Military Despatches Vol 23 May 2019 Operation Ivory Coast US Special Forces raid on Son Tay Talking about tradition The origins of military traditions Head-to-Head Evolution of US Army weapons & equipment Hal Moore Korean and Vietnam war veteran

Forged in Battle The FN FAL assault rifle For the military enthusiast CONTENTS May 2019 Page 62 Click on any video below to view Page 62 How much do you know about movie theme songs? Take our quiz and find out. Talking about tradition

Hipe’s Wouter de The old South African Goede interviews former Defence Force used 28’s gang boss David a mixture of English, Williams. Afrikaans, slang and Forged in battle techno-speak that few The Roman Legion outside the military could hope to under- 34 stand. Some of the terms Features were humorous, some Rank Structure 6 This month we look at the Bra- were clever, while others zilian Armed Forces. were downright crude. Top Ten WW II Fighter Aces The Top Ten Aces by country. 48 A matter of survival Part of Hipe’s “On the 12 This month we’re looking at couch” series, this is an Special Forces - Brazil spear traps. interview with one of Part Three of a series that takes 22 a look at Special Forces units author Herman Charles On the right track Quiz Bosman’s most famous around the world. During the 2nd Anglo-Boer War characters, Oom Schalk 16 the railway lines were vital life 33 Lourens. Hipe spent time in Germany Calling... lines, but there were vulnera- Acroynms A taxi driver was shot ble. That’s where the armoured Propaganda has always played dead in an ongoing Hanover Park, an area trains came in. This month we’re looking at war between rival taxi plagued with gang an important role in war and military acronyms. Do you some of the broadcasters went know your HALO from your organisations. violence, to view first- 30 hand how Project on to achieve fame or notoriety. HAHO? Saints alive! Ceasefire is dealing with 20 There are no fewer than 314 the situation. Cheyenne Mountain Patron Saints. Every continent, Hipe TV brings you videos ranging from actuality to humour and every- Deep inside a mountain in Col- country, place, occupation, ail- thing in between. Interviews, mini-documentaries and much more. orado, in a huge cavern blasted ment, illness, and danger has a out of solid granite, is a secret patron saint to call its own. And Check out Hipe TV and remember to like, comment, share and subscribe. military base. the military is no exception. 00 3 CONTENTS Page 66

Editor’s PUBLISHER Sitrep Hipe Media EDITOR Matt Tennyson

DEPUTY EDITOR t’s kind of hard to imagine your legs and back. Currently John Verster that this is issue 23 of Mil- I look like the poster child for itary Despatches. That abuse victims. I’m covered in PHOTO EDITOR May in military history I Regine Lord means that next month we will scratches. be two years old. I found the article on ar- CONTRIBUTORS Head-to-Head Forged in Battle Book Review This month I took some time moured trains of the Boer War Paul J. Els, Raymond Fletcher, to slap the website into some interesting. I travelled up to Ryan Murphy, Matt O’Brien, 42 52 65 sort of shape. At least it’s now South West Africa three times Matt Tennyson, Servaas van A Greater Share of Honour looking like a website. You can via train, but never on a troop US Army Weapons & Equipment FN FAL Assault Rifle Breda. The Memoirs of a Recce Of- download all of the back issues train. They were normal civvie We look at the evolution of US It earned the title ‘The right arm ficer by Major Jack Greef is from there and there is also a trains - the good old SAR&H. Army equipment from World of the Free World’. Military Despatches is pub- one of the better books about page with some useful links. This month sees the anniver- War I through to the modern day. lished on-line every month. the Recces. From this month you can also sary of Operation Reindeer. It’s The articles used in Military Battlefield read most of the feature articles hard to believe that it took place Despatches are copyrighted Famous Figures 56 online. 41 years ago. and may not be used without Front Cover In the December 2018 issue Talking about military op- 48 Operation Ivory Coast prior permission from the edi- The FN Fal assault rifle in ac- I mentioned that my cat, Kime, erations, I found the article on On 20 November 1970, US Spe- tor. Hal Moore tion. During the Cold War it passed away in November. At Operation Ivory Coast interest- cial Forces attacked Son Tay, a The views stated in this mag- A veteran of Korea and Viet- was given the title of “The right one stage I had three cats. They ing reading. It was a raid by US camp only 37 kilometres from azine do not necessary reflect nam, Hal Moor rose to the rank arm of the Free World”. were 20, 17 and 16 years old Special Forces in Vietnam to Hanoi, that was believed to house the views of Hipe!, the editor, of lieutenant general. He was when they passed on. free American POW’s. It was a American prisoners of war. the staff, or Hipe Media. an author and recipient of the So late last month I decided text book operation and a great Distinguished Service Cross. that it was time to get another success. Except for one major Hipe! Gaming cat. Well, I got two kittens - a flaw - the prison at Son Tay was P.O. Box 31216, Tokai, 7966 62 brother and a sister - from the empty. The prisoners had been South Africa. SPCA. moved almost four months be- IL 2: Cliffs of Dover When I took them for their fore. Good planning, great exe- email Battle of Britain combat flight first inoculations the kind folk cution, poor intelligence. [email protected] simulator. at the SPCA saw me coming. I took two cats in and left with Back Issues Movie Review three, my two kittens and a To view any back issues of 64 Maine Coon kitten. Until next month. Military Despatches, go to Naturally I had forgotten www.militarydespatches.co.za We were soldiers what it was like to have kittens. or click here. Excellent movie on the Battle They do fun things like run up Matt of Ia Drang in Vietnam. 4 5 Top Ten Top Ten fore retiring in 1966 with the squadron suspect the figure to Air Medal. rank of air vice marshal. be closer to 60. He is credited with shooting Top Ten WWII Fighter Aces He died on 30 January 2001 He is considered to be the down 40 Japanese aircraft, all at the age of 85. highest-scoring ace on both with the Lockheed P-38 Light- Seeing as how the Top Ten fighter aces of World War II were all German (as were the next 110 aces), we decided to look at the Top Ten Aces by country. Gladiator and Hurricane (35 ning fighter. 8. Marmaduke Prattle victories) fighters. In January 1945 General his month we decid- the Top Ten aces by country. (Member of Parliament). South Africa On 20 April 1941 he took off Kenney, the Far East Air Force ed to take a look at the These then are our Top Ten He died on 22 March 2006 at 40 kills against orders, while suffering commander, sent America’s ace Top Ten fighter aces of Aces of World War II. the age of 85. from a high temperature, to en- of aces home for good. T gage German aircraft near Ath- On 6 August 1945, 26 days World War II. In other words, who achieved the most ‘kills’ 10. Pierre Clostermann 9. James Johnson ens. He was last seen battling before World War II ended, during the war. An ‘Ace’ was France Britain Messerschmitt Bf 110 heavy Bong was testing a P-80 Shoot- anyone that shot down five or 33 kills 38 kills fighters. His Hurricane crashed ing Star jet fighter at the Lock- more enemy aircraft. into the sea during this dogfight heed Air Terminal in Burbank, This, however, would have and Pattle was killed. He was California. led to a very one-sided article. 26 years old. The plane’s primary fuel Mainly because the Top Ten pump malfunctioned during fighter aces of World War II 8. Richard I. Bong take off. He ejected but was too were all German. United States low for his parachute to deploy. In fact the top 120 fighter aces 40 kills He was 24 when he was killed. of World War II were all Ger- 6. Mato Dukovac man. Between them they shot Croatia down 16,851 enemy aircraft. 