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Home , Allylescaline, Ergine, Fipexide, Mandelin reagent

ALL DESIGNER , OLD AND NEW

written by Marcus Weiblen editing help/additional info by roionsteroids of reddit.com/r/Drugs

Updates continue as of may 7th, 2014. if anyone has any other citable / reliable sources about any of these compounds or any other new drugs please let me know at marcus [dot] weiblen (at) gmail {dot} com and i'll try to keep this document updated throughout my hectic life. the document will to continue update here (if possible): https://www.dropbox.com/s/rzx3wpxfwuv2kww/designerdrugs.pdf (return to contents)

CONTENTS:

Foreword

A Short Glossary / How to Read This Paper

I: / Empathogens (/Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitors, 5-HT Releasers/Receptor Agonists)

A. Substituted B. Pyrrolidines/Pyrrolidinophenones C. Benzofurans D. Phenylpropylamines/piperidines E. Substituted F. Indanes/ G. Tropanes/*caines H. I. Miscellaneous stimulants

II: Psychedelic ( 5-HT Receptor 2x Agonists)

A. 1. -x series 2. Psychedelic Amphetamines 3. N-benzylated phenethylamines 4. analogues 5. Conformationally-restricted derivatives

B. 1. N-alkylated 2. 4-position substitutions 3. 5-position substitutions 4. LSD derivatives 5. -position substitutions 6. 2-position substitutions

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III: Sedatives (GABA Agonists / Modulators)

IV: Analgesics (µ- Receptor Agonists)

V: Synthetic (CB /CB Agonists) 1 2 A. JWH series B. AM series C. Miscellaneous cannabinoids D. THJ series E. Endocannabinoid reuptake inhibitors

VI: Hallucinogens (NMDA Receptor Antagonists)

VII: Test Kit Results

VIII: References

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FOREWORD - some speculation present, but any injuries/ mentioned are cited.

“A controlled substance analogue shall, to the extent intended for human consumption, be treated, for the purposes of any Federal law as a controlled substance in schedule I.”[44]

Over the past 40 years, a plethora of new drugs have appeared, using loopholes in legislation to fill the demand for the experiences provided by hallucinogens, stimulants, sedatives, and that have already been made illegal. These drugs may be slight variations of a drug already scheduled (in the way that 5-MeO-DMT is a slight modification of DMT, adding a methoxy group to the 5-position) or they could be entirely new drugs, bearing no resemblance to known drugs, that happen to have desirable action (such as 7-hydroxy-mitragynine, an opioid found in the leaves of the kratom tree of Southeast Asia).

How can these drugs be legally made and sold to people? Well, let’s take a look at the Federal Analog Act, the law created to control designer drugs:

“(32)(A) Except as provided in subparagraph (C), the term "controlled substance analogue" means a substance— (i) the chemical structure of which is substantially similar to the chemical structure of a controlled substance in schedule I or II; (ii) which has a , , or hallucinogenic effect on the central nervous system that is substantially similar to or greater than the stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogenic effect on the central nervous system of a controlled substance in schedule I or II; or (iii) with respect to a particular person, which such person represents or intends to have a stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogenic effect on the central nervous system that is substantially similar to or greater than the stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogenic effect on the central nervous system of a controlled substance in schedule I or II.

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(B) The designation of gamma butyrolactone or any other chemical as a listed chemical pursuant to paragraph (34) or (35) does not preclude a finding pursuant to subparagraph (A) of this paragraph that the chemical is a controlled substance analogue. (C) Such term does not include— (i) a controlled substance; (ii) any substance for which there is an approved new drug application; (iii) with respect to a particular person any substance, if an exemption is in effect for investigational use, for that person, under section 355 of this title to the extent conduct with respect to such substance is pursuant to such exemption; or (iv) any substance to the extent not intended for human consumption before such an exemption takes effect with respect to that substance.”[45] Emphasis mine.

What does this mean? According to the Federal Analog Act, these designer drugs, with effects equal to (or more powerful than) Schedule I & II drugs, can be sold as long as they are sold in a way that doesn’t suggest human consumption, such as selling it as “incense,” “,” “potpourri,” “plant food,” or some other innocuous-sounding product.

You wouldn’t smoke and inhale incense, you wouldn’t eat bath salts, but that’s how the drug is sold to you. And if you want to try to find out about effects, dosage, or health risks from the vendor who sold it to you, they can’t tell you because doing so implies human consumption. Even if you buy the pure chemical by itself instead of in some blend (usually online, in which case it’s sold as a “research chemical”), you can’t ask the vendor about effects, dosage, or risks. You also can’t be sure of the purity of the drug or if it’s free of contaminants or impurities.

The people making or selling the drugs are forbidden to tell the consumers about negative effects. It’s illegal to inform them about the drug, but it’s legal to sell it to them.

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When you have a large amount of drug consumers who are unable to buy or use illegal drugs (probation, drug testing, or just can’t find any), many of them will find the convenience of legally purchasing a drug at a gas station or having it delivered to their door and still being able to pass their drug tests to be quite alluring. However, the sharing of knowledge about the effects, dosages, and health risks of these hundreds of new drugs that are sold in gas stations across the USA and internet vendors all over the world is illegal because the act of sharing of this information implies human consumption.

People aren’t just trying synthetic marijuana, either. They’re doing Ecstasy (MDMA) analogs, analogs for a -like high, using PCP analogs or MXE for and , or using sometimes lethal hallucinogens to have experiences similar to those of LSD.

People are trying these drugs, people are using these drugs, and at least 12 of these people have had acute kidney injury from certain cannabinoids,[36] over 50 people have died from overdosing on adulterated with acetylfentanyl,[12][87][98] 9 people in Sweden died eating ground kratom leaves adulterated with a analogue,[56] 14 more died from a strong stimulant,[8] powerful neurotoxins have been placed in “legal ”,[13][17] super-potent hallucinogens have killed at least 8 people,[7] analogs are being used in fake prescription painkillers, [62] and more negative incidents that haven’t been reported. All because the communication of information about the drug that they’re using or even which one it is that they’re using is prohibited.

This is happening in a time where naloxone is, as of February 2014, $42 per kit, demand for it is escalating sharply,[73] higher doses of it are needed to combat the stronger opioids now being sold,[74][77] and its accessibility is being delayed by fickle politics.[78]

This document is a catalogue of all of the novel psychoactive compounds that I’m aware of, along with as much concrete, citable

6 (return to contents) information I can find about their potency, dosage, and health risks. It is an attempt to communicate this information to medical professionals, to help them treat people suffering from the problems some of these drugs can cause, and to try to prevent people from dying from these drugs.

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A SHORT GLOSSARY / HOW TO READ THIS PAPER

RC - research chemical

Empathogen - “A class of psychoactive drugs that produce distinctive emotional and social effects similar to those of MDMA[…] users of empathogens say the drugs often produce feelings of empathy, love, and emotional closeness to others.” - Wikipedia

MAOI - Monoamine oxidase inhibitor

safeorscam.com - A website that contains a database of vendor names. You enter the website name or email address of the vendor and you'll be able to see reports from other people about the vendor’s quality of service and the quality of their drugs. You can NOT see a list of vendors on this website, you can only find information on vendors whose web address you already know.

http://pdsp.med.unc.edu/pdsp.php - Lets you look up chemicals by receptor affinity.

http://ecstasydata.org - reveals the contents of street/internet- sourced chemicals, many RCs show up here

http://www.dancesafe.org - sells test kits to test MDMA or whatever chemical you have

http://bunkpolice.org - same as above

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If you want further information about any of these chemicals, you can look them up at https://www.erowid.org/psychoactives/psychoactives.shtml, [0] http://www.bluelight.org/, http://reddit.com/r/drugs or http://drugs- forum.com. The forums are full of people testing/enjoying these drugs themselves, so be warned some of them may be unreliable narrators.

The use of straight brackets [] represents an information reference, while the use of curly brackets {} represents a picture of test kit results.

The drugs described can have several different names. When one is underlined, that is to show the name that is most commonly used to refer to the drug, in speech and in text.

I have attempted to note when a drug is particularly desirable for recreation. This is because that while only some of these drugs have many positive effects, even the least desirable drugs appear in incense blends, bath salts and other forms of legal highs.

The dosages described are largely from user reports, I err on the side of caution and report the smallest active dose found. I have taken active dosages from PiHKAL,[54] , and TiHKAL[55] where possible.

Whenever I note whether a drug is illegal or not I only do so on the federal level. Some states have more comprehensive drug analog laws that may be more detailed or thorough than the DEA’s Federal Analog Act or list of Schedule 1 chemicals at footnote [112].

