DOCSLIB.ORG

Headshop Highs & Lows

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Headshop Highs & Lows HeadshopHeadshop HighsHighs && LowsLows AA PresentationPresentation byby DrDr DesDes CorriganCorrigan HeadshopsHeadshops A.K.A.A.K.A. ““SmartSmart ShopsShops””,, ““HempHemp ShopsShops””,, ““HemporiaHemporia”” oror ““GrowshopsGrowshops”” RetailRetail oror OnlineOnline OutletsOutlets sellingselling PsychoactivePsychoactive Plants,Plants, ‘‘LegalLegal’’ && ““HerbalHerbal”” HighsHighs asas wellwell asas DrugDrug ParaphernaliaParaphernalia includingincluding CannabisCannabis growinggrowing equipment.equipment. Headshops supply Cannabis Paraphernalia HeadshopsHeadshops && SkunkSkunk--typetype (( HighHigh Strength)Strength) CannabisCannabis 1.1. SaleSale ofof SkunkSkunk--typetype seedsseeds 2.2. AdviceAdvice onon SinsemillaSinsemilla TechniqueTechnique 3.3. SaleSale ofof HydroponicsHydroponics && IntenseIntense LightingLighting .. CannabisCannabis PotencyPotency expressedexpressed asas %% THCTHC ContentContent ¾¾ IrelandIreland ¾¾ HerbHerb 6%6% HashHash 4%4% ¾¾ UKUK ¾¾ HerbHerb** 1212--18%18% HashHash 3.4%3.4% ¾¾ NetherlandsNetherlands ¾¾ HerbHerb** 20%20% HashHash 37%37% * Skunk-type SkunkSkunk--TypeType CannabisCannabis && PsychosisPsychosis ¾¾ComparedCompared toto HashHash smokingsmoking controlscontrols ¾¾ SkunkSkunk useuse -- 77 xx riskrisk ¾¾ DailyDaily SkunkSkunk useuse -- 1212 xx riskrisk ¾¾ DiDi FortiForti etet alal .. Br.Br. J.J. PsychiatryPsychiatry 20092009 CannabinoidsCannabinoids ¾¾ PhytoCannabinoidsPhytoCannabinoids-- onlyonly inin CannabisCannabis plantsplants ¾¾ EndocannabinoidsEndocannabinoids –– naturallynaturally occurringoccurring inin thethe HumanHuman BodyBody ¾¾ SyntheticSynthetic CannabinoidsCannabinoids –– developeddeveloped asas painpain--killingkilling drugsdrugs –– foundfound inin somesome ““SPICESPICE””--typetype smokingsmoking mixturesmixtures Magic Gold - Incense Blend – Ice Gold (2g) (3g) - Aromatic Herbal Incense - Herbal Resin Tijuana Super Strength - Incense Mixture (3.5g) - Aromatic Herbal Incense Spice/SpiceSpice/Spice GoldGold IncenseIncense ¾¾ MixtureMixture ofof innocuousinnocuous herbsherbs BUTBUT ¾¾ 66 potentpotent SyntheticSynthetic CannabinoidsCannabinoids detecteddetected ¾¾ BannedBanned inin GermanyGermany ,, Austria,Austria, France,France, Poland,Poland, Sweden,Sweden, Luxembourg,Luxembourg, Lithuania,Lithuania, Estonia,Estonia, UK.UK. EffectsEffects ofof SyntheticSynthetic CannabinoidsCannabinoids ¾¾ NoNo humanhuman scientificscientific studiesstudies ¾¾ MuchMuch moremore potentpotent thanthan THCTHC inin lablab teststests ¾¾ PsychosisPsychosis--likelike panicpanic attacksattacks ¾¾ HeartHeart && circulatorycirculatory problemsproblems ¾¾ AddictionAddiction potentialpotential ¾¾ SevereSevere psychiatricpsychiatric complicationscomplications ¾¾ CarcinogenicCarcinogenic potentialpotential ¾¾ OverdoseOverdose risksrisks withwith somesome drugsdrugs HeadshopHeadshop ProductsProducts areare ““FailedFailed”” PharmaceuticalPharmaceutical DrugsDrugs FailedFailed PainPain KillersKillers-- foundfound inin SPICESPICE FailedFailed AntidepressantsAntidepressants-- BZPBZP inin PartyParty pillspills FailedFailed slimmingslimming drugsdrugs inin BathBath SaltsSalts OthersOthers MimicMimic