombre de vertèbres caudales de 23 en moyenne. Il s'agit de la cinquième espèce de Abstract Scartella identifiée dans l'Atlantique. A new species of Scartella is described from Trindade Island (20°30’S, 29°20’W), a volcanic for - Resumo mation which lies about 1160 km off the Brazilian Uma nova espécie de Scartella é descrita para a coast. The new species differs from its Atlantic con - Ilha da Trindade (20°30’S, 29°20’W), formação vul - geners by the following combination of characters: cânica distante cerca de 1160 km da costa leste do body and head speckled with small black spots, num - Brasil. A nova espécie difere das suas congêneres do ber of segmented dorsal fin rays modally 14, number Atlântico pela seguinte combinação de caracteres: of segmented anal fin rays modally 16, and number of corpo e cabeça com pequenas manchas negras, caudal vertebrae modally 23. This species is the fifth modalmente 14 raios dorsais segmentados, modal - species of Scartella recognised from the Atlantic mente 16 raios anais segmentados e modalmente 23 Ocean. vértebras caudais. Essa espécie é a quinta espécie de Scartella reconhecida para o Oceano Atlântico. Zusammenfassung Beschrieben wird eine neue Art zu Scartella von der Sommario Insel Trindade (20°30‘S, 29°20‘W), einer vulkanis - Una nuova specie di Scartella è descritta dall’Isola chen Formation, die rund 1160 km von der brasilian - Trindade (20°30'S, 29°20'W), una formazione di orig - ischen Küste entfernt liegt. Die neue Art unterscheidet ine vulcanica posta a circa 1160 km dalle coste del sich von den Verwandten im Atlantik durch die Kom - Brasile. Questa nuova specie si differenzia dai suoi bination der folgenden Merkmale: Rumpf und Kopf mit congeneri dell’Atlantico per la seguente combi - kleinen schwarzen Flecken übersät; Zahl der nazione di caratteri: corpo e coda cosparsi di piccole Stacheln der geteilten Rückenflosse modal 14, Zahl macchie nere, moda del numero di raggi dorsali seg - der Stacheln der geteilten Afterflosse modal 16 und mentati 14, moda del numero dei raggi anali segmen - Zahl der Schwanzwirbel modal 23. Dies ist die fünfte tati 16, moda del numero delle vertebre caudali 23. Scartella- Art, die aus dem Atlantischen Ozean Rappresenta la quinta specie del genere Scartella bekannt wurde. descritta nell’Oceano Atlantico.
Résumé Introduction On décrit ici une nouvelle espèce de Scartella de l'île The circumtropical blenniid genus Scartella (Jordan, Trindade (20° 30' S, 29° 20' W), une formation vol - 1886) is frequently encountered in tropical waters and canique située à 1160 km au large de la côte brésili - on reefs (Springer, 1993), particularly in shallow habi - enne. La nouvelle espèce se distingue de ses con - tats such as tide pools (Randall, 1996). According to génères atlantiques par les caractéristiques suiv - Bath (1990), species of Scartella are separated by the
89 aqua vol. 8 no. 3 - 2004 A new species of combtooth blenny Scartella Jordan, 1886 (Teleostei: Blenniidae) from Trindade Island, Brazil number of segmented dorsal and anal rays, the num - & Wanscher (1961). Type specimens were deposited ber of caudal vertebrae, the number of nuchal cirri, in the collections of Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, and by colour patterns. They are found throughout the Brazil (MNRJ), Laboratório de Biodiversidade de world, from the Mediterranean Sea, the Atlantic and Recursos Pesqueiros, Universidade Federal do Rio Indian Ocean coasts of Africa to Mozambique, and de Janeiro, Brazil (LBRP), Museu de Biologia Profes - from Pakistan, India, Ceylon, Taiwan, Japan, and sor Mello Leitão, Espírito Santo, Brazil (MBML), Tonga. In the western Atlantic the genus is repre - Museu de História Natural, Universidade Estadual de sented in Bermuda, Florida, Central America, the Campinas, Brazil (ZUEC), Coleção Zoológica, Univer - Caribbean Islands and along the coasts of Colombia sidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Brazil (UFES), and and Venezuela to southern Brazil (Bath, 1990). Four the National Museum of Natural History (USNM). species are currently recognised from the Atlantic: Institutional abbreviations for additional and compara - Scartella cristata (Linnaeus, 1758), in the western tive material examined are as listed in Leviton et. al. Atlantic from Bermuda and the Caribbean Sea to (1985), except for LBRP (Laboratório de Biodiversi - south-eastern Brazil, and in the eastern Atlantic from dade de Recursos Pesqueiros, Universidade Federal the Mediterranean Sea and north-western Morocco to do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) and UFPB (Universidade South Africa; S. nuchifilis (Valenciennes, 1836), Federal da Paraíba, Brazil). endemic to Ascension Island; S. springeri (Bauchot, 1967), endemic to Saint Helena Island; and S. caboverdiana Bath, 1990, endemic to the Cape Verde Scartella poiti n. sp. Archipelago (Bath, 1977, 1990, Rangel, 1998, 2003). (Figs. 1, 2, Table I, II) The genus Scartella has also one or two Indo-Pacific species, which are: S. emarginata (Günther, 1861), Blennius cristatus (not of Linnaeus, 1758): Miranda- and S. tongana (Jordan & Seale, 1906) tentatively Ribeiro, 1919: 173, Ilha da Trindade, Brazil, recognised in Bath (1996). In this paper a fifth species (misidentification). of Scartella from the Atlantic Ocean is described. Scartella cristata (not of Linnaeus, 1758): Nunan, Colour photographs of the new species and remarks 1992: 423, Ilha da Trindade, Brazil, (misidentifica - on the other Atlantic congeners are provided. tion). Scartella sp. Gasparini & Floeter, 2001: 1646, Ilha da Materials and Methods Trindade, Brazil. All specimens were collected using hand nets, Scartella sp. n. Rangel, 2003: 13, Ilha da Trindade, mostly in tide-pools, both by day and night. Methods Brazil. for counting and measuring follow Bath (1990). Mor - phometric and meristic data for the type series are Holotype: MNRJ 21975, male, 85.4 mm SL, Ponta da presented in Table I and mean data (x) of counts of Calheta, Ilha da Trindade, Espírito Santo, Brazil, dorsal and anal rays for Atlantic species of Scartella 20°30’S, 29°20’W, depth 0-1 m, collected by J. L. are given in Table II. In the descriptions, meristic val - Gasparini, 30 March 1999 . ues are followed by the mode of each count within Paratypes: LBRP 5616, female: 71.6 mm SL, parentheses. Colour nomenclature follows Kornerup Enseada dos Portugueses, Ilha da Trindade, Espírito
Fig. 1. Holotype of Scartella poiti n. sp., MNRJ 21975, male, 85.4 mm SL. Photo by J. L. Gasparini. aqua vol. 8 no. 3 - 2004 90 Carlos A. Rangel, João Luiz Gasparini, and Ricardo Z. P. Guimarães
Table I. Morphometric and meristic data from selected type specimens of Scartella poiti n. sp. Measurements are expressed as percentages of standard length, except orbital diameter (expressed as percentage of head length).
MNRJ 21975 LBRP 5616 LBRP 5617 MNRJ 21976 UFES 1423 MBML 592 ZUEC 5413 MNRJ 21977 USNM 365988 Holotype Paratype Paratype Paratype Paratype Paratype Paratype Paratype Paratype Male Female Female Male Male Female Female Female Male
Standard length (mm) 85.4 71.6 71.8 79.3 65.6 80.4 64.2 45.1 56.8
Head length 26.0 28.1 27.9 26.7 26.7 26.5 24.8 27.3 26.8
Orbit diameter 20.9 17.4 20.0 19.8 18.9 18.8 22.0 26.7 22.4
Pectoral fin length 32.4 28.8 32.7 28.7 31.9 32.1 34.6 33.6 31.7
Pelvic fin length 17.4 18.7 19.2 15.5 19.5 18.0 18.4 18.4 18.8
Dorsal fin rays XII-14 XII-13 XII-14 XI-14 XII-14 XII-14 XII-13 XII-14 XII-14
Anal fin rays 15 15 16 15 15 16 16 15 16
Pectoral rays 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14
Santo, Brazil, collected by J. L. Gasparini, 07-08 April 3525, 1: 72.1 mm SL, Copacabana, Rio de Janeiro, 2001; LBRP 5617, female: 71.8 mm SL, Ilha da Brazil; LBRP 5302, 1: 28.4 mm SL, Arraial do Cabo, Trindade, Espírito Santo, Brazil, collected by J. L. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; UFPB 4000, 3 of 63 exs.: 26.5- Gasparini, 29-04 Apr 1999; MNRJ 21976, male: 79.3 32.3 mm SL, Paraíba, Brazil; ZUEC 3154, 2: 67.7- mm SL, same locality as holotype, collected by J. L. 67.9 mm SL, Ubatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; MCP Gasparini, 29-04 April 1999; UFES 1423, male: 65.6 25826, 1: 72.3 mm SL, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; mm SL, Enseada dos Portugueses, Ilha da Trindade, USNM 37412, 1: 88.6 mm SL, Cuba, Caribbean Sea; Espírito Santo, Brazil, collected by J. L. Gasparini, 07- ANSP 143431, 7: 42.7-80.5 mm SL, Venezuela, 08 April 2001; MBML 592, female: 80.4 mm SL, Caribbean Sea; AMS I-31606001, 1: 82.9 mm SL, Enseada dos Portugueses, Ilha da Trindade, Espírito Italy, Mediterranean Sea; ZMH 17966, 1: 46.0 mm Santo, Brazil, collected by J. L. Gasparini, 07-08 April SL, Cameroon, west Africa; Scartella nuchifilis : 2001; ZUEC 5413, female: 64.2 mm SL, Enseada dos USNM 285039, 14: 27.2-54.9 mm SL, Ascension Portugueses, Ilha da Trindade, Espírito Santo, Brazil, Island; Scartella springeri : USNM 280137, 10: 31.0- collected by J. L. Gasparini, 07-08 April 2001; MNRJ 59.3 mm SL, St. Helena Island; Scartella cabover - 21977, female: 45.1 mm SL, same locality as holo - diana : SMF 18032, Holotype, 1: 39.8 mm SL, Cabo type, collected by J. L. Gasparini, 29-04 April 1999; Verde Archipelago; SMF 18033, Paratype, 5: 28.8- USNM 365988, male: 56.8 mm SL, same locality as 36.7 mm SL, Cabo Verde Archipelago. holotype, collected by J. L. Gasparini, 29-04 April 1999. Diagnosis Additional material examined: LBRP 5313, 3: Scartella poiti n. sp. is distinguished from its Atlantic 38.8-41.5 mm SL, Ponta da Calheta, Ilha da congeners by the following combination of characters: Trindade, Espírito Santo, Brazil, collected by J. L. body and head speckled with small black spots ( vs. Gasparini, August 1998; LBRP 5314, 1, 24.0 mm SL, speckles absent in S. cristata), modally 14 segmented Poças de maré do Parcel, Ilha da Trindade, Espírito dorsal fin rays ( vs. modally 15 in specimens of S. Santo, Brazil, collected by R. Z. P. Guimarães and C. cristata from other Brazilian localities, S. cabover - A. Rangel, 09 October 1998; LBRP 5417, 6: 39.6-41.3 diana , and S. nuchifilis ; and modally 16 in S. mm SL, Enseada dos Portugueses, Ilha da Trindade, springeri), modally 16 segmented anal fin rays ( vs. Espírito Santo, Brazil, collected by J. L. Gasparini, 08 modally 17 in specimens of S. cristata from other September 1995; LBRP 5419, 3: 30.6-39.5 mm SL, Brazilian localities, S. caboverdiana , and S. nuchifilis ; Ponta da Calheta, Ilha da Trindade, Espírito Santo, and modally 18 in S. springeri), modally 19 nuchal cirri Brazil, collected by J. L. Gasparini and A. A. Moreira, (vs . modally 5 in S. springeri ; modally 6 in 19 March 1997; UFES 1422, 6: 28.4-37.5 mm SL, S. nuchifilis ; modally 17 in S. caboverdiana ; and Enseada dos Portugueses, Ilha da Trindade, Espírito modally 22 in S. cristata from other Brazilian locali - Santo, Brazil, collected by J. L. Gasparini, 07-08 April ties), and modally 23 caudal vertebrae ( vs. modally 24 2001. in specimens of S. cristata from other Brazilian locali - Comparative material: Scartella cristata : LBRP ties, S. caboverdiana , and S. nuchifilis ; and modally
91 aqua vol. 8 no. 3 - 2004 A new species of combtooth blenny Scartella Jordan, 1886 (Teleostei: Blenniidae) from Trindade Island, Brazil
Table II. Frequency distribution in counts of dorsal and anal rays in species of the genus Scartella from several localities of Atlantic Ocean (some data from Rangel, 2003), including the Trindade Island. Bold data in x columns indicates signif - icant differences in the Brazilian species mean.
Dorsal rays Anal rays Species n localities 13 14 15 16 17 x 15 16 17 18 x S. nuchifilis 9 Ascension Island -4 5 - -14.6 126-16.6 S. springeri 8 St. Helena Island -- 15216.1 -14317.3 S. caboverdiana 6 Cabo Verde Archipelago -- 6 - -15.0 -24-16.7 S. cristata 12 Mediterranean Sea -7 5 - -14.4 -75-16.4 S. cristata 13 African coast -4 9 - -14.7 - 10 3-16.2 S. cristata 27 Caribbean Sea -819 --14.7 1 24 2-16.0 S. cristata 48 Brazilian coast -733 8-15.0 1 11 31 5 16.8 Scartella poiti 28 Trindade Island 3 22 3--14.0 12 16 --15.6
25 in S. springeri) . In addition, the means of counts of between the eyes and the origin of the first dorsal dorsal and anal rays are additional diagnostic charac - spine). Pelvic fin with the third segmented ray tightly ters and are presented in Table II. joined to the second and separated only at their extremity by a thin membrane. Description Body moderately elongate, without scales. Mouth Dorsal fin rays XI - XII (XII), 13-15 (14), 13 in 3 spec - low on the head and horizontal; maxilla reaching pos - imens and 15 only in 2 specimens; anal fin rays II, 15- teriorly to a vertical through the centre of eye. Two 16, 15 in 12 specimens; segmented caudal fin rays 8; short canine teeth posteriorly in dentary, at edge of pectoral fin rays 14; pelvic fin rays I, 3; caudal verte - incisiform series, but never on premaxilla. brae 23-24 (23). Colour in life: Markedly variable. Body with an olive A single dorsal fin present. Lateral line short;, never green to dark brown background colour; most individ - extending beyond the first segmented dorsal ray. Cirri uals with six dark brown irregular bars on body; lower present in anterior nasal opening, on top of eyes, and half of body usually paler; head and upper half of body in the nuchal area (a longitudinal line of tentacles with diagnostic small yellowish brown spots; head
Fig. 2. Close-up of the head of Scartella poiti n. sp., photographed in an aquarium. Photo by J. L. Gasparini. aqua vol. 8 no. 3 - 2004 92 Carlos A. Rangel, João Luiz Gasparini, and Ricardo Z. P. Guimarães with a few greenish blue spots just after ocular globe; Distribution, habitat and natural history lips light brown with light green borders covered by Trindade Island (Fig. 3) (20°30’S, 29°20’W) is tiny dark brown spots (Fig. 1). Nuchal cirri striped with located approximately 620 nautical miles (1160 km) dark brown and golden yellow (Fig. 2). Distal portion off the Brazilian coast, lying at the eastern end of the of the interradial membrane of the dorsal fin deep Vitória-Trindade submarine Ridge, off the coast of green to yellowish green. Espírito Santo State, in south-eastern Brazil. Proximal portion of the body speckled with greenish Together with the Martin Vaz Archipelago, which lies blue spots and small black spots. Caudal fin with dark 48 km east of Trindade, it forms one of the most iso - brown irregular bands. A dark spot usually present in lated groups of islands off the Brazilian coast (Fig. 5). the membrane between the first and third dorsal spines. Like other Brazilian oceanic Iislands (i.e. the Fer - Colour in alcohol: Body with a light brown to dark- nando de Noronha Archipelago, Atol das Rocas and brown background colour; lower half of body usually St. Paul’s Rocks), Trindade is characterised by rela - paler; anteroventral portion (including the lips and tively oligotrophic warm waters, narrow shelf, and pelvic fins) always light brown, lacking small black considerable geographic isolation (Floeter et al ., spots. Head, body, soft portion of the dorsal fin, prox - 2001). imal portion of the anal fin, pectoral fin, and caudal fin This volcanic island is surrounded by calcareous speckled with small black spots. In the body, these alga reefs, which are invariably present throughout spots are more concentrated in the inferoposterior the littoral zone. Occasional sandy patches are filled portion. Caudal fin usually with dark irregular bands. A with lithothamnia cobbles (Gasparini & Floeter, 2001). dark spot usually present in the membrane between The new species was also observed in the Martin Vaz the first and third dorsal spines. Juveniles with a Archipelago as well (J. L. Gasparini, pers. obs.). cream body coloration and bleached fins; usually six Scartella poiti is known only from the type locality, and dark irregular bars on body. is therefore considered endemic to the Trindade-Mar - tin Vaz insular complex. This species was recorded Etymology from 0.1 to 1.0 m depth inside tide -pools, and in the The name poiti is used in honour of the Oceano - surf zone over crustose algae or volcanic reefs. Like graphic Post of Trindade Island (in Portuguese: its congener in the Brazilian coast ( S. cristata ). We “Posto Oceanográfico da Ilha da Trindade”) of the observed that Scartella poiti , is extremely tolerant to Brazilian Navy, in recognition of their extensive help high salinity and temperature variations. Co-inhabi - during all trips by the authors. tants include other blennies (Ophioblennius cf. atlanti -
Fig. 3. Landscape of Trindade Island (20°30’S; 29° 19’W), off Espírito Santo, Brazil, type locality of Scartella poiti n. sp. Photo by J. L. Gasparini.
93 aqua vol. 8 no. 3 - 2004 A new species of combtooth blenny Scartella Jordan, 1886 (Teleostei: Blenniidae) from Trindade Island, Brazil
Fig. 4. Underwater photograph of Scartella cristata, Abrolhos Area, NE Brazil (tide pool). Photo by R. Z. P. Guimarães. cus and an undescribed species of the genus Smith and Jeff Clayton (USNM), J. G. Lundberg Entomacrodus – currently been investigated by the (ANSP), H. Wilkens (ZMH), Sally Reader (AMS), and authors), labrisomids (Labrisomus nuchipinnis and an F. Krupp (SMF) for the loan of specimens. We also undescribed species of the genus Malacoctenus ), the thank W. Ivantsoff, J. Williams and an anonymous Trindade damselfish (Stegastes fuscus trindadensis), reviewer, for the suggestions and critical analysis of and a Brazilian wrasse (Thalassoma noronhanum). the manuscript.
Remarks References Probably due to the small size and the lack of spe - Bath, H. 1970. Vergleichend-morphologische, tax - cific studies on small fishes from Trindade Island, S. onomische und zoogeographische Untersuchungen poiti has been historically misidentified as S. cristata na den Schleimfischarten Blennius cristatus , crinitus (e. g. , Miranda-Ribeiro, 1919; Nunan, 1992). In this und nuchifilis (Pisces: Blennioidea: Blenniidae). study, all observed specimens of S. cristata , on both Senckenbergiana Biologica, 51 (5/6): 287 - 306. sides of the Atlantic and in the Mediterranean Sea, Bath, H. 1977. Revision der Blenniini (Pisces: Blenni - shares the absence of small dark spots (see Fig. 4) idae). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 57 (4/6): 167 - speckled over the head and/or body. However, all the 234. other Atlantic congeners, each one from oceanic Bath, H. 1990. Über eine neue Art der Gattung islands, including the new species from Trindade Scartella von den Kapverdischen Inseln (Pisces: Island, possess these dark spots. Blenniidae). Mitt. Pollichia, 77 : 395-407. Bath, H. 1996. Beitrag zur Osteologie der Arten der Acknowledgements Tribus Parablennini Die Beziehungen der Knochen We thank the Brazilian Navy (Marinha do Brasil – 1° des Schädeldaches zum Seitenorgan-System und Distrito Naval) for logistical support; Sergio R. Floeter zu den Weichteilbildungen der Befunde nebst and A. A. Moreira, for helping in the field; and Ivan Bemerkungen zu Lupinoblennius dispar Herre 1942 Sazima (ZUEC), Gustavo Nunan (MNRJ), Bertran (Pisces: Blenniidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 76 Feitoza (UFPB), Carlos A. Lucena (MCP), Shirleen (1/2): 65 - 92. aqua vol. 8 no. 3 - 2004 94 Carlos A. Rangel, João Luiz Gasparini, and Ricardo Z. P. Guimarães
Fig. 5. (A) Map of the western South Atlantic; ( B) Vitória-Trindade Submarine Ridge; ( C) Trindade Island (20° 30’ S, 29° 19’ W), a volcanic formation about 1160 km off the Brazilian coast.
95 aqua vol. 8 no. 3 - 2004 A new species of combtooth blenny Scartella Jordan, 1886 (Teleostei: Blenniidae) from Trindade Island, Brazil
Floeter, S. R., Guimarães, R. Z. P., Rocha, L. A., Nunan, G. W. 1992. Composition, species distribution Ferreira, C. E. L., Rangel, C. A., & J. L. Gasparini. and zoogeographical affinities of the Brazilian reef- 2001. Geographic variation in reef-fish assemblages fish fauna. Unpublished PhD. Dissertation, Univer - along the Brazilian coast. Global Ecology & Bio - sity of New Castle upon Tyne. 584 pp. geography, 10 : 423-431. Randall, J. E. 1996. Caribbean Reef Fishes . Neptune Gasparini, J. L. & S. R. Floeter. 2001. The shore City, NJ, USA: T. F. H. Publ. Inc. 386 pp. fishes of Trindade Island, western South Atlantic. Rangel, C. A. 1998. Estudo taxonômico da família Journal of Natural History ., 35 (11): 1639-1656. Blenniidae (Teleostei: Blennioidei) em um trecho do Kornerup, A. & J. H. Wanscher. 1961. Taschen - litoral do estado do Rio de Janeiro, com registro de lexikon der Farben . Musterchmidt-Verlag, Zürich, duas novas ocorrências. Unpublished B.Sc. Disser - 242 pp. tation Thesis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Leviton, A. E., Gibbs, R. H., Heal, E., & C. E. Daw - Janeiro, Brazil. iv-40 pp. son. 1985. Standards in herpetology and ichthyol - Rangel, C. A. 2003. Revisão taxonômica do gênero ogy: Part I. Standard symbolic codes for institutional Scartella (Teleostei: Blenniidae) do Oceano Atlân - resource collections in herpetology and ichthyology. tico. Unpublished MSc. Thesis, Universidade Fed - Copeia , 1985 : 802-838. eral do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. ii-67 pp. Miranda-Ribeiro, A. 1919. A Fauna Vertebrada da Springer, V. G. 1993. Definition of the suborder Ilha de Trindade. Archivos do Museu Nacional, 22 : Blennioidei and its included families (Pisces: Perci - 171-177. formes). Bulletin of Marine Science, 52 (1): 472-495.