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I. STIMULANTS/EMPATHOGENS A. Substituted Cathinones (stims) - Amphetamines with a ketone group (βk) added to the beta position to create a version, i.e. (MA) becomes (βk-MA). 1. (βk-MDMA, M1, methylenedioxymethcathinone) - Methylone is an empathogen. It has similar ac`tivity to MDMA with regards to dopamine and release, but only a third of MDMA's power with regards to serotonin release. Placed in Schedule 1 in October of 2011,[112] though still relatively easy to find. Active at 100mg oral. Considered to be recreationally desirable. Test kit results at {2} and {9}. a) (βk-MDEA) b) (βk-MBDB) - Illegal as of 2014.[21] Test kit results at {2} and {9}. c) (βk-EBDB) d) Dibutylone (βk-DMBDB) e) Dimethylone (βk-MDDMA) f) (1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-(methylamino)pentan-1- one) - Illegal as of 2014.[21] Not considered to be recreationally desirable. 2. (4-MMC, 4-methylmethcathinone, 4- methylephedrone, (RS)-2-methylamino-1-(4- methylphenyl)propan-1-one) - Mephedrone is one of the most popular substituted cathinones, a strong, short-acting stimulant with empathogenic qualities similar to that of MDMA. It is a potent releaser of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. It has a rather unique danger in one of its metabolites: 4-methylephedrine is a long-acting vasoconstrictor.[28] Placed in Schedule 1 in October 2011.[112] Active at 100mg oral, 50mg intranasal. Considered to be recreationally desirable. activity at NAT, SERT, and DAT can be found at footnote [71] and [70]. Test kit results at {2} and {9}. a) 3-MMC (MiMiC, 3-Mac, 3-methylmethcathinone) Active at 30mg intranasal. Considered to be recreationally desirable. Unscheduled but considered a positional isomer of mephedrone.

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b) 2-MMC (2-methylmethcathinone) - unscheduled but a positional isomer of mephedrone. c) 4-MEC (4-methylethcathinone) - active at 100mg intranasal. Illegal as of 2014.[21] Considered to be recreationally desirable. activity at NAT, SERT, and DAT can be found at footnote [71]. d) 4-EMC (4-ethylmethcathinone) - active at 100mg intranasal. not explicitly scheduled but a positional isomer of mephedrone. e) 4-BMC (4-bromomethcathinone, brephedrone) - Illegal as of 2014.[21] Not considered to be recreationally desirable. f) 4-FMC (4-fluoromethcathinone, ) - Illegal as of 2014. [21] Not considered to be recreationally desirable. g) 3-FMC (3-fluoromethcathinone) - Illegal as of 2014.[21] h) 2-FMC (2-fluoromethcathinone) i) 3-MeoMC (3-methoxymethcathinone) j) Benzedrone (4-BMZ, (±)-1-(4-methylphenyl)-2- (benzylamino)propan-1-one) - activity at NAT, SERT, and DAT can be found at footnote [71]. k) (1-phenyl-2-methylamino-pentan-1-one) - Illegal as of 2014.[21] Not considered to be recreationally desirable. (1) 4-methylpentedrone (4-MPD, 4-Me-EAPP) l) (NRG-1, napthylpyrovalerone) - Illegal as of 2014. [21] Not considered to be recreationally desirable. activity at NAT, SERT, and DAT can be found at footnote [71]. m)3,4-DMMC (3,4-dimethylmethcathinone) - Not considered to be recreationally desirable. n) 4-MeMABP (alpha-ethylmephedrone) o) (MABP, α-methylamino-butyrophenone) p) NEB (N-Ethylbuphedrone) q) (bk-PMMA, 4-methoxymethcathinone, 4- methoxyephedrone) - see PMMA. r) N,N-DEMEC (N,N-diethyl-4-methylethcathinone) - bluelight suspects it to be a prodrug for 4-MEC, based on activity from its cousin .[138]

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s) 3-CMC (Clophedrone, 3-chloromethcathinone) - active at 50mg intranasal. Chlorine doesn’t work well on amphetamines (see 4- CA), but it may work without instant serotonin here. It remains to be seen.

B. Pyrrolidines/Pyrrlidinophenones 1. Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) - a potent NDRI, active at 2mg. The most infamous ingredient in “bath salts,” it has been responsible for many news stories of psychotically-stimulated men or women.[14][127] Illegal.[112] 2. α-PVP (alpha-pyrrolidinopentiophenone) - Illegal as of 2014.[21] 3. 4-MePPP (4-methyl-alpha-pyrrolidinopentiophenone) - Illegal.[112] 4. MDPPP (3,4-methylenedioxy-alpha-pyrrolidinopentiophenone) 5. α-PBP (alpha-pyrrolidinobutiophenone) - Illegal as of 2014.[21] 6. DL-4662 (1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-(ethylamino)pentan-1-one) 7. α-PBT (2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-(thiophen-2-yl)butan-1-one) - A cathinone with the phenyl ring replaced by the sulfur ring. “Pyrovalthiones?” 8. α-PVT (2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-(thiophen-2-yl)pentan-1-one, alpha- pyrrolidinopentiothiophenone) - Similar to the above, Cathinone with phenyl switched for sulfur ring. 9. 4-MeO-PVP (4-methoxy-α-Pyrrolidinovalerophenone) 10. 4-MeO-PBP (4-methoxy-Pyrrolidinobutrophenone) 11. 4F-PVP (4-fluoro-pyrrolidinopropylphenone) - What is happening with the fluorinated Amphetamines is happening here with Cathinone derivatives too. further down the rabbit hole… 12. 4-MeO-a-PVP (4-methoxy-α-Pyrrolidinovalerophenone) 13. 4F-PV8 (4f-α-pyrrolidinoheptiophenone, 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-2- (pyrrolidin-1-yl)heptan-1-one) 14. 4F-PV9 (1-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)octan-1-one) 15. PV-4 (4-MPHP, 4’-Methyl-α-pyrrolidinohexiophenone) 16. α-PHP ((±)-1-Phenyl-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-hexanone) 17. 4-MeO-PV9 (1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)octan-1-one)

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18. MeOPPP (4’-Methoxy-α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone) 19. 4-Me-PHP (4-methyl-pyrrolidinohexylphenone)[139] 20. PHPP (pyrrolidinoheptanophenone) [139] 21. POP (pyrrolidinooctanophenone) [139] 22. 3,4-Di-Meo-PVP (3,4-dimethoxy-pyrrolidinovalerophenone) [139] 23. N-ethyl-4-methyl-pentedrone (N-Et-4-MP, N-Et-4-Me-EAPP, N- ethyl-4-methyl-ethylaminopentiophenone) [139]

C. Benzofurans - phenethylamines with modified methylenedioxy groups, removing one of the two oxygens in the methylenedioxy ring to render a benzofuran ring. 1. 5-APB (5-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran), and 6-APB (6-(2- aminopropyl)benzofuran) [aka “Benzo Fury”] - Close analogues of MDA (methylenedioxyamphetamine), these two benzofurans are empathogens with some hallucinogenic activity. Created as replacements for Mephedrone and Methylone after they had been scheduled in the UK. active at 50mg oral, often sold in 100mg pellets. Considered to be recreationally desirable. activity at NAT, SERT, and DAT can be found at footnote [71]. Both have high affinity for 5-HT receptors.[72] Test kit results for 6-APB can be 2B found at {5}. 2. 5-APDB (5-(2-aminopropyl)2,3-dihydrobenzofuran) 3. 6-APDB (6-(2-aminopropyl)2,3-dihydrobenzofuran) 4. 5-MAPB (5-(2-methylaminopropyl)benzofuran) - Active at 50mg oral. Considered to be recreationally desirable. 5. 6-MAPB (6-(2-methylaminopropyl)benzofuran) 6. 5-MAPDB (5-(2-methylaminopropyl)2,3-dihydrobenzofuran) 7. 6-MAPDB (6-(2-methylaminopropyl)2,3-dihydrobenzofuran) 8. 5-EAPB (5-(2-ethylaminopropyl)benzofuran). 5-EAPB has already been responsible for at least one death.[1] 9. 6-EAPB (6-(2-ethylaminopropyl)benzofuran)

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D. Phenpropylamines/piperidines 1. Ethylphenidate - An analogue of (Ritalin). active at 10mg intranasal, 20mg oral. created by the body when Ritalin is consumed in combination with . It is now illegal in the island state of Jersey.[17] Considered to be recreationally desirable. 2. 2-DPMP (desoxypipradol) - a half-life of 16-20 hours and active at 2mg. activity at NAT, SERT, and DAT can be found at [71]. Test kit results at {5}. 3. 3,4-CTMP (3,4-Dichloromethylphenidate) - Another Methylphenidate analogue, active at 5mg. 4. MTTA (Mephtetramine, (2-((methylamino)methyl)-3,4- dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one)) - active at 50mg intranasal, 100mg oral. some information at [129]. E. Substituted Amphetamines (stims) 1. Fluorinated amphetamines (more info at [52]) a) 4-FA (4-fluoroamphetamine) - active at 50mg oral. Considered to be recreationally desirable. b) 3-FA (3-fluoroamphetamine) - active at 20mg. more selective for dopamine and noradrenaline release instead of serotonin.[51] Considered to be recreationally desirable. c) 2-FA (2-fluoroamphetamine) - active at 20mg intranasal, 50mg oral. Considered to be recreationally desirable. d) 4-FMA (4-fluoromethamphetamine) - active at 20mg. Considered to be recreationally desirable. e) 2-FMA (2-fluoromethamphetamine) - active at 5mg. Considered to be recreationally desirable. 2. (3-(1-phenylpropan-2-ylamino)propanenitrile) - found in tainted diet pills in 2009.[53] 3. 4-CA (PCA, para-chloroamphetamine, 4-chloroamphetamine) - Although this substance has no recreational potential and is in fact a potent neurotoxin, some “legal party pill” producers called “AM-HI-CO” have put it in a series of products[16], with names like “E-Blast” and “Diablo XXX.” 4-CA is a potent neurotoxin, with even one dose potentially causing brain damage.

