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Amaknak Bridge Site Data Recovery Project Final Report

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Amaknak Bridge Site Data Recovery Project Final Report South Channel Bridge Project No. MGS-STP-BR-0310(S)/52930 Amaknak Bridge Site Data Recovery Project Final Report October 1, 2004 Richard Knecht, Museum of the Aleutians Richard Davis, Bryn Mawr College 1 Abstract The Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities (ADOT&PF) in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) is proposing to replace an existing bridge between Amaknak and Unalaska Island. The South Channel Bridge project includes a realignment of Henry Swanson Drive, which will have an adverse effect on the Amaknak Bridge site (UNL-50). To mitigate impacts on the site, a Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) was formalized and recorded between the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO), and concurred by the Ounalashka Corporation (OC), the Qawalangin Tribe of Unalaska (Tribe), the Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities (ADOT&PF), the Unalaska Historical Commission (Commission), and the Museum of the Aleutians (Museum) on April 29,2003. As stipulated in the MOA, an archeological data recovery plan for the Amaknak Bridge site was developed by the Museum, pursuant to Section 110(b) of the National Historic Preservation Act, and was developed in consultation with and accepted by FHWA, SHPO, OC, Tribe, Commission, and ADOT&PF. This report summarizes the findings of the data recovery project undertaken in the summer of 2003 by the Museum. The report addresses four research questions that were pursued through the excavation and analysis of the Amaknak Bridge Site to advance the current state of knowledge of Eastern Aleutian prehistory: (1) culture history, (2) subsistence ecology, (3) household archaeology, and (4) adaptation to environmental change. 2 Table of Contents 1 Project Overview.......................................................................................................................15 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................15 1.2 Cultural and Historical Background .......................................................................21 1.3 History of Research ................................................................................................26 2 Research Methods ....................................................................................................................33 2.1 Research Design .....................................................................................................33 2.2 Phase I – Site Preparation ......................................................................................36 2.3 Phase II – Excavation and Recording ....................................................................38 2.4 Laboratory Analysis ...............................................................................................41 2.5 Public Outreach ......................................................................................................43 3 Chronology, Stratigraphy, and Settlement Structures ..............................................................45 3.1 Radiocarbon Dating ...............................................................................................45 3.2 Stratigraphy ............................................................................................................46 3.3 Structures ...............................................................................................................50 3.4 Other Features ........................................................................................................88 4 Artifacts ....................................................................................................................................89 4.1 Chipped Stone ........................................................................................................89 4.2 Chipped Stone Industry Summary .........................................................................99 4.3 Bone and Ground Stone Artifacts ........................................................................100 5 Preliminary Analysis of the Vertebrate Fauna (Susan J. Crockford).......................................113 5.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................113 5.2 Methods of Collection ..........................................................................................113 5.3 Methods of Identification .....................................................................................113 5.4 Chronology of EU 8/83 and Stratigraphic Units ..................................................114 5.5 Vertebrate Species Identified ...............................................................................115 5.6 The Identified Sample ..........................................................................................119 5.7 Season of Exploitation and Habitats Utilized ......................................................160 5.8 Evidence of Neoglacial Climate ..........................................................................163 5.9 Summary and Future Analysis .............................................................................164 6 Culture History of Amaknak Bridge .......................................................................................165 6.1 Amaknak Bridge In Time ....................................................................................165 6.2 Comparison to the Margaret Bay Site (UNL-48) ................................................167 6.3 Change Within the Amaknak Bridge Site Over Time .........................................172 6.4 Amaknak Bridge in the Unalaskan Archaeological Sequence .............................173 7 Household Archaeology .........................................................................................................175 7.1 Domestic v. Special Purpose Structures ..............................................................175 7.2 Evidence for Behavioral Patterning Within the Structures ..................................178 7.3 Structures and Social Organization ......................................................................183 8 Cultural Ecology……………………………………………………………………………..185 8.1 Climate Change in Aleutian Prehistory……………………………………….....185 8.2 The Neoglacial…………………………………………………………………...186 8.3 Subsistence at the Amaknak Bridge Site……………………………………...…188 8.4 Archaeological Correlates of Climate Change at the Amaknak Bridge Site….…189 3 8.5 Social Organization…………………………………………………………………192 9 Conclusions and Recommendations……………………………………………………..…..195 9.1 Site Significance and Research Potential ..............................................................195 9.2 Site Volume ...........................................................................................................196 9.3 Recommendations for Future Research ................................................................197 9.4 Acknowledgements ...............................................................................................199 Appendix Faunal Remains………………………………………………………………………201 References………………………………………………………………………………………...267 Plates 4 List of Figures 1.1.01 Project location map............................................................................................................17 1.1.02 Project location map............................................................................................................18 1.1.03 Aerial view of the southern tip of Amaknak Island. Arrow points to the Amaknak Bridge site...........................................................................................................................19 1.1.04 1941 photograph of Expedition Island................................................................................19 1.1.05 Captains Bay and the current South Channel Bridge..........................................................20 1.1.06 View of the Amaknak Bridge site.......................................................................................20 1.2.01 Detail from 1946 map of the Naval Operating Base in Dutch Harbor................................24 1.3.01 Glenn Bacon’s estimate for site (top). Disturbance by WWII era construction (bottom)..........................................................................................................29 1.3.02 Excavations at UNL-50 during the 2000 season.................................................................29 1.3.03 Dwelling remains from the 2000 the field season...............................................................30 1.3.04 Remains of Structure 1 at the base of the knoll..................................................................31 1.3.05 Site boundaries of UNL-50 following the 2000 site boundary survey project......................................................................................................................32 2.1.01 Contour map of the Amaknak Bridge site..........................................................................35 2.1.02 Excavation units from 2003, 2000 and 1977 seasons.........................................................36 2.2.01 WW II access road in section. ............................................................................................37 2.2.02 Section exposed by WWII road cut.....................................................................................38 2.3.01 Water screens in action at UNL-50.....................................................................................39
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