44 kills No less than 448 German fighter pilots would go on to become aces during World War South African born Marma- II. duke Thomas St John Pattle, A total of 116 German pilots DFC & Bar, was better known achieved the incredible feat of as Pat Prattle. shooting down more than 100 He applied to join the South enemy aircraft. No other pilot Joining the Free French Nicknamed “Johnnie”, Air African Air Force at 18, but from any country managed to Air Force in Britain in 1942, Vice Marshal James Edgar was rejected. He travelled to the get to triple figures in terms of Clostermann scored 33 re- Johnson, CB, CBE, DSO & United Kingdom and joined the number of kills. corded victories, earning the Two Bars, DFC & Bar was a RAF in 1936 on a Short Service Thirteen German pilots accolade “France’s First Fight- Royal Air Force (RAF) pilot. Commission. achieved more than 200 kills, er” from General Charles de Johnson was credited with 34 Pattle is sometimes noted as and two of them more than 300. Gaulle. individual victories over enemy being the highest-scoring Brit- The country that produced His many decorations in- aircraft, as well as seven shared ish Commonwealth pilot of the Richard Ira Bong was a Unit- the most aces during World War cluded the Grand-Croix of the victories, three shared proba- war. If all claims made for him ed States Army Air Forces ma- II was the United States. They French Légion d’Honneur, the ble, 10 damaged, three shared are correct, his total could have jor. He was one of the most dec- had a total of 834 aces from the Croix de Guerre, and the DFC damaged and one destroyed on been more than 51. It can be orated American fighter pilots Croatian pilots flew for US Army Air Forces, US Navy, and bar. His wartime remi- the ground. Johnson flew 700 stated that his final total was at and the country’s top flying ace the Zrakoplovstvo Nezavisne and US Marine Corps. 600 of niscences The Big Show (Le operational sorties and engaged least 40 and could exceed this in the war. Države Hrvatske (Air Force of their aces had less than 10 kills. Grand Cirque) became a nota- enemy aircraft on 57 occasions. number. Among his awards was the the Independent State of Cro- So instead of looking at the ble best seller. Johnson continued his career Log-books and semi-offi- Medal of Honour, Distinguished atia) and fought on the side of Top Ten fighter pilots of World After the war, he worked as an in the RAF after the war, and cial records suggest this figure, Service Cross, Silver Star, Dis- the Germans. War II, we decided to look at engineer and became a député served in the Korean War be- while personnel attached to his tinguished Flying Cross, and Mato Dukovac joined the Air 6 7 Top Ten Top Ten Force of the Independent State Flying for the Voyenno-Voz- Force). They fought on the side himself an airplane, in order to to served in home defence and This makes him the top flying of Croatia following the Axis dushnye Sily (Soviet Air Force), of the Germans. earn his living at air shows. He trained kamikaze pilots. ace of the Finnish Air Force, invasion of Yugoslavia in April Russian pilots saw extensive Nicknamed Bâzu, Constantin died in Madrid on 26 May 1958 Like many Japanese veterans, leading all Finnish pilots in 1941, and then the Luftwaffe, action on the Eastern Front. Cantacuzino came from a noble at the age of 52. Iwamoto was reported to have score against Soviet aircraft with which he flew combat mis- Ivan Nikitovich Kozhedub family. He was the captain of fallen into depression after the in World War II (1939–40 and sions on the Eastern Front. was the Allied “Ace of Aces” in the Romanian ice hockey team 3. Tetsuzo Iwamoto war. In summer 1953, he devel- 1941–44), with 94 confirmed His tours of the Eastern Front World War II. He is one of the at the World Championships in Japan oped a stomach ache. A surgeon aerial combat victories in 437 spanned October and Novem- few pilots to have shot down a 1931 and 1933. 80 kills examined him and diagnosed sorties. He achieved 34 of his ber 1942, February to June Messerschmitt Me 262 jet. He In 1939 he won the national enteritis. It was found later to victories while flying the Brew- 1943, and October 1943 to was made a Hero of the Sovi- aerial aerobatics contest with be appendicitis. ster Buffalo fighter. March 1944. He defected to the et Union on three occasions his Bü 133 Jungmeister and After a series of operations, Juutilainen entered the Finn- Soviet Union on 20 September (4 February 1944; 19 August in 1941 was named chief pilot he complained of a backache. ish military on 9 September 1944, and was returned to Yu- 1944; 18 August 1945). of the Romanian national air Doctors decided to operate 1932 for his compulsory mili- goslavia in November 1944. In 1951, with the rank of colo- transport company LARES. on him again. With cause un- tary service, serving as a pilot He worked as a flight instruc- nel, he took part in the Korean Even though this was a com- known, they removed three or in the Finnish Air Force from tor for the Yugoslav Air Force War but was not allowed per- fortable job, he managed to get four ribs without anaesthesia. 1935. in Pančevo and Zadar before mission to participate in com- in the front line as a fighter pi- This led to sepsis (septicaemia, Eino Ilmari “Illu” Juutilainen defecting to Italy in April 1945. bat missions. He went on to be- lot in the 53rd Fighter Squadron blood poisoning). He died on (21 February 1914 – 21 Feb- He left in 1946 and became a come a general and was made (equipped with Hurricane Mk. 20 May 1955 at the age of 38. ruary 1999) was a fighter pi- captain in the Syrian Air Force. an Aviation Marshal in 1985. I). lot of the Ilmavoimat (Finnish During the 1948 Arab-Israeli He died on 8 August 1991 at After August 1944, when 2. Ilmari Juutilainen Air Force), and the top scoring War he flew combat missions the age of 71. Romania quit the Axis, the Finland non-German fighter pilot of all against Israel. Following the Luftwaffe started bombing Bu- 94 kills time. war, he emigrated to Cana- 4. Constantin Cantacuzino charest from airfields close to This makes him the top flying da. Romania the capital which were still in ace of the Finnish Air Force, He died on 6 June 1990 in German hands. The remains of Lieutenant Junior Grade Tet- leading all Finnish pilots in Torronto at the age of 71. 69 kills the 7th and 9th Fighter Groups suzō Iwamoto was a pilot with score against Soviet aircraft were brought in to protect the the Imperial Japanese Navy Air in World War II (1939–40 and 5. Ivan Kozhedub capital. Cantacuzino shot down Service (IJNAS). Depending 1941–44), with 94 confirmed Soviet Union 3 Heinkel He 111s on this oc- on various totals cited, Tetsuzō aerial combat victories in 437 66 kills casion. Iwamoto or Hiroyoshi Nishiza- sorties. He achieved 34 of his After the war ended, Can- wa was Japan’s top ace. victories while flying the Brew- tacuzino was demobilized and He flew Zeros from the aircraft ster Buffalo fighter. returned to LARES. The USSR carrier Zuikaku from December Juutilainen entered the Finn- imposed a communist regime 1941 to May 1942, including at ish military on 9 September that confiscated private prop- the Battle of the Coral Sea. In 1932 for his compulsory mili- erty and began imprisoning the late 1943, Iwamoto’s air group tary service, serving as a pilot old elite and opponents of the was sent to Rabaul, New Brit- in the Finnish Air Force from regime. ain, resulting in three months 1935. Cantacuzino lost all his land of air combat against Allied air In 1943, Juutilainen was and soon his wife left him. In raids. Eino Ilmari “Illu” Juutilainen transferred to LeLv 34, which 1946 he married Nadia Gray. Subsequent assignments were (21 February 1914 – 21 Feb- used new Messerschmitt Bf He managed to escape to Italy Truk Atoll in the Carolines and ruary 1999) was a fighter pi- 109G-2s. With the Bf 109, he in 1947 and then he settled in the Philippines, being commis- lot of the Ilmavoimat (Finnish shot down a further 58 enemy Romanian pilots were part Spain. sioned an ensign in October Air Force), and the top scoring planes. of the Aeronautica Regala Ro- There he was helped by the 1944. Following the evacua- non-German fighter pilot of all He shot down six Soviet air- mana (Royal Romanian Air Romanian community to buy tion of the Philippines, Iwamo- time. planes on 30 June 1944 (all 8 9 Top Ten confirmed on Soviet loss re- sions and participated in aerial cords), becoming an ace in a combat on 825 separate occa- pilot to achieve 250 kills. day. sions. 