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Applications of Paper Microfluidic Systems in the Field Detection of Drugs of Abuse" (2017)

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Applications of Paper Microfluidic Systems in the Field Detection of Drugs of Abuse Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 7-6-2017 Applications of Paper Microfluidic ysS tems in the Field Detection of Drugs of Abuse Ling Wang [email protected] DOI: 10.25148/etd.FIDC001955 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Part of the Other Chemistry Commons Recommended Citation Wang, Ling, "Applications of Paper Microfluidic Systems in the Field Detection of Drugs of Abuse" (2017). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 3381. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3381 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida APPLICATIONS OF PAPER MICROFLUIDIC SYSTEMS IN THE FIELD DETECTION OF DRUGS OF ABUSE A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in CHEMISTRY by Ling Wang 2017 To: Dean Michael R. Heithaus College of Arts, Sciences and Education This dissertation, written by Ling Wang, and entitled Applications of paper microfluidic systems in the field detection of drugs of abuse, having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgment. We have read this dissertation and recommend that it be approved. _______________________________________ Anthony DeCaprio _______________________________________ Piero Gardinali _______________________________________ Nelly Mateeva _______________________________________ Anthony McGoron _______________________________________ Yi Xiao _______________________________________ Bruce McCord, Major Professor Date of Defense: July 6, 2017 The dissertation of Ling Wang is approved. _______________________________________ Dean Michael R. Heithaus College of Arts, Sciences and Education _______________________________________ Andrés G. Gil Vice President for Research and Economic Development and Dean of the University Graduate School Florida International University, 2017 ii © Copyright 2017 by Ling Wang All rights reserved. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I want to acknowledge the support of my parents, whenever I have a happiness or a sadness, you are always on my side, even you are in the other side of the earth, you are my home of everything. I want to thank my major professor, Dr. Bruce McCord, and the members of my committee: Dr. Anthony DeCaprio, Dr. Piero Gardinali, Dr. Nelly Mateeva, Dr. Anthony McGoron, and Dr. Yi Xiao. Their good advice throughout my graduate years was appreciated. I also want to thank Dr. Watson Lees, FIU Chemistry Department’s Graduate Program Director. I would like to thank Dr. Giacomo Musile for his helping to improve my critical thinking and operations in the research. Finally, I would like to thank the US Department of Justice of their funding of NIJ- DW-BX-K032, and the FIU Presidential Fellowship. iv ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION APPLICATIONS OF PAPER MICROFLUIDIC SYSTEMS IN THE FIELD DETECTION OF DRUGS OF ABUSE by Ling Wang Florida International University, 2017 Miami, Florida Professor Bruce McCord, Major Professor Over the years, colorimetric reagents and immunology have been widely used in screening tests for illicit drugs; however, the test kits are not always convenient for field use and often require the user to mix and develop a specific set of reagents. In our project, we have been working on alternative platforms based on paper microfluidic devices (uPADs) for field testing. These devices utilize wax channels printed on paper to direct the analyte towards a specific set of chemical reagents. Using the procedure, we have developed a six-channel chip that adapts known colorimetric reagents targeting cocaine, opiates, amphetamines and ketamine for multiplex detection. For more sensitive and specific determinations than the colorimetric reagents, we have also developed a paper device that utilizes the interaction between gold nanoparticles and drug specific aptamers. The µPADs using colorimetric reagent are designed as a six-channel multiplexed system. Sequences of different reagents applied to each channel to produce a series of reactions and the color changes appear at the end of each v channel. The entire process takes less than five minutes. The adjusted reagents produce specific color changes for seized drugs on the paper microfluidic devices. Procedures have been developed for the detection of cocaine, ketamine, codeine, ephedrine, morphine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, and MDMA. These devices have been tested for sensitivity, specificity and stability against a variety of potential interferences and test conditions. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)/ aptamers µPADs were developed to detect cocaine. The presence of cocaine cause the binding with aptamers, and the gold nanoparitcles produced a salt-indicated aggregations and gave a color change of AuNPs from red to black. The absence of cocaine allowed the aptamers freely to bind gold nanoparticles, and no color change occured. The device had a preliminary validation of sensitvity and specificity against a variety of potential interferences. The use of paper microfluidic devices permits the development of rapid, inexpensive and easily operated tests for drug samples in the field. They present a safe and convenient presumptive tool that can be used in the field. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE Chapter 1. Short History of Drugs of Abuse and Analysis ..................................... 1 1. Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 2. Research Goals ........................................................................................ 13 3. References ............................................................................................... 15 Chapter 2. Paper microfluidic devices ................................................................. 17 1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 17 2. Goals ........................................................................................................ 25 3. Chemicals and Methods ........................................................................... 25 4. Results and Discussion ............................................................................ 27 5. Conclusions .............................................................................................. 34 6. References ............................................................................................... 35 Chapter 3. Colorimetric reagent based multiple channel paper microfluidic devices ............................................................................................................... 37 1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 37 2. Goals ........................................................................................................ 48 3. Chemicals and Methods ........................................................................... 49 4. Results and Discussion ............................................................................ 56 5. Conclusions .............................................................................................. 74 6. References ............................................................................................... 75 Chapter 4. Gold nanoparticles/aptamer based paper microfluidic device designed for cocaine detection ............................................................................ 77 1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 77 2. Goals ........................................................................................................ 90 3. Chemicals and methods ........................................................................... 91 4. Results and Discussion ............................................................................ 95 5. Conclusions ............................................................................................ 117 6. References ............................................................................................. 118 Chapter 5. Conclusions and Future Work ......................................................... 123 1. Conclusions ............................................................................................ 123 2. Future Work ............................................................................................ 125 3. References ............................................................................................. 126 APPENDIX ........................................................................................................ 127 VITA .................................................................................................................. 133 vii LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE Table 3.1 Twelve Common colorimetric reagents used in the spot tests. ........... 41 Table 3.2 Limit of Detection ................................................................................. 67 Table 3.3 Cross-reactivity of six reagents ........................................................... 69 Table 3.4 False positives: Common powder, diluents and adulterants
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