********************************************************************************************************************************* ERRATA: aqua Special Publications No. I, March 2004: A New Revision of the Swordplant Genus Echinodorus Richard, 1848 (Alismataceae) by Karel Rataj. P. 23: Fig. 1A-C should read Fig. 3A-C. P. 94: (Monogr. Phaner. 3: 54, 1981) (Fig. 1) should read (Monogr. Phaner. 3: 54, 1981) (Fig. 1-5); Heiko Bleher has visited the type locality of E. virgatus in Mexico but the photos shown (Figs. 1-4) may well be a different species. P. 95: Fig. 1 should read Fig. 5. P. 96: Holotype: type 1989 (PR). P. 110: Fig. 7 should read Fig. 6. P. 122: (Studie SAV 2: 69, 1975) (Fig. 1) should read (Monogr. Phaner. 3: 54, 1981) (Fig. 1-4) P. 123: Fig. 3A-D should read Fig. 4A-D. aqua Sonderausgabe Nr. I, März 2004: Neue Revision der Gattung Echinodorus Richard, 1848 (Alismataceae) von Karel Rataj. P. 94: Heiko Bleher hat 1980 die Typenlokalität von E. virgatus besucht, aber bei den Abbildungen (Figs. 1-4) handelt es sich wahrscheinlich um eine andere Art. P. 123: Fig. 3A-D should read Fig. 4A-D. aqua Journal of Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology 8 (1), February 2004 P. 9-22: In their designation of neotype for Paramugil parmatus (Historical overview of mugilid systematics, with descrip - tion of Paramugil [Teleostei: Mugiliformes: Mugilidae], new genus), Javad Ghasemzadeh, Walter Ivantsoff and Aarn, indi - cated that the holotype of Mugil oligolepis Bleeker 1859 (RMNH 6405) was chosen as the neotype of M ugil parmatus, p. 15). In the same publication, Cantor’s paper (Cantor, T. E. Catalogue of Malayan Fishes , Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 18 (2): 983-1043) was recorded as having been published in 1850. We thank Dr. W. N. Eschmeyer for point - ing out that Bleeker based his description of species on more than one specimen and thus no holotype of Mugil oligolepis has ever been designated. The largest and the most complete of the seven specimens of M. oligolepis (RMNH 6405, 77 mm SL and 93 mm TL) should therefore be designated as the lectotype of M. oligolepis so as to stabilise the usage as currently recognised. The same specimen is also designated as the neotype of Mugil parmatus, since from Ingham’s 1952 publication, M. oligolepis has been placed into the synonomy of M. parmatus, the specimens of which appear to be lost. Thomson (1997) in his revision of the mullets of the world had also placed Mugil oligolepis into the synonymy of Liza par - mata (Cantor). The need for a neotype is therefore justifiable. We thank the Curator of Fishes, Dr. M.J.P. van Oijen, Lei - den Museum of Natural History, for providing us with the description of Bleeker’s specimens RMNH 6405.
Citing the date of Cantor’s publication is somewhat problematical. Whilst the date of publication is indicated as 1849 on the frontispiece, the printing by J. Thomas, Baptist Mission Press, took place in 1850, causing some confusion. We therefore acknowledge that the date of publication may be interpreted as 1849 rather than 1850.
References Cantor, T. E. 1849. Catalogue of Malayan Fishes. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 18 (2): 983-1043. Ingham, S. E. 1952. The biology and taxonomy of the Mugilidae. Unpublished MS thesis, British Museum (Natural History), London, 276 pp. Thomson, J . M. 1997. The Mugilidae of the world. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 41 (3): 457-562. aqua vol. 8 no. 3 - 2004 96 aqua, Journal of Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology
Description of a new species of damselfish (Pomacentridae: Chromis) from Rapa Island, French Polynesia
1 2 David Lecchini and Jeffrey T. Williams
1) Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes - UMR 8046 CNRS, Université de Perpignan, 66860 Perpignan, France. E-mail: [email protected] 2) Division of Fishes, NHB MRC-159, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA. E-mail: [email protected]
Accepted: 02.03.2004 Keywords Zusammenfassung Pomacentridae, Chromis planesi , Rapa Island, Beschrieben wird eine neue Art der Riffbarsche damselfish („Schwalbenschwänze“), die kürzlich bei der Insel Rapa im Austral-Archipel (Franz. Polynesien) entdeckt wurde. Abstract Die Belege wurden während eines gemeinschaftlichen A new species of pomacentrid fish recently discov - Meeresforschungsprojekts zur Biodiversität von Okto - ered at Rapa Island, Austral Archipelago (French ber bis Dezember 2002 gesammelt. Chromis planesi Polynesia), is described. Specimens were collected wird nach sechs Exemplaren mit einer Länge von 93,6 during a collaborative marine biodiversity survey of bis 101,8 mm SL beschrieben, die am äußeren Riffhang Rapa from October to December 2002. Chromis in der Tiefe von 50 bis 54 m gefangen wurden. Die neue planesi is described from six specimens, 93.6-101.8 Art unterscheidet sich von den meisten bisher mm SL, captured on the outer reef slope at depths of beschriebenen Chromis -Arten durch die Kombination 50 to 54 m. The new species is distinguished from folgender Merkmale: XIV, 12-13 Rückenflossen - most described species of Chromis by the following strahlen; II, 12-13 Afterflossenstrahlen; 20 Brustflossen - combination of characters: dorsal rays XIV,12-13; strahlen; 17 Seitenlinienschuppen mit Röhrchen; 27-30 anal rays II,12-13; pectoral rays 20; tubed lateral line Kiemenblättchenreihen insgesamt; schwarzer Brust - scales 17; total gill rakers 27-30; axil of pectoral fin flossenansatz; augengroßer bläulich weißer Fleck (der black; eye-sized bluish white spot (fades and darkens nach dem Tod rasch dunkler und damit undeutlicher rapidly after death) on body at bases of posteriormost wird) auf dem Rumpf an der Basis der hinteren 6-8 6 to 8 segmented dorsal rays. Abschnitte der aufgeteilten Rückenflosse. Only four species of Chromis (C. fumea, C. notata, C. Nur vier Chromis -Arten (C. fumea, C. notata, C. ver - verater, and C. struhsakeri) have overlapping counts, a ater, C. struhsakeri) überschneiden sich bei den genan - black pectoral axil, and the white spot dorsoposteriorly nten Zahlen und zeigen den schwarzen Fleck am Brust - on body as described above for C. planesi. Chromis flossenansatz und den dorsoposterioren weißen Fleck planesi is easily distinguished from all four of these auf dem Rumpf, wie es für C. planesi beschrieben species by its distinctive colour pattern: yellowish body wurde. Durch die Färbung aber ist C. planesi von den with nine stripes, each composed of a series of small anderen vier Arten gut unterscheidbar: gelblicher Kör - blue dots, extending from the gill opening to the caudal per mit neun Streifen, die jeweils aus einer Reihe fin base; pectoral and caudal fins yellow; and pelvic and kleiner, blauer Flecken bestehen und sich von der anal fins dark brown to black. Among the Chromis Kiemenöffnung bis zur Schwanzflossenbasis species with 14 dorsal spines, the colour pattern of C. erstrecken; gelbe Brust- und Schwanzflossen sowie planesi is most similar to the those of C. meridiana and dunkelbraune bis schwarze Bauch- und Afterflossen. C. struhsakeri . Chromis meridiana lacks the blue stripes Unter den Chromis-Arten mit 14 Rückenflossenstacheln on the body and has a more slender body (body depth ähnelt das Farbmuster von C. planesi am ehesten dem (BD) 2.1-2.3 in standard length (SL) versus BD 1.9-2.1 von C. meridiana und C. struhsakeri. Bei C. meridiana in SL for C. planesi). Chromis struhsakeri differs in lack - fehlen die blauen Streifen auf dem Rumpf, und die Tiere ing blue stripes, lacking yellow fins, having the white dieser Art haben einen schlankeren Körper (Körpertiefe spot extending anteriorly from the top of the caudal = BD, body depth 2,1-2,3 SL im Vergleich zu 1,9-2,1 BD peduncle only to about the base of the last dorsal seg - in SL bei C. planesi). Chromis struhsakeri unterscheidet mented ray, and having a deeper body (BD 1.8-1.9 in sich durch fehlende blaue Streifen, fehlende gelbe SL). This distinctive new species is known only from Flossen und einen weißen Fleck, der sich nach vorne seven specimens (one sacrificed for genetic sam pling) vom Schwanzstiel nur bis zur Basis der letzten Rücken - collected on the deep outer reef at Rapa Island. flossen-Segmente erstreckt, sowie durch einen tieferen
97 aqua vol. 8 no. 3 - 2004 Description of a new species of damselfish (Pomacentridae: Chromis) from Rapa Island, French Polynesia
Körper (BD 1,8-1,9 SL). Die neue, gut unterscheidbare descritta sulla base di sei esemplari, 93.6-101.8 mm SL, Art kennt man bisher nur von sieben Exemplaren, die catturati lungo la scarpata corallina esterna a profondità über dem tief gelegenen äußeren Riff der Rapa-Insel di 50-54 m. La nuova specie si distingue dalla maggior gesammelt worden waren, wobei ein Exemplar für die parte delle altre del genere Chromis per la seguente genetische Untersuchung zur Verfügung gestellt wer - combinazione di caratteri: raggi dorsali XIV,12-13; raggi den musste. anali II,12-13; raggi pettorali 20; scaglie della linea lat - erale 17; numero complessivo di rastrelli branchiali 27- Résumé 30; ascella della pinna pettorale nera; sul corpo e alla On décrit ici une nouvelle espèce de Pomacentridé base dei 6-8 raggi dorsali più arretrati presenza di una récemment découverte à l'île Rapa, Iles Australes macchia bianco-bluastra dal diametro circa uguale a (Polynésie française). Des spécimens ont été collectés quello dell’occhio (che si dissolve e si scurisce rapida - lors d'un relevé en collaboration de la biodiversité mari- mente dopo la morte). ne de Rapa, d'octobre à décembre 2002. Chromis pla- Solo quattro specie di Chromis (C. fumea, C. notata, nesi est décrit sur base de six spécimens, de 93,6-101,8 C. verater e C. struhsakeri) hanno conte sovrapponibili, mm LS, capturés sur le versant externe du récif, à des una macchia nera all’ascella della pettorale e una mac - profondeurs de 50 à 54 m. L'espèce nouvelle se dis - chia bianca sulla regione dorsale e posteriore del corpo tingue de la plupart des espèces décrites de Chromis come descritto per C. planesi. Chromis planesi si dis - par la combinaison des caractéristiques suivantes: tingue, tuttavia, da tutte queste per la particolare col - rayons de la dorsale XIV, 12-13; rayons de l'anale II, 12- orazione: corpo giallastro con nove striature, ognuna 13; rayons de la pectorale 20; écailles canaliculées de composta da una serie di piccole macchie blu, che la ligne latérale 17; total des branchiospines 27-30; ais - decorrono dall’apertura branchiale alla base della pinna selle de la pectorale, noire; tache ocelliforme blanc bleu caudale; pinna caudale e pettorali gialle; pinne pelviche (s'estompe et fonce vite après la mort) sur le corps à la ed anale dal bruno scuro al nero. Tra le specie di base des 6 à 8 derniers rayons segmentés de la Chromis con 14 spine dorsali, la colorazione è più dorsale. somigliante a quella di C. meridiana e C. struhsakeri. Seules quatre espèces de Chromis (C. fumea, Tuttavia, Chromis meridiana non ha le striature blu sul C.notata, C. verater et C. struhsakeri) ont des dé- corpo ed è più affusolata (altezza del corpo, BD, 2.1-2.3 comptes qui se recoupent, une aisselle noire à la pec - in SL verso BD 1.9-2.1 in SL per C. planesi). Chromis torale et la tache blanche dorsopostérieure sur le corps struhsakeri si differenzia per l’assenza delle striature comme précisé ci-dessus pour C. planesi. Chromis blu, l’assenza di pinne gialle, per avere la macchia planesi se distingue sans peine de ces quatre espèces bianca che si estende anteriormente dalla parte superi - par son patron de coloration: corps jaunâtre avec neuf ore del peduncolo caudale solamente fino quasi alla lignes, chacune composée d'une série de petites taches base dell’ultimo raggio dorsale segmentato, e infine per bleues, de la branchie à la base de la caudale; pec - avere un corpo più alto (BD 1.8-1.9 in SL). Questa torales et caudale jaunes; pelviennes et anale brun nuova specie è nota solo per i sette esemplari (di cui foncé à noir. Parmi les espèces de Chromis qui ont 14 uno è stato sacrificato per determinazioni genetiche) rayons durs à la dorsale, la coloration de C. planesi raccolti sulla barriera corallina esterna dell’Isola di ressemble le plus à celles de C. meridiana et de C. Rapa. struhsakeri. Chromis meridiana n'arbore pas de lignes bleues sur le corps et est de forme plus élancée (hau - Introduction teur du corps 2,1-2,3 en longueur standard (LS) contre The South Pacific island of Rapa (27°36’S, 144°21’W; 1,9-2,1 en LS pour C. planesi). Chromis struhsakeri se Fig. 1) is the southernmost inhabited island of French distingue par l'absence de lignes bleues, de nageoires Polynesia. It is considered as one of the Austral jaunes, par la tache blanche allant antérieurement du Islands, but it is sufficiently isolated (the next Austral haut du pédoncule caudal jusque près de la base du Island lies 520 km north-west of Rapa) to be regarded dernier rayon dorsal segmenté, et par un corps plus as a separate geographic unit. Rapa (see back cover) haut (1,8-1,9 en LS). Cette nouvelle espèce caractéris - is a roughly circular island (7.2 km in diameter) charac - tique est connue sur base de 7 spécimens seulement terized by having only an interrupted fringing reef, (dont un sacrifié pour analyse génétique) collectés sur numerous bays and somewhat turbid water as a result le versant profond du récif à l'île de Rapa. of runoff from rainfall averaging over 250 cm per year (see Randall et al ., 1990). Despite its remote location, Sommario marine biodiversity (algae, corals, fishes and molluscs) Si riporta la descrizione di una nuova specie di poma - at Rapa is relatively high (Mermet, 1986). From Octo - centride recentemente scoperta all’Isola di Rapa, ber to December 2002, an international (Fiji, France, Arcipelago Australe (Polinesia Francese). Gli esemplari Italy, United States) team of scientists conducted a col - sono stati raccolti durante una spedizione congiunta per laborative marine biodiversity survey of Rapa. lo studio della biodiversità marina a Rapa, condotta nel Prior to 1971, there were a few scattered reports of periodo ottobre-dicembre 2002. Chromis planesi è fish species from Rapa: Anguilla obscura by Schmidt aqua vol. 8 no. 3 - 2004 98 David Lecchini and Jeffrey T. Williams
Table I. Proportional measurements of specimens of Chromis planesi expressed as percentage of standard length.
Holotype Paratype Paratype Paratype Paratype Paratype USNM MNHN MNHN USNM USNM USNM 375192 2003-2681 2003-2681 375193 375193 375193 Standard length (mm) 97.6 100.2 98.1 98.9 101.8 93.6 Body depth 50.2 48.5 49.1 49.4 51.0 51.5 Body width 17.0 17.1 16.7 17.8 16.8 17.2 Head length 30.2 29.2 29.1 28.4 30.1 28.6 Snout length 7.1 7.4 7.2 7.4 7.5 7.2 Orbit diameter 10.0 10.0 10.3 10.4 11.2 10.5 Interorbital width 10.2 9.9 10.2 9.9 9.5 19.9 Upper jaw length 7.9 7.4 8.1 7.9 7.4 8.3 Caudal peduncle depth 14.1 14.1 13.8 13.7 13.7 14.4 Caudal peduncle length 11.7 11.1 11.3 11.7 12.2 10.0 Predorsal length 32.3 33.7 31.6 30.7 34.2 34.5 Preanal length 66.9 69.4 66.7 68.5 70.3 64.4 Prepelvic length 36.4 33.9 34.6 41.0 36.0 32.8 Length dorsal fin base 65.0 60.0 66.1 62.5 60.1 64.9 Length anal fin base 24.3 22.0 23.8 23.4 23.4 26.6 Length pectoral fin 33.9 32.4 32.7 33.8 33.0 33.2 Length pelvic fin 26.7 25.9 31.0 27.0 26.4 29.0 Length pelvic fin spine 17.6 16.5 18.0 18.0 16.8 18.2 Length first dorsal spine 9.3 8.3 9.4 9.7 9.0 8.8 Length seventh dorsal spine 17.3 14.8 17.0 16.2 14.5 17.1 Length last dorsal spine 12.6 11.2 12.2 12.7 12.2 13.2 Length longest dorsal ray 18.2 17.8 19.1 19.9 17.6 18.5 Length first anal spine 7.1 6.9 7.1 8.7 6.5 6.8 Length second anal spine 18.5 15.7 18.8 18.7 15.8 17.9 Length longest anal ray 20.9 16.1 18.0 17.6 18.4 17.8 Length upper caudal fin 37.8 36.3 40.5 34.8 35.3 40.0 Length lower caudal fin 30.5 29.1 34.8 29.9 32.0 33.4 Caudal concavity 18.0 19.5 21.3 18.9 19.3 19.2
PNG
RAPA AUSTRALIA
Fig. 1. Location of Rapa Island, Austral Archipelago, in the South Pacific.
99 aqua vol. 8 no. 3 - 2004 Description of a new species of damselfish (Pomacentridae: Chromis) from Rapa Island, French Polynesia
(1925), Epinephelus merra by Schultz (1945), Phaethonichthys tuberculatus by Nichols (1923), and, in 1970, a limited collection made by C. L. Smith included 85 species that were listed in Randall (1978). In 1971, Randall spent about a month collecting fishes at Rapa and published the first list (Randall, 1978), which included 220 species. Plessis (Etude Ichthyologique de Rapa, pages 213-230 in Mermet, 1986) provided a list of fish species from Rapa based on the work of Randall (1978) and supplemented with infor - mation obtained from local fishermen and his own observations during trips to Rapa in 1968 and 1984. In 1990, Randall and C. L. Smith published a combined list Fig. 3. Chromis planesi, holotype, 97.6 mm SL, Rapa including 274 fish species (Randall et al ., 1990). Island. Colour when fresh. Photo by J. T. Williams. During the 2002 Rapa expedition, fish surveys were conducted to sample specimens from the rocky shores and bays to the outer slope and deep shelf around the island to a depth of 78 m. Specimens were recorded visually and/or collected at 66 collecting sta - tions with the ichthyocide rotenone and by spearing. Some specimens were taken by hook and line or obtained from local fishermen. Combining these fish records with the list of Randall et al . (1990) brings the number of marine and estuarine species known from Rapa to over 369 (Galzin et al ., in preparation). As many as 10 or more undescribed species are repre - sented among the specimens collected during the 2002 expedition, including a new species of the dam - Fig. 4. Radiographic image of Chromis planesi, holotype, selfish genus Chromis described herein. 97.6 mm SL, Rapa Island. Image by S. J. Raredon.