345 of the aircraft he shot • Kurt Welter was the top jet He ended the war with the down were Soviet, while seven ace with 20+ victories in Me rank of Lentomestari (Sergeant were American. 262. Major). Juutilainen refused an He was awarded the Knight’s • Emil Lang, August Lam- officer commission, fearing it Cross of the Iron Cross with bert, Hubert Strassl and would keep him from flying. Oak Leaves, Swords and Dia- Hans-Joachim Marseille After the wars, Juutilainen monds. (all Luftwaffe) became ‘Tri- served in the air force until 1947. After the war he surrendered ple-aces in a day’. He worked as a professional pi- to the Americans, but was hand- • Gordon Gollob (Luftwaffe) lot until 1956, flying people in ed over to the Red Army. He was the first pilot to reach his De Havilland Moth. His last spent 10 years in various Soviet 150 kills. flight was in 1997 at age 83, in prison camps and gulags until • Heinz-Wolfgang Schnaufer a double-seated F-18 Hornet of he was released in 1955. (Luftwaffe) was the top the Finnish Air Force. In 1956 he joined the new- night-fighter ace with 121 Juutilainen died at home in ly established West German kills. Tuusula on his 85th birthday on German Air Force in the Bun- • Werner Mölders (Luftwaffe) 21 February 1999. deswehr, and became the first was the pilot to achieve 100 Geschwaderkommodore of Jag- kills. 1. Erich Hartmann dgeschwader 71 “Richthofen”. • Russell Bannock of the Germany He was retired in 1970, due Royal Canadian Air Force Bush War Books has probably one of the finest 352 kills to his opposition to the procure- shot down 19 V-1 rockets. ment of the F-104 Starfighter. In • Fourteen American World collections of military titles available. Especially his later years, after his military War II aces scored kills in on the South African Border War. career had ended, he became a the Korean War. Two of civilian flight instructor. them became Korean War He died on 20 September aces. 1993 at the age of 71. • Three German aces had kills in World War I. Two of them Click here to visit their website. Fighter pilot trivia were also World War I aces. • Robin Olds of the U.S. Army Air Forces had 13 kills in • An ‘Ace in a day’ was a pi- World War II. He achieved lot that shot down five ene- another four kills during the my aircraft in a single day. A Vietnam War. ‘Double-ace in a day’ meant • Reichsmarschall Hermann they shot down 10 aircraft in Göring, head of the Luft- a day. waffe during World War II, • Erich Hartmann was the first was a fighter ace in World pilot to achieve 300 kills. He War I with 22 kills. did this on the same day he Erich Alfred Hartmann was • Albert Lippett (Royal Air became a ‘Double-ace in a nicknamed Bubi (The Kid) by Force) was an ‘Ace in a day’ day’. his comrades and the ‘Black and ended the war with 12 • Walter Nowotny (Luftwaffe) Devil’ by the Soviets. He is the kills. All of them achieved became a Double-ace in a most successful fighter ace in as a turret gunner on a two- day on two different occa- the history of aerial warfare. man fighter plane. “War does not determine who is right - only who is left” He flew 1,404 combat mis- sions. He was also the first 10 00 The Battalion’s mission is ian Marine Corps. They are the similar to that of the Green Be- Marines specifically prepared Special Forces - Brazil ret units; however, because they for the planning and execution Part Three of a series that takes a look at Special Forces units around the world. This month have the CT mission, they have of special operations. we look at Brazil. modified their organization to more closely follow Britain’s fficially known as the conduct operations classified as Special Operations Command Special Air Service and Amer- República Federativa non conventional warfare. The Brazilian Comando de GRUMEC Emblem ican’s Delta Force. The SF Bat- do Brasil, Brazil is the Another valuable capabil- O Operações Especiais (Special talion falls within the Army’s largest country in both South ity that C Op Esp excels in is Operations Command) is often missions. GRUMEC teams can Special Operations Brigade and America and Latin America. counterinsurgency and coun- shortened to C Op Esp. be transported to the target by is located in Guadelupe, near At 8.5 million square kilo- ter-terrorism. Operations of this It is a part of the Brazilian a submarine, from which can Rio de Janeiro. metres and with over 208 mil- Army Commands, specifical- type include; rescuing hostages reach the target by swimming, lion people, Brazil is the world’s ly the Land Army Command. of any type, neutralization of in kayaks, or in inflatable boats fifth-largest country by area and Head quartered in Central Bra- explosives and other weapons that can be launched from the the fifth most populous. zil, in Goiania, C OP ESP is po- used by terrorists, monitoring submarine while it is still under The federation is composed sitioned under the larger Planal- and spying on terrorist groups. water. The GRUMEC can also of the union of the 26 states, the to Military Command. C Op Esp is structured by the reach the target by parachute or COMANF Federal District, and the 5,570 It’s mottto is; “any mission, following subordinate units: helicopter. municipalities. It is the larg- in any place, at any time, by • 1st Special Forces Battalion The function of the GRU- For officers, sergeants and cor- est country to have Portuguese every way”. (1º BFEsp) MEC is to infiltrate undetected porals who have passed the test as an official language and the • 1st Commando Action Bat- in coastal and riverine environ- for the course of qualification only one in the Americas; it is talion (1º BAC) ments in order to perform tasks for promotion to Sergeant, the also one of the most multicul- • 1st Battalion of Informa- such as reconnaissance, sabo- nine month Amphibious Com- tural and ethnically diverse na- tion Support Operations (1st tage and the elimination of tar- mandos Special Course (acro- tions, due to over a century of BOAI) gets of strategic value. In this 1º Batalhão de Forças nym in Portuguese C-ESP-CO- mass immigration from around • 3rd Special Forces Compa- sense it is similar to the U.S. Especiais MANF) is taught, covering the the world. ny (3ª Cia F Esp) Navy SEALs and British Spe- disciplines of infiltration; ex- The Forças Armadas Bra- • Special Operations Support cial Boat Service. The battalion is capable of filtration; commando actions; sileiras (Brazilian Armed Forc- Battalion (B Ap Op Esp) A member of the force is conducting its missions inde- utility swimming; patrol; explo- es) is the unified military - or • Administrative Base of the known as a “MEC”, which is an pendently from or in conjunc- sive devices; advanced first aid; ganization. It comprises of the Special Operations Com- abbreviation of “mergulhador tion with conventional forces. combat in urban areas; fighting Brazilian Army (including the mand (B Adm C Op Esp) de combate”, meaning “combat Battalion troops are trained in hand-to-hand; advanced moun- Army Aviation), the Brazil- • Chemical, Biological, Ra- diver”. jungle warfare at the Army’s taineering; rappelling; survival ian Navy (including the Ma- Special Operations Command diological and Nuclear De- CIGS jungle warfare school techniques at sea and on land; rine Corps and Brazilian Naval fense Battalion (BDQBRN) 1º Batalhão de Forças and in amphibious, mountain intelligence and