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[13] still present in Ecstasy pills (rolls) as of mid-March 2014, found in California.[69] 4. PMA (paramethoxyamphetamine) - Recreationally worthless. Responsible for several deaths.[18] Illegal.[112] Test kit results at {9} and {11}. 5. PMMA (paramethoxymethamphetamine) - See PMA. [22][23] Test kit results at {8}, {9}, and {11}. 6. 5-Me-MDA (5-methyl-methylenedioxyamphetamine) - active at 40mg. Not considered recreationally desirable. 7. 2-MA (2-methyl-amphetamine, ) - 1/10th the potency of dexamphetamine.[89] 8. 4-MTA (4-methylthioamphetamine) - potent, non-neurotoxic, selective serotonin release agent.[103] responsible for one death and several non-fatal poisonings.[101] Inhibitor of MAO-A.[102] 9. 4-MA (4-methylamphetamine) - inhibits MAO and is involved in several deaths in Europe.[105]

F. Indanes/indoles 1. MDAI (methylenedioxyaminoindane) - active at 20mg. Considered to be recreationally desirable. activity at NAT, SERT, and DAT can be found at footnote [71]. Test kit results at {5}. 2. 2-AI (2-aminoindane) - active at 15mg intranasal, 20mg oral. Test kit results at {5}. Not considered recreationally desirable. 3. 5-IAI (5-iodo-2-aminoindane) - active at 100mg oral. Not considered to be recreationally desirable. activity at NAT, SERT, and DAT can be found at footnote [71]. Test kit results at {5}. 4. NM-2AI (N-methyl-2-aminoindane) - active at 50mg oral. 5. 5-APDI (IAP, 2-API, indanylaminopropane) - active at 20mg. 6. 5-IT (5-API, 5(2-aminopropyl)) - Active at 20mg oral. 5-IT has been responsible for the deaths of 14 people in Sweden.[8] Not considered to be recreationally desirable. Considered a positional isomer of aMT in the USA.

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G. Tropanes/*caines 1. 3b-FBT (3b-(4-Fluorobenzoyloxy)tropane, fluorotropacocaine) - active at 100mg. 2. 4’-fluorococaine (4'-FC) - active at 10mg. 3. Dimethocaine - active at 50mg. 4. Nitracaine (3-(diethylamino)-2,2-dimethylpropyl 4-nitrobenzoate) - some information at [129].

H. piperazines 1. TFMPP (trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine) - active at 30mg. 2. BZP () - active at 50mg oral. half-life of 5.5 hours. can cause seizures and multi-organ toxicity, although no fatalities have been reported from BZP used alone.[31] Illegal. [112] 3. MDBZP (methylenedioxybenzylpiperazine) - can’t find any dosing info about MDBZP itself, but a drug called Fipexide (Attentil, Vigilor, 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-4-[(4- chlorophenoxy)acetyl]) metabolizes into MDBZP in the human body. Fipexide was used in France and Italy to treat dementia,[58] but is no longer used due to the occurrence of adverse reactions such as fever and hepatitis.[59] 4. 2C-B-BZP (4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxy-benzylpiperazine) 5. pFPP (para-fluorophenylpiperazine) - active at 20mg. I. Miscellaneous stimulants 1. Methiopropamine (MPA, Methamthetamine) - Active at 5mg. Methiopropamine is a somewhat misleading name.[92] Imagine Methamphetamine where the phenyl ring is replaced with a thiophene ring and you have Methiopropamine, the sulfur-ring analogue of Methamphetamine. User reports on Erowid claim it's a less-potent, shorter-lasting version of Methamphetamine.[4] activity at NAT, SERT, and DAT can be found at [71]. 2. 4,4’-DMAR (4,4’-dimethylaminorex, Serotoni) - Active at 30mg. This one is based on 4-methylaminorex, which was in turn based on , which is a stimulant with effects similar to

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Dexamphetamine. Aminorex was used medically as an appetite suppressor but was withdrawn because it caused pulmonary hypertension, resulting in a number of deaths. A study performed on rats and another on mice found that 4-MAR is “significantly less neurotoxic than methamphetamine or MDMA”[2], although 4-MAR seems to have inherited aminorex’s problems with causing pulmonary hypertension.[3] It has been linked to 26 deaths in several countries,[104] mostly taken in combination with other substances but at least 2 deaths on its own.[29] a) also, it is worth noting that only the cis isomer of 4-MAR is specifically scheduled by the DEA,[112] while the trans isomer is not scheduled and is much more potent than the cis isomer. 3. Camfetamine (N-methyl-3-phenyl-norbornan-2-amine) - analog of fencamfamine. 4. Diclofensine (4-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-7-methoxy-2- methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline) 5. 2-PTC (2-p-tolyl-cyclopropylamine) - cyclopropylamines are appearing. Their similarity to , a prescription MAOI, suggests that they could have similar effects and hazards. 6. 3,4-DFPCT (3,4-difluoro-cyclopropylamine) - another cyclopropylamine. unsure about this name. Probably an analog of 2-PTC, I can’t even find an IUPAC name or CAS number for it.

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II.PSYCHEDELIC HALLUCINOGENS (SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS) A. Phenethylamines 1. 2C-x series - A series of hallucinogens, many of which were discovered by . 2C = 2 Chains, methoxy groups at positions 2 and 5, with “x” representing the atom or group at the 4-position. At the alpha position there is no methyl group on these phenethylamines, so they are not amphetamines. a) 2C-B (4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine, Nexus) - Active at 5mg. The first 2C to be explicitly scheduled. Considered to be recreationally desirable. Test kit results at {4} and {9}. (1)βk-2C-B (β-keto-4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine) - An unusual new drug here. Since 2C-B’s scheduling, an analogue has been created by adding a ketone group to the beta position, much in the same way substituted Cathinones are made. (2)2C-B-FLY (FLY, 8-bromo-2,3,6,7-benzo-dihydro-difuran- ethylamine) - Bolt two benzofuran rings to the sides of 2C-B and you have FLY. Active at 10mg. (3)Bromo-DragonFLY (3C-bromo-b, 1-(4-Bromofuro[2,3-f] [1]benzofuran-8-yl)propan-2-amine) - Active at 200 micrograms. A potent vasoconstrictor.[24] A Swedish man needed to have the front part of his feet and several fingers on one hand amputated after overdosing on it.[25] Responsible for several deaths.[26] One mislabeled batch was sold as 2C-B-FLY, causing several overdoses and at least one death.[27] has been successfully used to treat the caused by BD-FLY and other 5-HT2A agonists.[130] b) 2C-C (4-chloro-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine) - Active at 15mg. A sedating . Considered to be recreationally desirable. Illegal.[112] Test kit results at {4}. VICE interview with a clandestine 2C-C chemist at [111].