Methods Counts and measurements follow Allen & Wright (2003). Measurements were taken with calipers and recorded to the nearest 0.1 mm. Counts of vertebrae and associated elements and median fin rays were taken from radiographs. Counts and measurements were made on the left side when possible. Propor - tional measurements are expressed as a percentage of standard length and are provided in Table 1. Unless indicated otherwise, proportions appearing in parentheses apply to the range for the paratypes. Institutional abbreviations are USNM (National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, and Washington, DC) and MNHN (Museum National Fig. 5. Chromis planesi, 101.1 mm SL, Rapa Island, d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France). taken at 50 m near the type locality off north-eastern tip of Rapa. Colour when fresh (specimen sacrificed for genetic sampling). Photo by J. T. Williams. Chromis planesi n. sp. (Figs. 3, 4, 5) 2003-2681, two specimens, 98.1 and 100.2 mm SL, Holotype : USNM 375192, 97.6 mm SL, French Poly - collected with holotype. nesia, Rapa Island, off north-east tip of island on outer edge of deep plateau, channels in a deep reef with Diagnosis good coral growth, soft corals and sponges abundant Dorsal rays XIV,12-13 (usually 13); anal rays II,12- (27°32.974’S, 144°19.123’W), at a depth of 50-54 m, 13 (usually 12); pectoral rays 20; tubed lateral line field number JTW 2002-35, collected by S. Planes scales 17; gill rakers 6-8 + 20-24 (total 27-30); axil of using a small spear, 14 November 2002. pectoral fin black; eye-sized bluish white spot (fades Paratypes : USNM 375193, three specimens, 101.8, and darkens rapidly after death) on body at bases of 98.9 and 93.6 mm SL, collected with holotype. MNHN posteriormost 6 to 8 segmented dorsal rays; body aqua vol. 8 no. 3 - 2004 100 David Lecchini and Jeffrey T. Williams depth 1.94-2.06 in SL; in life, yellowish body with nine column over about basal three-fourths of dorsal, anal stripes, each composed of a series of small blue dots, and caudal fin membranes; 25-26 scales in longitudi - extending from the gill opening to the caudal fin base; nal series from upper edge of operculum to base of pectoral and caudal fins yellow; pelvic and anal fins caudal fin; edge of suborbital covered by scales, sub - dark brown to black. Largest specimen, 101.8 mm SL. orbital with a single row of scales; four rows of scales on preopercle, the uppermost and lowermost rows Description with scales smaller than those of the two middle rows; Dorsal rays XIV,12-13 (only one paratype with 12); paired fins scaled basally. anal rays II,12-13 (only the holotype with 13); all dor - Tubed part of lateral line ending beneath last dorsal sal and anal soft rays branched, last through base; spine; pored scales continue to base of caudal fin, but segmented caudal rays 10+9, median 7+6 branched; with a gap of one to four unpored scales between 2 exposed spiniform dorsal procurrent rays; 2 oblique portion of lateral line and midlateral row of exposed spiniform ventral procurrent rays; pectoral pored or pitted scales on caudal peduncle. rays 20; pelvic rays I,5; tubed lateral line scales 17; Dorsal fin origin above third lateral line scale, pre - posterior midlateral scales with a pore or deep pit 6-8 dorsal length 3.10 (2.90-3.16) in SL; first dorsal spine (holotype with 6, paratypes with 6, 6, 7, 8, 8); longitu - 4.15 (2.932-3.53) in head length (fourth spine dinal scale rows 25 (one paratype with 26); scales longest); seventh to fourteenth dorsal spines increas - above lateral line to dorsal fin origin 1.5; scales below ingly shorter, longest 1.75 (1.68-2.07) in head; fourth lateral line to anal fin origin 9.5; circumpeduncular or fifth dorsal soft rays longest, 1.66 (1.43-1.71) in HL; scales 14; gill rakers 6-8 + 20-24 (holotype with 7+20, origin of anal fin below base of last dorsal spine; pre - paratypes with 6+21, 6+24, 7+20, 8+21, 8+22); total anal distance 1.49 (1.42-1.55) in SL; first anal spine gill rakers 27-30; pseudobranchial filaments 12-18 4.28 (2.93-4.64) in head; second anal spine 1.63 (holotype with 15, paratypes with 12, 15, 17, 18, 18); (1.52-1.90) in head; eighth or ninth anal soft ray branchiostegal rays 6; supraneural (predorsal) bones longest, 1.45 (1.60-1.82) in head; caudal fin deeply 3; vertebrate 11+15; last rib on vertebral centrum 11; forked, longest upper rays slightly longer than longest last epineural on centrum 15. lower rays, length of upper rays 2.70 (2.66-2.88) in Body moderately deep, depth 1.99 (1.94-2.06) in SL, SL; caudal concavity (calculated from length of fila - and compressed, width 2.95 (2.78-3.04) in body mentous upper rays) 5.55 (4.69-5.29) in SL; pectoral depth; head length 3.31 (3.33-3.52) in SL; snout fins pointed, third or fourth rays longest, 2.95 (2.96- shorter than orbit, its length 4.28 (3.85-4.03) in head 3.08) in SL; origin of pelvic fins below base of pectoral length; eye moderately large, orbit diameter 3.01 fin; prepelvic length 2.75 (2.44 -3.05) in SL; pelvic (2.68-2.93) in head; interorbital space convex, least spine 1.72 (1.58-1.79) in head; first pelvic soft ray fil - fleshy width 2.95 (2.63-3.15) in head; caudal pedun - amentous, 3.74 (3.23-3.85) in SL. cle depth 2.14 (1.99-2.20) in head; caudal peduncle Colour of fresh material (Figs. 3, 5) : Head and length 2.59 (2.42-2.85) in head; mouth small, maxilla body brown dorsally, gradually changing to yellow lat - reaching to or slightly beyond a vertical at anterior erally and becoming pinkish white ventrally; brown edge of orbit, upper jaw length 3.99 (3.05-4.31) in area on top of head iridescent blue in life (rapidly fad - head length; mouth terminal and oblique, gape form - ing to brown after death); bluish white spot (rapidly ing an angle of about 20º to horizontal axis of head fading and darkening to pale brown after death) and body. beneath posteriormost six dorsal soft rays; body with Teeth biserial, an outer row of enlarged conical teeth nine beaded blue stripes from head to caudal fin with irregular band of small villiform teeth behind. Gill base; opercle yellowish with iridescent blue, becom - rakers ossified, slender, longest at angle about three- ing pinkish white over subopercle; broad yellow stripe fourths length of longest gill filaments and one-third extending from tip of snout to each eye and from lips orbit diameter. No papillae on lips or front of snout; across preopercle and posteriorly as a stripe across nostril with a very low fleshy rim, slightly higher pos - base of pectoral fin; pectoral fin yellow with black axil; teriorly; posterior nasal opening crescent-shaped. dorsal fin dusky yellow; pelvic fin dusky; anal fin black; Bony edge of opercle ending posteriorly in an incon - caudal fin yellow to yellowish brown with dusky tips. spicuous flat spine at level of lower edge of orbit; mar - Colour in alcohol : Head and body brown, with gin of preopercle smooth; corner of preopercle rounded; darker area along dorsal profile from snout to end of depth of suborbital about seven in eye diameter, lower lateral line; lips and internasal area pale with some margin free to a point just posterior to middle of eye. small brown spots; posterior margin of scales outlined Scales imbricate, ctenoid; head scaled except lips, with melanophores on dorsal half of body, each scale narrow band across preorbital containing nostrils, and with a small brown spot centrally forming beaded narrow zone at tip of snout above upper lip; body and brown stripes along the body; axil of pectoral fin with vertical fin bases covered with one scale wide basal large black spot (readily observed when pectoral fin is scaly sheath of relatively large ctenoid scales, small rotated forward toward head); pectoral fins translu - scales extending as a progressively narrowing cent with tips black; pectoral base dusky with pale
101 aqua vol. 8 no. 3 - 2004 Description of a new species of damselfish (Pomacentridae: Chromis) from Rapa Island, French Polynesia stripe centrally; dorsal fin with interspinous mem - the north-eastern tip of Rapa Island (French Polyne - branes dusky with narrow black margin distally; irreg - sia) at depths of 50-54 m from channels on the outer ular pale stripe located centrally on dorsal fin; caudal edge of a deep reef plateau, where corals, soft corals fin dusky; anal fin black with pale central stripe; pelvic and sponges were abundant. fins dark brown to black. Acknowledgments Etymology The authors wish to thank C. Payri for organizing the This species is named in honour of Dr. Serge expedition to Rapa, and S. Planes and R. Galzin, who Planes, Université de Perpignan (France), who dis - assisted JTW in the collection of fish specimens at covered and captured all of the known specimens of Rapa. We thank the Mayor of Rapa, H. Flores, for his this species. support of the expedition. The French Navy provided transport for the participants and their supplies from Comparisons Tahiti to Rapa and back. For assistance provided to Chromis planesi differs from all but 19 of the recog - JTW during the expedition, we thank J-L. Menou, M. nized species (Allen, 1991) of Chromis in having 14 Adjeroud, C. Payri, and A. Nyeurt. JTW is particularly dorsal spines. The 19 Chromis species having at least grateful to everyone in the Communes de Ahurei and some specimens with 14 spines are: Chromis albo - Area who so generously contributed their time and maculata Kamohara 1960, C. axillaris Bennett 1831, C. resources to help the expedition successfully attain its cadenati Whitley 1951, C. chromis Linnaeus 1758, C. goals. We are especially grateful to V. G. Springer for flavomaculata Kamohara 1960, C. fumea Tanaka his support and encouragement of the collecting 1917, C. limbata Valenciennes 1833, C. lubbocki efforts of JTW to obtain and preserve scientifically Edwards 1986, C. megalopsis Allen 1976, C. meridiana valuable specimens from remote localities around the Greenfield and Woods 1980, C. mirationis Tanaka world. For assistance with numerous tasks in support 1917, C. notata Temminck an Schlegel 1842, C. oka - of this project, we thank Y. Chancerelle, J. Algret, J. F. murai Yamakawa and Randall 1989, C. ovalis Stein - Finan, S. J. Raredon, J. M. Clayton, K.A. Murphy, D. dachner 1900, C. pelloura Randall and Allen 1982, C. G. Smith, S. Smith, and L. F. Palmer. Financial support sanctaehelenae Edwards 1987, C. struhsakeri Randall for the participation of JTW on the expedition to Rapa and Swerdloff 1973, C. verater Jordan and Metz 1912, was provided by the Leonard P. Schultz Fund of the and C. woodsi Burner and Arnam 1979. Of these 19 Smithsonian Institution, R. Galzin of CRIOBE, and C. species, C. planesi is distinguished from all but four Payri of the Université de la Polynésie française. species ( C. fumea, C. notata, C. verater, and C. struh - sakeri) by the follo wing combination of characters: dor - References sal rays XIV,12-13; anal rays II,12-13; pectoral rays 20; Allen, G. R. 1991. Damselfishes of the World . Mer - tubed lateral line scales 17; total gill rakers 27-30; axil gus, Melle, Germany, 271 pp. of pectoral fin black; eye-sized bluish white spot (fades Allen, G. R. & J. E. Wright. 2003. Description of a and dark ens rapidly after death) on body at bases of new species of damselfish (Pomacentridae: Poma - posteriormost 6 to 8 segmented dorsal rays. centrus) from Rodrigues Island, Indian Ocean. From these four species of Chromis (C. fumea, C. Aqua , 7: 133-138. notata, C. verater, and C. struhsakeri) C. planesi is Galzin, R., Lecchini, D., Planes, S. & J. T. Williams easily distinguished by its distinctive colour pattern: (in preparation for Cybium ). Report on the fishes of yellowish body with nine blue stripes, each composed Rapa Island, French Polynesia. of a series of small blue dots, extending from the head Mermet, G. 1986. Rapa . Direction des centres d’ex - to the caudal fin base; pectoral and caudal fins yellow; périmentations nucléaires, Service mixte de contrôle and pelvic and anal fins dark brown to black. Among biologique, France, 236 pp. the 14-spined species of Chromis, the colour pattern Nichols, J. T. 1923. Two new fishes from the Pacific. of C. planesi is most similar to the colour patterns of American Museum Novitates , 94 : 1-3. C. meridiana and C. struhsakeri . Chromis meridiana Randall, J. E. & H. Sinoto. 1978. Rapan Fish Names. lacks the blue body stripes and has a more slender Occasional Papers of the Bernice P. Bishop body (body depth (BD) 2.1-2.3 in standard length (SL) Museum , 24 : 291-306. versus BD 1.9-2.1 in SL for C. planesi ). Chromis Randall, J. E., Smith, C. L. & M. N. Feinberg. 1990. struhsakeri differs in lacking blue stripes, lacking yel - Report on fish collections from Rapa, French Poly - low fins, having the white spot extending anteriorly nesia. American Museum Novitates , 296 : 1-42. from the top of the caudal peduncle only to about the Schmidt, J. 1925. On the distribution of freshwater base of the last dorsal segmented ray, and having a eels (Anguilla) throughout the world. Memory Acad - deeper body (BD 1.8-1.9 in SL). emic Royale Sciences Lettres , 8: 328-382. Schultz, L. P. 1945. Fishes of the United States Distribution and habitat Antarctic Service Expedition 1939-1941. Proceeding The only known specimens were collected from off of the American Philosophical Society , 89 (1): 298 pp. aqua vol. 8 no. 3 - 2004 102 aqua, Journal of Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology
Rivulus simplicis n. sp. (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae): a new killifish from the coastal plains of south-eastern Brazil
Wilson J. E. M. Costa
Laboratório de Ictiologia Geral e Aplicada, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Caixa Postal 68049, CEP 21944-970, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]
Accepted: 02.03.2004
Keywords laire. Rivulus simplicis se distingue des autres Killifishes, Brazilian Atlantic forest, Systematics, espèces du groupe R. santensis par un patron de col - Rivulus , Rivulidae oration du flanc et de la caudale des mâles et par une combinaison de traits morphologiques, y compris le Abstract nombre élevé de rayons de la caudale et la position Rivulus simplicis , is described from a small, isolated antérieure de la naissance de la dorsale. coastal plain area of south-eastern Brazil. It belongs to the R. santensis species group, which also includes Resumo R. depressus , R. haraldsiolii , R. janeiroensis , R. Rivulus simplicis sp. n., de uma pequena baixada luelingi , R. nudiventris , and R. santensis , and is diag - costeira isolada do sudeste do Brasil, é descrita. Ela nosed among rivulids by uniquely possessing a pertence ao grupo de espécies R. santensis , que curved ventral process of the angulo-articular bone. também inclui R. depressus , R. haraldsiolii , R. janei - Rivulus simplicis differs from other species of the R. roensis , R. luelingi , R. nudiventris e R. santensis , e é santensis group in having a distinct colour pattern of diagnosticado entre rivulídeos por unicamente pos - flank and caudal fin in males, and by a combination of suir o processo ventral do osso angulo-articular morphological features, including high number of curvo. Rivulus simplicis difere de outras espécies do caudal fin rays and anterior position of the dorsal fin grupo R. santensis por possuir um padrão de colorido origin. distinto de flanco e de nadadeira caudal em machos, e por uma combinação de características morfológi - Zusammenfassung cas, incluindo elevado número de raios da nadadeira Die neue Art Rivulus simplicis wird aus einem caudal e posição anterior da origem da nadadeira kleinen, isolierten Gebiet der Küstenebenen SO- dorsal. Brasiliens beschrieben. Sie gehört zur R.- santensis- Artengruppe, die außerdem R. depressus, R. harald - Sommario siolii, R. janeiroensis, R. luelingi, R. nudiventris und R. Rivulus simplicis è descritto da una ristretta area santanensis umfasst und deren Unterschei - costiera pianeggiante del sud-est del Brasile. Appar - dungsmerkmal unter den Rivuliden ein gebogener tiene al complesso di specie R. santensis, che com - Ventralfortsatz des Angulo-Articular-Knochens ist. prende R. depressus, R. haraldsiolii, R. janeiroensis, Rivulus simplicis unterscheidet sich von den anderen R. luelingi, R. nudiventris e R. santensis. Si riconosce Arten der Gruppe durch ein deutliches Farbmuster auf dagli altri rivulidi per avere un processo ventrale den Flanken und der Schwanzflosse bei den Männ- ricurvo sull’osso angolo-articolare. Rivulus simplicis chen und durch eine Reihe von Körpermerkmalen wie differisce dalle altre specie del complesso R. santen - eine hohe Zahl von Flossenstrahlen in der sis per la colorazione dei fianchi e della pinna caudale Schwanzflosse und eine weiter vorne liegende Rück - nei maschi e per una combinazione di caratteristiche, enflosse. tra cui un elevato numero di raggi caudali e un’origine più avanzata della pinna dorsale. Résumé On décrit ici Rivulus simplicis, originaire d'une petite Introduction zone isolée de plaines côtières du sud-est brésilien. Il Rivulus Poey comprises about 100 valid species appartient au groupe de l'espèce R. santensis, qui (Costa, 2003a, b, c), occuring in small streams comprend aussi R. depressus, R. haraldsiolii, R. between south-eastern Mexico (about 20°N) and janeiroensis, R. luelingi, R. nudiventris et R. santen - north-eastern Argentina (about 30°S). Monophyly of sis, et se caractérise parmi les Rivulidés par une Rivulus is weakly supported (Costa, in press), excroissance ventrale courbe de l'os angulo-articu - but some intrageneric assemblages have been
103 aqua vol. 8 no. 3 - 2004 Rivulus simplicis n. sp. (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae): a new killifish from the coastal plains of south-eastern Brazil consistently corroborated in phylogenetic studies (e. sidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro. g., Costa, 1991, 1995a, 1998; Hrbek & Larson, 1999). Holotype and paratypes are identified by catalogue One of these assemblages, the R. santensis species number, sex, size, location, co-ordinates and altitude group, is diagnosed by the narrow, curved ventral where specimens were collected, collectors’ names, process of the angulo-articular, a condition unique and date and method of collection. among aplocheiloids (Costa, 1991, 1998; Costa & Brasil, 1991). It is a geographically isolated group, Rivulus simplicis n. sp. endemic to the forests of the coastal plains of eastern (Figs. 1-2; Table I) and south-eastern Brazil, and includes R. depressus Costa, R. haraldsiolii Berkenkamp, R. janeiroensis Holotype: UFRJ 5940, male, 27.1 mm SL; Brazil: Costa, R. luelingi Seegers, R. nudiventris Costa & Estado do Rio de Janeiro: Parati, swamp near Brasil, and R. santensis Köhler. A new species of the Jabaquara beach (23°12’26.7”S 44°43’12.9”W; alti - R. santensis group, collected in southern Rio de tude 23 m); collected by W. J. E. M. Costa, C. P. Bove Janeiro state coastal plains, is herein described. & B. B. Costa, 3 February 2004, with a dip net. Paratypes: UFRJ 5976, male, 24.7 mm SL, 2 Materials and methods females, 25.9-34.6 mm SL; collected with holotype. - Measurements and counts follow Costa (1995b). UFRJ 5941, 15 males, 23.6-30.3 mm SL, 16 females , Measurements are presented as percentages of stan - 19.9-28.5 mm SL; UFRJ 5942, 3 males, 25.1-32.0 dard length (SL), except for head measurements mm SL, 2 females, 26.8-28.1 mm SL (c&s); same which are expressed as percentages of head length. locality and collectors, 22 June 2003, Fin ray counts include all elements; counts of pec - toral, pelvic and caudal fin rays, gill rakers and verte - Diagnosis brae were made only on cleared and stained (c&s) Similar to R. depressus , R. haraldsiolii , R. janeiroen - specimens, prepared in accordance with Taylor and sis , R. luelingi , R. nudiventris , and R. santensis , and Van Dyke (1985). For the vertebral counts, the com - distinguished from all other species of the genus in pound caudal centrum was counted as a single ele - having the ventral process of the angulo-articular ment. Osteological features included in the descrip - curved (vs. straight). Differs from these species in tion are those considered phylogenetically informative having a distinct colour pattern of caudal fin in males in recent studies on basal rivulids (Costa, 1998, and (pale yellow with a pale red line on the dorsal and ven - in press). Nomenclature for frontal squamation follows tral margins, vs. bright greenish yellow with a broad Hoedeman (1958), and for cephalic neuromasts, dark grey to black stripe on the dorsal and ventral Costa (2001). Material is deposited in UFRJ, Univer - margins) and by the presence of horizontal rows of Table I. Morphometric data of Rivulus simplicis sp. n.. H: holotype.
males females H paratypes UFRJ UFRJ UFRJ UFRJ UFRJ UFRJ UFRJ UFRJ UFRJ UFRJ UFRJ 5940 5941 5941 5941 5941 5941 5941 5941 5941 5941 5941
SL [mm] 27.1 30.3 29.0 28.9 28.4 27.4 28.5 25.7 24.8 24.4 23.9
In percents of standard length Body depth 20.5 20.3 20.3 20.0 20.0 20.1 20.0 20.3 19.7 20.5 19.3 Caudal peduncle depth 13.7 14.2 13.6 14.0 13.7 14.4 13.7 13.8 14.0 13.4 13.4 Predorsal length 75.8 77.0 77.7 75.0 75.1 78.3 75.5 77.7 76.8 76.8 77.8 Prepelvic length 52.9 54.7 54.1 54.0 52.9 53.5 54.0 53.8 54.8 52.7 54.3 Length of dorsal fin base 9.0 10.2 9.3 9.8 10.6 9.6 8.7 9.1 9.6 9.6 8.5 Length of anal fin base 21.3 19.8 20.1 19.1 20.4 21.6 19.6 20.4 19.5 19.3 18.6 Caudal fin length 37.2 39.2 39.1 37.2 37.3 40.0 35.3 37.7 37.6 37.6 36.9 Pectoral fin length 19.2 18.3 18.5 17.5 18.7 18.3 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.7 17.4 Pelvic fin length 8.1 10.1 8.6 8.8 7.9 8.8 6.9 7.4 7.7 7.1 6.7 Head length 25.0 24.6 25.0 23.4 24.8 25.3 23.9 25.8 26.0 25.9 25.8 In percents of head length Head depth 70.4 66.7 63.6 68.7 65.2 65.1 64.0 66.5 64.8 65.0 63.5 Head width 75.7 80.9 75.7 81.6 78.8 79.7 78.7 75.4 78.3 73.9 77.9 Snout length 14.3 14.1 13.8 14.8 14.9 13.9 14.5 14.9 12.9 13.0 14.3 Lower jaw length 18.5 18.5 18.5 22.3 21.4 20.8 20.3 20.2 18.8 17.3 19.6 Eye diameter 34.2 32.3 33.1 34.1 31.3 34.2 35.4 32.6 34.0 33.8 33.0
aqua vol. 8 no. 3 - 2004 104 Wilson J. E. M. Costa
Fig. 1. Rivulus simplicis, UFRJ 5940, male, holotype, 27.1 mm SL (one day after collection); Brazil: Rio de Janeiro: Parati. Photo by W. J. E. M. Costa.
Fig. 2. Rivulus simplicis, UFRJ 5976, female, paratype, 25.9 mm SL (one day after collection); Brazil: Rio de Janeiro: Parati. Photo by W. J. E. M. Costa. red dots on the flank in males (vs. pale pink bars in R. nudiventris , and 27-29 in R. depressus) . Further dis - depressus , R. nudiventris , R. janeiroensis , R. santen - tinguished from R. santensis and R. haraldsiolii by sis , R. haraldsiolii , and red bars in R. luelingi). Also possessing dorsal fin origin between neural spines of distinguished from R. janeiroensis , R. nudiventris , R. vertebrae 20 and 22 (vs. between neural spines of luelingi , and R. depressus , but similar to R. santensis vertebrae 22 and 23) and a red line on the distal mar - and R. haraldsiolii , by having more caudal fin rays gin of the anal fin in male (vs. broad dark grey to black (32-34, vs. 29-32 in R. janeiroensis , R. luelingi and R. distal stripe).