counter-intel- Aviation) and the Brazilian Air C Op Esp is a highly special- • 6th Army Police Platoon Especiais warfare, airborne, airmobile ligence; advanced reconnais- Force. ized and dynamic fighting force (6th Pel PE) 1º Batalhão de Forças Es- and HAHO/HALO operations. sance; handling UAV and rotor- Brazil’s armed forces are the that operates all over Brazil. C peciais (1st Special Forces They are also prepared for craft of Brazilian Navy, among third largest in the Americas, Op Esp is trained in non con- GRUMEC Battalion) or 1º B F Esp is a long-range reconnaissance in others, in addition to training to after the United States and Co- ventional warfare. Some of C The Grupamento de Mergul- counter-terrorism unit of the addition to their CT operations. operate in coastal regions and lombia, and the largest in Latin Op Esp’s top level capabilities hadores de Combate (Combat Brazilian Army. in the wetland and mountains, America by the level of mili- include; covert reconnaissance Divers Group), abbreviated to The Battalion was initial- COMANF cold weather, in semi-arid re- tary equipment, with 318,480 on the battlefield, the ability GRUMEC, is the special forces ly formed in 1957 as a jungle The Marine Corps Special gions, jungle and urban areas. active-duty troops and officers. to perform search, destruction, unit of the Brazilian Navy. rescue unit. However in 1968 Operations Battalion, known The battalion is currently or- As with most large military neutralization and interdiction The GRUMEC was created it was reorganized as a special as Tonelero Battalion located ganized as follows: organisations, the Brazilian of targets of significant value, in 1974 and is subordinate to forces unit. In 1983 the unit in the city of Rio de Janeiro is • 1st Reconnaissance Compa- Armed Forces have a number perform guided air strikes, res- the Submarine Force, which was expanded and placed under the military HQ of Comandos ny. of special forces components. cue allies and high value targets, provides the primary means the parachute infantry brigade Anfíbios (COMANF) and is a • 2nd Commandos Actions These include: kidnap enemy personnel, and of transport for combat diver structure. special force unit of the Brazil- Company. 12 13 • 3rd Special Group for Re- of the Air Force, cadet gym- was formed. Para-SAR is the as well as air drop supplies, pre- The course also covers coun- GOE capture and Rescue Compa- nastics instructor Achile Garcia traditional name given to the cision landing, calculate the ef- ter-terrorism, reconnaissance Grupo de Operações Especi- ny. Charles Astor first introduced search and rescue arm of the air fects of wind and carry out the and sabotage subjects. ais (Special Operations Group), • 4th Command and Services civil parachute training in Bra- force and is housed in the old pathfinder role. They also learn mostly known by its acronym Company. zil. School of Aeronautics. packing, inspecting and repair- CORE GOE, is the police tactical unit • Special Operations Instruc- Seeing the usefulness of hav- By November 20, 1973, the ing parachutes. Also taught are The Coordenadoria de Re- of the Civil Police of the state tion Section. ing a parachuting unit, the Elec- flotilla no longer existed, be- techniques for aircraft opera- cursos Especiais (Coordination of São Paulo. Some members are assigned tronics and Flight Protection coming the Airborne Rescue tions using the Lockheed C-130 of Special Assets), best known abroad for training, specializ- Administration conducted stud- Squadron, or EAS. Its mandate Hercules and C-95. by its acronym CORE, is the ing in courses such as the (IDF/ ies to see how such a unit could was to continue training of the Skydiving police tactical unit of the Civil Israel) Sayeret Matkal, (Mari- be created under the auspices BAF parachutists, the instruc- The course teaches parachut- Police of Rio de Janeiro State. na/Spain) Special Operations of the air force. The results of tion and the administration of ists operational skydiving, the It was formed on 4 July 1969. Command, (USDOD) USSO- that study gave rise to the Pa- the rescue teams and helicopter use of instruments and equip- COM and the (National Gen- ra-SAR. squadrons among other tasks. ment; skydiving from both low darmerie/France) GIGN. The Para-SAR mandate in- and high altitudes and jumping There is a phrase in the cludes specialized instruction with weapons and equipment Brazilian Navy to define the for crewmembers and res- for military operations. “COMANF” soldiers: “Um cue teams of the Brazilian Air Master skydiver Comanf é imbatível, dois são in- Force, SAR and special opera- Graduates of this course be- GOE separáveis e três fazem guerra” tions. come qualified in all aspects of (Portuguese for “One Comanf New members of the squad- skydiving, from organizing the Founded in 1991, GOE serves is unbeatable, two are insepara- ron start with the Brazilian jump team to coordinating the to assist conventional police units ble and three wage war”). Army parachute course and aircraft to be used. Students are in high-risk operations involv- then complete courses such as also given a knowledge of me- ing hostages and uprisings in the Para-SAR parachute packing and mainte- teorology and reading weath- CORE prison system. It is subordinate The Esquadrão Aeroterrestre nance, aerial resupply, demoli- er reports as well as precision The duties of the unit include to the Departamento de Polícia de Salvamento (Airborne Res- tion, sniper and jungle warfare. targeting, advanced navigation operations against organized Judiciária da Capital (“Judicial cue Squadron), known by its Para-SAR They then move onto advanced skills and techniques of free fall crime, high-risk arrests, and Capital Police Department”) - nickname Para-SAR, is a Bra- In 1946, the Brazilian Army training. The following train- Basic Body Fly. high-risk VIP escort. DECAP. zilian Air Force special opera- formed its parachute school, ing programs are offered by the Commando Over the years GOE has car- tions search and rescue squad- the now-named General Penha squadron: The Brazilian Air Force com- ried out innumerable successful ron, based in the city of Campo Brazil Parachutist’s Instruction Search and rescue mando course teaches combat tactical actions, and has es- Grande. Centre. It graduated its first This course includes: aircraft search and rescue, including tablished itself as one The unit has no aircraft of its class of Brazilian Air Force stu- access; fire fighting; machines, locating downed crews in a of the largest and best own and its airborne personnel dents in 1959. engines and radio equipment; hostile environment, survival, police special forces conduct operations by being The group initially consisted free diving; helilift operations; evasion, resistance and escape. units in Brazil. dropped from other units’ air- of a division of three officers orientation and ground search- craft. The unit has seven SAR and five sergeants whose man- es; sea and jungle survival; teams located in seven states. date was to provide instruction SAR combat tactics; mountain- Each Para-SAR detachment to the cadets of the School of eering; search and rescue theo- is made up of SAR qualified Aeronautics and to provide ry and first aid. military parachutists. Members search and rescue, by means of Scuba diving of this unit can be distinguished the DEPV. The unit also con- Graduates become qualified by their maroon berets and or- sisted of a group of volunteers in scuba diving which is typi- ange baseball caps. who trained at the old military cally used to recover charges The Brazilian Air Force has aviation school and went on to and pieces of submerged air- a long history of parachute provide help in accidents and craft. training. In 1943, at the former under special circumstances. Airborne techniques Alfonsos Field School of Aer- Eventually, on 2 September Graduates are qualified to par- onautics and with the support 1963, the Airborne Rescue unit achute out of a