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c) 2C-D (4-methyl-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine) - Active at 5 mg. Illegal.[112] Test kit results at {4}. d) 2C-E (4-ethyl-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine) - Active at 5mg. It has killed at least one person in Minnesota.[9] Considered to be recreationally desirable. Illegal.[112] Test kit results at {4} and {9}. e) 2C-EF (4-fluoroethyl-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine) f) 2C-I (4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine) - Active at 5mg. a stimulating hallucinogen. Considered to be recreationally desirable. Illegal.[112] Test kit results at {4} and {9}. g) 2C-iP (4-isopropyl-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine) - active at 10mg. h) 2C-P (4-propyl-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine) - Active at 2mg. Lasts 8-16 hours. Considered to be recreationally desirable. Illegal.[112] Test kit results at {4}. i) 2C-T (2C-T-1, 4-thio-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine) - Active at 50mg. A sulfur atom at the 4-position opens up a whole subcategory of derivatives, ones not listed usually haven’t even been synthesized/bioassayed yet. Many of them inhibit MAO. (1) 2C-T-2 (2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylthiophenethylamine)- Active at 5mg. Illegal.[112] Test kit results at {4} and {9}. (a) HOT-2 (2,5-dimethoxy-N-hydroxy-4- ethylthiophenethylamine) - active at 10mg. N- hydroxylated analog of 2C-T-2. (2) 2C-T-4 (3) 2C-T-7 (2,5-Dimethoxy-4-n-propylthiophenethylamine) - Active at 5mg. Illegal.[112] Test kit results at {9}. (a) HOT-7 (2,5-Dimethoxy-N-hydroxy-4-n- propylthiophenethylamine) - active at 15mg. N- hydroxylated analog of 2C-T-7. (4) 2C-T-13 (2,5-dimethoxy-4-(β- methoxyethylthio)) - Active at 25mg. (5) 2C-T-17 (NIMITZ, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-sec- butylthiophenethylamine) - Active at 60mg.

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(a) HOT-17 - (2,5-dimethoxy-N-hydroxy-4-sec- butylthiophenethylamine) - active at 70mg. N- hydroxylated analog of 2C-T-17. (6) 2C-T-21 (2,5-dimethoxy-4-(2- fluoroethylthio)phenethylamine) - active at 8mg. Illegal.[112] j) 2C-N (4-nitro-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine) - active at 100mg. illegal. k) 2C-SE (4-methylseleno-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine) - active at 50mg. l) 2C-TFM (2,5-Dimethoxy-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenethylamine) - active at 3mg.[116] A sloppy synthesis of 2C-TFM in 2005 produced significant impurities: 40% 2C-TFM and 42% 2C-I. [108] (1) TFMFly ((2R)-1-(8-trifluoromethyl-2,3,6,7- tetrahydrobenzo[1,2-b:4,5-b’]difuran-4-yl)-2-aminoethane) -

the more active (R) enantiomer has a Ki of 0.12nM at the human 5-HT receptor.[126] 2A 2. Psychedelic Amphetamines a) DMA (2,5-DiMethoxyAmphetamine) - Illegal. [112] Leads into the “DOx” series (Des-Oxy-x), where “x” is an atom or group at the 4-position. (1) DOB (2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine) - Active at 1mg. Illegal.[112] Considered to be recreationally desirable. Test kit results at {9}. (2) DOC (2,5-dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine) - Active at 0.5mg. Considered to be recreationally desirable. Unscheduled, but considered an analogue of DOB. (3) DOI (2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine) - active at 1.5mg. Test kit results at {9}. (4) DOM (STP, 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine) - Active at 1mg. Considered to be recreationally desirable. Illegal. [112] (5) DOET (2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine) - Illegal.[112]

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(6) DOEF (2,5-dimethoxy-4-(2-fluoroethyl)amphetamine) - active at 2mg. (7) DOTFM ((RS)-1-[2,5-dimethoxy-4- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propan-2-amine) - fully substitutes for LSD in rats and is slightly more potent than DOI.[125] (8) DOT (-1, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylthioamphetamine) - active at 5mg. (a) Aleph-2 (2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylthioamphetamine) - active at 4mg. Amphetamine analog of 2C-T-2. (b) Aleph-4 (2,5-dimethoxy-4-(i)-propylthioamphetamine) - active at 7mg. Amphetamine analog of 2C-T-4. (c) Aleph-6 (2,5-dimethoxy-4-phenylthioamphetamine) - active at 30mg. Amphetamine analog of 2C-T-6 (which, as of April 2014, has not been synthesized). (d) Aleph-7 (2,5-dimethoxy-4-(n)-propylthioamphetamine) - active at 4mg. Amphetamine analog of 2C-T-7. b) TMA (TMA-1, 3,4,5-) - active at 100mg. Illegal.[112] (1) TMA-2 (2,4,5-trimethoxyamphetamine) - active at 10mg (2) TMA-6 (2,4,6-trimethoxyamphetamine) - active at 15mg c) 3C-x series: 3C = 3 Chains, methoxy groups at positions 3 and 5 plus another chain (the -x) at position 4. Unlike the 2C series, these are amphetamines. (1) 3C-E (1-(4-ethoxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)propan-2-amine) - Active at 30mg. (2) 3C-P (1-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-propoxyphenyl)propan-2-amine) (3) 3C-AL (4-allyloxy-3,5-dimethoxyamphetamine) 3. N-Benzylated phenethylamines Often referred to as “N-Bombs,” (for the “NBOMe” (N-Benzyl-Ortho- Methoxy) group) or “NBx-series,” these are a series of chemicals using the 2C series as a springboard, adding an benzyl group to the N- position.

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With recreational use starting in 2010, these drugs are of particular concern, as they are extremely powerful agonists at the 5-HT 2A/C receptors. They are extremely cheap per dose and are active in doses of as little as 300 micrograms. Due to the difficulty that most recreational drug users have managing drugs of such high potency, there have been several overdoses, where the lethality of these drugs has reared its head. There are multiple deaths that can be directly attributed to overdosing on an NBx-series compound.[5][6][7] They are NOT as safe as LSD, the classic ultra-powerful hallucinogen, although they are often sold on blotter, much like LSD. Since several NBOMe-series chemicals have been outlawed, we may begin to see the other NBx-series groups emerge, such as NBF (N-Benzyl-Fluoro), NBOH (N-Benzyl-HydrOxy), or NBMD (N-Benzyl-Methylene-Dioxy) groups. Note: Until I find further information, I would assume that all NBx chemicals below are active at 300 micrograms. The binding affinities of some of these chemicals are available at footnotes [20], [119], [120], [121], and [124]. They are usually referred to as their “Cimbi” series name in these studies, so I have included those names where available.

a) 25B-NBOMe (Cimbi-36, 2-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-

[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]ethanamine) - Illegal.[112] Ki value of 1.01nM±0.17 at receptor 5-HT .[124] 2A b) 25C-NBOMe (Cimbi-82, 2-(4-chloro-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N- [(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]ethanamine) - Responsible for at least one death.[6] Considered to be recreationally desirable.

Illegal.[112] Ki value of 2.89nM±1.05 at receptor 5-HT .[124] 2A c) 25D-NBOMe (2-(4-methyl-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-[(2- methoxyphenyl)methyl]ethanamine) d) 25I-NBOMe (Cimbi-5, 2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-[(2-

methoxyphenyl)methyl]ethanamine) - Full agonist, Ki of 0.044nM to 5-HT , 2nM to 5-HT .[118] Responsible for at 2A 2C

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least eight deaths.[7] Considered to be recreationally desirable. Illegal.[112] As of early 2014 it is the most frequently-used

NBOMe.[117] Ki value of 1.49nM±0.35 at 5-HT according to 2A [124]. e) 25N-NBOMe (2-(4-nitro-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-[(2- methoxyphenyl)methyl]ethanamine) f) 25iP-NBOMe (2-[2,5-Dimethoxy-4-(propan-2-yl)phenyl]-N-(2- methoxybenzyl)ethanamine) g) 25I-NBOH (Cimbi-27, 2-((2-(4-iodo-2,5-

dimethoxyphenyl)ethylamino)methyl)phenol) - Ki value of

0.061nM at 5-HT .[19] Ki value of 1.12nM±0.08 at 5-HT 2A 2A according to [124]. h) 25C-NBOH (2-((2-(4-chloro-2,5- dimethoxyphenyl)ethylamino)methyl)phenol) i) 25I-NBF (Cimbi-21, 2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-[(2-

fluorophenyl)methyl]ethanamine) - Ki value of 12.5nM±3.11 at receptor 5-HT .[124] 2A j) 25E-NBOMe (2-(4-Ethyl-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-(2- methoxybenzyl)ethanamine) k) 25B-NBF (2-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-(2- fluorobenzyl)ethanamine) l) 25C-NBF (2-(4-chloro-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-(2- fluorobenzyl)ethanamine) m)C30-NBOMe (2-(4-chloro-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl)ethanamine) n) 25TFM-NBOMe (Cimbi-138, 2-(4-trifluoromethyl-2,5- dimethoxyphenyl)-N-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]ethanamine) -

Ki value of 0.35nM±0.05 at receptor 5-HT .[124] 2A o) 2CBCB-NBOMe (N-(2-methoxybenzyl)-1-[(7R)-3-bromo-2,5-

dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl]methanamine) - Ki value of 0.27nM at receptor 5-HT [121] 2A.