105 aqua vol. 8 no. 3 - 2004 Rivulus simplicis n. sp. (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae): a new killifish from the coastal plains of south-eastern Brazil
Description surface. Few scales on caudal fin base; no scales on Morphometric data are presented in Table I. Males dorsal and anal fins. Frontal squamation E-patterned; larger than females, largest male 32.0 mm SL. Dorsal E-scales not overlapping medially; scales arranged in profile slightly convex from snout to end of dorsal fin circular pattern around central A-scale without base, approximately straight on caudal peduncle. exposed margins. Longitudinal series of scales 33-34; Ventral profile convex on head, almost straight from transverse series of scales 8; scale rows around cau - anterior portion of venter to end of anal fin base, dal peduncle 16. Contact organs absent. Supraorbital nearly straight along caudal peduncle. Body slender, neuromasts 3 + 3. subcylindrical anteriorly, slightly deeper than wide, to Ventral process of angulo-articular short, narrow and compressed posteriorly. Greatest body depth at level curved. Rostral cartilage longer than wide, width of pelvic fin base. about 80% of length. Basihyal subtriangular, greatest Dorsal fin rounded. Anal fin slightly pointed in male, width about 50% of length; basihyal cartilage about rounded in female. Caudal fin oval. Pectoral fin roun - 25% of basihyal length. Interhyal vestigial, not ossi - ded, posterior margin on vertical anterior to pelvic fin fied. Six branchiostegal rays. Two teeth on second base. Tip of pelvic fin reaching urogenital papilla in pharyngobranchial. Distal process of second epi - male, and reaching anus in female. Pelvic fin bases in branchial absent. Uncinate process of third epi - close proximity. Dorsal fin origin on vertical through branchial minute. Gill rakers of first branchial arch 1 + base of ninth or tenth anal fin ray, and between neu - 8. Three vomerine teeth. Dorsal tip of preopercle with ral spines of 20th and 22nd vertebrae. Anal fin origin short canal. Dermosphenotic present. Ventral process between pleural ribs of 14th and 15th vertebrae. Dor - of posttemporal absent. Neural prezygapophyses sal fin rays 8-10; anal fin rays 13-14; caudal fin rays long, about 30 % of neural spine length in fifth caudal 32-34; pectoral fin rays 14; pelvic fin rays 6. vertebra. Epipleural ribs rod-like. Total vertebrae 33. Scales large, cycloid. Flank, dorsum and venter Coloration in life: Male: Side of body light purplish entirely scaled; head scaled, except on anteroventral grey with horizontal rows of red dots and oblique rows
Fig. 3. Brazil: Rio de Janeiro: Parati; the type locality of R. simplicis. Photo by W. J. E. M. Costa. aqua vol. 8 no. 3 - 2004 106 Wilson J. E. M. Costa
shallow canals, about 5-10 cm deep (Fig. 3), with brown water and black mud on the bottom. The pre - dominant vegetation was Typha sp. (Typhaceae), but the water surface was covered by free-floating aquatic plants: Lemna sp. (Araceae) and Azolla sp. (Azol - laceae).
Relationships Rivulus simplicis is a member of the R. santensis species group, the only assemblage of Rivulus endemic to the coastal plains of eastern and south- eastern Brazil, with all species having the ventral process of the angulo-articular curved (Fig. 4). How - ever, relationships of the new species with other Fig. 4. Left angulo-articular and retro-articular, lateral species of the group are unclear at the present. view, of Rivulus santensis. Drawn by author. Acknowledgements of greenish golden small spots; faint dorsolateral I am grateful to C. P. Bove and B. B. Costa for help brown spots on anterior portion of body. Dorsum light on collecting trips, and to C. P. Bove for identification brown, venter white. Opercular region greenish of aquatic plants. This study was supported by CNPq golden. Infraorbital region light yellow, ventral surface (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e of head white. Lower jaw light grey. Iris light yellow. Tecnológico - Ministério de Ciência e Tecnologia) and Dorsal fin with pale greenish yellow spots alternating FAPERJ (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do with transverse rows of small grey dots, and light yel - Estado do Rio de Janeiro). Material was collected low distal stripe. Anal fin yellow, base light blue with under permits 02.022005956/02 from IBAMA (Insti - gray dots; red distal line. Caudal fin yellow, with small tuto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Nat - grey spots on basal and dorsal portion, and red line urais Renováveis – Ministério do Meio Ambiente, dos on dorsal and ventral margins. Pelvic fin yellow, ante - Recursos Hídricos e da Amazônia Legal). rior margin red. Pectoral fin yellowish hyaline. Female: Side of body light brownish grey with oblique rows of pale green small spots; dorsolateral References grey spots on anterior portion of body. Dorsum light Costa, W. J. E. M. 1991. Description of two new spe - brown, venter white. Opercular region pale golden. cies of the genus Rivulus (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivu - Ventral surface of head white. Lower jaw dark grey. Iris lidae) from eastern South American coastal plains. light yellow. Dorsal and caudal fins hyaline with trans - Revue Suisse de Zoologie , 98 (3): 581-587. verse rows of small faint grey spots; triangular black Costa, W. J. E. M. 1995a. Revision of the Rivulus spot adjacent to two light yellow spots on dorsal portion punctatus species-complex (Cyprinodontiformes: of caudal fin base, not contacting fin margin. Anal fin Rivulidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwa - light yellow with blue base. Paired fins hyaline. ters , 6 (3): 207-226. Costa, W. J. E. M. 1995 b. Pearl killifishes, the Cyno- Etymology lebiatinae: systematics and biogeography of a From the Latin simplicis (simple), an allusion to the neotropical annual fish subfamily (Cyprinodontiformes: unadorned colour pattern of males of the new Rivulidae). TFH, Neptune City, NJ, USA, 128 pp. species. Costa, W. J. E. M. 1998. Phylogeny and classification of Rivulidae revisited: evolution of annualism and Distribution miniaturization in rivulid fishes (Cyprinodontiformes: Known only from the type locality, Parati, coastal Aplocheiloidei). Journal of Comparative Biology , 3 plains of south-eastern Brazil. (1): 33-92. Costa, W. J. E. M. 2001 . The neotropical annual fish Habitat notes genus Cynolebias (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae): Rivulus simplicis inhabits a freshwater swamp near a phylogenetic relationships, taxonomic revision and beach and a mangrove swamp, about 100 m from the biogeography. Ichthyological Exploration of Fresh - sea. This locality is situated in a very narrow coastal waters , 12 (4): 333-383. plain close to a steep mountain ridge (Serra do Mar), Costa, W. J. E. M. 2003a. Family Rivulidae (South altitude about 1,000 m, and isolated from the other American annual fishes). In: Check list of the fresh - coastal plain areas by a series of mountain ridge water fishes of South and Central America (Eds. R. arms. The area is close to the city of Parati, and near E. Reis, S. O. Kullander & C. J. Ferraris, Jr.) : 526- a well-preserved forest. Specimens were collected in 548. Edipucrs, Porto Alegre.
107 aqua vol. 8 no. 3 - 2004 Rivulus simplicis n. sp. (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae): a new killifish from the coastal plains of south-eastern Brazil
Costa, W. J. E. M. 2003b. Rivulus paracatuensis n. sp. (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae): a new rivuline species from the Rio São Francisco basin, Brazil. aqua, Journal of Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology , 7 (1): 39-43. Costa, W. J. E. M. 2003c. A new miniature rivuline fish from the upper Negro river basin, northern Brazil (Teleostei, Cyprinodontiformes, Rivulidae). Arquivos do Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro , 61 (3): 175-178. Costa, W. J. E. M. (in press). Relationships and redescription of Fundulus brasiliensis Valenciennes (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae), with description of a new genus and notes on the classification of the Aplocheiloidei. Ichthyological Exploration of Fresh - waters . Costa, W. J. E. M. & G. C. Brasil. 1991. Description of a new species of Rivulus (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) from the coastal plains of eastern Brazil. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters , 1 (4): 379-383. Hoedeman, J. J. 1958. Rivulid fishes of the Antilles. Studies on the Fauna of Curação and other Caribbean Islands, 32 (3): 112-127. Hrbek, T. & A. Larson. 1999. The evolution of dia - pause in the killifish family Rivulidae (Atherinomor - pha, Cyprinodontiformes): a molecular phylogenetic and biogeographic perspective. Evolution , 53 (4): 1200-1216. Taylor, W. R. & G. C. Van Dyke . 1985. Revised pro - cedures for staining and clearing small fishes and other vertebrates for bone and cartilage study. Cybium, 9 (2): 107-109.
aqua vol. 8 no. 3 - 2004 108 aqua, Journal of Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology
Migrations of various fish species between Asian and American waters 1 in the North Pacific Ocean
Alexei M. Orlov
Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries & Oceanography (VNIRO), 17, V. Krasnoselskaya, Moscow, 107140, Russia. E-mail: [email protected]
Accepted: 13.04.2004
Keywords Arten zählen der Pazifische Heilbutt Hippoglossus Ichthyofauna, exchange, eggs, larvae, range exten - stenolepis, der Nördliche Felsenfisch Sebastes bore - sion, migrations, transfer, continental slope, Kuril alis, die Pfeilzahnflunder Atherestes stomias, die Islands, Kamchatka, Aleutian Islands, Bering Sea Amerikanische Scholle Glyptocephalus zachirus und der Kohlenfisch Anoplopoma fimbria. Nach neueren Abstract Forschungen aber findet ein Austausch zwischen asi - Until now, the continental slope of the Bering Sea atischen und amerikanischen Fischbeständen auch was considered to be the only route by which typical über die Kurilen- und Aleuteninseln statt. Durch neuere American fishes or their pelagic eggs or larvae could Klimaveränderungen haben einige Fischarten ihr reach Asian coasts. These include Pacific halibut Hip - Vorkommen von den Aleuten zu den Kurilen und bis poglossus stenolepis , shortraker rockfish Sebastes hin zur südöstlichen Kamtschatkahalbinsel ausgedehnt borealis , arrowtooth flounder Atheresthes stomias , (Vielstacheliger Felsenfisch Sebastes polyspinis, rex sole Glyptocephalus zachirus and sablefish Bewimperter Felsenfisch Sebastes ciliatus, Pfeilzahn - Anoplopoma fimbria . Recent studies have shown that flunder, Amerikanische Scholle). Einige früher von den exchange between Asian and American fish popula - Aleuten beschriebene Arten gelten neuerdings als häu - tions takes place along the Kuril and Aleutian Islands. fig oder verbreitet in pazifischen Gewässern um die Due to recent climatic changes, some species have Kurileninseln. Dazu zählen: der Schneckenfisch Care - extended their ranges from the Aleutians to the Kuril proctus zachirus, der Drachenkopf (Irische Lord) Islands and as far as south-eastern Kamchatka Hemilepidotus zapus, sowie die Drachenköpfe (northern rockfish Sebastes polyspinis , dusky rockfish Archaulus biseriatus, Thyriscus anoplus und Rastrinus Sebastes ciliatus , arrowtooth flounder, and rex sole). scutiger. In aleutischen Gewässern sind diese Arten Some species from the Aleutian Islands, described sehr selten und meist nur durch kleine, nicht voll earlier, were recently found to be abundant or com - entwickelte Exemplare vertreten, während bei den mon in the Pacific waters off the Kuril Islands. These Kurilen erwachsene Exemplare sehr häufig sind. Es included blacktip snailfish Careproctus zachirus , wird die Auffassung vertreten, dass pelagische Eier longfin Irish lord Hemilepidotus zapus , scaled sculpin oder Larven der genannten Arten vom Wasser der Archaulus biseriatus , sponge sculpin Thyriscus westpazifischen Strömungen von den Kurilen zu den anoplus , and roughskin sculpin Rastrinus scutiger . In Aleuten mitgeführt werden. Aleutian waters these species are very rare and mostly represented by small, immature specimens, Résumé whereas adults are very common off the Kurils. It is Jusqu'à présent, le versant continental de la mer de suggested that the pelagic eggs or larvae of these Bering était sensée être le seul accès, pour les pois - species may be carried by the waters of the Western sons typiquement américains ou pour leurs oeufs ou Pacific Gyre from the Kuril Islands to the Aleutians. larves pélagiques, aux côtes asiatiques. On y dénom - bre le flétan du Pacifique Hippoglossus stenolepis, le Zusammenfassung sébaste Sebastes borealis, le flet Atheristes stomias, Bisher galt der Rand des Festlandsockels im Bering - la sole royale Glyptocephalus zachirus et l' Anoplo- meer als der einzige Weg, auf dem amerikanische poma fimbria. Des études récentes ont montré que Fische oder ihre pelagischen Eier oder Larven asiatis - l'échange entre populations de poissons asiatiques et che Küsten erreichen können. Zu den betreffenden américaines se passe le long des îles Kouriles et
1 The paper was presented at the 2003 ICES (International Council for the Exploration of the Sea) Annual Science Conference, 24-27 September, Tallinn, Estonia
109 aqua vol. 8 no. 3 - 2004 Migrations of various fish species between Asian and American waters in the North Pacific Ocean
Aléoutiennes. Suite à de récents changements clima - and Smith, 1988). The different fish populations origi - tiques, certaines espèces ont étendu leur distribution nate from the Indo-west-Pacific and the east Pacific des Aléoutiennes aux Kouriles et jusqu'au sud-est du respectively, and have been separated for a long Kamchatka (le Sébaste nordique, Sebastes polyspi - period (Schmidt, 1948). Representatives of Oregon - nis, le Sebastes ciliatus, le flétan Atherestes stomias ian ichthyofauna are distributed mostly off the western et la sole royale). Certaines espèces des îles Aléouti - American coast (California, Oregon, Washington, ennes, déjà décrites, sont devenues récemment British Columbia), in the Gulf of Alaska, off the Aleut - abondantes et communes dans les eaux pacifiques ian Islands, and in the eastern and southern Bering des îles Kouriles. On y a dénombré le Careproctus Sea. These species have been found in Asian waters zachirus, le Hemilepidotus zapus, l'Archaulus bise - only occasionally. By contrast, Asian sub-region riatus, le Thyriscus anoplus et le Rastrinus scutiger. species are mainly found in the north-western Pacific Dans les eaux des Aléoutiennes, ces espèces sont Ocean (Sea of Okhotsk, the western Bering Sea, and très rares et le plus souvent sous forme de petits the Pacific waters off Japan, the Kuril Islands and spécimens juvéniles, alors que les adultes sont très Kamchatka). These species have only very rarely communs au large des Kouriles. On suppose que les been found off the American coast. oeufs ou les larves pélagiques de ces espèces sont In the past, it was generally believed that the charriés par les eaux du courant du Pacifique occi - exchange of fish populations between Asia and Amer - dental des îles Kouriles aux Aléoutiennes. ica took place in both directions along the continental slope of the Bering Sea and the Aleutian-Kuril arch Sommario (Kodolov et al ., 1991). At present, the main route for Finora, la scarpata continentale del Mare di Bering such exchange is considered to be the continental era considerata la sola via attraverso cui i tipici pesci slope of the Bering Sea alone (Novikov, 1961). Wil - americani o le loro uova e larve pelagiche potessero imovsky (1964) suggested the possibility of a west - raggiungere le coste dell’Asia. Tra questi ci sono l’hal - ward extension of the range of some Aleutian fishes. ibut del Pacifico Hippoglossus stenolepis, lo scorfano More recently, it has been suggested (Dudnik et al., boreale Sebastes borealis, la platessa dai denti a 1998) that juvenile sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria can punta di freccia Atheresthes stomias, la sogliola reale migrate from the Aleutians into the waters of the Kuril Glyptocephalus zachiru s e il merluzzo nero Islands and Kamchatka. Anoplopoma fimbria. Studi recenti hanno mostrato Studies conducted during 1992-2002 in the western che scambi di popolazioni ittiche tra Asia e America Bering Sea and in the Pacific waters off the northern avvengono lungo le Isole Kurili e le Aleutine. A causa Kuril Islands and south-eastern Kamchatka have pro - di recenti variazioni climatiche, alcune specie hanno vided new data on ichthyofauna exchange between esteso la loro distribuzione fino alla fascia sudorien - Asian and American waters. New data on the distrib - tale della Kamchatka (quali, lo scorfano settentrionale ution of some fish species inhabiting waters off the Sebastes polyspinis, lo scorfano nebuloso Sebastes Asian and American coasts is presented here, and ciliatus, la platessa dai denti a punta di freccia e la the possible mechanism of exchange between these sogliola reale). Alcune specie delle Isole Aleutine, areas is considered. descritte in precedenza, sono state rinvenute di recente in grandi quantità nelle acque del Pacifico al Material and methods largo delle Isole Kurili. Tra queste il liparide Care - This paper is based on catch data obtained from 21 proctus zachirus e i cottidi Hemilepidotus zapus, bottom trawl surveys (a total of over 1,500 bottom Archaulus biseriatus, Thyriscus anoplus e Rastrinus trawl stations between 1992 and 2002) and numerous scutiger. Nelle acque delle Aleutine queste specie bottom trawl hauls conducted during commercial sono molto rare e genericamente rappresentate da operations between south-east Kamchatka and the forme piccole e immature, mentre gli adulti sono area of the North Kuril Islands. The total area investi - molto comuni al largo delle Isole Kurili. Si ritiene che gated was between 47º30’N and 52°N and between le uova pelagiche o le larve di queste specie possano 154º20’E and 158º50’E. Samples were collected from essere trasportate dalle acque della Corrente del three chartered commercial Japanese trawlers (Tomi- Pacifico Occidentale dalle Kurili alle Aleutine. Maru 53 , Tomi-Maru 82 , and Tora-Maru 58) . Catch data were also sampled aboard the Japanese trawler Introduction Kayo-Maru 28 in the western Bering Sea (168°E – The ichthyofauna of the temperate waters of the 178°W) during bottom trawl surveys and commercial North Pacific Ocean is distinctive and represents a fishing operations in the summer of 1997. Bottom distinct zoogeographic (boreal Pacific) region (Andria - trawl surveys were conducted during the daytime. shev 1939a). This region may be divided into the Commercial fishing took place around the clock at Asian (Far East) and Oregonian sub-regions, each depths between 76 and 833 m, using a polyethylene containing essentially different fish species (Schmidt, bottom trawl net with a (stretched) mesh of 100-120 1904, 1950; Andriashev, 1939b; Fedorov, 1978; Allen mm. The trawl mouth, some 25-30 m wide and 5-7 m aqua vol. 8 no. 3 - 2004 110 Alexei M. Orlov high, was rigged with a steel and rubber ball roller. dance of Pacific halibut in Asian waters is being main - Only samples from successful trawls were used for tained by periodical replenishment with eggs and/or analysis in this study. This meant that the horizontal larvae carried by the current from the north-eastern and vertical dimensions of the trawl mouth were within Pacific. the normal range, the roller was constantly in contact The sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria is a species with the bottom, the net suffered little or no damage endemic to the North Pacific. It is a typical represen - during the tow, and no derelict fishing gear was tative of American ichthyofauna (Novikov, 1961; Allen encountered. Most hauls were made along isobaths. and Smith, 1988; Kodolov et al ., 1991). This species Hauls in which the initial and final depths were very is most abundant in the eastern part of the Pacific different were excluded from the analysis. Ocean while in Asian waters its abundance is rela - Catch data on scaled sculpin Archaulus biseriatus , tively low and fluctuates considerably in the long term sponge sculpin Thyriscus anoplus , roughskin sculpin (Sasaki, 1984). Since this species is able to perform Rastrinus scutiger , and longfin Irish lord Hemilepido - lengthy migrations (Tuponogov and Kodolov, 2001) tus zapus in the southern Bering Sea and off the and its young fish have never been caught in the Aleutian Islands were obtained from the Fishbase Bering Sea (Kodolov, 1986), it can be assumed that web site ( http://www.fishbase.org ), which contains sablefish inhabiting the western Bering Sea have databases from the California Academy of Science migrated from American waters and formed a tempo - (San Francisco, USA), the National Museum of Nat - rary dependent population there (Parin, 1988). ural History (Washington D.C., USA), the University of The ability of the arrowtooth flounder Atheresthes Washington (Seattle, USA), the Scripps Institute of stomias to perform lengthy migrations is well known Oceanography (La Holla, USA), the University of (Shuntov, 1966; Novikov, 1961). In the western British Columbia (Vancouver, Canada), Kiel Univer - Bering Sea it migrates from the eastern part along the sity (Kiel, Germany), the Natural History Museum continental slope. This may be confirmed by the sim - (London, UK), the Museum National d’histoire ilarity of species size composition in both areas Naturelle (Paris), and the Museum of Zoology of (Orlov, 2000). The theory that arrowtooth flounder Hokkaido University (Hakodate, Japan). In addition, eggs drift from the north-eastern Pacific into the west - catch data on the species listed above as well as ern Bering Sea and eastern Kamchatka waters (Dol - blacktip snailfish Careproctus zachirus , arrowtooth ganov, 2000) has not yet been confirmed, because in flounder Atheresthes stomias , dusky rockfish most catches only large mature fish have been found. Sebastes ciliatus , northern rockfish Sebastes polyspi - In our opinion the rex sole Glyptocephalus zachirus nis , rex sole Glyptiocephalus zachirus , juvenile sable - and dusky rockfish Sebastes ciliatus , can also pene - fish Anoplopoma fimbria were taken from published trate the western Bering Sea along the continental sources (Peden, 1979; Nelson, 1984; Kido, 1985; slope from the eastern part, not by active migration Matarese and Vinter, 1985; Dudnik et al ., 1998; (these species are not good swimmers), but by Sheiko and Tranbenkova, 1998; Poltev and means of gradual range extension during long-term Moukhametov, 2000; Chetvergov, 2001; Orlov, periods of warming. Numerous captures of young rex 2001a; Orlov and Moukhametov, 2001; Orlov et al ., sole in the western Bering Sea in the late 1990´s 2001, 2002; Tokranov, 2002). (Glubokov, pers. comm.) may indicate environmental conditions favouring spawning or, because of recent Results and Discussion climatic changes, the survival of eggs carried there by currents from the eastern Bering Sea. Range extension along the Bering Sea continental This ichthyofaunal exchange route between Asia slope. and America has long been known and is considered The Pacific halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis is a per - traditional (Novikov, 1961; Kodolov et al ., 1991). Our manent inhabitant of Asian waters. Due to its origin in studies therefore confirm previous findings on the the north-eastern Pacific (Kodolov et al ., 1991) and active migration of Pacific halibut, sablefish, and highest abundance off American coast, the Asian arrowtooth flounder from the eastern Bering Sea to its waters may be considered as the western edge of this western part (Fig. 1). Furthermore, data obtained species range. Data collected on gonad condition, show a possible range extension of dusky rockfish distribution of juveniles, adults with developing and rex sole from the eastern to the western Bering gonads, spawning and ripe fish, are all indicators of Sea along the continental slope. normal reproduction conditions of the Pacific halibut The possibility of shortraker rockfish migration in the within Asian waters (Orlov, 2000). Since the species Bering Sea. is considered to be capable of performing lengthy Shortraker rockfish, Sebastes borealis is a species migrations (Kaimmer, 2000), adult Pacific halibut endemic to the North Pacific Ocean. It is distributed could migrate from the American coast in Asian between Japan (39°50´N) and southern California waters and further along the continental slope of the (40°46´N) as far as the Bering Sea. The species is of Bering Sea. It can also be assumed that the abun - commercial importance off eastern Kamchatka, the