existingexisting DrugsDrugs KratomKratom && OpiateOpiate drugsdrugs SalviaSalvia && LSDLSD MephedroneMephedrone && CocaineCocaine MethyloneMethylone && EcstasyEcstasy SanSan PedroPedro && MescalineMescaline EffectsEffects ofof FlyFly AgaricAgaric PowerfulPowerful hallucinationshallucinations AlcoholAlcohol--likelike euphoriaeuphoria DeepDeep sleepsleep withwith vividvivid dreamsdreams SlurredSlurred speechspeech ++ inin--coordinationcoordination Convulsions/muscleConvulsions/muscle twitchingtwitching Nausea,Nausea, vomiting,vomiting, diarrhoeadiarrhoea LysergicLysergic AcidAcid AmideAmide LSALSA //ErgineErgine// LysergamideLysergamide ActiveActive dosedose 22 –– 55 mgmg LSDLSD 200200 µµgg ActiveActive dosedose -- 55 –– 1010 WoodroseWoodrose seedsseeds 150150 –– 200200 MorningMorning GloryGlory seedsseeds HallucinogenicHallucinogenic CactiCacti Peyote – 1.5% Mescaline San Pedro – 2.4% Mescaline Peruvian Torch- 0 -0.8% (Trichocereus pachanoi/peruvianus) KratomKratom MitragynaMitragyna speciosaspeciosa:: Thailand,Thailand, SESE AsiaAsia ActiveActive drugdrug :: MitragynineMitragynine ((µµ opioidopioid agonist)agonist) LeafLeaf chewedchewed asas aa narcoticnarcotic oror asas aa substitutesubstitute forfor Opium.Opium. LowLow dosedose--StimulantStimulant HighHigh dosedose-- Sedation/EuphoriaSedation/Euphoria LucidLucid dreamingdreaming IllegalIllegal inin Thailand,Thailand, Malaysia,Malaysia, Australia,Australia, DenmarkDenmark && LithuaniaLithuania KratomKratom SideSide EffectsEffects ¾ PsychosisPsychosis ¾ DependenceDependence ¾ WeightWeight lossloss ¾ DryDry mouth,mouth, constipationconstipation ¾ WithdrawalWithdrawal afterafter veryvery highhigh dosesdoses -- MuscleMuscle ++ jointjoint painpain -- HostilityHostility ++ aggressionaggression -- SpasticSpastic limblimb movementsmovements SalviaSalvia divinorumdivinorum MemberMember ofof Mint/SageMint/Sage familyfamily ‘‘MagicMagic MintMint’’// ‘‘DivineDivine MintMint’’ ReligiousReligious useuse byby MazatecMazatec ShamansShamans ActiveActive Chemicals:Chemicals: SalvinorinsSalvinorins PotencyPotency similarsimilar toto LSDLSD 500500 mcgmcg –– uncontrollableuncontrollable deliriumdelirium LegallyLegally controlledcontrolled inin Spain,Spain, Australia,Australia, Finland,Finland, DenmarkDenmark.. SalviaSalvia SideSide EffectsEffects ¾¾ IntenseIntense derealisationderealisation ¾¾ DecreasedDecreased abilityability toto interactinteract withwith selfself andand surroundingssurroundings ¾¾ ImpairmentImpairment ¾¾ SenseSense ofof ddééjjàà vuvu ¾¾ ParanoiaParanoia ¾¾ MentalMental SlowingSlowing BZPBZP DrugDrug namename:: 11--BenzylpiperazineBenzylpiperazine OftenOften mixedmixed withwith relatedrelated TFMPPTFMPP (weak(weak LSDLSD--likelike effects)effects) SyntheticSynthetic notnot HerbalHerbal !! BZPBZP testedtested asas AntidepressantAntidepressant (not(not asas anan anthelminthicanthelminthic)) TrialsTrials stoppedstopped becausebecause PsychoactivityPsychoactivity similarsimilar toto AmphetaminesAmphetamines BZPBZP PartyParty PillsPills SideSide effectseffects HyperthermiaHyperthermia similarsimilar toto EcstasyEcstasy RaisedRaised heartheart beatbeat andand bloodblood pressurepressure AmphetamineAmphetamine addicts:addicts: BZPBZP == SpeedSpeed ConvulsionsConvulsions reportedreported fromfrom