military aircraft 14 15 German radio and television. one of its former members and Norman Baillie-Stewart was distanced itself from him as a Germany calling... a former officer of the Seaforth “renegade”, whose broadcasts Highlanders who was cashiered were “likely only to rouse the Propaganda has always played an important role in war and some of the broadcasters for selling secrets to Nazi Ger- fighting ire of the average Brit- went on to achieve fame or notoriety. Lord Haw-Haw was probably the best known. many. He worked as a broad- on.” ropaganda has always suppress the effectiveness of right impact. caster in Germany for a short In February 1940, the BBC played an important role the Allied war effort through time in 1939. He was jailed for noted that the Lord Haw-Haw in society, whether it be propaganda, and to motivate the Lord Haw-Haw five years by the British after the of the early war days (possibly P war. For a time he claimed that Mittler) was now rarely heard in politics, religion, culture or Allies to agree to peace terms It was radio critic Jonah Bar- even commerce. And it definite- leaving the Nazi regime intact rington of the Daily Express that he was the original Lord Haw- on the air and had been replaced ly has an important role in war. and in power. first coined the name Lord Haw- Haw. He did have an upper-class by a new spokesman. Joyce was Take World War II for exam- Among many techniques Haw. He used it to describe a accent, but he later decided that the main German broadcaster in ple. Nazi Germany had a Min- used, the Nazi broadcasts re- German broadcaster, probably it was probably Mittler whose English for most of the war, and istry of Propaganda. From 1939 ported on the shooting down of in an attempt to reduce the pos- voice Barrington had heard. He became a naturalised German to 1945 Joseph Goebbels was Allied aircraft and the sinking sible impact of the broadcast. may have been the broadcaster citizen; he is usually regarded the Reich Minister of Propagan- of Allied ships, presenting dis- “He speaks English of the the BBC referred to as “Sinister as Lord Haw-Haw, even though da. couraging reports of high loss- haw-haw, dammit-get-out-of- Sam”. he was probably not the person HAW HAW: William Joyce Eduard Dietze, a Glas- to whom the term originally re- Herr Goebbels had some in- es and casualties among Allied my-way-variety”. would become better known gow-born broadcaster of a ferred. teresting things to say about the forces. In practice, the name prob- as Lord Haw-Haw. use of propaganda. Among the Although the broadcasts were ably came from the announc- mixed German-British-Hun- He had a peculiar hybrid ac- quotes he made were: well known to be Nazi propa- ers using such verbiage as “So A number of announcers garian family background, is cent that was not of the conven- • “If you tell a lie long enough, ganda, they frequently offered you English believe that you could have been the original another possible, but less likely, tional upper class variety. His it becomes the truth.” the only details available from can defeat the superior German Lord Haw-Haw. candidate for the original Lord distinctive nasal pronunciation • “The bigger the lie, the more behind enemy lines concerning forces! Haw, Haw,” a low-brow Wolf Mittler was a Ger- Haw-Haw. He was one of the of “Germany calling, Germa- it will be believed.” the fate of friends and relatives put-down obviously meant as a man journalist. Mittler spoke English-speaking announcers ny calling” may have been the • “The truth is the greatest en- who did not return from bomb- discouragement to the opposi- near-flawless English, which with an “upper-crust accent” result of a fight as a schoolboy emy of the State.” ing raids over Germany. tion. he had learned from his mother, who were heard on German ra- that left him with a broken nose. Radio was a perfect method As a result, Allied troops and The “Haw, Haw” name ref- who had been born of German dio in the early days of the war. Joyce, initially an anony- mous broadcaster like the oth- of broadcasting propaganda to civilians frequently listened to erence was then applied to a parents in Ireland. His persona William Joyce the civilian population. German broadcasts despite the number of different announcers was described by some listeners ers, eventually revealed his William Brooke Joyce was The English-language propa- sometimes infuriating content and, even soon after Barrington as similar to the fictional aristo- real name to his listeners. The born in Brooklyn, New York but ganda radio programme Germa- and frequent inaccuracies and coined the nickname, it was un- crat Bertie Wooster. Germans actually capitalised was raised in Ballinrobe, Coun- ny Calling was broadcast to au- exaggerations, in the hopes of certain exactly which specific Reportedly finding political on the fame of the Lord Haw- ty Mayo in the Republic of Ire- diences in the United Kingdom learning clues about the fate of German broadcaster he was de- matters distasteful, he was re- Haw nickname and came to an- land. on the medium wave station Allied troops and air crews. scribing. lieved to be replaced by Norman nounce him as “William Joyce, As a teenager he was an in- Reichssender Hamburg and by Mass Observation interviews Some British media and listen- Baillie-Stewart, who stated that otherwise known as Lord Haw- formant to the British forces shortwave to the United States. warned the Ministry of Infor- ers just used “Lord Haw-Haw” Mittler “sounded almost like a Haw”. about the IRA members during The programme began on 18 mation of this; consequently, as a generic term to describe caricature of an Englishman”. Joyce recorded his final broad- the Irish War of Independence. September 1939 and continued more attention was given to the all English-language German It has been speculated that it cast on 30 April 1945, during the He was also a senior member until 30 April 1945, when the official reports of British mili- broadcasters, although other was Mittler’s voice which Bar- Battle of Berlin. Rambling and of the British Union of Fascists British Army overran Hamburg. tary casualties. nicknames, like “Sinister Sam”, rington described; if so it would audibly drunk, he chided Brit- and fled England when tipped Through such broadcasts, the If you are broadcasting in were occasionally used by the make him the original Lord ain for pursuing the war beyond off about his planned intern- Reich Ministry of Public En- English to listeners that are BBC to distinguish between ob- Haw-Haw. mere containment of Germany ment on 26 August 1939. lightenment and Propaganda English-speaking, then natural- viously different speakers. Poor In 1943, Mittler was deemed and repeatedly warned of the In October 1939, the Fascist attempted to discourage and de- ly the presenters have to be ei- reception may have contributed suspect and arrested by the “menace” of the Soviet Union. newspaper Action identified moralise American, Australian, ther English or at least be able to some listeners’ difficulties in Gestapo, but he managed to es- He signed off with a final defi- “one of the subsidiary announc- British, and Canadian troops, to speak near-flawless English distinguishing between broad- cape to Switzerland. After the ant “Heil Hitler and farewell”. ers” on German radio, “with a and the British population, to for the broadcast to have the casters. war, he worked extensively for There are conflicting accounts marked nasal intonation”, as as to whether this last pro- 16 17 gramme was actually transmit- Bailey on three counts of high uary 1946 at Wandsworth Pris- The broadcasts were designed broadcaster, but it first appeared reality, most of her information ted, although a recording was treason. on, aged 39. He was the next to to make soldiers feel doubt in U.S. newspapers in the con- came from publications such found in the Apen studios. At his trail Joyce pleaded ‘not last person to be hanged for a about their mission, their lead- text of