111 aqua vol. 8 no. 3 - 2004 Migrations of various fish species between Asian and American waters in the North Pacific Ocean
Fig. 1. Scheme of distribution of sablefish, Pacific halibut, arrowtooth flounder, rex sole, and dusky rockfish from the east - ern to the western Bering Sea viathrough active migration and range extension of adults, or by the transfer of pelagic fry by currents. northern Kuril Islands, the Aleutian Islands region, in Bering Sea, the main spawning area is likely to be the the Bering Sea and the Gulf of Alaska. The shortraker continental slope from Cape Navarin and the Com - rockfish has pelagic larvae and juveniles (Matarese et mander Islands and waters along the north-western al ., 1989). Its life history still requires further study. and central Aleutian Islands (Fig. 2). The following Important information such as stock structure and the model may explain the pattern of shortraker rockfish degree of mixing between populations, required for migrations. Most larvae originating in the western rational management of the species, is still lacking. It Bering Sea are carried eastward. Some of them are is still not known if this species performs lengthy probably moved by the Eastern Kamchatka current to migrations or whether there exist discrete popula - eastern Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands, then tions. An attempt has been made to answer these through straits in the central Aleutian Islands into the questions in recent publications on the genetics and Pacific Ocean. Some larvae and/or pelagic juveniles parasitology of the species (Moles et al ., 1998; Ghar - may linger within quasi-stationary anti-cyclonic eddies rett et al ., 2000), but it is still considered to be a non- around sea mountains, near straits and in areas migrating (Parker et al ., 2000). where currents meet. These conditions can result in Analysis of the size composition of the shortraker the formation of local populations that are regularly rockfish in the Bering Sea shows maximum abun - replenished by fish migrating to and from feeding dance in the western part. Juveniles are most abun - areas. Taking into account the prevailing oceano - dant in the eastern Bering Sea whereas very few have graphic conditions, such populations are most likely to been caught in the western part (Bakkala et al ., 1992; be common in the Aleutian Islands area. In bottom Harrison, 1993; Ronholt et al ., 1994; Orlov, 2001b). trawl catches the minimum length of shortraker rock - The shortraker rockfish is long-lived (Beamish and fish benthic juveniles is about 10 cm, corresponding McFarlane, 1997) with late sexual maturation and low approximately to two-year-old fish (Orlov and growth rates (McDermott, 1994). There are consider - Abramov, 2001). There is a view that after shortraker able fluctuations in abundance and variations in size- rockfish juveniles settle, the adults remain relatively age structure from year to year. Taking into account sedimentary and do not perform any lengthy migra - the low reproductive rate and the insignificant size of tions (Barsukov, 1981). However, this conclusion may commercial catches, we believe the observed sea - only be valid for small specimens. Recent investiga - sonal and yearly variations in size composition should tions demonstrate that increase in size is accompa - be attributed to horizontal migration. They cannot be nied by the onset of migratory behaviour. If small explained by fluctuations in abundance. shortraker rockfish feed mainly on benthic inverte - Data on the size composition, benthic juvenile spa - brates and fishes (Yang, 1996), large fish feed mostly tial distribution and ocean current patterns in the on squid and mesopelagic fishes (Yang, 1993). In North Pacific Ocean (Orlov, 2001b) indicate that in the order to feed on the latter, shortraker rockfish need to aqua vol. 8 no. 3 - 2004 112 Alexei M. Orlov
Fig. 2. Hypothetic scheme of shortraker rockfish migrations in the Bering Sea. migrate vertically. We suggest that as its size 3). In 1994-1995, only accidental captures of large increases, this species is able to migrate horizontally fish had been seen in this area. However, in 1997- as well as vertically. In the Bering Sea, adult short - 1998, catches of arrowtooth flounder in the study area raker rockfish have been caught in deep water far increased dramatically. The fish caught were mostly from the coast (Balanov and Radchenko, 1995). The juveniles. The maximum number of fish caught was analysis of size composition in long-line and gill net recorded in 1997 in the eastern Sea of Okhotsk off catches also substantiates the assumption that short - Kamchatka (Chetvergov, 2001). In this area, arrow - raker rockfish can migrate horizontally. Once tooth flounder had been found only once in 1996; after deployed, passive fishing gear stays in place for rela - 1997 its catches substantially decreased. The possi - tively long periods. Sporadic movements and the ble reason for the penetration of the arrowtooth floun - maintenance of considerable distances between indi - der into the waters of the Kuril Islands and Kamchatka vidual fish are characteristic of the spatial distribution may be a range extension of the species from the of shortraker rockfish (Krieger, 1992). High CPUE’s in Bering Sea along the continental slope. Studies con - long-line and gill net fisheries may therefore be ducted in the western Bering Sea during 1990´s explained by the fishes actively moving through the (Orlov, 2000) indicated that main arrowtooth flounder area where the fishing gear is deployed. The mini - aggregations within the Russian EEZ were located to mum length of shortraker rockfish in long-line and gill the east of 180° and to the west of 173° E. However net catches is more than 30 cm but mostly 40 to 45 the catches were very small. Fish caught in this area cm and larger (Tokranov and Davydov, 1998). Obser - were exclusively large fish between 43 and 72 cm vations from submersible vehicles (Krieger and Ito, long (mean length 54.8 cm). This means that expan - 1999) showed that this species can swim at 1 km/h, sion of fish from the Bering Sea cannot be taken as while the average speed of bottom currents in the the cause of observed increase abundance of the Bering Sea is not more than 0.8 km/h (Stabeno et al ., arrowtooth flounder off the Kurils and Kamchatka. 1999). Comparison of data for the Subarctic Pacific Another reason for the increase in abundance of the region currents with the above-mentioned facts sug - arrowtooth flounder in the study area may be the gests that shortraker rockfish have to undertake transfer of pelagic flounder yearlings by currents from lengthy migrations. adjacent regions. Dolganov (2000) hypothesized that Range extensions from the Aleutians to the Kurils currents may carry the eggs of this species a long way due to climatic changes. from reproductive areas. This seems doubtful, The possible distribution of American ichthyofauna because at a length of 40-43 mm, arrowtooth flounder in Asian waters by means of range extension was juveniles start to live on the sea bottom (Bouwens et pointed out during the second half of the 1990´s. A al ., 1999a), but in the north-western Pacific juveniles sharp increase in the abundance of arrowtooth floun - in bottom catches are frequently 14-18 cm in length der in the Pacific waters off the northern Kurils and (Shuntov, 1966). Catches from the Pacific waters off south-eastern Kamchatka was noted after 1997 (Fig. the Kurils and Kamchatka did not contain fish of this
113 aqua vol. 8 no. 3 - 2004 Migrations of various fish species between Asian and American waters in the North Pacific Ocean
Fig. 3. Map of capture sites of arrowtooth flounder (red asterisks) off the Kurils and Kamchatka, 1992-2002.
Fig. 4. Map of capture sites of northern rockfish (red asterisks) off the Kurils and Kamchatka, 1992-2002.
aqua vol. 8 no. 3 - 2004 114 Alexei M. Orlov
Fig. 5. Map of capture sites of dusky rockfish (red aster - isks) in the north-western Pacific, 1993-2000.
Fig. 6. Map of capture sites of rex sole (red asterisks) off the Kurils and Kam - chatka in 1998-2001.
115 aqua vol. 8 no. 3 - 2004 Migrations of various fish species between Asian and American waters in the North Pacific Ocean size. Here the minimum length was 28 cm, corre - be carried in the current from the Aleutian Islands or sponding to an age of 3+ (Bouwens et al ., 1999b). Bering Sea to the Kuril Islands. Bottom settlement of Comparing numbers of caudal vertebrae and gill rak - rex sole may occur at lengths of 49-72 mm (Alstrom ers, the arrowtooth flounders caught off the Kuril et al ., 1984; Matarese et al ., 1989). One-year-old Islands and Kamchatka are very similar to fish from the juveniles of this species about 10 cm long have occa - north-eastern Pacific Ocean (Mukhametov and Orlov, sionally been caught in British Columbian waters 2002). Comparisons of fish size composition showed (Hart 1973). Rex sole caught in the Pacific waters off the similarity between these two areas (Orlov, 2000). the northern Kuril Islands and south-eastern Kam - Taking all these facts into account, the reason for the chatka were between 20 and 40 cm long, corre - significant increase in arrowtooth flounder abundance sponding with an age of 3-12 years (Novikov, 1974). observed off the Kamchatka and Kuril Islands is related It can therefore be suggested that the fish remain in to extension of the species range westward from the the area for several years after bottom settlement, Aleutians. This results from significant warming of the though no individuals under 20 cm long had ever north-western Pacific Ocean in the late 1990´s and been caught in the area. For this reason, we doubt considerable weakening of the East Kamchatka current that specimens reported from this area were originally (Khen, 1997; Hare and Mantua, 2000). Some rôle of young pelagic fish brought there by currents. We think the Aleutian-Kuril Islands arch in ichthyofauna that rex sole found in the Pacific waters off the north - exchange between Asian and American waters has ern Kuril Islands and south-eastern Kamchatka may previously been noted (Wilimovsky, 1964; Kodolov et have originated from the Aleutian Islands or Bering al ., 1991; Dudnik et al ., 1998). Sea as a result of range extension, due to consider - In the second half of the 1990´s considerable num - able warming of the north-western Pacific during the bers of northern rockfish Sebastes polyspinis were 1990´s (Hare and Mantua, 2000) and to a weakening observed in catches (Fig. 4). This species was not of the East Kamchatka current (Khen, 1997). previously recorded in the study area. In 1990´s, Catches of sablefish yearlings in waters off the Kuril northern rockfish was not found in the western Bering Islands and Kamchatka became frequent in the 1990´s Sea either. As in the case of the arrowtooth flounder, (Fig. 7). The population status of sablefish inhabiting the size composition of this species in the Pacific Asian waters is still uncertain. Kodolov (1986) sug - waters off Kamchatka and the Kurils was very similar gested that fish in the Bering Sea and Pacific waters off to that of the Aleutian fish (Orlov, 2000). the Kuril Islands and eastern Kamchatka are repre - Since 1993 dusky rockfish Sebastes ciliatus started sented by specimens that have migrated from the to appear occasionally in catches from Kamchatka Northeast Pacific, and that Asian waters represent an and Kuril Islands waters (Fig. 5). In 1993 and 1996 it “eviction” area for sablefish. Dudnik et al . (1998) was recorded in catches taken off Commander assumed that replenishment of sablefish stocks off the Islands; in 1997 it was found in catches made off the Kurils and Kamchatka was due not only to the migra - southern tip of Kamchatka (Cape of Lopatka) (Sheiko tion of adults from the Bering Sea along the continental and Tranbenkova, 1998), and later it continued to be slope, but also to transfer of yearlings by the Aleutian recorded within the entire study area from 48°16’ N to current from the American coast. In contrast, Novikov 51°25’ N (Biryukov, Nemchinov, Tokranov, Zolotov, (1994) considered Asian waters (including the Sea of unpubl. data). Okhotsk) as areas of permanent sablefish distribution Recently, catches of the typically eastern Pacific flat - and as a part of its wide range in the North Pacific. Yet fish, rex sole, in the Pacific waters off the northern another theory (Parin, 1988) explains the existence of Kuril Islands and south-east Kamchatka have become a dependent population of sablefish in the Bering Sea, more frequent (Fig. 6). There are several possible and its abundance relates to the stock size of popula - theories that might explain these records (Tokranov tions in reproductive areas. Recent captures of pre- and Vinnikov, 2000; Orlov et al ., 2002). It appears that spawning, spawning, and ripe sablefish in Pacific rex sole has a continuous distribution from California waters off the Kuril Islands and Kamchatka prove that along the Gulf of Alaska, the Aleutian Islands and the spawning takes place in the south-west corner of the Bering Sea and from the Commander Islands and area (Orlov and Biryukov, 2003) which was previously eastern Kamchatka to the north of the Kuril Islands. thought to be a species eviction zone. However, stud - The absence of species records before the 1980´s ies of sablefish yearling survival in this area would and 1990´s may be due to the fact that the inshore require specialized ichthyoplankton surveys, and fish fauna of the region has not been studied exten - genetic studies would be needed to determine the sively. Catches of rex sole were recently reported structure of this sablefish population. from the North Kuril Islands and south-east Kam - An illustrati on of range extensions for a number of chatka (Borets, 1997, 2000; Sheiko and Fedorov, Aleutian fish species westward to the Kuril Islands is 2000), but no documented samples were kept to ver - presented in Fig. 8. ify these collections. Because rex sole has pelagic lar - Transfer of pelagic eggs and/or larvae from the vae and juveniles (Matarese et al ., 1989), these may Kurils to the Aleutians by the Western Subarctic Gyre. aqua vol. 8 no. 3 - 2004 116 Alexei M. Orlov
Fig. 7. Map of capture sites of sablefish yearlings (red asterisks) off the Kurils and Kamchatka, 1987-1998.
We believe that fish may move between Asian and The longfin Irish lord, Hemilepidotus zapus was American waters, going from the Kuril Islands to the described from the southern Bering Sea off the Aleut - Aleutians. This is confirmed by a number of studies. ian Islands (Gilbert and Burke 1912). For a long time It is possible to assume that scaled sculpin Archaulus it was thought that this species only inhabited waters biseriatus found at Petrel Bank in the Bering Sea by off the Aleutian and Commander Islands, where Gilbert and Burke (1912) and specimen reported mostly juveniles less than 173 mm long had been caught recently off the Aleutians (Orlov et al ., 2001) found (Peden, 1979; fish collection databases). may have originated from the Kuril Islands because Recent studies showed that the longfin Irish lord, one they comprised smaller specimens (80.9-129.2 mm), of most abundant cottid species off the central Kurils, while larger individuals (150-159 mm) were caught off is mainly distributed on the underwater plateau south- the northern Kuril Islands. This suggestion is substanti - east of Shiashkotan Island (Fig. 10), mostly as mature ated by the fact that the abundance of scaled sculpin fish up to 260 mm long (Tokranov and Orlov, 2001a). off the Kuril Islands is considerably higher (Fig. 9) then Given that the abundance of longfin Irish lord off the that off the Aleutians. In addition to several recent cap - Kuril Islands is essentially higher than that off the tures reported by Yabe and Sonma (2000) and Orlov et Aleutians, it can be assumed there is a periodical drift al . (2001), the fish collection of the Zoological Institute of large numbers of pelagic yearlings from the Kurils of the Russian Academy of Science (St. Petersburg) to the Aleutians, and subsequently wide dispersal of contains more than twenty specimens of scaled young fish in the latter area. This is supported by peri - sculpins collected off the Kuril Islands in 1980´s by A. odical findings of longfin Irish lord larvae in the south - A. Balanov (Shieko, pers. comm.). ern Bering Sea, for instance in 1977, in the 1980´s
117 aqua vol. 8 no. 3 - 2004 Migrations of various fish species between Asian and American waters in the North Pacific Ocean
Fig. 8. Hypothetic scheme of range extension of dusky and northern rockfishes, rex sole, and arrowtooth flounder from the Aleutians to the Kurils.
Fig. 9. Map of known capture sites of scaled sculpin (red asterisks) off the Aleutians and Kurils. aqua vol. 8 no. 3 - 2004 118 Alexei M. Orlov
Fig. 10. Map of known capture sites of longfin Irish lord in the southern Bering Sea and off the Aleutians and Kurils (blue rectangles – larvae, red asterisks – adults).
Fig. 11. Map of known capture sites of blacktip snailfish (red asterisks) off the Aleutians and Kurils.
(Matarese and Vinter, 1985) and in 1992 (University Until recently, only the waters off the Aleutian of Washington online fish collection database). These Islands were considered to be the habitat of the may not necessarily have originated in Kuril Islands roughskin sculpin, Rastrinus scutiger and the sponge waters. sculpin, Thyriscus anoplus (Gilbert and Burke, 1912; The blacktip snailfish Careproctus zachirus was also Nelson, 1984), where mostly juvenile fish between described from the Aleutian Islands (Kido, 1985) from 34.5 and 85 mm and 58 and 121 mm respectively had four specimens with lengths between 23.6 and 25.2 been caught (Nelson, 1984; fish collection data - cm. Since then, only a few more captures of this bases). Recent studies have shown that the rough - species have been recorded from the area (Orr, pers. skin sculpin is common in waters off the central Kurils, comm.). Recent studies have shown that the blacktip on the underwater plateau located south-east of Shi - snailfish is reasonably common in the Pacific waters askotan Island. (Fig. 12), where adult fish between off the Kuril Islands and Kamchatka (Fig. 11). It has 100 and 160 mm with a mean length of 120 mm have been most frequently observed on the above-men - been found (Tokranov and Orlov, 2002). The sponge tioned underwater plateau, where its length varied sculpin is also fairly common off the central Kuril from 19 to 32 cm (Tokranov and Orlov, 2001b). Islands (Fig. 13), where catches comprised speci -
119 aqua vol. 8 no. 3 - 2004 Migrations of various fish species between Asian and American waters in the North Pacific Ocean
Fig. 12. Map of known capture sites of roughskin sculpin (red asterisks) off the Aleutians and Kurils.