NZ,UKNZ,UK EUEU BanBan MarchMarch 20082008 MisuseMisuse ofof DrugsDrugs ActAct MarchMarch 20092009 NewerNewer PiperazinesPiperazines NotNot LegallyLegally ControlledControlled ¾¾ ““XXXXXX”” 200mg200mg BZPBZP ++ 100mg100mg MethylBenzylMethylBenzyl PiperazinePiperazine ¾¾ ““LovedLoved upup”” 11--FPPFPP ¾¾ ““CherriesCherries”” 11--FPPFPP CathinonesCathinones ¾¾ OriginallyOriginally fromfrom KhatKhat plantplant E.E. AfricaAfrica ¾¾ NaturalNatural formform ofof SpeedSpeed ¾¾ 2020 DesignerDesigner CathinonesCathinones 19971997 ¾¾ MetcathinoneMetcathinone –– knownknown asas MethCatMethCat ¾¾ CathinoneCathinone underunder MisuseMisuse ofof DrugsDrugs ActAct ¾¾ NewerNewer onesones MDAMDA JuneJune 20102010 CathinonesCathinones ¾¾ SoldSold asas BathBath saltssalts oror PlantPlant FoodFood ¾¾ ContentsContents maymay bebe labelledlabelled asas KetonesKetones ¾¾ ButyloneButylone oror bkMBDBbkMBDB ¾¾ MethyloneMethylone oror bkMDMAbkMDMA ¾¾ FlephedroneFlephedrone ¾¾ MephedroneMephedrone ¾¾ MethedroneMethedrone MephedroneMephedrone ProductsProducts ChargeCharge BlowBlow TheThe BusinessBusiness DiabloDiablo XXXXXX MagicMagic WildcatWildcat MephedroneMephedrone 44--MethymethcathinoneMethymethcathinone ¾¾ AlsoAlso knownknown asas 44--MMC,MMC, ““MeowMeow--MeowMeow”” ¾¾ StimulantStimulant && empathogenempathogen ¾¾ CompulsiveCompulsive redosingredosing ((““fiendingfiending””)) ¾¾ HyperthermiaHyperthermia ¾¾ Palpitations,Palpitations, racingracing heartheart ¾¾ JawJaw clenchingclenching && grindinggrinding teethteeth ¾¾ SeriousSerious vasoconstrictionvasoconstriction ¾¾ AnxietyAnxiety && paranoiaparanoia MethyloneMethylone ProductsProducts SnowSnow MintMint ManiaMania CraicCraic DogsDogs B****XB****X (( ++ MDPV)MDPV) MethyloneMethylone MethylenedioxymethcathinoneMethylenedioxymethcathinone ¾¾ AlsoAlso knownknown asas bkMDMAbkMDMA,, MDMCATMDMCAT ¾¾ ““EuphoricEuphoric EmpathogenEmpathogen”” ¾¾ IncreasedIncreased heartheart rate/rate/ bodybody temperaturetemperature ¾¾ JawJaw && MuscleMuscle tension/achestension/aches ¾¾ Paranoia,Paranoia, fearfear ¾¾ UnwantedUnwanted lifelife--changingchanging spiritualspiritual experienceexperience DeathsDeaths involvinginvolving CathinonesCathinones ¾¾ 1818 inin EnglandEngland ¾¾ 77 inin ScotlandScotland ¾¾ 11 inin GuernseyGuernsey ¾¾ 1in1in WalesWales ¾¾ 11 inin N.N. IrelandIreland ¾¾ 11 inin SwedenSweden ¾¾ ThisThis doesdoes notnot meanmean thatthat thethe DrugDrug alonealone causedcaused thethe deaths.deaths. WhatsWhats NewNew •• PyrovaleronesPyrovalerones •• PyrovaleronePyrovalerone itselfitself hashas RitalinRitalin--likelike effectseffects (stimulant/appetite(stimulant/appetite--suppressant)suppressant) •• MDPVMDPV –– VanillaVanilla Sky,Sky, HurricaneHurricane Charlie,Charlie, DogsDogs B****x,B****x, IvoryIvory White,White, SextasySextasy •• NaphyroneNaphyrone –– NRGNRG--11 •• 3838 derivativesderivatives knownknown MDPVMDPV 3,43,4--MethylenedioxypyrovaleroneMethylenedioxypyrovalerone ¾¾ Stimulant,Stimulant, Euphoria,Euphoria, HypersexualityHypersexuality ¾¾ CompulsiveCompulsive redosingredosing ¾¾ PanicPanic attacks,attacks, psychosispsychosis ¾¾ AddictionAddiction
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Experiences of Disengagement from Mental Health Services: an Interpretative Study