these radio programs in as the US military newspaper, The next day Radio Hamburg guilty’ on all three charges. The crime other than murder in the ers, and their prospects after the 1943. Stars and Stripes. was seized by British forces, only evidence offered that he United Kingdom. The last was war. During the war, Tokyo Rose It has been claimed that US and on 4 May Welsh journal- had begun broadcasting from Theodore Schurch, executed During Midge at the Mike was not any one individual, but forces in Vietnam distrusted the ist and broadcaster Wynford Germany while his British pass- for treachery the following day she played American songs in- rather a group of largely uncon- U.S. Armed Forces Radio bulle- Vaughan-Thomas used it to port was valid was the testimo- at Pentonville.In both cases the terspersed with defeatist prop- nected women working within tins, and listened to Ngọ’s bul- make a mock “Germany Call- ny of a London police inspector hangman was Albert Pierre- aganda, anti-Semitic rhetoric the same propagandist effort letins for information from the ing” broadcast denouncing who had questioned him before point. and attacks on Franklin D. Roo- throughout the Japanese Em- U.S. Joyce. the war while he was an active As was customary for execut- sevelt. pire. Besides broadcasting, Joyce’s member of the British Union ed criminals, Joyce’s remains GI’s Letter-box and Medical Modern-day broadcasts duties included writing propa- of Fascists and claimed to have were buried in an unmarked Reports was directed at the U.S. Korea and Vietnam Radio is no longer as popular ganda for distribution among recognised his voice on a prop- grave within the walls of HMP home audience in which Gillars Anna Wallis Suh was an as it once was. It is seldom used British prisoners of war, whom aganda broadcast in the early Wandsworth. In 1976 they were used information on wounded American missionary and edu- these days for broadcasting he tried to recruit into the Brit- weeks of the war. exhumed and reinterred in the and captured U.S. airmen to cator. She earned the nickname propaganda. ish Free Corps. He wrote a book During the processing of the Protestant section of the New cause fear and worry in their ‘Seoul City Sue’ as a North Ko- Social media, such as You- Twilight Over England promot- charges Joyce’s American na- Cemetery in Bohermore, Gal- families. rean propaganda radio announc- Tube, Facebook and Twitter, ed by the German Ministry of tionality came to light, and it way, Ireland. A Roman Catholic Following her capture in post- er to United States forces during are the modern tools used for Propaganda, which unfavour- seemed that he would have to Tridentine Mass was celebrated war Berlin, she became the first the Korean War. broadcasting propaganda. ably compared the evils of al- be acquitted, based upon a lack at his reburial. woman to be convicted of trea- Nicknamed ‘Hanoi Han- And while we may never lis- legedly Jewish-dominated cap- of jurisdiction; he could not be son against the United States. nah’, Trịnh Thị Ngọ was a Vi- ten to another Lord Haw-Haw, italist Britain with the alleged convicted of betraying a coun- Sally and Rose In March 1949, she was sen- etnamese radio personality best Axis Sally, Tokyo Rose or Ha- wonders of National Socialist try that was not his own. He was While Lord Haw-Haw was tenced to ten to thirty years’ im- known for her work during the noi Hannah, we have been ex- Germany. Adolf Hitler award- acquitted of the first and second probably the most famous of prisonment. She was released in Vietnam War, when she made posed to the likes of Baghdad ed Joyce the War Merit Cross charges. the Axis propaganda broadcast- 1961 after serving twelve years English-language broadcasts Bob and Azzam the American. (First and Second Class) for his However, the Attorney Gen- ers during World War II, he was of her sentence. for North Vietnam directed at Baghdad Bob, also known as broadcasts, although they never eral, Sir Hartley Shawcross, not alone. She died in Columbus, Ohio United States troops. Comical Ali, was Mohammed met. successfully argued that Joyce’s Mildred Elizabeth Gillars, on 25 June 1988 at the age of Few if any desertions are Saeed al-Sahhaf. He was the On 28 May 1945, Joyce was possession of a British passport, nicknamed ‘Axis Sally’, was 87. thought to have happened be- Iraqi Information Minister un- captured by British forces at even though he had misstated an American broadcaster em- Tokyo Rose was a name giv- cause of her propaganda work der Iraqi President Saddam Hus- Flensburg, near the German bor- his nationality to get it, entitled ployed by Nazi Germany to en by Allied troops in the South and the soldiers “hooted at her sein, acting as spokesperson for der with Denmark, which was him (until it expired) to British disseminate propaganda during Pacific during World War II to scare tactics”. the Arab Socialist Ba’ath Party the last capital of the Third Re- diplomatic protection in Ger- World War II. all female English-speaking ra- They were sometimes im- and Saddam’s government. ich. Spotting a dishevelled fig- many and therefore he owed al- Her broadcasts, aimed most- dio broadcasters of Japanese pressed, however, when she During a press conference ure while resting from gathering legiance to the King at the time ly at American troops and the propaganda. mentioned the correct location he denied that there were any firewood, intelligence soldiers he commenced working for the civilian population, included The programmes were broad- of their unit (when they would American tanks in Baghdad, engaged him in conversation in Germans. It was on this basis the programmes Home Sweet cast in the South Pacific and “give a toast to her and throw even though they were only French and English. After they that Joyce was convicted of the Home Hour, Midge at the Mike, North America to demoralize beer cans at the radio”), named several hundred metres away asked whether he was Joyce, he third charge and sentenced to and GI’s Letter-box and Medi- Allied forces abroad and their US casualties and welcomed and the sounds of combat could reached into his pocket (actual- death on 19 September 1945. cal Reports. families at home by emphasiz- Navy ships into port with their be heard in the background. ly reaching for a false passport); The noted historian A.J.P. Home Sweet Home Hour was ing troops’ wartime difficulties correct arrival details and crew Adam Yahiye Gadahn (born believing he was armed, they Taylor remarked, in his book a regular propaganda program and military losses. members’ names. Adam Pearlman) was an Amer- shot him through the buttocks, English History 1914–1945, aimed at making U.S. forces in Several female broadcasters There were exaggerated leg- ican spokesman and media resulting in four wounds. that “Technically, Joyce was Europe feel homesick. A run- operated under different aliases ends of her omniscience, with advisor for the Islamist group Two intelligence officers then hanged for making a false state- ning theme of these broadcasts and in different cities through- rumours that she would give al-Qaeda. He appeared in a drove him to a border post and ment when applying for a pass- was the infidelity of soldiers’ out the Empire, including To- clues about everything from spe- number of videos produced by handed him to British military port, the usual penalty for which wives and sweethearts while the kyo, Manila, and Shanghai. The cific future North Vietnamese al-Qaeda as “Azzam the Amer- police. Joyce was then taken is a small fine.” listeners were stationed in Eu- name “Tokyo Rose” was never attacks to soldiers’ girlfriends ican” before being killed in a to London and tried at the Old Joyce was executed on 3 Jan- rope and North Africa. actually used by any Japanese cheating on them at home. In drone strike in January 2015. 