Fig. 13. Map of known capture sites of sponge sculpin (red asterisks) off the Aleutians and Kurils. aqua vol. 8 no. 3 - 2004 120 Alexei M. Orlov
Fig. 14. Hypothetical scheme of transfer of blacktip snailfish, longfin Irish lord, and scaled, roughskin and sponge sculpins fry from the Kurils to the Aleutians by waters of the Western Subarctic Gyre. mens between 84 and 145 mm long, with a mean Fisheries and Oceanography (VNIRO, Moscow, Rus - length of 112 mm (Tokranov, 1998). sia), O. A. Nemchinov, I. A. Biryukov (Sakhalin Bearing in mind that most sculpins and snailfishes Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography, have pelagic larvae and juveniles (Matarese et al ., SakhNIRO, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Russia), A. M. 1989), it can be assumed that specimens taken off the Tokranov (Kamchatka Branch of Pacific Institute of Aleutian Islands are fish which have been transferred Geography, KB PIG, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, as pelagic juveniles from the Kuril Islands by the Russia), O. G. Zolotov (Kamchatka Research Institute Western Subarctic Gyre (Fig. 14). of Fisheries and Oceanography, KamchatNIRO, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia), B. A. Sheiko Conclusion (Zoological Institute, ZIN, St.-Petersburg, Russia), Contrary to the traditional view that exchange and J. W. Orr (Alaska Fisheries Science Center, between the Asian and American benthic and bentho- AFSC, Seattle, USA) for data providing on captures pelagic fish species may only take place along the and collections of species considered. Finally I greatly Bering Sea continental slope, new data support the appreciate the assistance and input of Dr. Eugene hypothesis that some species may migrate from the Sabourenkov (Commission for the Conservation of Aleutian Island waters to the Kuril Islands, eastern Antarctic Marine Living Resources, P.O. Box 213, Kamchatka, and even into the Sea of Okhotsk, North Hobart, 7002, Tasmania, Australia) extending their ranges in a westward direction under the influence of recent climatic changes in the North Pacific Ocean. An exchange of American and Asian References ichthyofauna is also possible in the reverse direction, Allen, M. J. & G. B. Smith. 1988. Atlas and zoo - i.e. pelagic juveniles are carried by currents from the geography of common fishes in the Bering Sea and central Kuril Islands to the Aleutians. The assimilation northeastern Pacific. U.S. Department of Com - of immigrants from other regions seems to be rapid. merce, NOAA Technical Report NMFS, 66: 1-151. Ahlstrom, E. H., Amaoka, K., Hensley, H. G. et al . Acknowledgements 1984. Pleuronectiformes: development. In: I would like to thank my friends and colleagues A.I. Onthogeny and systematics of fishes. (Eds. H.G. Glubokov (Russian Federal Research Institute of Moser et al.): 640-669. American Society of Ichthy -
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ologists and Herpetologists Special Publication. Sea. Voprosy Ikhthyologii, 40 (3): 411-412 Lawrence: Allen Press. (In Russian). Andriashev, A. P. 1939a. On amphipacific (Japan - Dudnik, Yu. I., Kodolov, L. S. & V. I. Polutov. 1998. ese-Oregonian) distribution of marine fauna in the On distribution and reproduction of sablefish North Pacific Ocean. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 18 (2): Anoplopoma fimbria off the Kuril Islands and 181-195 (In Russian). Kamchatka. Voprosy Ikhtiologii, 38 (1): 16-21 Andriashev, A. P. 1939b. Review of zoogeography (In Russian). and origin of fish fauna of the Bering Sea and adja - Fedorov, V. V. 1978. Deep-water fishes of the Bering cent waters . Leningrad: Leningrad State University Sea and their origin. Thesis of Candidate Disserta - Publishing. 187 pp. (In Russian). tion. Leningrad: Leningrad State University. 22 pp. Balanov, A. A. & V .I. Radchenko. 1995. Composi - (In Russian). tion and spatial distribution of fish in meso- and Gharrett, A. J., Gray, A. K., Lyons, S. et al. 2000. bathypelagial of the Bering and Okhotsk seas. In: Preliminary investigations of population structure Complex studies of the Bering Sea ecosystem. (Eds. in four Gulf of Alaska rockfish and one thornyhead B. N. Kotenev & V. V. Sapozhnikov.): 335-343. species using microsatellite variation. Abstracts of Moscow: VNIRO (In Russian). the 11 th Western Groundfish Conference, April 24- Bakkala, R. G., Karp, W. A., Walters, G. F. et al. 28, 2000, Sitka, Alaska, USA. P. 18. 1992. Distribution, abundance, and biological char - Gilbert, C. H. & C. V. Burke. 1912. Fishes of the acteristics of groundfish in the Eastern Bering Sea Bering Sea and Kamchatka. Bulletin of the Bureau of based on results of U.S.-Japan bottom trawl and Fisheries, 30 : 31-96. midwater surveys during June-September 1988. Hare, S. R. & N. J. Mantua. 2000. Empirical evidence U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA Technical for North Pacific regime shifts in 1977 and 1989. Memorandum NMFS F/NWC, 213 : 1-362. Progress in Oceanography, 47 (2-4): 103-145. Barsukov, V. V. 1981. Rockfishes of the world Ocean Harrison, R. C. 1993. Data report: 1991 bottom trawl – their morphology, ecology, distribution and evolu - survey of the Aleutian Islands area. U.S. Department tion. Thesis of Doctoral Dissertation. Leningrad: of Commerce, NOAA Technical Memorandum Zoological Institute. 50 pp. (In Russian). NMFS-AFSC, 12 : 1-144. Beamish, R. J. & G. A. McFarlane. 1987. Current Hart, J. L. 1973. Pacific fishes of Canada. Bulletin of trends in age determination methodology. In: Age Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 180 : 1-740. and growth of fish. (Eds. R. C. Summerfelt & G. E. Kaimmer, M. 2002. Pacific halibut tag release pro - Hall.): 15-42. Ames: The Iowa State University grams and tag release and recovery data, 1925 Press, Iowa, USA. through 1998. International Pacific Halibut Commis - Borets, L. A. 1997. Bottom ichthyocenes of the Russ - sion Technical Report, 41 : 1-32. ian Far East seas shelf: composition, structure, func - Khen, G. V. 1997. Main regularities of multi-year tioning elements and commercial importance. Vladi - changes in ice cover of the Bering Sea. In: Complex vostok: TINRO-Center. 217 pp. (In Russian). studies of ecosystem of the Sea of Okhotsk. (Ed. V. Borets, L. A. 2000. Annotated list of fishes of the Far V. Sapozhnikov.): 64-67. Moscow: VNIRO Publish - East seas. Vladivostok : TINRO-Center . 192 pp. ing (In Russian). (In Russian). Kido, K. 1985. New and rare species of the genus Bouwens, K. A., Paul, A. J. & R. L. Smith. 1999a. Careproctus (Liparididae) from the Bering Sea. Growth of juvenile arrowtooth flounders from Japanese Journal of Ichthyology, 32 : 6-16. Kachemak Bay, Alaska. Alaska Fishery Research Kodolov, L. S. 1986. Causes of population depres - Bulletin, 6 (1): 35-40. sion of sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria . In: Dynamics Bouwens, K. A., Smith, R. L., Paul, A. J. & W. of abundance of commercially important animals of Rugen. 1999b. Length at and timing of hatching and the Far East seas . Collected papers. P. 110-116. settlement for arrowtooth flounders in the Gulf of Vladivostok: TINRO (In Russian). Alaska. Alaska Fishery Research Bulletin, 5 (1): Kodolov, L. S., Kulikov, M. Yu. & T. I. Syusina. 41-48. 1991. Distributional patterns of continental slope and Chetvergov, A. V. 2001. On occurrence of the arrow - seamount fishes of the North Pacific. In: Biology of tooth flounder Atheresthes stomias (Jordan & fishes and invertebrates of the North Pacific Ocean. Gilbert) in the eastern Okhotsk Sea. In: Conserva - Collected papers. P. 21-38. Vladivostok: Far East tion of biodiversity of Kamchtaka and coastal waters. State University Publishing (In Russian). Materials of the II Scientific Conference. Krieger, K. 1992. Shortraker rockfish, Sebastes bore - Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, April 9-10, 2001. (Eds. alis , observed from a manned submersible. Marine S. G. Korostelev et al.): 106-108. Kamshat: Fishery Review, 54 (4): 34-37. Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky (In Russian). Krieger, K. J. & D. H. Ito. 1999. Distribution and Dolganov, V. N. 2000. Spawning of arrowtooth floun - abundance of shortraker rockfish, Sebastes bore - der Atheresthes stomias in the northwestern Bering alis , and rougheye rockfish, S. aleutianus , deter - aqua vol. 8 no. 3 - 2004 122 Alexei M. Orlov
mined from a manned submersible. U.S. Fisher northwestern Pacific Ocean. Voprosy Ikhtiologii, 41 Bulletin, 97 (2): 264-272. (3): 332-341 (In Russian). McDermott, S. F. 1994. Reproductive biology of Orlov, A. M. & I. N. Mukhametov. 2001. Arrow- rougheye and shortraker rockfish, Sebastes aleu - toothed halibuts Atheresthes spp. (Pleuronectidae, tianus and Sebastes borealis . M.S. Thesis. Seattle: Pleuronectiformes) off the northern Kurils and the University of Washington. 76 pp. south-eastern Kamchatka. Report 1. Distributional Matarese, A. C. & B. M. Vinter. 1985. The develop - patterns. Voprosy Rybolovstva, 2 (2): 258-274 (In ment and occurrence of larvae of the longfin Irish Russian). lord, Hemilepidotus zapus (Cottidae). U.S. Fishery Orlov, A. M.,Tokranov, A. M. & A. V. Vinnikov. Bulletin, 83 (3): 447-457. 2001. Additional records of scaled sculpin Archaulus Matarese, A. C., Kendall, A. W., Jr., Blood, D. M. & biseriatus Gilbert & Burke, 1912 (Teleostei: Cotti - B. M. Vinter. 1989. Laboratory guide to early life his - dae) from the North Pacific. aqua, Journal of Ichthy - tory stages of northeast Pacific fishes. U.S. Depart - ology and Aquatic Biology, 5 (1): 11-18. ment of Commerce, NOAA Technical Report NMFS, Orlov, A. M., Tokranov, A. M. & I. A. Biryukov. 80 : 1-652. 2002. New records of rex sole Glyptocephalus Moles, A., Heifetz, J. & D. C. Love. 1998. Metazon zachirus Lockington, 1879 (Teleostei: Pleuronecti - parasites as potential markers for selected Gulf of dae) from the north-western Pacific. aqua, Journal of Alaska rockfishes. U.S. Fishery Bulletin, 96 (4): 912- Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology, 5 (3): 89-98. 916. Orlov, A. M. & I. A. Biryukov. 2003. New data on Mukhametov, I. N. & A. M. Orlov. 2002. The mor - spawning of sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria phology of arrow-toothed flounders of the genus (Anoplopomatidae, Scorpaeniformes) in the Pacific Atheresthes of Pacific waters of the northern Kuril Ocean off Kuril Islands and Kamchatka. Byulleten’ Islands and southeastern Kamchatka. Biologiya Moskovskogo Obshchestva Ispytatelei Prirody. Morya, 28 (3): 196-202 (In Russian). Otdel Biologicheskii, 108 (4): 20-25 (In Russian). Nelson, D. W. 1984. Systematics and distribution of Parker, S. J., Berkeley, S. A., Golden, J. T. et al. cottid fishes of the genera Rastrinus and Icelus . 2000. Management of Pacific rockfish. Fisheries, 25 Occasional Papers of the California Academy of (3): 22-30. Science, 138 : 1-58. Parin, N. V. 1988. Fishes of the high seas . Moscow: Novikov, N. P. 1961. New data on the distribution of Nauka. 271 pp. (In Russian). halibuts and some other commercial fishes in the Peden, A. E. 1979. A systermatic revision of the Bering Sea. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 40 (10): 1510- hemilepidotine fishes (Cottidae). Syesis, 11 : 11-49. 1515 (In Russian). Poltev, Yu. N. & I. N. Moukhametov. 2002. New cap - Novikov, N. P. 1974. Commercial fishes of the north - tures of yearlings of sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria in ern Pacific Ocean continental slope. Moscow: the Pacific waters off the northern Kuril Islands and Pishchevaya Promyshlennost’, 308 pp. (In Russian). southeastern Kamchatka. Voprosy Ikhtiologii, 40 (2): Novikov, N. P. 1994. New captures of sablefish 288 (In Russian). Anoplopoma fimbria in the Sea of Okhotsk. Voprosy Ronholt, L. L., Teshima, K. W. D. Kessler. 1994. Ikhtiologii, 34 (6): 843-845 (In Russian). The groundfish resources of the Aleutian Islands Orlov, A. M. 2000. Representatives of Oregonian region and southern Bering Sea 1980, 1983, and ichthyofauna off the Asian coasts. In: Commercial 1986. U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA Tech - and biological studies of fishes in the Pacific waters nical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC, 31: 1-351. of the Kuril Islands and adjacent areas of the Sea of Sasaki, T. 1984. Sablefish fishery in the North Pacific Okhotsk and Bering Seas. (Ed. B.N. Kotenev.): 187- Ocean. Bulletin of Far Seas Fisheries Research 214. Moscow: VNIRO Publishing (In Russian). Laboratory, 21 : 83-114. Orlov, A. M. 2001a. Features of spatial and vertical Schmidt, P. Yu. 1904. Fishes of the eastern seas of distribution of representatives of the oregonian the Russian Empire . St.-Petersburg: Russian ichthyofauna off the Asian coasts. Byulleten’ Emperor Geographic Society Publishing. 466 pp. Moskovskogo Obshchestva Ispytatelei Prirody. (In Russian). Otdel Biologicheskii, 106 (4): 23-37 (In Russian). Schmidt, P. Yu. 1948. Fishes of the Pacific Ocean . Orlov, A. M. 2001b. Ocean current patterns and Moscow: Pishchevaya Promyshlennost’. 124 pp. aspects of life history of some northwestern Pacific (In Russian). scorpaenids. In: Spatial processes and manage - Schmidt, P. Yu. 1950. Fishes of The Sea of Okhotsk . ment of marine populations. (Eds. G.H. Kruse et al.): Moscow, Leningrad: Academy of Sciences Publish - 161-184. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Sea Grant, ing. 370 pp. (In Russian). AK-SG-01-02. Sheiko, B. A. & A. G. Tranbenkova. 1998. New for Orlov, A. M. & A. A. Abramov. 2001. Age, rate of Russian fauna and rare marine fishes from Kam - sexual maturation, and feeding of the shortraker chatka, Kuril and Commander Islands. Actual Prob - rockfish, Sebastes borealis (Scorpaenidae) in the lems of Fish Taxonomy. Abs. Int. Conf., St. Peters -
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burg, November 17-19, 1998. St. Petersburg: Zoo - chatka and coastal waters. (Eds. P.A. Balykin et al. ): logical Institute: 62-63 (In Russian). 239-242. Mat. III Sci. Conf. Petropavlovsk-Kam - Sheiko, B. A. & V. V. Fedorov. 2000. Chapter 1. chatsky, November 27-28, 2002. Petropavlovsk- Class Cephalaspidomorphi – Lampreys. Class Kamchatsky: Kamchatpress (In Russian). Chondrichthyes – Cartilaginous Fishes. Class Holo - Tuponogov, V. N. & L. S. Kodolov. 2001. Sablefish. cephali – Chimaeras. Class Osteichthyes – Bony In: Hydrometeorology and hydrochemistry of the Fishes. In: Catalogue of vertebrates of Kamchatka seas. Vol. X. Bering Sea. Issue 2. Hydrochemical and adjacent waters. (Eds. R.S. Moiseev & A.M. conditions and oceanological foundations of biolog - Tokranov.): 7-69. Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky: Kam - ical productivity formation. St.-Peterburg: Gidrome - chatskii Pechatnyi Dvor (In Russian). teoizdat: 204-209 (In Russian). Shuntov, V. P. 1966. Some peculiarities of vertical Wilimovsky, N. J. 1964. Inshore fish fauna of the distribution of Greenland halibut and arrow- Aleutian Archipelago. Proceedings of the 14th toothed flounders in the North Pacific Ocean. Alaskan Scientific Conference, 14 : 172-190. Voprosy Ikhtiologii, 6 (1): 32-41 (In Russian). Yabe, M. & A. Soma. 2000. A rare fish, Archaulus Stabeno, P. J., Shumacher, J. D. & K. Ohtani. 1999. biseriatus , collected from the Central Kuril Archipel - The physical oceanography of the Bering Sea. In: ago (Scorpaeniformes: Cottidae). Bulletin of the Dynamics of the Bering Sea. (Eds. T. R. Loughlin & Faculty of Fisheries Hokkaido University, 50 (3): K. Ohtani.): 1-28. Fairbanks: University of Alaska 159-163. Sea Grant, AK-SG-99-03. Yang, M.-S. 1993. Food habits of the commercially Tokranov, A. M. 1998. Some features of biology of important groundfishes in the Gulf of Alaska in 1990. sponge sculpin Thyriscus anoplus (Cottidae) in U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA Technical the Pacific waters off the northern Kuril Islamnds. Memorandum NMFS-AFSC, 22 : 1-150. Voprosy Ikhtiologii, 38 (5): 701-703 (In Russian). Yang, M.-S. 1996. Diets of the important groundfishes Tokranov, A. M. 2002. About occurrence of sablefish in the Aleutian Islands in summer 1991. U.S. Depart - young Anoplopoma fimbria (Pallas) (Anoplopomati - ment of Commerce, NOAA Technical Memorandum dae) in near Kamchatkan waters. Okeanologiya, NMFS-AFSC, 60 : 1-105. 42 (1): 124-126 (In Russian). Tokranov, A. M. & I. I. Davydov. 1998. Some biolog - ical features of shortraker rockfish Sebastes borealis (Scorpaenidae) in the Pacific waters off Kamchatka and in the western Bering Sea. 2. Size-age compo - sition. Journal of Ichthyology, 38 (1): 42-46. Tokranov, A. M. & A. V. Vinnikov. 2000. Capture of rex sole Glyptocephalus zachirus Lockington (Pleuronectidae) in waters of the southeastern Kamchatka. Voprosy Ikhtiologii, 40 (3): 397-398 (In Russian). Tokranov, A. M. & A. M. Orlov. 2001a. Distribution and some biological features of the new for the Rus - sia fauna species longfin Irish lord Hemilepidotus zapus Gilbert et Burke, 1912 (Cottidae) in the Pacific Ocean waters of the northern Kuril Islands. Biologi - cal Grounding of the Sustainable Development of the Coastal Marine Ecosystems . Abs. Int. Conf., Murmansk, April 25-28, 2001. Apatity: Kola Science Center: 236-237 (In Russian). Tokranov, A. M. & A. M. Orlov. 2001b. Some biolog - ical features of rare liparid species (Liparidae) in the Pacific waters of northern Kuril Islands and south - eastern Kamchatka. In: Conservation of Biodiversity of Kamchatka and Coastal Waters. (Eds. S. G. Korostelev et al. ): 187-190. Mat. II Sci. Conf., Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, April 9-10, 2001. Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky: Kamshat (In Russian). Tokranov, A. M. & A. M. Orlov. 2002. Some prob - lems of biology of two rare species of sculpins (Cot - tidae) in the Pacific waters of the northern Kuril Islands. In: Conservation of biodiversity of Kam - aqua vol. 8 no. 3 - 2004 124 aqua, Journal of Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology
Simpsonichthys carlettoi (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) a new annual fish from the Rio São Francisco basin, north-eastern Brazil
1 2 Wilson J. E. M. Costa and Dalton T. B. Nielsen
1) Laboratório de Ictiologia Geral e Aplicada, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Caixa Postal 68049, CEP 21944-970, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected] 2) Laboratório de Zoologia, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Taubaté, Praça Marcelino Monteiro 63, CEP 12030-010, Taubaté, São Paulo, SP, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]
Accepted: 18.04.2004 Keywords nas várzeas do alto rio das Rãs, bacia do médio rio Annual killifishes, Rio São Francisco, systematics, São Francisco, nordeste do Brasil, é descrita. Ela Simpsonichthys , Rivulidae parece ser streitamente aparentada a S. magnificus e S. picturatus , por todas as três espécies possuirem Abstract os mesmos padrões de colourido derivados de Simpsonichthys carlettoi , an annual fish collected in nadadeiras ímpares e peitoral em machos. A nova the upper Rio das Rãs floodplains, middle Rio São espécie difere de S. magnificus e S. picturatus por Francisco basin, north-eastern Brazil, is described. It possuir nadadeiras dorsal e anal terminando em seems to be closely related to S. magnificus and S. ponta e pela ausência de margem negra nas picturatus , with unpaired and pectoral fins in males in nadadeiras ímpares de machos. all three species possessing the same derived colour patterns. The new species differs from S. magnificus Sommario and S. picturatus in having dorsal and anal fins Si descrive Simpsonichthys carlettoi, pesce annuale pointed in males, and by the absence of a black distal raccolto nei piani alluvionali del tratto superiore del Rio edge on the unpaired fins of males. das Rãs, nel bacino centrale del Rio São Francisco, Brasile nord-orientale. Sembra imparentato Zusammenfassung con S. magnificus e S. picturatus, poiché tutte e tre le Beschrieben wird Simpsonichthys carlettoi, ein specie hanno pinne impari e pettorali nei maschi con la Jahresfisch, der in den oberen Flussebenen des Rio stessa colorazione di base. La nuova specie das Rãs, im mittleren Rio-São-Francisco-Becken differisce da S. magnificus e da S. picturatus per avere gesammelt wurde. Er scheint S. magnificus und S. pic - la pinna dorsale e quella anale appuntite nei maschi e turatus nahe verwandt, weil bei allen drei Arten die per le pinne impari dei maschi non marginate di nero. unpaaren und Brustflossen bei den Männchen das - selbe abgeleitete Farbmuster besitzen. Die neue Art Introduction unterscheidet sich dadurch, dass die Rücken- und Prior to 1990, only eight species of the South Amer - Afterflossen bei den Männchen zugespitzt sind und bei ican annual fish genus Simpsonichthys Carvalho den unpaaren Flossen der schwarze distale Rand fehlt. were known, but after a series of expeditions to sam - ple annual fish habitats (i.e., seasonal pools), several Résumé new species were discovered and described. At the On décrit ici le Simpsonichtys carlettoi, un poisson present, there are 39 valid species in the genus Simp - annuel collecté dans les plaines inondables du haut sonichthys , distributed over a vast area comprising Rio das Rãs, bassin central du Rio São Francisco, au central and north-eastern Brazil and northern nord-est du Brésil. Il semble étroitement apparenté à Paraguay (Costa, 2003; Costa & Nielsen, 2003; Costa S. magnificus et S. picturatus, avec les nageoires et al ., 2003). The greatest number of species (17) is impaires et pectorales des mâles marquées des concentrated in the middle section of the Rio São mêmes patrons de coloration pour les trois espèces. Francisco basin, in the Caatinga, a semi-arid region of La nouvelle espèce se distingue de S. magnificus et north-eastern Brazil (e.g., Costa, 2003). de S. picturatus par une dorsale et une anale pointues Among the species of Simpsonichthys from north- chez les mâles et par l'absence de marge distale eastern Brazil, S. magnificus (Costa & Brasil) and S. noire sur les nageoires impaires des mâles. picturatus Costa are endemic to the floodplains of the Rio São Francisco, and in males share some striking Resumo colour patterns such as a red pectoral fin and trans - Simpsonichthys carlettoi, um peixe anual coletado verse rows of brilliant greenish blue marks on unpaired
125 aqua vol. 8 no. 3 - 2004 Simpsonichthys carlettoi (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) a new annual fish from the Rio São Francisco basin, north-eastern Brazil fins. A third species of this assemblage is described female, 27.2 mm SL (c&s); collected with holotype here. It was collected in the upper section of the Rio (preserved specimens examined about four months das Rãs drainage, middle Rio São Francisco basin. after collection). UFRJ 5946, 1 male, 33.3 mm SL; born in aquarium, first generation obtained from the Materials and methods three wild type specimens (poor state of preservation Measurements and counts follow Costa (1995). rendered counts and measurements inadequate). Measurements are presented as percentages of stan - dard length (SL), except for head measurements Diagnosis which are expressed as percentages of head length. Similar to S. magnificus and S. picturatus and distin - Counts of pectoral and caudal fin rays, gill rakers and guished from all other species of the S. magnificus vertebrae were made only on cleared and stained group by having the following combination of charac - (c&s) specimens prepared by the technique described ters: three red bars alternating with three dark green by Taylor and Van Dyke (1985). For the vertebral bars on the anterior portion of flank of males (vs. never counts, the compound caudal centrum was counted a similar colour pattern), unpaired fins of males with as a single element. Osteological features included in transverse rows of small, bright greenish blue spots the description are those considered phylogenetically close together, sometimes united to form bright vermic - informative in recent studies on Simpsonichthys ulate marks (never a similar colour pattern) and pectoral (Costa, 2003) and closely related genera (Costa, fin red in males (vs. hyaline). Readily distinguished from 2001, 2002). Nomenclature for frontal squamation fol - S. magnificus and S. picturatus by possessing pointed lows Hoedeman (1958). Institutional abbreviations dorsal and anal fins in males (vs. rounded) and distal are: MCP, Museu de Ciências e Tecnologia, PUC-RS, border of unpaired fins of males not distinctively pig - Porto Alegre, and UFRJ, Universidade Federal do Rio mented (vs. unpaired fins with black border). It can also de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro. be distinguished from S. magnificus by never having blue spots of dorsal fin coalesced to form transverse Simpsonichthys carlettoi n. sp. vermiculate marks in males (vs. always coalesced), and (Figs. 1-3; Tables I-II) from S. picturatus by having more dorsal fin rays in males (24-25, vs. 19-23). Holotype: MCP 34089, male, 30.9 mm SL; Brazil: Estado da Bahia, collected in a temporary pool near Description Guanambi, off the road to Malhada, 14°13.989’S Morphometric data are presented in Table I, and 42°57.667’W, altitude about 500 m. Collected by A. meristic data in Table II. Male larger than female, Carletto & D. T. Nielsen, January 2002, with a dip net largest male 35.4 mm SL. Dorsal profile convex (preserved specimen examined about two months between snout and end of dorsal fin base, nearly after collection). straight on caudal peduncle. Ventral profile convex Paratypes: UFRJ 5945, 1 male, 35.4 mm SL, and 1 from lower jaw to end of anal fin base, approximately
Fig. 1. Simpsonichthys carlettoi, UFRJ 5945, male, wild paratype, about four months before preservation, about 30 mm SL; Brazil: Bahia: Guanambi. Photo by A. Carletto. aqua vol. 8 no. 3 - 2004 126 Wilson J. E. M. Costa and Dalton T. B. Nielsen
Table I. Morphometric data of Simpsonichthys carlettoi n. sp.
males female Holotype Paratypes MCP UFRJ UFRJ 34089 5945 5945 SL [mm] 30.9 35.4 27.2 In percent of standard length Body depth 31.3 35.7 36.2 Caudal peduncle depth 15.0 16.3 14.0 Predorsal length 43.4 46.0 60.4 Prepelvic length 41.8 43.3 51.0 Length of dorsal fin base 43.4 43.3 24.2 Length of anal fin base 40.9 39.8 26.6 Caudal fin length 37.6 31.7 35.7 Pectoral fin length 27.2 24.6 23.8 Pelvic fin length 9.4 8.6 9.8 Head length 25.6 25.6 27.7 In percent of head length Head depth 103.0 112.3 109.8 Head width 65.3 67.3 60.4 Snout length 16.7 15.9 13.7 Lower jaw length 19.2 21.0 16.6 Eye diameter 34.2 33.6 35.2 straight on caudal peduncle. Body fairly deep, com - male, and reaching urogenital papilla in female. Bases pressed, depth about twice width. Greatest body of pelvic fins in close proximity. Anal fin origin on verti - depth at level of pelvic fin base. Caudal peduncle cal posterior to dorsal fin origin in male, anal fin origin on short, about two-thirds length of head. Eye dorsolat - vertical through base of fourth dorsal fin ray; dorsal fin erally positioned on head. origin on vertical posterior to anal fin origin in female, Dorsal and anal fins pointed in adult male to sharply through base of fourth anal fin ray. Dorsal fin origin pointed in older male (Fig. 3), rounded in female. Dorsal between neural spines of sixth and seventh vertebrae in fin rays unbranched. Caudal fin rounded. Pectoral fin male, and between neural spines of tenth and eleventh elliptical. Posterior margin of pectoral fin extending to vertebrae in female. Anal fin origin between pleural ribs base of sixth anal fin ray in male, and to anus in female. of seventh and eighth vertebrae in male, and between Tip of pelvic fin reaching base of third anal fin ray in pleural ribs of ninth and tenth vertebrae in female.