    EXPERIENCES OF DISENGAGEMENT FROM MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES: AN INTERPRETATIVE STUDY by CHRISTOPHER WAGSTAFF A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Nursing, Health & Population Sciences College of Medical & Dental Sciences University of Birmingham 2015 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT Whilst there is evidence of a range of effective treatments available for people with severe mental health problems (SMHP), people frequently disengage from mental health services (MHS). This thesis investigates experiences of disengagement of people with SMHP and comprises two studies: 1) semi-structured interviews to elicit the experiences of people with SMHP and a history of disengagement from MHS; and 2) building on those findings, focus groups with staff from assertive outreach teams (specialising in providing care for people with SMHP and a history of disengagement). The participants were those perceived as the most disengaged from MHS yet they were willing to engage with the research. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was used to develop themes for individual participants and then across the participants. Disengagement from MHS was part of a wider experience of a limited connection to social structures, including an ambivalent and complex relationship with MHS.
    [Show full text]
  • Hallucinogens - LSD, Peyote, Psilocybin, and PCP
    Hallucinogens - LSD, Peyote, Psilocybin, and PCP Hallucinogenic compounds found in some • Psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N- plants and mushrooms (or their extracts) dimethyltryptamine) is obtained from have been used—mostly during religious certain types of mushrooms that are rituals—for centuries. Almost all indigenous to tropical and subtropical hallucinogens contain nitrogen and are regions of South America, Mexico, and classified as alkaloids. Many hallucinogens the United States. These mushrooms have chemical structures similar to those of typically contain less than 0.5 percent natural neurotransmitters (e.g., psilocybin plus trace amounts of acetylcholine-, serotonin-, or catecholamine- psilocin, another hallucinogenic like). While the exact mechanisms by which substance. hallucinogens exert their effects remain • PCP (phencyclidine) was developed in unclear, research suggests that these drugs the 1950s as an intravenous anesthetic. work, at least partially, by temporarily Its use has since been discontinued due interfering with neurotransmitter action or to serious adverse effects. by binding to their receptor sites. This DrugFacts will discuss four common types of How Are Hallucinogens Abused? hallucinogens: The very same characteristics that led to • LSD (d-lysergic acid diethylamide) is the incorporation of hallucinogens into one of the most potent mood-changing ritualistic or spiritual traditions have also chemicals. It was discovered in 1938 led to their propagation as drugs of abuse. and is manufactured from lysergic acid, Importantly, and unlike most other drugs, which is found in ergot, a fungus that the effects of hallucinogens are highly grows on rye and other grains. variable and unreliable, producing different • Peyote is a small, spineless cactus in effects in different people at different times.