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p) N-(2-Methoxybenzyl)-1-(8- 2CBFly-NBOMe (Cimbi-31, bromo-2,3,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[1,2-b:4,5-b’]difuran-4-yl)-2-

aminoethane) - Ki value of 0.16nM±0.04 at receptor 5-HT . 2A [124] q) 25I-NBMD (Cimbi-29, 2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-[(2,3-

methylenedioxyphenyl)methyl]ethanamine) - Ki value of 1.36nM ±0.37 at receptor 5-HT .[124] 2A 4. Mescaline analogues a) (2-(4-Ethoxy-3,5-dimethoxy-phenyl)-ethylamine) - active at 40mg. b) (2-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-propoxyphenyl)ethanamine) - active at 30mg. c) (4-Allyloxy-3,5-dimethoxy-1-ethylamine) - Active at 20mg. Considered to be recreationally desirable. First discovered by Otakar Leminger in 1972.[114] d) Methallylescaline (2-{3,5-dimethoxy-4-[(2-methylprop-2-en-1- yl)oxy]phenyl}ethan-1-amine) - active at 40mg. e) Isoproscaline (2-(4-Isopropoxy-3,5-dimethoxy-phenyl)- ethylamine) - active at 40mg. 5. Conformationally-restricted derivatives a) TCB-2 (2C-BCB, 1-[(7R)-3-bromo-2,5- dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl]methanamine) -

With a Ki of 0.26nM at receptor 5-HT , it is of similar potency 2A to LSD and Bromo-DragonFLY in drug-substitution experiments in rats.[122] b) Jimscaline ((R)-(2,3-dihydro-4,5,6-trimethoxy-1H-inden-1-

yl)aminomethane) - Ki of 69nM at the 5-HT receptor, 2A approximately 3x the potency of mescaline in drug-substitution experiments in animals.[123] c) 2CB-Ind ((5-bromo-4,7-dimethoxy-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-

yl)methanamine) - racemic 2CB-Ind has a Ki of 47nM at receptor 5-HT .[122] 2A

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B. Tryptamines 1. N-alkylated a) DALT (diallyltryptamine) - active at 42mg oral. b) DiPT () - active at 15mg. c) DET () - active at 20mg. Illegal.[112] d) DPT () - active at 75mg oral. Considered to be recreationally desirable. Test kit results at {1}. e) MPT (methpropyltryptamine) - active at 100mg oral. f) MiPT (methisopropyltryptamine) - active at 10mg. g) EiPT (ethisopropyltryptamine) - active at 24mg. 2. 4-position substitutions a) 4-AcO-DMT (psilacetin, 4-acetoxy-dimethyltryptamine) - Active at 10mg. It is a prodrug for 4-HO-DMT (). Considered to be recreationally desirable. Test kit results at {1}. b) 4-HO-MET (metocin, 4-hydroxy-methylethyltryptamine) - Active at 5mg. Considered to be recreationally desirable. c) 4-AcO-MET (metacetin, 4-acetoxy-methylethyltryptamine) - Active at 10mg. d) 4-AcO-MiPT (mipracetin, 4-acetoxy-methylisopropyltryptamine) - Active at 15mg. e) 4-HO-DET (ethocin, 4-hydroxy-diethyltryptamine) - Active at 10mg. f) 4-AcO-DET (ethacetin, 4-acetoxy-diethyltryptamine) - Active at 5mg. g) 4-AcO-DiPT (ipracetin, 4-acetoxy-diisopropyltryptamine) - Active at 5mg. h) 4-AcO-DALT (“dalcetin”, 4-acetoxy-diallyltryptamine) - Active at 20mg. Test kit results at {1}. i) 4-HO-DALT (“dalocin,” 4-hydroxy-diallyltryptamine) - Active at 10mg intranasal. j) 4-HO-MIPT (miprocin, 4-hydroxy-methisopropyltryptamine) - Active at 5mg. k) 4-HO-DiPT (iprocin, 4-hydroxy-diisopropyltryptamine) - Active at 5mg.

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l) 4-HO-DPT (deprocin, 4-hydroxy-dipropyltryptamine) - Active at 20mg. m)4-HO-MPT (meprocin, 4-hydroxy-methylpropyltryptamine) - Active at 15mg. n) 4-HO-MPMI (lucigenol, 4-Hydroxy-N-methyl-(α,N- trimethylene)) - Active at 0.5mg. 3. 5-position substitutions a) 5-MeO-DMT (5-methoxy-dimethyltryptamine) - Active at 2mg vaporized, 3mg intranasal. Test kit results at {1}. b) 5-MeO-DET (5-methoxy-diethyltryptamine) - active at 1mg oral. c) 5-MeO-DALT (5-methoxy-diallyltryptamine) - Active at 5mg oral. Test kit results at {1}. d) 5-MeO-MIPT (moxy, 5-methoxy-methisopropyltryptamine) - Active at 2mg. Considered to be recreationally desirable. Test kit results at {1}. e) 5-MeO-TMT (Indapex, 5-methoxy-2-methyl-dimethyltryptamine) - Active at 10mg intranasal, 70mg oral. f) 5-MeO-EiPT (5-methoxy-ethylisopropyltryptamine) - Active at 5mg. g) 5-MeO-DIPT (foxy, 5-methoxy-diisopropyltryptamine) - Active at 5mg. Considered to be recreationally desirable. Illegal.[112] h) 5-MeO-DPT (5-methoxy-dipropyltryptamine) i) 5-MeO-MPMI (5-Methoxy-N-methyl-(α,N- trimethylene)tryptamine) j) 5-MeO-NIPT - active at 10mg. k) 5-MeO-MALT (5-methoxy-methylallyltryptamine) - active at 10mg. 4. LSD derivatives - some info about / derivatives at [128]. a) LSZ (lysergic acid 2,4-dimethylazetidide) - active at 75 micrograms. Considered to be recreationally desirable. b) AL-LAD (allyl-lysergic acid diethylamide) - active at 80 micrograms. Considered to be recreationally desirable.

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c) ALD-52 (1-acetyl-LSD, “Orange Sunshine”) - active at 80 micrograms. Considered to be recreationally desirable. d) ETH-LAD (ethyl-lysergic acid diethylamide) - active at 40 micrograms. e) PRO-LAD (propyl-lysergic acid diethylamide) - active at 100 micrograms. f) LSM-775 ((8β)-6-Methyl-8-(morpholin-4-ylcarbonyl)-9,10- didehydroergoline) - morpholine derivative of . active at 75 micrograms. g) LSP (LSD-Pip, lysergic acid piperidide) h) LSB (lysergic acid 2-butyl amide 5. α-position substitutions a) αMT (alpha-methyltryptamine) - Active at 5mg. Used as an in Russia, also an MAOI. Considered to be recreationally desirable. Illegal.[112] (1)5-MeO-αMT (5-methoxy-alpha-methyltryptamine) - active at 0.5mg. Has been confused for αMT, which has lead to a number of accidental overdoses[94] and at least one death. [93] Considered to be recreationally desirable. b) AET (alpha-ethyltryptamine) - active at 75mg. Illegal.[112] (1) 5-MeO-AET - active at 5mg vaporized and inhaled. 6. 2-position substitutions a) 2-Me-DMT (2-methyl-dimethyltryptamine, trimethyltryptamine, TMT) - active at 60mg.

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III. SEDATIVES (GABA AGONISTS / MODULATORS) A. - Analogues of commonly-used GABA allosteric modulators like Xanax (Alprazolam) and Valium (Diazepam). 1. Etizolam - Active at 0.5mg. Technically a thienodiazepine (sulfur instead of benzene ring), Etizolam has effects closer to that of benzodiazepines than that of other thienodiazepines (such as the antipsychotic Zyprexa). It is commonly sold over the internet as powder or pressed into pellets of various colors. Used medicinally in India and Japan. There is evidence that it can increase prolactin levels.[10] It is a risk factor for blepharospasms.[68] Considered to be recreationally desirable. 2. Flubromazepam - Active at 4mg. Considered to be recreationally desirable. 3. Diclazepam (chlorodiazepam) - Active at 0.5mg 4. Pyrazolam - Active at 0.5mg 5. Phenazepam - Active at 0.5mg. Discovered in Russia and still used as a sedative there to this day. Has a half-life of 36 hours. Generally not preferred for recreation. Found in smoke blends in June 2011 in New Zealand.[110] 6. Premazepam - active at 7.5mg.[88] 7. Meclonazepam - has sedative/anxiolytic effects comparable to that of other benzos,[95] in addition to having anti-parasitic effects against the parasitic worm Schistosoma mansoni.[96] 8. Flubromazolam - Triazolam derivative.[115] 9. Flutazolam (Coreminal, MS-4101) - approximately similar in potency to diazepam.[131] 10. Flutoprazepam (Restas) - Patented in Japan in 1972.[132] Approximately 4x the potency of diazepam by weight[133] and has a half-life of 60-90 hours due to active metabolites.[134]