18 19 Deep inside a mountain in Colorado, in a huge cavern blasted out of solid granite, is a secret military base. On the surface it looks just ings shield the complex from the Cheyenne like any other tree-covered mountain, but get past the security guards and you will find your way into an entire underground city. electromagnetic pulse of a nuclear Although the base is no longer a major command centre, the military personnel once stationed here constantly monitored potential explosion. threats to the United States. It was always staffed with five crews of 40 people, but could accommodate 800 people in the event of an 10. There’s a dentist to ensure every- Mountain attack. one smiles in the face of danger. 19 11. A hairdresser and barber means staff can always look neat and tidy for work. 12. The pharmacy stocks a vast range 1. The tunnel entrance is the only sign of of medication - from headache what lies hidden underground. 20 8 medicine to lifesaving drugs. 2. Deep into the mountain, a huge pair 8 13. The hospital has a fully function- of one metre thick steel doors protect al operating room in case of an the complex from a nuclear blast. Each emergency. door weighs 22 metric tons. 18 14. A church means that staff can per- 3. The buildings float on 1,319 strong form religious duties and doubles steel springs that can soak up the vi- 7 up as a place to rest. bration from a nuclear explosion by 15. There are two gyms to help staff squeezing or stretching more than 30 keep fit. cm in length. 16. A sauna offers somewhere for 4. The Missile Warning Center (MWC) 17 staff to relax, particularly after a is at the heart of America’s defense 99 visit to the gym. against nuclear attack, detecting mis- 17. The kitchen has a huge food sup- siles launched anywhere in the world. ply, much of it frozen, to guaran- 5. The North American Aerospace De- tee meals for months. 6 fense Command (NORAD) scans the 18. The restaurant serves food daily skies night and day for threats, includ- and is the only place in the base ing terrorist planes and spacecraft. 21 to eat. 6. The Space Defense Operations Center 55 16 19. In the event of a big explosion at (SPADOC) keeps tabs on every single 1010 the surface, blast valves, built in to one of more than 8,500 objects orbiting 22 all the pipes to the outside, can de- the Earth in space, from space stations tect pressure waves and snap shut to loose bolts. 11 instantly, sealing off the complex 7. The Combined Intelligence Watch 15 from damage or contamination. Center (CIWC) looks for any potential 4 20. The weather centre watches the danger to the United States around the weather, using data fed in from world, from any source. 14 satellites and weather stations. 8. The National Warning Facility moni- 21. The air intakes have sophisticated tors the country for signs of civil unrest filters to remove germs and dan- and protest movements. 1212 13 gerous radiation and chemicals. 9. Metal walls on the chambers and build- 22. During peacetime, electricity 22 is fed into Cheyenne Mountain from local power plants. In emer- 11 23 gencies six big 1,750 kilowatt, diesel-powered generators kick in. 23. Water is stored in four huge un- 3 derground pools, each holding up to 6.8 million litres.

20 21 numerous wagons designed to a lesser extent, concealed the from the ground floor and this for that specific purpose. For nature of the wagon from a dis- area was used for storage. En- On the right track example, some wagons were tance. trance was via a ladder to a door fitted with one or more Maxim Now let’s take a look at an- on the first floor and the ladder During the Second Anglo-Boer War the railway lines were vital life lines, but there were machine guns. These could lay other important aspect of the was pulled up after them. The vulnerable to sabotage and attack. That’s where the armoured trains came in. By Servaas down devastating fire. railway lines, and one that can first floor served as the living . van Breda There were also four-wheeled still be seen today. These were area. wagons armed with Pompom the blockhouses. The top floor offered a good he Second Anglo-Boer each end. There were many dif- simple armoured wagons was guns mounted on a pivot to fire In all, some 8,000 blockhous- view of the surrounding coun- War began on 12 Octo- ferent variations, depending on the low-sided flat car or flat in any direction. es were built during the war. tryside. Tber 1899 and would con- their function at the time. wagon. It was reinforced with For heavier guns there were Some were built from stone, The roof was corrugated iron tinue for two and a half years. The locomotives which were sandbags and was little more bogie vans equipped with a pair others from concrete, depend- with guttering all around and Both sides, in one way or an- armoured on the Western Rail- than a mobile slit trench. of six or twelve pounder guns, ing on the availability of mate- downpipes that led to storage other, were very dependent on way were CGR 3rd and 4th Then there were the armoured one facing in either direction. rials. Their purpose was to pro- barrels on the ground floor. the railways. The railway lines Class engines, while those ar- personnel carriers. These were Later on special wagons, like tect the railway lines, especially Many of these blockhouses can were vital life lines for trans- moured at Durban were, natu- wagons where the sides had bigger editions of the Pom- the bridges, against sabotage. still be found today. porting both civilian goods and rally, NGR types. been built up with steel plating pom wagon, were designed and Most blockhouses followed a Finally, let’s go back on the for moving troops and supplies. The style of armouring de- or lengths of rail and they of- brought into use. Often they similar design. They were three offensive. Because of the suc- The railway lines did, how- pending on which workshop fered pretty decent protection. were fitted with a canvas awn- storeys high and were about cess of armoured wagons ever, have a fundamental flaw did the job and the availability Again details differed, depend- ing or roof which protected to six metres square. There armed with machine - they were vulnerable to both of steel plate at the time. ing on where they had been gun and crew from the sun and, was no entrance guns, Pompoms sabotage and attack. This is The drivers of the locomo- built. These wagons were not where armoured trains came to tives often had no way of see- only used on armoured trains. the fore. ing where they were going and Often they were attached singly The British had some 15 to 20 had to rely on an electric bell to passenger or goods trains as of them that were constructed at or telephone system from the an escort. Salt River, Kimberley, Durban train commander situated in the Occasionally they were and Bulawayo. leading wagon. shunted into a remote siding An armoured train was basi- Armoured trains came in all and left as a kind of a mobile cally an armoured locomotive shapes and sizes depending on fort or strong point. with one or more wagons on their function. One of the most Armoured trains were main- ly used in a defensive role, but they could also be used offen- sively when needed. For that reason there were