    [Show full text]
  • Hallucinogens - LSD, Peyote, Psilocybin, and PCP
    Information for Behavioral Health Providers in Primary Care Hallucinogens - LSD, Peyote, Psilocybin, and PCP What are Hallucinogens? Hallucinogenic compounds found in some plants and mushrooms (or their extracts) have been used— mostly during religious rituals—for centuries. Almost all hallucinogens contain nitrogen and are classified as alkaloids. Many hallucinogens have chemical structures similar to those of natural neurotransmitters (e.g., acetylcholine-, serotonin-, or catecholamine-like). While the exact mechanisms by which hallucinogens exert their effects remain unclear, research suggests that these drugs work, at least partially, by temporarily interfering with neurotransmitter action or by binding to their receptor sites. This InfoFacts will discuss four common types of hallucinogens: LSD (d-lysergic acid diethylamide) is one of the most potent mood-changing chemicals. It was discovered in 1938 and is manufactured from lysergic acid, which is found in ergot, a fungus that grows on rye and other grains. Peyote is a small, spineless cactus in which the principal active ingredient is mescaline. This plant has been used by natives in northern Mexico and the southwestern United States as a part of religious ceremonies. Mescaline can also be produced through chemical synthesis. Psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine) is obtained from certain types of mushrooms that are indigenous to tropical and subtropical regions of South America, Mexico, and the United States. These mushrooms typically contain less than 0.5 percent psilocybin plus trace amounts of psilocin, another hallucinogenic substance. PCP (phencyclidine) was developed in the 1950s as an intravenous anesthetic. Its use has since been discontinued due to serious adverse effects. How Are Hallucinogens Abused? The very same characteristics that led to the incorporation of hallucinogens into ritualistic or spiritual traditions have also led to their propagation as drugs of abuse.
    [Show full text]
  • Determination of Sex 43, Elm Park Gardens, THOSE Who Are Interested in the Heredity of Sex Chelsea, S.W.Lo
    APRIL 14, 1934 NATURE 579 sa was correctly computed in five minutes, 510 in genes outweigh the female and the result is the twenty seconds and 610 in seventy seconds. normal haplo-X male." Division was a slower process and 9 digits divided Thus, as my italics show, the experimental by 3 took times varying from two and a half to geneticist seems to agree with what Prof. MacBride seven and three quarters minutes. has expressed in more generally intelligible language ; Square roots of 6 digit numbers were extracted in not only in admitting the essential sameness of sex less than a minute while cube roots took longer. in all organisms but also in understanding the Curiously enough, the memorising of a number of function of proportion in its determination in some 27 digits was not done successfully, although he of them. Unanimity among the different branches of could repeat questions which had been put to him biology has therefore been reached after a long period and their answers after some days had elapsed, and of divergence, from entirely different data and, what would break off calculations in the middle to ask for is more, apparently unawares. Such an event, surely, milk or cigarettes, taking up the calculations again should not be allowed to pass without notice and where he had broken off. His methods of working without applause. The usual view that the chromo­ were not discovered, but he had obviously memorised some theory of sex determination criticised by the squares of two digit numbers, and less completely MacBride was a special hypothesis put forward by the products of two digit numbers.