B. Qualones - Derivatives of (Quaaludes). 1. Methylmethaqualone - Active at 20mg. causes seizures at high doses.

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2. Etaqualone - Active at 300mg. 3. Mebroqualone - active at 15mg sublingual. 4. Mecloqualone - half-life of 2 days.[43] Illegal in the USA.[112]

C. 1. Benzylbutylbarbiturate (5-benzyl-5-(n)-butylbarbituric acid)

D. GHB derivatives 1. GVL (gamma-valerolacetone) - pro-drug for GHB and 4-methyl- GHB.[136] 2. GHV (gamma-hydroxyvaleric acid) - more toxic than GHB.[135] 3. 1,4-B (1,4-Butanediol) - pro-drug for GHB. Associated with a death. [137]

E. Alcohol derivatives 1. 2-Methyl-2-Butanol (2M2B, TAA, tert-Amyl Alcohol)

F. Miscellaneous 2. CL-218,872 (3-methyl-6-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]- [1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-f]pyridazine) - found on adulterated incense blends in June 2012. has effects similar to benzodiazepines, but is more structurally similar to cannabinoids.[34]

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IV. ANALGESICS (µ-OPIOID RECEPTOR AGONISTS) A. Kratom - A tree indigenous to southeast Asia with leaves containing a variety of substances, at least one of which is an opioid. Has a long history of use in Thailand, where it is illegal. Potentially hepatotoxic, there have been rare reports of kratom-related liver toxicity.[107][11] plain leaf is active at ~3g oral. 1. Extracts / enhanced products - There are a wide variety of enhanced products offered by various internet vendors. One vendor has created a tincture of Kratom that is very powerful (1ml “Full Spectrum Tincture” ~= 30mg ) and has a very real risk of abuse and . It is, as of March 2014, unclear what exactly is in the tincture. I suspect it is an extract of 7-hydroxy- mitragynine (7-HO-MIT, 7-OHM), the most powerful µ-opioid receptor agonist that appears naturally in the Kratom leaf itself at 17x the potency of . 7-OHM is present only in extremely small quantities in plain leaf, so the tincture is much more susceptible to abuse than the leaf. There also may be mitragynine- pseudoindoxyl analogs available.[61] B. AH-7921 (3,4-dichloro-N-[(1-dimethylamino)- cyclohexylmethyl]benzamide) - Active at 20mg. Found in smoke blends in Japan in July 2013.[90] As of April 2014 I don’t know of any drug screening that will catch it. C. MT-45 (1-cyclohexyl-4-(1,2-diphenylethyl)piperazine) - Active at 20mg. D. Bromadol - 504x the potency of morphine for the trans-isomer.[57] found in fake oxycodone tablets in Canada in 2013.[62] E. Fentanyl derivatives 1. Acetylfentanyl - 40x the potency of heroin, this analogue has popped up recently and killed at least 50 people, perhaps as a cheap substitute for heroin.[12][98] there is more info available from the CDC.[63]

2. Butyrfentanyl - about a quarter of the potency of fentanyl. Ki value

of 32 ± 4.1 nM, compared to fentanyl's (Ki =1.06 ± 0.15 nM).[99]

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3. 3-methylfentanyl (Kolokol-1) - between 400-6000x the potency of morphine.[40][42] It has been used as a cut in “China White” heroin.[37] also used as an aerosol gas form in “Kolokol-1”[39] in the 2002 Moscow Theater hostage crisis to sedate the militants, all 40 militants and over 100 hostages were killed directly from the gas.[38] 4. Ohmefentanyl (N-[(3R,4S)-1-[(2S)-2-hydroxy-2-phenyl-ethyl] -3- methyl-4-piperidyl]-N-phenyl-propanamide) - 6300x the potency of morphine.[41] 5. alpha-methylfentanyl - another chemical used as a cut in “China White” heroin.[42][37] 6. desmethylfentanyl - found in fake oxycodone tablets in Canada in 2013.[62] Continues to be found in counterfeit pain medication as of February 2014.[64] F. O-Desmethyltramadol - active at 20mg intranasal. An analogue of Tramadol, it is actually an active metabolite of Tramadol in the body. It has much greater affinity for µ-opioid receptors than Tramadol itself and is 17x the potency of morphine by weight. Used in an adulterated Kratom leaf blend called “Krypton” and caused several deaths consumed in this form.[56] Considered to be recreationally desirable. G. W-15 (1-Phenylethylpiperidylidene-2-(4-chlorophenyl)sulfonamide) - approximately 5.4x the potency of morphine in a phenylquinone writhing test.[33] H. W-18 (1-(4-Nitrophenylethyl)piperidylidene-2-(4- chlorophenyl)sulfonamide) - 10000x the potency of morphine in a phenylquinone writhing test,[33] it is similar strength to carfentanyl but not structurally related to currently-scheduled opioids. I. MPPP (1-Methyl-4-phenyl-4-propionoxypiperidine) - one that will hopefully never return. 70% the potency of morphine, MPPP has a common contaminant from sloppy synthesis called MPTP (1-Methyl-4- phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine). MPTP is a potent dopaminergic neurotoxin and was responsible for several deaths and onsets of Parkinson’s disease.[75]

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V. (CB /CB AGONISTS) 1 2

These substances are active in single-digit milligram to sub-milligram doses, so vendors often distribute them by measuring doses, dissolving them in Acetone and spraying them on to various inactive plant matter such as Damiana to be sold as “Incense” or “Potpourri.” These chemicals can be quite unpredictably dangerous, causing acute kidney injury[36] or even strokes.[109] According to a 2013 molecular index study,[106] there are more than 600 cannabinoids that have been discovered. Some may or may not be recreationally viable. Most are, as of April 2014, complete unknowns.

A. JWH series - named after John W. Huffman, who discovered them. 1. Napthoylindoles [66] a) JWH-007

b) JWH-018 (AM-678, (1-pentyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole) - Ki values:

9.00 ± 5.00 nM at CB1, 2.94 ± 2.65 nM at CB2.[46] detectable with urine testing.[50] illegal in the USA. Test kit results at {3}. c) JWH-019 - detectable with urine testing.[50] Illegal.[112] d) JWH-073 - detectable with urine testing.[50] Test kit results at {3}. Illegal.[112]

e) JWH-081 - Ki of 1.2 nM at CB1 [48]. detectable with urine testing.[50] Test kit results at {3}. Illegal.[112] (1) JWH-081-N-(cyclohexylmethyl) - DEA microgram journal confirms this one’s presence in “incense” products sold in the USA as of 2013.[32] f) JWH-098 - illegal in Russia, Sweden, and the UK.

g) JWH-122 - Ki values: 0.69nM at CB1, 1.2nM at CB2.[81] detectable with urine testing.[50] Illegal.[112] h) JWH-182

2. Phenylacetylindoles [67][30] a) JWH-203 (1-Pentyl-3-(2-chlorophenylacetyl) indole)- Illegal. [112]

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b) JWH-249 c) JWH-250 (1-Pentyl-3-(2-methoxyphenylacetyl) indole) - Test kit results at {3}. Illegal.[112] d) JWH-251

3. 4-alkyl substitutions

a) JWH-210 - (CB1 Ki = 0.46 nM, CB2 Ki = 0.69 nM)[65]

4. Aminoalkylindoles a) JWH-200 (WIN-55,225, (1-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)indol-3-yl)- naphthalen-1-ylmethanone) - Test kit results at {3}. Illegal. [112] b) Pravadoline (WIN-48,098, (4-methoxyphenyl)-[2-methyl-1-(2- morpholin-4-ylethyl)indol-3-yl]methanone)

B. AM series - discovered by Alexandros Makriyannis

1. AM-630 (6-iodopravadoline) - weak for CB1, inverse

agonist for CB2.[82] 2. AM-679 (1-pentyl-3-(2-iodobenzoyl)indole) 3. AM-694 (1-(5-fluoropentyl)-3-(2-iodobenzoyl)indole) - Test kit results at {3}. Illegal.[112] 4. AM-1220 ((R)-(1-((1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)methyl)-1H-indol-3-yl) (naphthalen-1-yl)methanone) 5. AM-1221 (1-[(N-methylpiperidin-2-yl)methyl]-2-methyl-3- (naphthalen-1-oyl)-6-nitroindole) 6. AM-1241 (1-(methylpiperidin-2-ylmethyl)-3-(2-iodo-5- nitrobenzoyl)indole) 7. AM-1248 8. AM-2201 - linked to acute kidney injury.[36] detectable with urine testing.[50] Illegal.[112] a) MAM-2201 (5F-JWH-122, [1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-(4- methyl-1-naphthalenyl)-methanone) - 4-methyl analog of AM-2201. Test kit results at {7}. 9. AM-2232 (1-(4-cyanobutyl)-3-(naphthalen-1-oyl)indole)