Fig. 2. Simpsonichthys carlettoi , UFRJ 5945, female, wild paratype, about four months before preservation, about 25 mm SL; Brazil: Bahia: Guanambi. Photo by A. Carletto.
127 aqua vol. 8 no. 3 - 2004 Simpsonichthys carlettoi (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) a new annual fish from the Rio São Francisco basin, north-eastern Brazil
Table II. Meristic data of Simpsonichthys carlettoi n. sp.
males female Holotype Paratypes MCP UFRJ UFRJ 34089 5945 5945 Dorsal fin rays 25 24 18 Anal fin rays 23 21 20 Caudal fin rays - 23 22 Pectoral fin rays - 13 13 Pelvic fin rays - 66 Longitudinal series scales 26 26 26 Transversal series scales 10 10 10 Scale rows around caudal peduncle 16 16 16 Supraorbital neuromasts 12 13 11 Vertebrae - 27 27 Gill rakers of first arch - 3+10 3+10 Branchiostegal rays -6 6 Second pharyngobranchial teeth -3 2
Scales large, cycloid. Trunk scaled; head scaled except on its anteroventral surface. Row of scales on anal fin base. Frontal squamation E-patterned. One ctenoid contact organ on each scale of ventral portion of opercle and lateral surface of trunk of male. Papill- ate contact organs on inner surface of dorsalmost pectoral fin ray of male. Anterior and posterior series of supraorbital neuromasts united. Ventral process of angulo-articular moderate, about one fourth angulo-articular length. Rostral cartilage width about 50% of its length. Anterior and ventral edges of quadrate forming angle of about 110º. Pos - terior process of quadrate about 45% of total ventral longitudinal length of quadrate. Lateral rim of Fig. 3. Simpsonichthys carlettoi, UFRJ 5946, male, paratype born in aquarium, first generation descendent hyomandibular narrow. Metapterygoid rectangular. from wild paratypes, 33.3 mm SL. Photo by A. Carletto. Basihyal subtriangular, greatest width about 55 % of
Fig. 4. Simpsonichthys magnificus, not preserved, male, topotype, about 25 mm SL; Brazil: Minas Gerais: Manga. Photo by G. C. Brasil. aqua vol. 8 no. 3 - 2004 128 Wilson J. E. M. Costa and Dalton T. B. Nielsen
Fig. 5. Geographic distribution of Simpsonichthys carlettoi and closely-related species.
Fig. 6. Simpsonichthys fulminantis, not preserved, male, topotype, about 30 mm SL; Brazil: Minas Gerais: Guanambi. Photo by G. C. Brasil.
129 aqua vol. 8 no. 3 - 2004 Simpsonichthys carlettoi (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) a new annual fish from the Rio São Francisco basin, north-eastern Brazil its length; basihyal cartilage about 25 % of basihyal versely-aligned, and spots are absent from the anal length. Anterior portion of fifth ceratobranchial not fin, which has light bars parallel to the fin rays. In S. elongated. Vomerine teeth absent. Dermosphenotic fulminantis , spots are absent in all unpaired fins, absent. Ventral process of post-temporal long. which have blue lines parallel to the fin rays (Fig. 6). Coloration in life: Male: Side of body dark brownish Simpsonichthys magnificus and S. picturatus seem purple, with 10 or 11 red bars; three anterior red bars to be more closely related to each other than to S. car - wider and more conspicuous than posterior bars, and lettoi , since the two former species possess rounded alternated with three dark green bars; minute, verti - dorsal and anal fins and unpaired fins with black dis - cally-elongated metallic blue spots on entire flank, tal margins (Fig. 4). In S. carlettoi , S. fulminantis , and brighter on posterior half; venter light grey. Head side S. hellneri , the dorsal and anal fins are pointed and light blue with pale red bar on preopercle. Iris light yel - there is no distinctive colour on the distal margin of low with dark reddish brown bar through center of unpaired fins (Figs. 1, 3, 6). eye. Unpaired fins dark red with transverse rows of bright greenish blue dots; dots of caudal fin and pos - Acknowledgements terior portion of anal fin coalesced forming vermicu - The first author received financial support from late marks. Pectoral and pelvic fins red. CNPq-MCT (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Female: Side of body light purplish grey, with grey Científico e Tecnológico – Ministério de Ciência e spots on anterior portion and seven bars on posterior Tecnologia) and FAPERJ (Fundação de Amparo à portion of flank; five rounded black blotches on antero - Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro). central portion of flank, three of them large, about equal eye in size. Opercular region pale golden. Iris light yel - References low with grey bar through centre of eye. Fins hyaline; Costa, W. J. E. M. 1995 a. Pearl killifishes, the Cynolebi - small light blue spot on posterior margin of anal fin. atinae: systematics and biogeography of a neotropical annual fish subfamily (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae). Etymology TFH, Neptune City, NJ, USA, 128 pp. Named in honour of André Carletto, in recognition to Costa, W. J. E. M. 2001 . The neotropical annual fish his valuable help on several collecting trips. genus Cynolebias (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae): phylogenetic relationships, taxonomic revision and Distribution biogeography. Ichthyological Exploration of Fresh - Known only from the type locality, Rio das Rãs waters , 12 (4): 333-383. drainage, Rio São Francisco basin, Estado da Bahia, Costa, W. J. E. M. 2002 . Monophyly and phyloge - north-eastern Brazil (Fig. 5). netic relationships of the neotropical annual fish gen - era Austrolebias and Megalebias (Cyprinodontif - Relationships ormes: Rivulidae). Copeia , 2002 (4): 916-927. Simpsonichthys carlettoi is tentatively considered a Costa, W. J. E. M. 2003. The Simpsonichthys flavi - member of a group including S. hellneri (Berkenkamp), caudatus species group (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivul - S. fulminantis (Costa & Brasil), S. magnificus (Costa & idae: Cynolebiatinae): phylogenetic relationships, Brasil), and S. picturatus Costa, also endemic to the taxonomic revision and biogeography. Ichthyological Rio São Francisco basin (Fig. 5). All these species Exploration of Freshwaters , 14 (1): 31-60. share a colour pattern comprising three red bars alter - Costa, W. J. E. M., C. R. Moreira & F. C. T. Lima. nating with three dark green bars on the anterior por - 2003. Simpsonichthys cholopteryx n. sp. (Cyprin - tion of the flank in males, a pattern not occurring else - odontiformes: Rivulidae: Cynolebiatinae): a new where among rivulids (Figs. 1, 3-4, 6). dwarf annual fish from the upper Rio Araguaia basin, Other aspects of the colour pattern suggests that S. central Brazil. aqua, Journal of Ichthyology and carlettoi is more closely related to S. fulminantis , S. Aquatic Biology, 6 (4): 139-144. magnificus , and S. picturatus , than to S. hellneri . Costa, W. J. E. M. & D. T. B. Nielsen. 2003. Simp - Uniquely among rivulids, S. carlettoi , S. fulminantis , S. sonichthys reticulatus n. sp. (Cyprinodontiformes: magnificus , and S. picturatus , have small, vertically - Rivulidae): a new annual fish from the Rio Xingu elongated bright blue spots in the centre of each scale floodplains, Brazilian Amazon. aqua, Journal of on the flank in males (Figs. 1, 3-4, 6). In S. hellneri Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology, 7 (3): 119-122. and in all other congeners there are small rounded Hoedeman, J. J. 1958. Rivulid fishes of the Antilles. spots or dots on the flank in males. Among these Studies on the Fauna of Curaçao and other species, only the males of S. carlettoi , S. magnificus , Caribbean Islands, 32 (3): 112-127. and S. picturatus have a red pectoral fin and trans - Taylor, W. R. & G. C. Van Dyke . 1985. Revised pro - verse rows of small, bright greenish-blue spots on the cedures for staining and clearing small fishes and unpaired fins, close and sometimes coalesced to form other vertebrates for bone and cartilage study. bright vermiculate marks (Figs. 1, 3-4). In S. hellneri , Cybium, 9 (2): 107-109. the spots of the dorsal and anal fins are not trans - aqua vol. 8 no. 3 - 2004 130 aqua, Journal of Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology
First record of two rocky reef fishes from mainland Ecuador: Halichoeres chierchiae (Labridae) and Ostracion meleagris (Ostraciidae)
1 2 3 2 Philippe Béarez , Jean-Thomas Bujard , María-Cecilia Terán & Roberto Campoverde
1) UMR 5197, Département “Écologie et gestion de la biodiversité”, Muséum national d’histoire naturelle, 55 rue Buffon, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France. E-mail: [email protected] 2) DARWINVEST Cia. Ltda., P.O. BOX 09-06-6197, Guayaquil, Ecuador. E-mail: [email protected] 3) Granda Centeno OE4-433 y Bobadilla, Quito, Ecuador. E-mail: [email protected]
Accepted: 17.05.2004
Keywords Halichoeres chierchiae erano la Colombia e le Isole Halichoeres chierchiae ; Ostracion meleagris ; reef Galápagos, mentre per Ostracion meleagris Panama e fishes; new record; Ecuador; TEP le Galápagos. Si discute la loro possibile origine.
Abstract Introduction Two reef fishes are recorded for the first time from This report summarizes two significant range exten - Ecuador. Both have been captured over rocky bot - sions for two tropical eastern Pacific species. The first toms covered with gorgonians, along the coast of cen - belongs to the labrids, the second largest family of tral-south Ecuador. The previous southernmost distri - marine fishes after the gobiids (Nelson, 1994) with bution limits known were Colombia or the Galápagos 454 valid species (Parenti and Randall, 2000). The Islands for Halichoeres chierchiae , and Panama or second belongs to the ostraciids, a small family of Galápagos for Ostracion meleagris . The question of about 33 species, all living in tropical reefs (Nelson, their origin is mentioned. 1994). With about 70 species, Halichoeres Rüppell, 1835 is Zusammenfassung the most speciose genus of the Labridae. This genus Die zwei Riff-Fischarten wurden zum ersten Mal für is presently in need of revision (Parenti and Randall, Ekuador nachgewiesen. Beide wurden über Fels - 2000). Though mostly Indo-Pacific, it is also the grund, der mit Gorgonenhäuptern bedeckt war, vor largest genus in the tropical eastern Pacific (TEP), der zentralen bis südlichen Küste Ekuadors gefan - accounting for 13 species: Halichoeres adustus gen. Die bisher bekannte südliche Verbreitungs - (Gilbert, 1890); Halichoeres aestuaricola Bussing, grenze lag auf der Höhe von Kolumbien und den 1972; Halichoeres chierchiae Di Caporiacco, 1948; Galápagos-Inseln im Falle von Halichoerus chier - Halichoeres discolor Bussing, 1983; Halichoeres chiae und bei Panama und den Galápagos-Inseln im dispilus (Günther, 1864); Halichoeres insularis Allen & Falle von Ostracion meleagris. Fragen der Herkunft Robertson, 1992; Halichoeres malpelo Allen & werden diskutiert. Robertson, 1992; Halichoeres melanotis (Gilbert, 1890); Halichoeres nicholsi (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882); Résumé Halichoeres notospilus (Günther, 1864); Halichoeres Deux espèces de poissons de récif sont signalées raisneri Baldwin & McCosker, 2001; Halichoeres pour la première fois en Équateur. Toutes deux ont salmofasciatus Allen & Robertson, 2002; and Hali - été capturées sur des fonds rocheux couverts de gor - choeres semicinctus (Ayres, 1859). Of the above, gones le long de la côte centro-méridionale du pays. only three species were previously known from main - Les limites de distribution précédemment connues land Ecuador viz. : H. dispilus , H. nicholsi and H. noto - étaient la Colombie ou les îles Galápagos pour spilus (Béarez, 1996). Halichoeres chierchiae et Panama ou les Galápagos The Ostraciidae, or boxfishes or trunkfishes, are pour Ostracion meleagris. La question de leur origine characterized by the rigid carapace encasing the est ici soulevée. body, by the lack of spines on the carapace, the absence of pelvic fins and fin spines. Many species Sommario also possess a highly toxic substance called Due nuove specie di pesci sono registrati per la prima “ostracitoxin”, which they release when under stress. volta in Ecuador. Entrambi sono stati catturati su fon - The genus Ostracion Linnaeus, 1758 contains nine dali rocciosi ricoperti da gorgonie lungo le coste centro- species (Eschmeyer, 2003), all from the Indo-Pacific meridionali. I precedenti limiti meridionali per la specie region, only one of which is represented in the TEP.
131 aqua vol. 8 no. 3 - 2004 First record of two rocky reef fishes from mainland Ecuador: Halichoeres chierchiae (Labridae) and Ostracion meleagris (Ostraciidae)
Materials and methods Other observations . H. chierchiae was first Specimens were first observed in 2003 during scuba observed, but not collected, during dives in June and dives over different rocky reefs along the shore of the July 2003, at the following locations: Isla Santa Clara provinces of Guayas and Manabí in Ecuador, and (3°10’S, 80°26’W), Islote El Pelado, Bajo Copé several were then captured with scoop nets off San (1°51’S, 81°03’W), Isla de Salango (1°35’S, Pedro (Guayas), around the small island called “El 80°50’W), and Isla de La Plata (1°17’S, 81°03’W). Pelado”, at depths of 8 to 12 m. The taxonomic clas - From 1 to 7 specimens were observed during each sification follows Nelson (1994). The methodology dive, at depths of between 3 and 25 m. The wounded used for counts and measurements follows Hubbs & wrasse lives over rocky bottoms, often covered with Lagler (1947), Randall & Smith (1982) and Randall gorgonians ( Muricea spp.), where it occurs sympatri - (1975). Measurements are expressed in millimeters cally with H. dispilus (Fig. 1). and as percentages of standard length. Specific terms are abbreviated as follows: total length (TL); standard Family Ostraciidae length (SL); lateral line (LL); initial phase (IP); terminal Ostracion meleagris Shaw in Shaw & Nodder, 1796. phase (TP). The nomenclature follows the Eschmeyer on-line Catalog of Fishes (2003). The institutional Material examined. MNHN 2004-0526, 112 mm SL abbreviation for Museo Zoologico “La Specola” del - and MNHN 2004-0532, 105 mm SL, bothmales, col - l’Università di Firenze is MZUF, as listed in Leviton et lected on 14/06/2003, Islote El Pelado, San Pedro, al . (1985). Guayas, Ecuador (1°56’S, 80°47’W). Morphometric and metric data are presented in Table I. Results Distribution. Indo-Pan-Pacific : from East Africa to West America, north to southern Japan and Hawaii, Family Labridae south to Lord Howe and Rapa Islands (Myers, 1999). Halichoeres chierchiae Di Caporiacco, 1948 In the eastern Pacific, from the Gulf of California to Panama (Thompson et al ., 2000), including Revil - Material examined. MNHN 2004-0543, 168 mm SL, lagigedos, Clipperton, Coco and Galápagos Islands collected on 21/09/2003, Islote El Pelado, San Pedro, (Robertson and Allen, 1996; Garrison, 2000; Grove Guayas, Ecuador (1°56’ S, 80°47’ W). Morphometric and Lavenberg, 1997). The species is recorded for and metric data appear in Table I. the first time off mainland Ecuador. Other material . - Holotype, MZUF 499, collected by Other observations. The spotted boxfish (O. melea - Mr. Gaetano Chierchia in the Gulf of Panama. Data in gris; Ecuadorian name: “ cofre manchado”) is rare on Table I are from the original description. the Ecuadorian coast, but one specimen was observed Distribution . From the Gulf of California (Thomp - during a dive at the Bajo Cope and two others at La son et al., 2000) to Colombia (Rubio et al ., 1987; Bel - Playita, Salango, in July 2003. All specimens were tran-Leon and Ríos-Herrera, 2000), including Revil - males, easily recognizable because the species is lagigedos and Galápagos Islands (Victor and Welling - strongly sexually dimorphic, the female being black ton, 2000; Baldwin and McCosker, 2001). The with white spots whilst the males are orange-yellow wounded wrasse (Halichoeres chierchiae ; Ecuado - with white spots dorsally, blue elsewhere, with dark - rian name: “ resbalosa herida ”) is now added to the edged orange spots on the sides. Habitat of O. melea - ichthyofauna of the Ecuadorian mainland. gris is similar to that of H. chierchiae (Fig. 2).
Fig. 1. Terminal phase male Halichoeres chierchiae at Bajo Cope, accompanied by a juvenile H. dispilus . Photo by F. Idrovo. aqua vol. 8 no. 3 - 2004 132 Philippe Béarez, Jean-Thomas Bujard, María-Cecilia Terán & Roberto Campoverde
Table. I. Data on morphometric and meristic characters for the new records from Ecuador (percent of standard length).
H. chierchiae O. meleagris MNHN 2004-0543 Holotype MZUF 499 MNHN 2004-0526 MNHN 2004-0532 TL 201 167.5 143 133 SL 168 150.5 112 105 Body depth 31.5% 36.1% 35.5% Body width 13.1% 40.5% 41.6% Head length 31.3% 29.6% 29.1% 29.8% Snout length 10.4% 9.2% 22.5% 22.7% Orbit diameter 4.2% 5.1% 10.3% 10.7% Bony interorbital width 6.5% 6.0% 25.4% 26.5% Caudal peduncle depth 14.9% 15.5% 10.8% 11.0% Caudal peduncle length 12.5% 11.9% 11.8% Upper jaw length 7.1% Predorsal length 28.6% 27.9% Preanal length 51.8% Prepelvic length 30.4% Length 1st dorsal spine 6.0% Length 9th dorsal spine 8.3% 8.0% Length longest dorsal ray 8.3% 12.9% 12.2% Length dorsal fin base 59.2% 61.1% Length 1st anal spine 3.0% Length 2nd anal spine 5.4% Length 3rd anal spine 6.5% Length longest anal ray 10.1% 11.0% 12.5% 12.0% Length anal fin base 38.7% 35.4% Pectoral fin length 20.2% 18.6% Pelvic fin length 16.1% 16.3% Dorsal spines IX IX Dorsal fin rays 11 11 99 Anal spines III II Anal fin rays 12 12 99 Pectoral fin rays 13 12 11 11 Caudal rays 12 12 10 10 Lateral line scales 27 26 Scales above LL to origin of dorsal fin 3 Scales below LL to origin of anal fin 8 Sex male male male
Discussion In Ecuador, small rock fishes are usually released after capture. For example, among Halichoeres species, only H. nicholsi shows up in fish landings, probably because it grows to 38 cm TL or more. Along with other techniques, scuba diving observations are therefore important for complete ichthyological inven - tories (Collette et al ., 2003). The two species reported were first observed during scuba diving exploration, always over rocky bottoms covered by gorgonians. True coral patches are very rare in the area where the fish were observed. H. chierchiae seems to be uncommon, and the largest groups observed comprised only seven individuals. This species could have been overlooked in the past, as the initial phases of several Halichoeres species are similar in appearance. The discovery of O. melea - gris is much more surprising as it does appear to be rare. One of us (R.C.), with 30 years’ diving experi - ence along the Guayas and Manabí coasts, cannot remember seeing this species before 2003. Fig. 2. Male Ostracion meleagris at Bajo Cope. Photo by Halichoeres chierchiae is first mentioned as present F. Idrovo. in the Galápagos area by Victor and Wellington
133 aqua vol. 8 no. 3 - 2004 First record of two rocky reef fishes from mainland Ecuador: Halichoeres chierchiae (Labridae) and Ostracion meleagris (Ostraciidae)
(2000), then recorded by Baldwin and McCosker Grove, J. S. & R. J. Lavenberg. 1997. The fishes of (2001), as possibly observed on 25 July 1998 at North the Galápagos Islands . Stanford University Press, Seymour Island. Without further comment, Victor et Stanford, 863 pp. al . (2001), consider that the species was absent in the Hubbs, C. L. & K. F. Lagler. 1947. Fishes of the archipelago during their April 1990 observations, rare Great Lakes region. Cranbrook Institute of Science in January 1995, and uncommon in May-June 1998. Bulletin , 26 : 1-186. The species is probably an immigrant new to the Leviton, A. E., Gibbs, R. H. Jr., Heal, E. & C. E. south tropical eastern Pacific, but the question of their Dawson. 1985. Standards in herpetology and origin, from the east (Galápagos) or from the north ichthyology. Part I. Standard symbolic codes for (along the south American mainland coast), remains institutional resource collections in herpetology and unresolved. ichthyology. Copeia Copeia , 1985 (3) : 802-832. Myers, R. F. 1999. Micronesian reef fishes: a com - Acknowledgements prehensive guide to the coral reef fishes of Microne - The authors wish to thank the following institutions sia . Coral Graphics, Barrigada, 330 pp. for their support: Darwinvest, Fundación Natura, Tax - Nelson, J. S. 1994. Fishes of the world . John Wiley & aSphere Foundation, and The Nature Conservancy. Sons, New York, 600 pp. Juan-Pablo Sicco gave us a specimen of O. melea - Parenti, P. & J. E. Randall . 2000. An annotated gris , Carl Hopkins revised the English, and Pedro checklist of the species of the Labroid fish families Jiménez Prado facilitated contact between authors. Labridae and Scaridae. Ichthyological Bulletin of the JLB Smith Institute of Ichthyology, 68 : 1-97. Randall, J. E. 1975. Ostracion trachys , a new species References of trunkfish from Mauritius (Ostraciontidae). Matsya , Allen, G. R. & D. R. Robertson. 1994. Fishes of the 1: 59-62. tropical eastern Pacific . Crawford House Press, Aus - Randall, J. E. & M. Smith. 1982. A review of the tralia, 332 pp. labrid fishes of the genus Halichoeres of the western Allen, G. R. & D. R. Robertson. 2002. Halichoeres Indian Ocean, with descriptions of six new species. salmofasciatus , a new species of wrasse (Pisces: Ichthyological Bulletin of the JLB Smith Institute of Labridae) from Isla del Coco, tropical eastern Ichthyology, 45 : 1-26. Pacific. aqua, Journal of Ichthyology and Aquatic Roberston, D. R. & G. R Allen. 1996. Zoogeography Biology, 5 (2): 65-72. of the shorefish fauna of Clipperton Atoll. Coral Baldwin, C. C. & J. E. McCosker. 2001. Wrasses of Reefs 15 (2): 121-131. the Galápagos Islands, with the description of a new Rubio, E. A., Gutierrez, B. & R. Franke. 1987. Peces deepwater species of Halichoeres (Perciformes: de la Isla de Gorgona . Centro de Publicaciones de Labridae). Revista de Biología Tropical, 49 Supl. 1: la Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad del Valle, 89-100. Cali, 315 pp. Béarez, P. 1996. Lista de los peces marinos del Thomson, D. A., Findley L. T. & A. N. Kerstitch . Ecuador continental. Revista de Biología Tropical , 2000. Reef fishes of the Sea of Cortez. The rocky- 44 (2): 731-741. shore fishes of the Gulf of California . University of Beltrán-León, B. S. & R. Ríos-Herrera. 2000. Esta - Texas Press, Austin, 353 pp. dios tempranos de peces del Pacífico colombiano . Vanni, S. 1991. Cataloghi del Museo Zoologico “La Instituto Nacional de Pesca y Acuicultura, Bue - Specola” dell’Università di Firenze. VIII. Oste - naventura, Colombia. T. 1: 1-359; T. 2: 360-727. ichthyes: tipi. Atti della Società Toscana di Scienze Collette, B. B., Williams, J. T., Thacker, C. E. & M. Naturali, Memorie, Serie B, 96 : 219-229. L. Smith. 2003. Shore fishes of Navassa Island, Victor, B. C. & G. M. Wellington. 2000. Endemism West Indies: a case study on the need for rotenone and the pelagic larval duration of reef fishes in the sampling in reef fish biodiversity studies. aqua, eastern Pacific Ocean. Marine Ecology Progress Journal of Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology, 6 (3): Series, 205 : 241-248. 89-131. Victor B. C., Wellington G. M., Robertson D. R. & Di Caporiacco , L. 1948. Miscellanea ichthyologica. B. I. Ruttenberg. 2001. The effect of the El Niño- Bollettino di Pesca, Piscicultura e Idrobiologia , 23 Southern Oscillation event on the distribution of reef- (2): 193-205. associated labrid fishes in the eastern Pacific Eschmeyer, W. 2003. The Catalog of Fishes on-line. Ocean. Bulletin of Marine Science , 69 (1): 279-288. California Academy of Sciences (http://www.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/c atalog/fishcatsearch.html). Garrison, G. 2000. Peces de la Isla del Coco – Isla del Coco fishes . Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, Costa Rica, 400 pp. aqua vol. 8 no. 3 - 2004 134 aqua, Journal of Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology
Gomphosus varius x Thalassoma lunare , a hybrid labrid fish from Australia
1 2 John E. Randall and Gerald R. Allen
1) Bishop Museum, 1525 Bernice St., Honolulu, HI 96817-2704, USA E-mail: [email protected] 2) Conservation International, 1919 M Street N.W., Suite 600, Washington, D.C. 20036, USA; and Western Australian Museum, Perth, WA 6000, Australia E-mail: [email protected]
Accepted: 24.02.2003
Keywords fotografato né raccolto), mentre un ibrido Gomphosus Marine fishes, Labridae, intergeneric hybrid, varius x Thalassoma duperrey è stato osservato alle Gomphosus , Thalassoma , Australia isole Hawaii (anch’esso non fotografato né raccolto).