    [Show full text]
  • 22 Psychiatric Medications for Monitoring in Primary Care
    22 Psychiatric Medications for Monitoring in Primary Care Medication Warnings, Precautions, and Adverse Events Comments Class: SSRI Fluvoxamine Boxed Warnings: Suicidality Used much less than SSRIs in the group of eight Indications: Warnings and Precautions: Similar to other SSRIs medications for prescribing, probably because it has no Adult: OCD Adverse Events: Similar to other SSRIs FDA indication for MDD or any anxiety disorder. Still Child/Adolescent: OCD (10-17 years) somewhat popular as a medication for OCD. Uses: Anxiety, OCD Monitoring: Same as other SSRIs Citalopram Boxed Warning: Suicidality. Escitalopram, one of the SSRIs in the group of Indications: Warnings and Precautions: Similar to other SSRIs medications for prescribing, is an active metabolite of Adult: MDD Adverse Events: Similar to other SSRIs citalopram. Escitalopram reportedly has fewer AEs and Child/Adolescent: None less interaction with hepatic metabolic enzymes than Uses: Anxiety, MDD, OCD citalopram but is otherwise essentially identical. Citalopram offers no advantage other than price, as Monitoring: Same as other SSRIs escitalopram is branded until 2012. Paroxetine Boxed Warnings: Suicidality. Paroxetine used much less than the SSRIs for Indications: Warnings and Precautions: Similar to other SSRIs prescribing, probably because of its nonlinear kinetics. Adult: MDD, OCD, Panic Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Adverse Events: Similar to other SSRIs A study of children and adolescents showed doubling Disorder, Social Anxiety Disorder, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder the dose of paroxetine from 10 mg/day to 20 mg/day Child/Adolescent: None resulted in a 7-fold increase in blood levels (Findling et Uses: Anxiety, MDD, OCD al, 1999). Thus, once metabolic enzymes are saturated, paroxetine levels can increase dramatically with dose Monitoring: Same as other SSRIs increases and decrease dramatically with dose decreases, sometimes leading to adverse events.
    [Show full text]
  • Drug and Alcohol Abuse Prevention Handbook FOREWARD
    Drug and Alcohol Abuse Prevention Handbook FOREWARD Grayson College recognizes that the illicit use of drugs and/or the abuse of alcohol are a persistent health problem of major proportion affecting our society physically, mentally, and socially. Illicit drug use and /or alcohol abuse can adversely affect an individual’s personal life, safety, health, and mental and physical performance. It is the intent of GC to provide employees and students pertinent information related to illicit drug use and/or alcohol abuse in an effort to prevent such harm. GC is committed to promoting and maintaining a work and academic environment that is free from illegal alcohol and drug use and abuse, in accordance with all federal, state, and local laws. Students, employees, and visitors are prohibited from possessing, consuming, manufacturing, dispensing, or being under the influence of alcohol/illegal drugs or engaging in improper self- medication while on college property or college business. Any member of the college community who violates this policy is subject to both prosecution and punishment under federal, state, and local laws to disciplinary proceedings by the college. This alcohol/drug policy is not designed to punish people for seeking rehabilitation. All information about those individuals who voluntarily avail themselves of drug or alcohol counseling or rehabilitation will not be used as a basis for disciplinary action or be used against an individual in any way. College employees and students who violate the alcohol/drug policy shall be informed about and referred to services to assist them in determining whether they are abusing drugs and alcohol or are chemically dependent.
    [Show full text]
  • Hallucinogens and Dissociative Drugs
    Long-Term Effects of Hallucinogens See page 5. from the director: Research Report Series Hallucinogens and dissociative drugs — which have street names like acid, angel dust, and vitamin K — distort the way a user perceives time, motion, colors, sounds, and self. These drugs can disrupt a person’s ability to think and communicate rationally, or even to recognize reality, sometimes resulting in bizarre or dangerous behavior. Hallucinogens such as LSD, psilocybin, peyote, DMT, and ayahuasca cause HALLUCINOGENS AND emotions to swing wildly and real-world sensations to appear unreal, sometimes frightening. Dissociative drugs like PCP, DISSOCIATIVE DRUGS ketamine, dextromethorphan, and Salvia divinorum may make a user feel out of Including LSD, Psilocybin, Peyote, DMT, Ayahuasca, control and disconnected from their body PCP, Ketamine, Dextromethorphan, and Salvia and environment. In addition to their short-term effects What Are on perception and mood, hallucinogenic Hallucinogens and drugs are associated with psychotic- like episodes that can occur long after Dissociative Drugs? a person has taken the drug, and dissociative drugs can cause respiratory allucinogens are a class of drugs that cause hallucinations—profound distortions depression, heart rate abnormalities, and in a person’s perceptions of reality. Hallucinogens can be found in some plants and a withdrawal syndrome. The good news is mushrooms (or their extracts) or can be man-made, and they are commonly divided that use of hallucinogenic and dissociative Hinto two broad categories: classic hallucinogens (such as LSD) and dissociative drugs (such drugs among U.S. high school students, as PCP). When under the influence of either type of drug, people often report rapid, intense in general, has remained relatively low in emotional swings and seeing images, hearing sounds, and feeling sensations that seem real recent years.