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10. AM-2233 (1-[(N-methylpiperidin-2-yl)methyl]-3-(2-

iodobenzoyl)indole) - Ki values for the active (R) enantiomer: 1.8nM

at CB1, 2.2nM at CB2.[83]

C. Miscellaneous cannabinoids

1. UR-144 - Ki values: 150nM at CB1, 1.8nM at CB2.[49] detectable with urine testing.[50] Test kit results at {6}. Illegal.[112] a) 5F-UR-144 (XLR-11, (1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)(2,2,3,3- tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone) - associated with acute kidney injury.[36] detectable with urine testing.[50] Illegal.[112] (1)FAB-144 (1-(5-Fluoro-pentyl)-1H-indole-3-carboxylic acid (1- carbamoyl-2-methyl-propyl)-amide) - analogue of 5F-UR-144. 2. APICA (2-NE1, SDB-001, N-(1-adamantyl)-1-pentyl-1H-indole-3-

carboxamide) - full agonist at CB1 (EC50 = 34nM) and CB2 (EC50 = 29nM).[80] a) STS-135 (5F-APICA, (5-fluoro)-N-(adamantan-1-yl)-1- pentyl-1H-indole-3-carboxamide) - terminally-fluorinated analog of APICA. b) ADBICA (N-(1-amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1- pentyl-1H-indole-3-carboxamide) - Found in synthetic blends in Japan in 2013.[90] 3. APINACA (AKB-48, N-(1-adamantyl)-1-pentyl-1H-indazole-3- carboxamide) - Illegal.[112] a) 5F-APINACA (5F-AKB-48, N-((3s,5s,7s)-adamantan-1-yl)-1-(5- fluoropentyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide) 4. AB-PINACA (N-[(1S)-1-(aminocarbonyl)-2-methylpropyl]-1- pentyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide) a) 5F-AB-PINACA ((S)-N-(1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1- (5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide) b) ADB-PINACA (N-(1-amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1- pentyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide) - Illegal.[112] c) 5F-AMB ((R)-methyl-2-(1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indazole-3- carboxamido)-3-methylbutanoate) - analogue of AB-PINACA

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5. AB-CHMINACA ((R)-N-(1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1- (cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide) 6. AB-FUBINACA (N-(1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(4- fluorobenzyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide) - Illegal.[112] a) ADB-FUBINACA (N-(1-Amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2- yl)-1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide) - Found in

synthetic cannabis blends in Japan in 2013.[90] Ki value of

0.36nM at CB1.[91] 7. QUPIC (PB-22, 8-quinolinyl ester-1-pentyl-1H-indole-3-carboxylic acid) - detectable with urine testing.[50] found in synthetic cannabis blends in Japan in 2013.[90] a) 5F-QUPIC (5F-PB-22, (5-fluoro)-8-quinolinyl ester-1- (pentyl)-1H-indole-3-carboxylic acid) - Illegal.[112] b) FUB-QUPIC (FUB-PB-22, quinolin-8-yl-1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1H- indole-3-carboxylate) - analog of PB-22 with the pentyl side chain replaced by a 4-fluorobenzyl group and the 8-quinolinol replaced by a naphthalene group. 8. QUCHIC (BB-22, 8-quinolinyl ester-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H- indole-3-carboxylic acid) - found in synthetic cannabis blends in Japan in 2013.[90] 9. MEPIRAPIM (4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)(1-pentyl-1H-indol-3- yl)methanone 10.MN-18 (1-pentyl-N-(naphthalen-1-yl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide) a) 5F-MN-18 (1-(5-fluoropentyl)-N-(naphthalen-1-yl)-1H- indazole-3-carboxamide) 11. MN-24 (NNE1, AM-6527, N-1-naphthalenyl-1-pentyl-1H-indole-3- carboxamide) [139] a) 5F-MN-24 (5F-NNE1, 1-(5-fluoropentyl)-N-(naphthalen-1- yl)-1H-indole-3-carboxamide) b) 5-C-NNEI (5-chloro-NNEI) [139] c) NNEI indazole analog ([N-(Naphthalen-1-yl)-1-pentyl-1H- indazole-3-carboxamide]) [139] 12. MN-25 (UR-12, 7-methoxy-1-(2-morpholinoethyl)-N-((1S, 4R)-1,3,3-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl)-1H-indole-3-

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carboxamide (N-[(S)-fenchyl]-1-[2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl]-7-

methoxyindole-3-carboxamide) - Ki values: 245nM for CB1, 11nM

for CB2.[97] 13. 5F-SDB-005 (1-(5-Fluoro-pentyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxylic acid naphthalen-1-yl ester) 14. SDB-006 (N-benzyl-1-pentyl-1H-indole-3-carboxamide) a) 5F-SDB-006 (5F analogue of N-benzyl-1-pentyl-1H-indole-3- carboxamide) 15. RCS-4 (SR-19, 1-pentyl-3-(4-methoxybenzoyl)indole) - Illegal. [112] 16. RCS-8 (SR-18, BTM-8, 1-(2-cyclohexylethyl)-3-(2- methoxyphenylacetyl)indole) - Illegal.[112] 17. JTE-907 (N-(benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-ylmethyl)-7-methoxy-2-oxo-8- pentyloxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide) - this is a selective

CB2 inverse agonist.[79] 18. Org-28611 (SCH-900,111 , [1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-7- methoxyindol-3-yl]-[(3S)-3,4-dimethylpiperazin-1-yl]methanone) 19. JTE 7-31 (2-[2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]-5-methoxy-4- (pentylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-1-one) - discovered by

Japan , Ki values: 11nM at CB1, 0.088nM at CB2.[84] 20. A-796,260 (1-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-(2,2,3,3-

tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone) - Abbott Laboratories. Ki

values: 945nM at CB1, 4.6nM at CB2.[85] 21. A-834,735 (1-(tetrahydropyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]- (2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone) - Abbott Laboratories.

Ki values: 12nM at CB1, 0.21nM at CB2.[85] 22. A-836,339 (N-[3-(2-methoxyethyl)-4,5-dimethyl-1,3-thiazol-2- ylidene]-2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropane-1-carboxamide) - Abbott

Laboratories. Ki values: 270nM at CB1, 0.64nM at CB2.[86] 23. HU-210 (1,1-dimethylheptyl-11-hydroxytetrahydrocannabinol) - discovered by Hebrew University. 100-800x the potency of THC. [47]

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24. CP-47,497 (cannabicyclohexanol, 2-[(1R,3S)-3- hydroxycyclohexyl]- 5-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)phenol) - Test kit results at {3}. Illegal.[112] 25. CP-55,940 - Test kit results at {3}. 26. AB-001 (1-pentyl-3-(1-adamantoyl)indole) - binding affinities can be found at [80]. 27. AB-002 - binding affinities can be found at [80]. 28. AB-005 ([1-[(1-methyl-2-piperidinyl)methyl]-1H-indol-3-yl]

(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)-methanone) - Ki values: 5.5nM at

CB1, 0.48nM at CB2.[49] 29. CB-13 (SAB-378, naphthalen-1-yl-(4-pentyloxynaphthalen-1- yl)methanone) 30. MDA-19 ((2Z)-2-(1-hexyl-1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-3H-indol-3- ylidene)hydrazide, benzoic acid) 31. EG-018 (naphthalen-1-yl(9-pentyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)methanone)

D. THJ series - indazole analogues of indole cannabinoids 1. THJ (1-pentyl-N-(quinolin-8-yl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide) 2. THJ-018 (1-naphthalenyl(1-pentyl-1H-indazol-3-yl)-methanone) 3. THJ-2201 (1-[(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl](naphthalen-1- yl)methanone)

E. Endocannabinoid reuptake inhibitors - these drugs, instead of directly agonizing receptors, increase concentrations of cannabinoids already present in the body, such as anandamide. 1. URB-597 ([3-(3-carbamoylphenyl)phenyl] N-cyclohexylcarbamate) 2. LY-2,183,240 (N,N-dimethyl-5-[(4-biphenyl)methyl]tetrazole-1- carboxamide) 3. LY-2,183,240 (N,N-dimethyl-4-[(4-biphenyl)methyl]tetrazole-1- carboxamide) 4. URB-754 (6-methyl-2-[(4-methylphenyl)amino]-4H-3,1- benzoxazin-4-one)

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VI. DISSOCIATIVE HALLUCINOGENS (NMDA RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS)