Abstract Introduction An unusual labrid fish photographed and collected off Schwartz (1972) reviewed the literature on hybrids of Cassini Island, Western Australia is documented as the fishes of the world. He found the vast majority were hybrid Gomphosus varius x Thalassoma lunare . A sec - crosses involving freshwater fishes. Of the families of ond example of the same hybrid was observed on the marine fishes, most of the references on hybrids were Great Barrier Reef (not photographed or collected), in the Pleuronectidae (41), followed by those families and one of Gomphosus varius x Thalassoma duperrey with more than just a single reference: Labridae (20, all was observed at the island of Hawaii (also not pho - from the eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean), Sparidae tographed or collected). (14), Scombridae (12), Gobiidae (12) Pomacanthidae (5, as Chaetodontidae, at that time it included the Zusammenfassung marine angelfishes), Scorpaenidae (4), and Acanthuri - Ein ungewöhnliches Lippfisch-Exemplar, das bei der dae (3). Many of the references represented repeated Cassini-Insel in Westaustralien fotografiert und gesam - reports of the same hybrid, thus the number of pleuro- melt wurde, konnte als Hybride Gomphosus varius x nectid hybrids (not references) was 19. Schwartz did Thalassoma lunare bestimmt werden. Ein zweites not indicate in his reviews which of these hybrids were Exemplar derselben Kreuzung wurde im Great Barrier experimental crosses. He has written us recently that Reef festgestellt (nicht fotografiert oder gesammelt), half of the pleuronectid and all but four of the labrid ref - außerdem konnte ein Exemplar aus Gomphosus var - erences referred to hybrids that were experimentally ius x Thalassoma duperrey vor Hawaii beobachtet wer - produced. den (ebenfalls weder fotografiert noch gesammelt). Since Schwartz’ 1972 review, much more literature on hybrid fishes has been published, with an increase in Résumé the number of marine fish hybrids described (Schwartz, Il s’agit d’un labridé inhabituel, photographié et col - 2001). In a paper reviewing hybrids of angelfishes of lecté au large de l’Île Cassini, Australie occidentale et the family Pomacanthidae, Pyle and Randall (1994) présenté comme hybride de Gomphosus varius x Tha - noted that fifteen natural hybrids have been recorded lassoma lunare . Un deuxième exemplaire du même for the butterflyfish family Chaetodontidae, adding that hybride a été observe sur la Grande Barrière (ni pho - they were aware of at least twelve more. They docu - tographié ni collecté) et un hybride de Gomphosus var - mented 11 probable pomacanthid hybrids and dis - ius x Thalassoma duperrey a été observé près de l’île cussed five additional possible hybrids for the family. d’Hawaii (de même, ni photographié ni collecté). More hybrids have been found in these two than in any other families of reef and shore fishes, but it is impor - Sommario tant to note that most butterflyfishes and angelfishes Un insolito labride fotografato e raccolto al largo del - have intricate, conspicuous colour patterns. Therefore, l’Isola Cassini, Western Australia si dimostra essere un they are frequently noticed by snorkelers and scuba ibrido Gomphosus varius x Thalassoma lunare. Un divers, and are often photographed. These fishes also secondo esemplare dello stesso ibrido è stato osser - dominate the marine aquarium fish trade. vato lungo la Grande Barriera Australiana (ma non Randall (2001) reviewed hybridization in the surgeon -
135 aqua vol. 8 no. 3 - 2004 Gomphosus varius x Thalassoma lunare , a hybrid labrid fish from Australia fish family (Acanthuridae) and illustrated 12 hybrids, era Gomphosus and Thalassoma reveals that little sep - the third highest total for coral-reef fish families. He arates the two except the prolonged snout of the former noted that these hybrids were often found in areas and colour pattern. Both share diagnostic characters when one parent species is rare and the other abun - such as VIII,13 dorsal rays, 19-20 + 5-6 lateral-line dant. scales, a naked head except for a small patch of scales The Labridae, or wrasse family, is the second largest dorsally on the opercle, and a very short free preoper - family of marine fishes (after the Gobiidae), with 453 cular margin. Juveniles of Gomphosus varius (Fig. 4) species (Parenti and Randall, 2000). The species of lack the long snout, and one was described as a new tropical and subtropical seas are often distinctly species of Thalassoma (T. stuckiae Whitley, 1959). coloured, so hybrids should be readily detected. How - Moreover, a study of the molecular phylogeny of Tha - ever, it seems that only some species of Thalassoma lassoma (Bernardi et al ., in press) shows that the two show a tendency to hybridize. Randall and Miroz (2001) known species of Gomphosus nest within the 27 rec - described the hybrid T. lunare x T. rueppellii from the ognized speci es of Thalassoma . Red Sea. Lobel and Randall are preparing a manu - The second author photographed and collected a script to show that T. duperrey (endemic and common labrid fish (WAM P.30886.001, 82 mm SL) from the in the Hawaiian Islands and Johnston Island) often west side of Cassini Island, Western Australia hybridizes with the widespread Indo-Pacific T. (13°57’S, 125°37’E) in 4.5 m that he thought repre - lutescens and T. quinquevittatum , both of which are sented an undescribed species of Thalassoma . He rare in the Hawaiian Islands. Each author has illus - sent photographs (Figs. 5, 6) to the first author, who, trated the hybrid of duperrey and lutescens in popular having been alerted to one probable Thalassoma cross books (Randall, 1996; Lobel, 2003). Walsh and Randall with Gomphosus varius , identified the fish in the pho - (MS) have prepared an account of the hybrid of T. quin - tographs as a subadult hybrid of G. varius and T. quevittatum and the newly-described T. nigrofasciatum . lunare . The two sexual colour phases of T. lunare In the present paper we document the unexpected (Figs. 7, 8) are illustrated here. hybrid of Gomphosus varius and Thalassoma lunare . The most obvious characteristic suggesting the hybrid status of the specimen is the intermediate length of the Methods and Materials snout of the hybrid. The snout length of 12 specimens Lengths given below are standard length (SL), the of Gomphosus from 81 to 235 mm SL varies from 3.95 distance from the front of the snout to the base of the to 4.95 in the SL. The snout length of twelve specimens caudal fin. Head length is measured from the front of of Thalassoma lunare from 85 to 175 mm SL varies the snout to the posterior end of the opercular flap, and from 9.2 to 10.3 in the SL. The snout length of the snout length from the same anterior point to the fleshy hybrid is contained 7.75 times in the SL. edge of the orbit. Pectoral ray counts include the upper Schultz in Schultz and collaborators (1960: 187: table two unbranched rays. Gill raker counts include all rudi - 101) showed the two meristic characters that vary ments. within the genus Thalassoma , pectoral rays and gill Proportional measurements are rounded to the near - rakers. Thalassoma lunare has 15 pectoral rays, and est 0.05. Gomphosus varius has 16; the hybrid has 16. The gill The hybrid Gomphosus varius x Thalassoma lunare is rakers of T. lunare vary from 17 to 20, those of G. deposited in the Western Australian Museum, Perth varius from 24 to 27; the gill raker count for the hybrid (WAM). Counts and measurements of the parent is 21. species were made on specimens in the Bernice P. The colour pattern of the hybrid is an interesting amal - Bishop Museum, Honolulu. gamation of the two parent species. The head colour favours T. lunare , the caudal coloration G. varius , and Gomphosus varius x Thalassoma lunare the body coloration is intermediate. In early 2001 veteran aquarium fish collector Luciano Information on a second hybrid of Gomphous varius Perino reported to the first author that he had observed and Thalassoma lunare was provided by Fenton a hybrid of Gomphosus varius and Thalassoma duper - Walsh (pers. comm.). He wrote that fellow diver John rey on the Kona coast of the island of Hawai’i. His Drieberg observed “a hybrid Thalassoma lunare x determined effort to collect the fish was not successful. Gomphosus varius at Arlington Reef GBR off Cairns in Because Mr. Perino knows the Hawaiian fish fauna October 2002. John has been a fish collector for over very well, his identification of the fish as a hybrid can - 20 years and knows his fish species very well. He said not be easily dismissed. he almost caught the fish but just missed it at the net.” With so few hybrids known among species of labrid fishes, it seems unlikely that there would be an inter - Acknowledgements generic hybrid in the family, especially between the We thank Luciano Perino and Fenton Walsh for their long-snouted Gomphosus varius (Figs. 1, 2) and the important contributions to our paper, and Giacomo short-snouted Thalassoma duperrey (Fig. 3). However, Bernardi for a copy of his and coauthors’ manuscript on an analysis of the characters that distinguish the gen - the phylogeny of Thalassoma . aqua vol. 8 no. 3 - 2004 136 John E. Randall and Gerald R. Allen
Fig. 1. Initial phase of Gomphosus varius, Hawaiian Islands. Photo by J. E. Randall.
Fig. 2. Terminal male of Gomphosus varius, Hawaiian Islands. Photo by J. E. Randall.
Fig. 3. Terminal male of Thalassoma duperrey, Johnston Island. Photo by J. E. Randall.
137 aqua vol. 8 no. 3 - 2004 Gomphosus varius x Thalassoma lunare , a hybrid labrid fish from Australia
Fig. 4. Juvenile of Gomphosus varius, Viti Levu, Fiji. Photo by J. E. Randall.
Fig. 5. Gomphosus varius x Thalassoma lunare, Cassini Island, Western Australia. Photo by G. R. Allen.
Fig. 6. Same fish as Figure 5. Photo by G. R. Allen. aqua vol. 8 no. 3 - 2004 138 John E. Randall and Gerald R. Allen
Fig. 7. Subadult female of Thalassoma lunare, Kiritimati, Line Islands. Photo by J. E. Randall
Fig. 8. Terminal male of Thalassoma lunare, Cebu, Philippines. Photo by J. E. Randall.
References Randall, J. E. 2001. Thalssoma lunare x Thalassoma Bernardi, G., Bucciarelli, G., Costagliola, D., rueppellii , a hybrid labrid fish from the Red Sea. Robertson, D. R. & J. B. Heiser. In press. Evolution aqua, Journal of Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology , 4 of coral reef fish Thalassoma spp. (Labridae): l. Mole - (4): 131-134. cular phylogeny and biogeography . Marine Biology . Schultz, L. P. & collaborators . 1960. Fishes of the Lobel, P. S. 2003. The Marine Life of Johnston Atoll. Marshall and Marianas Islands. Bulletin of the United 128 pp. Natural World Press, Vida, OR. States National Museum 202 , vol. 2: ix + 438 pp. Parenti, P. & J. E. Randall . 2000. An annotated Schwartz, F. J. 1972. World literature to fish hybrids checklist of the species of the labroid fish families with an analysis by family, species, and hybrid. Pub - Labridae and Scaridae. Ichthyological Bulletin of the lications of the Gulf Coast Research Laboratory J. L. B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology , 68: 1-97. Museum , 3: 1-328. Pyle, R. L. & J. E. Randall . 1994. A review of Schwartz, F . J. 2001. Freshwater and marine fish fam - hybridization in marine angelfishes (Perciformes: ily hybrids: a worldwide changing scene revealed by Pomacanthidae). Environmental Biology of Fishes , the scientific literature. The Journal of the Elisha 41 : 127-145. Mitchell Scientific Society, 117 (1): 62-65. Randall, J. E. 1996. Shore Fishes of Hawai’i. 216 pp. Whitley, G. P. 1959. More ichthyological snippets. Natural World Press, Vida, OR. Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales , 1957-58 : 11-26.
139 aqua vol. 8 no. 3 - 2004 Bruno Condé (1920 - 2004)
Our friend Bruno Condé died on of the artificial maintenance of February 11th this year. He might, aquatic life, aquariophilia is its artistic without exaggeration, be called the aspect. Thanks to the perfectionism father of French aquariology. of its editor, the RFA became an Nothing in his early career would international reference work and the have led one to believe that he was first scientific journal to make exten - to create of one of the finest public sive use of colour (with, in particular, aquariums in Europe, to bring into splendid photos by his student, being the first French journal dedi - Denis Terver). Although considered cated to aquatic life, and to become by some as too scientific, and tend - a federator of aquariophile societies. ing too much towards the scientific Condé, a former student of Cuenot description of new species rather and of Rémy, president of the than to aquariophily, we hope it may French Zoological Society, was a soon be reborn, even if in a new brilliant professor at the Faculty of form. Science, Nancy. Known all over the Along with his teaching, Bruno world for a tiny group of blind Apterygota insects, he Condé organised well-attended conferences, as well sometimes even lived deep in caves studying such as his well-known, highly original training classes in favourites as the Campodeidae and the minute Pro - aquariological technique – still fondly remembered by toures. today’s public aquarium directors – and research lab - Nancy Aquarium had a modest beginning. De Briey, oratories such as that devoted to electric fishes, an amateur, moved some aquariums there from his unique in the world. greenhouse in 1960. These were installed along the Bruno had more than one string to his bow, some - staircase at the Zoological museum, which at that thing those who did not know him might never have time was poorly attended, to lend a little life to the suspected. In a way he lived between a number of dif - dusty showcases. One of the first species displayed ferent worlds. He was a traditional, even fundamen - was a strain of Bedotia collected in Madagascar by talist professor, a participant in the academic and Jacques Arnoult, a friend, and later, at the Monaco social life of Nancy. He was rigorous in his research, aquarium, a “rival”. Perhaps it is still there. Bruno down to even the tiniest Campodean bristle a few Condé was won over by a passion for aquariophilia. microns in length. He was not, however, enthusiastic He was completely taken with it, learned its most about molecular biology or multi-dimensional analy - modern techniques and almost with his own hands sis. He organised a weighty structure, continually on built a splendid structure that attracted visitors from all the lookout for the most modern techniques. At the over Europe. As though to compound the difficulty, same time he was also a great fan of classical and the Nancy Aquarium had specialised in the marine jazz music (and the father of a well-known critic and world from an early date and had achieved better composer in the field of modern music). Bruno Condé results than its rivals, with exceptional survival rates. was perfectly capable of playing classic Duke Elling - The Aquarium was Bruno Condé’s treasured child: his ton on the piano, having first invited you to dine on a office was there, and it was not unusual for him to zander prepared in a beurre blanc sauce at the return there after dinner to check on the slightest leak Capucin Gourmand, his canteen. or on the condition of a “pensioner” with a poor In remembering this protean figure, let us not forget appetite. his research into the behaviour of the wild cat, Felis To Bruno, teaching was an essential requirement. sylvestris. He was obliged to abandon this, his spe - The famous RFA, the Revue Française d’Aquariolo - ciality, following a serious car accident on the way to gie, enjoyed success along with the Aquarium. The his breeding unit outside Nancy. Nor should we ignore word aquariology had been invented by a visionary his mastery of high fidelity and sound recording, of ecologist, the German ophthalmologist Erich Meder, which he was very proud, for which he was much in to whom we also owe peat filtration and functional, demand by international musicians. His recording of undecorated aquariums. He also promoted the addi - Mozart’s Requiem at Saint Nicolas du Port, played tion of 5-10% seawater into freshwater acquariums, back through elaborate acoustic screens in his salon, as well as numerous other firsts in the reproduction of is still a poignant memory. “problem fish.” If aquariology is the scientific aspect aqua vol. 8 no. 3 - 2004 140 Instructions to Authors al Indo-Pacific Estuaries. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 31 :137-46. aqua is an international journal which publishes original sci- Day, J. H., Blaber, S. J. M., & J. H. Wallace. 1981. Estuarine entific articles in the fields of systematics, taxonomy, ethology, Fishes. In: Estuarine Ecology with Particular Reference to South - ecology, biogeography, and general biology of fishes, amphibians, ern Africa. (Ed. J.H. Day.) : 197-221. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam. aquatic invertebrates and plants. Papers dealing with freshwater, Dimmich, W. W. 1988. Ultrastructure of North American cyprinid brackish, and marine organisms will be considered for publication. maxillary barbels. Copeia 1988 (1) : 72-79. Scientific articles of interest to a wide readership are especially Trewavas, E. 1983. Tilapiine Fishes of the Genera Sarotherodon, welcome. Full length research papers and short notes will also be Oreochromis and Danakilia . British Museum (Natural History), considered for publication. London, 583 pp. 1. Manuscript preparation : manuscripts must be submitted in 7. Author details : these should be placed at the beginning of the English. 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Additional reprints may be ordered from Aquapress. aqua Journal of Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology Vol. 8 (3), June 2004 Contents: Carlos A. Rangel, João Luiz Gasparini, and Ricardo Z. P. Guimarães: A new species of combtooth blenny Scartella Jordan, 1886 (Teleostei: Blenniidae) from Trindade Island, Brazil ...... 89-96 David Lecchini and Jeffrey T. Williams : Description of a new species of damselfish (Pomacentridae: Chromis) from Rapa Island, French Polynesia ...... 97-102 Wilson J. E. M. Costa: Rivulus simplicis n. sp. (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae): a new killifish from the coastal plains of south-eastern Brazil ...... 103-108 Alexei M. Orlov: Migrations of various fish species between Asian and American waters in the North Pacific Ocean ...... 109-124 Wilson J. E. M. Costa and Dalton T. B. Nielsen: Simpsonichthys carlettoi (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) a new annual fish from the Rio São Francisco basin, north-eastern Brazil ...... 125-130 Philippe Béarez, Jean-Thomas Bujard, María-Cecilia Terán and Roberto Campoverde: First record of two rocky reef fishes from mainland Ecuador: Halichoeres chierchiae (Labridae) and Ostracion meleagris (Ostraciidae) ...... 131-134 John E. Randall and Gerald R. Allen: Gomphosus varius x Thalassoma lunare , a hybrid labrid fish from Australia ...... 135-139
Papers appearing in this journal are indexed in: Zoological Record; Biolis - Biologische Literatur Information Senckenberg; www.aquageo.com; www.Joachim-Frische.com
Cover photo: Simpsonichthys carlettoi, UFRJ 5946, male, paratype born in aquarium, first generation descendent from wild paratypes, 33.3 mm SL. Photo by A. Carletto.
Rapa Island, Austral Archipelago. (See the Ms from David Lecchini and Jeffrey T. Williams in this issue on pages 97- 102). Photo by J. T. Williams.