    [Show full text]
  • Drugs That Can Cause Delirium (Anticholinergic / Toxic Metabolites)
    Drugs that can Cause Delirium (anticholinergic / toxic metabolites) Deliriants (drugs causing delirium) Prescription drugs . Central acting agents – Sedative hypnotics (e.g., benzodiazepines) – Anticonvulsants (e.g., barbiturates) – Antiparkinsonian agents (e.g., benztropine, trihexyphenidyl) . Analgesics – Narcotics (NB. meperidine*) – Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs* . Antihistamines (first generation, e.g., hydroxyzine) . Gastrointestinal agents – Antispasmodics – H2-blockers* . Antinauseants – Scopolamine – Dimenhydrinate . Antibiotics – Fluoroquinolones* . Psychotropic medications – Tricyclic antidepressants – Lithium* . Cardiac medications – Antiarrhythmics – Digitalis* – Antihypertensives (b-blockers, methyldopa) . Miscellaneous – Skeletal muscle relaxants – Steroids Over the counter medications and complementary/alternative medications . Antihistamines (NB. first generation) – diphenhydramine, chlorpheniramine). Antinauseants – dimenhydrinate, scopolamine . Liquid medications containing alcohol . Mandrake . Henbane . Jimson weed . Atropa belladonna extract * Requires adjustment in renal impairment. From: K Alagiakrishnan, C A Wiens. (2004). An approach to drug induced delirium in the elderly. Postgrad Med J, 80, 388–393. Delirium in the Older Person: A Medical Emergency. Island Health www.viha.ca/mhas/resources/delirium/ Drugs that can cause delirium. Reviewed: 8-2014 Some commonly used medications with moderate to high anticholinergic properties and alternative suggestions Type of medication Alternatives with less deliriogenic
    [Show full text]
  • From Sacred Plants to Psychotherapy
    From Sacred Plants to Psychotherapy: The History and Re-Emergence of Psychedelics in Medicine By Dr. Ben Sessa ‘The rejection of any source of evidence is always treason to that ultimate rationalism which urges forward science and philosophy alike’ - Alfred North Whitehead Introduction: What exactly is it that fascinates people about the psychedelic drugs? And how can we best define them? 1. Most psychiatrists will define psychedelics as those drugs that cause an acute confusional state. They bring about profound alterations in consciousness and may induce perceptual distortions as part of an organic psychosis. 2. Another definition for these substances may come from the cross-cultural dimension. In this context psychedelic drugs may be recognised as ceremonial religious tools, used by some non-Western cultures in order to communicate with the spiritual world. 3. For many lay people the psychedelic drugs are little more than illegal and dangerous drugs of abuse – addictive compounds, not to be distinguished from cocaine and heroin, which are only understood to be destructive - the cause of an individual, if not society’s, destruction. 4. But two final definitions for psychedelic drugs – and those that I would like the reader to have considered by the end of this article – is that the class of drugs defined as psychedelic, can be: a) Useful and safe medical treatments. Tools that as adjuncts to psychotherapy can be used to alleviate the symptoms and course of many mental illnesses, and 1 b) Vital research tools with which to better our understanding of the brain and the nature of consciousness. Classifying psychedelic drugs: 1,2 The drugs that are often described as the ‘classical’ psychedelics include LSD-25 (Lysergic Diethylamide), Mescaline (3,4,5- trimethoxyphenylathylamine), Psilocybin (4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) and DMT (dimethyltryptamine).