A. (MXE, 3-MeO-2-Oxo-PCE, (RS)2-(3- methoxyphenyl)-2-(ethylamino)cyclohexanone) - Active at 5mg intranasal. Test kit results at {9}. An interview with the creator along with a report of a fatality in combination with MDAI can be found at [100]. Acute reversible cerebellar toxicity has been associated with three cases of hospital admission due to MXE overdose.[113] Currently a controlled substance in Russia, Sweden, Japan, Switzerland, and the UK. B. ((±)-1-(1,2-diphenylethyl)piperidine) - active at 60mg intranasal 1. (MXP, 2-methoxy-diphenidine) - active at 60mg C. analogues 1. 2-MeO-Ketamine (2-(2-Methoxyphenyl)-2- (methylamino)cyclohexanone) - active at 50mg. 2. N-Ethyl- (NEK, ethketamine, 2-(2-chlorophenyl)-N- (ethylamino)cyclohexanone) - active at 50mg. D. PCP analogues 1. 3-MeO-PCP (3-methoxy-, 1-[1-(3- methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl]-piperidine) - active at 5mg sublingual. 2. 4-MeO-PCP (4-methoxy-phencyclidine, 1-[1-(4- methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl]-piperidine) - active at 10mg. Impure, sloppy synthesis can produce very dangerous byproducts.[76] Test kit results at {1}. E. - responsible for several deaths in combination with zolazepam. often abused as Telazol, a veterinary anesthetic which is 1:1 parts tiletamine/zolazepam.[60] Scheduled.[112] F. (MK-801) - One fatality involving MK-801, Benzodiazepines, and Alcohol[15]

VII. TEST KIT RESULTS - web links to images of varying-quality test kit results on various drugs from various reagents. {1} Various tryptamines, 4-MeO-PCP

38 (return to contents) http://i.imgur.com/9KWXdZd.jpg {2} Methylone, Mephedrone, Butylone http://i.imgur.com/RDffKOf.jpg {3} Various cannabinoids http://i.imgur.com/LdEgAkb.jpg {4} Various 2C-x chemicals http://i.imgur.com/ITcMEXo.jpg {5} Various stimulants http://i.imgur.com/0LXwUo2.jpg {6} UR-144 http://i.imgur.com/BA44fSp.jpg {7} MAM-2201 http://i.imgur.com/Cg0WVmX.jpg {8} PMMA http://imgur.com/bO8o4z0 {9} reference sheet made by DanceSafe http://imgur.com/bO8o4z0, http://www.dancesafe.org/wp-content/uploads/ 2014/02/kit-instructions-back.jpg

{10} BunkPolice.org reference sheet for http://bunkpolice.org/basic-test-kit/, http://www.bunkpolice.org/wp- content/uploads/Marquis-Infographic61.jpg

{11} BunkPolice.org reference sheet for Mandelin reagent http://bunkpolice.org/mandelin-test-kit/, http://www.bunkpolice.org/ wp- content/uploads/Mandelin-Infographic3.jpg

{12} BunkPolice.org reference sheet for Ehrlich reagent http://bunkpolice.org/ehrlichs-test-kit/, http://bunkpolice.org/wp- content/ uploads/2012/09/ehrlichs_infographic.jpg

{13} New Zealand smoke blend test results in June 2011 http://media.nzherald.co.nz/webcontent/document/pdf/201129/ ESR_Herbal_High_synthetic_Cannabinoid_composition.pdf

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{14} methylone, mephedrone, butylone (again) http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F

%2Fimg52.imageshack.us %2Fimg52%2F7110%2F75897900.jpg&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F %2Fwww.bluelight.org%2Fvb%2Farchive%2Findex.php %2Ft-512598.html&h=422&w=539&tbnid=uQRuFdPYMpI3WM %3A&zoom=1&docid=R4ZxSLwe4YhqWM&ei=JTw_U7IDpK7JAavAgIAC&t bm=isch&ved=0CMEBEIQcMCI&iact=rc&dur=526&page=2&start=19&nds p=16

{15} various cathinones, amphetamines, and indanes http://tinypic.com/view.php?pic=k43s4&s=7

{16} methiopropamine http://img402.imageshack.us/img402/7998/imag0073my.jpg

{17} various RC test results described in text (dead pic links) http://www.tripproject.ca/trip/?q=node/2005

VIII. REFERENCES thank you to everyone discovering and spreading information.

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[78] http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/3/16/new-england- confrontsheroinepidemic.html [79] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11160626 [80] http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cn400035r [81] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15582455 [82] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22921769, http:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10188977 [83] http://search.proquest.com/docview/304624325 [84] http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US6017919 [85] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19921781 [86] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19063946, http:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18931146 [87] http://www.aol.com/article/2014/01/28/heroin-laced-with-fentanyl- blamed-for-22-deaths-in-pa/20817552/ [88] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6148956 [89] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2093186 [90] http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11419-013-0182-9 [91] http://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2009106982 [92] http://countyourculture.com/2010/12/30/aircr-jumps-the-shark/ [93] http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2006/dec/13/charges-dropped-in- drug-death/ [94] http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/5meo_amt/5meo_amt_info1.shtml [95] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3931136 [96] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4054198 [97] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12161142 [98] http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/document/1345188/ department_of_drug_and_alcohol_programs_warns_about_acetyl_fentan yl [99] http://content.lib.utah.edu/utils/getfile/collection/etd1/id/1285/ filename/1341.pdf [100] http://www.vice.com/read/interview-with-ketamine-chemist-704- v18n2 [101] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11508803 [102] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14567549

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[103] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1473561 [104] https://www.europol.europa.eu/sites/default/files/publications/ewn_4- methylaminorex__para-methyl-derivative_feb_2014_-_public_.pdf [105] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23784740 [106] Molecular Index of Cannabimimetics. Peter Rösner, G. Fritschi. 31.01.2013 [107] http://www.thepoisonreview.com/2011/05/26/hepatotoxicity-from- abuse-of-kratom-first-reported-case/ [108] http://www.bluelight.org/vb/threads/190320-The-Big-amp-Dandy-2C- TFM-Thread?p=3301660&viewfull=1#post3301660 [109] http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/health/miracle-progress-teen- near-death-synthetic-marijuana-article-1.1456099 [110] http://media.nzherald.co.nz/webcontent/document/pdf/201129/ ESR_Herbal_High_synthetic_Cannabinoid_composition.pdf [111] http://www.vice.com/read/criminal-chlorination-0000350-v19n9 [112] http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/schedules/orangebook/ e_cs_sched.pdf [113] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22578175 [114] http://www.erowid.org/archive/rhodium/chemistry/leminger.html [115] http://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf? docId=WO2003082832 [116] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22374819 [117] http://jop.sagepub.com/content/early/ 2014/02/19/0269881114523866 [118] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18468904 [119] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21174090 [120] https://docs.google.com/file/d/0BwXelgjm5BeEaEJJU0lPa1NnaGM [121] http://search.proquest.com/docview/304838368 [122] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16970404 [123] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16821786 [124] http://bitnest.ca/external.php?id=%257DbxUgX%255DCY %2505%2504v%257Fv%2519%2505V%255BL%2503RAq%2560h, http://tinypic.com/view.php?pic=4udkzn&s=6 [125] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7996545

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[126] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16277614 [127] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3572453/ [128] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13502837 [129] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24574100 [130] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18522262, http:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6827726 [131] Mitsushima T, Ueki S. Psychopharmacological effects of flutazolam (MS-4101). Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi. 1978 Nov;74(8): 959-79. (Japanese). [132] http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/ originalDocument? CC=US&NR=3632574A&KC=A&FT=D&ND=&date=19720104&DB=&loc ale=en_EP [133] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7203280 [134] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6890927, http:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2633923 [135] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15769562, https:// www.erowid.org/experiences/exp.php?ID=10556 [136] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22349589, http:// www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs1/1621/1621t.htm, https:// www.erowid.org/experiences/exp.php?ID=10556 [137] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11150358 [138] http://www.bluelight.org/vb/threads/718454 [139] http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.03.013

here are some other useful links: http://www.ccsa.ca/Eng/collaboration/CCENDU/Pages/CCENDU-Drug-Alerts- and-Bulletins.aspx http://countyourculture.com/

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- (unused references) • https://www.erowid.org/references/refs_view.php? A=ShowDocPartFrame&ID=2439&DocPartID=2199 MAOIs (or at least Marplan) significantly dull or even completely prevent LSD trips

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- http://www.maps.org/news-letters/v05n1/05109nim.html this study says the same as the above study w/r/t LSD + MAOIs, but says that or lithium can potentiate LSD. • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3762282/ link to stuff about bemitin and bromantane • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3572571 - comparison of several cathinones and amphetamines • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3137202/ - something something beta-keto group make MDxx safer something somethign

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