    [Show full text]
  • Soma and Haoma: Ayahuasca Analogues from the Late Bronze Age
    ORIGINAL ARTICLE Journal of Psychedelic Studies 3(2), pp. 104–116 (2019) DOI: 10.1556/2054.2019.013 First published online July 25, 2019 Soma and Haoma: Ayahuasca analogues from the Late Bronze Age MATTHEW CLARK* School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), Department of Languages, Cultures and Linguistics, University of London, London, UK (Received: October 19, 2018; accepted: March 14, 2019) In this article, the origins of the cult of the ritual drink known as soma/haoma are explored. Various shortcomings of the main botanical candidates that have so far been proposed for this so-called “nectar of immortality” are assessed. Attention is brought to a variety of plants identified as soma/haoma in ancient Asian literature. Some of these plants are included in complex formulas and are sources of dimethyl tryptamine, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and other psychedelic substances. It is suggested that through trial and error the same kinds of formulas that are used to make ayahuasca in South America were developed in antiquity in Central Asia and that the knowledge of the psychoactive properties of certain plants spreads through migrants from Central Asia to Persia and India. This article summarizes the main arguments for the botanical identity of soma/haoma, which is presented in my book, The Tawny One: Soma, Haoma and Ayahuasca (Muswell Hill Press, London/New York). However, in this article, all the topics dealt with in that publication, such as the possible ingredients of the potion used in Greek mystery rites, an extensive discussion of cannabis, or criteria that we might use to demarcate non-ordinary states of consciousness, have not been elaborated.
    [Show full text]
  • The Psychoactive Effects of Psychiatric Medication: the Elephant in the Room
    Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 45 (5), 409–415, 2013 Published with license by Taylor & Francis ISSN: 0279-1072 print / 2159-9777 online DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2013.845328 The Psychoactive Effects of Psychiatric Medication: The Elephant in the Room Joanna Moncrieff, M.B.B.S.a; David Cohenb & Sally Porterc Abstract —The psychoactive effects of psychiatric medications have been obscured by the presump- tion that these medications have disease-specific actions. Exploiting the parallels with the psychoactive effects and uses of recreational substances helps to highlight the psychoactive properties of psychi- atric medications and their impact on people with psychiatric problems. We discuss how psychoactive effects produced by different drugs prescribed in psychiatric practice might modify various disturb- ing and distressing symptoms, and we also consider the costs of these psychoactive effects on the mental well-being of the user. We examine the issue of dependence, and the need for support for peo- ple wishing to withdraw from psychiatric medication. We consider how the reality of psychoactive effects undermines the idea that psychiatric drugs work by targeting underlying disease processes, since psychoactive effects can themselves directly modify mental and behavioral symptoms and thus affect the results of placebo-controlled trials. These effects and their impact also raise questions about the validity and importance of modern diagnosis systems. Extensive research is needed to clarify the range of acute and longer-term mental, behavioral, and physical effects induced by psychiatric drugs, both during and after consumption and withdrawal, to enable users and prescribers to exploit their psychoactive effects judiciously in a safe and more informed manner.
    [Show full text]
  • The Biden-Harris Administration's Statement of Drug Policy Priorities
    EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT OFFICE OF NATIONAL DRUG CONTROL POLICY Washington, DC 20503 The Biden-Harris Administration’s Statement of Drug Policy Priorities for Year One The overdose and addiction crisis has taken a heartbreaking toll on far too many Americans and their families. Since 2015, overdose death numbers have risen 35 percent, reaching a historic high of 70,630 deaths in 2019.1 This is a greater rate of increase than for any other type of injury death in the United States.2 Though illicitly manufactured fentanyl and synthetic opioids other than methadone (SOOTM) have been the primary driver behind the increase, overdose deaths involving cocaine and other psychostimulants, like methamphetamine,3 have also risen in recent years, particularly in combination with SOOTM. New data suggest that COVID-19 has exacerbated the epidemic,4, 5 and increases in overdose mortality6 have underscored systemic inequities in our nation’s approach to criminal justice and prevention, treatment, and recovery. President Biden has made clear that addressing the overdose and addiction epidemic is an urgent priority for his administration. In March, the President signed into law the American Rescue Plan, which appropriated nearly $4 billion to enable the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration and the Health Resources and Services Administration to expand access to vital behavioral health services. President Biden has also said that people should not be incarcerated for drug use but should be offered treatment instead. The President has also emphasized the need to eradicate racial, gender, and economic inequities that currently exist in the criminal justice system.
    [Show full text]