22 23 and light artillery when used in back on their capital and defend Railway Convention. WHERE CAN YOU GET “DINNER AND A SHOW” FOR R70? support of the infantry, it was it to the last. Servaas assisted David with decided to use something a lit- On this basis they foresaw the the research, as he had access tle larger. need to have to besiege Pretoria to the archives at the Naval Mu- Some six-inch guns were and they therefore made provi- seum. FRIDAY 10 MAY 2019 taken off warships in Simon’s sion for this contingency. David was tragically mur- Come and enjoy a light supper of BOEREWORS ROLLS and a Town and mounted on specially First they organised the equip- dered in 2001 and Servaas was selection of HOMEMADE SALADS built wagons. Being naval guns ment necessary to build a nar- given the presentation by Da- they were naturally manned by row-gauge railway line around vid’s widow. Followed by a concert by Royal Navy gunners. Pretoria. Secondly, the plan was He added information about These were sizeable guns to bring up a 9.2 inch gun that the make-up of the trains and THE CAPE WELSH CHOIR and, unlike the gun wagons that could fire a shell a distance of has since presented the talk accompanied normal armoured nearly 13 kilometres. at the Military Academy in trains, they were only taken for- As we all know, the siege of Saldanha, at the Staff Naval ward when required. Pretoria never took place and College, and to MTR 3 and 2 WHERE ? Rosedale, SA LEGION, Lower Nursery, Road, Rosebank Usually they were located the gun, which had been mount- students. WHEN ? Friday 10 May 2019 so that they could fire straight ed on a special wagon at Salt If you enjoyed this article and ahead, or a section of the track River and test fire into False would like to see more about TIME ? Supper from 6:30 pm could be slewed to point them Bay, finished the war at Macha- the topic of the use of trains at the target It was also possi- dodorp without ever having and the railway during war, we Cape Welsh Choir from 8:00 pm ble to use out-riggers to enable fired a shot in anger. can look at some articles of the COST ? Supper only R35 ! Choir only R35 !! them to fire to the side when armoured trains that were used necessary. Editor’s Note: during World War I and World “ Dinner and a Show” R 70 !!! The British Army’s planning This article is based on talk War II. was based on the assumption originally written and present- Let us know. that the Boer forces would fall ed by David Rind at a Model CASH BAR

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READY TO ROLL: Make up of a typical armoured train during the Anglo-Boer War. Note that the locomotive is in the middle of the train, with armoured wagons on either side offering protec- Admiral Halifax tion. Shellhole 24 25 Take a seat When God Save The Queen is Talking about tradition played, all British soldiers will It’s always interesting to discover some of the traditions that military units and organisa- jump to attention and salute. tions have adopted. Some of which have been around for hundreds of years. Except, that is, for the officers of the 13/15th Royal Hussars. ot only is it interest- used as rallying points. sword. If the tip of the sword When the national anthem is ing to observe some of Consequently, regiments pointed towards the accused, played they will remain seated. the traditions attached would have their ensigns slow- it meant they had been found In fact any officer standing will N immediately find somewhere to to military units and organisa- ly march with their colours guilty. If the sword was ei- tions, it is just as interesting to between the ranks to enable ther unmoved or the hilt of the sit. Even if it is on the floor. find out how they originated. soldiers to recognise their reg- sword was pointing towards the Are they a rebellious, unpat- iments’ colours. accused then he had been found riotic mob that show no respect Battle Honours Since 1748, Trooping the not guilty. for the monarch or their coun- A battle honour is an award of Colour has also marked the The practice was abolished in try? No, they’re following an a right by a government or sov- official birthday of the British 2004 following a claim that it old regimental tradition. SKULL AND CROSSBONES: British submarines began flying It appears that Queen Mary ereign to a military unit to em- sovereign. It is held in Lon- was demeaning under the Hu- the Jolly Roger when returning from successful patrols. blazon the name of a battle or don annually on a Saturday in man Rights Act 1998. was a guest at a formal dinner at operation on its flags, uniforms June at Horse Guards Parade The Royal Australian Navy, frame is gold rope. Originally, Jolly Roger the regiment. When the national or other accessories where or- by St James’s Park, and coin- however, retains the practice different classes of ships had The Jolly Roger is a symbol anthem, God Save The Queen, namentation is possible. cides with the publication of the of the sword on the table at different shapes, but currently that has been used by subma- was played all the officers pres- In European military tradition, Birthday Honours List. Among courts-martial, as does the Indi- all ships and submarines have rines, primarily those of the ent jumped to their feet. military units may be acknowl- the audience are the Royal fam- an Army. a circular design. Shore estab- Royal Navy Submarine Service “Don’t bother to stand,” edged for their achievements in ily, invited guests, ticket hold- lishments have an offset square and its predecessors. The prac- Queen Mary told them. “Please specific wars or operations of ers and the general public. Ship’s badges design. tice came about during World sit down and relax, Sit down.” a military campaign. In Great The Royal Navy assigns War I. So they did sit down - and Britain and those countries Swords in a court-martial badges to every ship, subma- Toasting the Emperor First Sea Lord Admiral Sir have never stood since for the of the Commonwealth which Traditionally in British rine, squadron and shore es- The 14/20th Kings Hussars Arthur Wilson was not all that national anthem. share a common military legacy courts-martial, all court offi- tablishment. Prior to the age of is a cavalry unit in the Brit- impressed with the method that Missing Man Formation with the British, battle honours cials would wear swords as steam ships, ships were identi- ish Army. At formal dinners a submarines attacked their tar- are awarded to selected military well as all officers, whether fied by their figurehead. With chamber pot filled with cham- gets. The missing man formation units as official acknowledge- they were a witness or were the removal of the figurehead, pagne is passed around and He complained that subma- is an aerial salute performed ment for their achievements in acting for the defence or pros- ships badges and motto’s were each officer drinks from the pot rines were “underhanded, un- as part of a flypast of aircraft specific wars or operations of a ecution. All accused, regardless created to graphically represent and toasts ‘the emperor’. fair, and damned un-English” at a funeral or memorial event, military campaign. of rank, would be marched into the ships. The chamber pot once be- and that personnel should be typically in memory of a fall- These honours usually take the courtroom by an armed es- The official process for creat- longed to Emperor Joseph Bon- hanged as pirates. en pilot, a well-known military the form of a place and a date, cort. ing the badge was initiated by aparte of France and he was Lieutenant Commander Max service member or veteran, or a for example - “Cambrai 1917”. Officers’ escorts would carry Charles ffoulkes after World probably using it right up until Horton, the skipper of a Brit- well-known political figure. a drawn sword. If the accused War I who was appointed as the the Battle of Vitoria in 1813. ish submarine, was known for Several variants of the for- Trooping the Colour was not an officer, the escort Admiralty Advisor on Heraldry. It was at this battle that the his wicked sense of humour. In mation are seen. The forma- Trooping the Colour is a cer- would carry a drawn cutlass. Soon after his appointment The emperor was soundly defeat- response to Wilson’s comment tion most commonly used in emony performed by regiments The accused officer would then Ships’ Badges Committee was ed and his chamber pot was he began flying the Jolly Roger the United States is based on of the British and Common- have to lay his sword length- established. This was amalga- amongst the loot taken by the flag after returning from suc- the “finger-four” aircraft com- wealth armies. It has been a wise on the court table as a mated in 1983 with the Ships’ 14/20th Kings Hussars. It was cessful patrols. bat formation composed of two tradition of British infantry reg- symbol of putting his officer’s Names Committee (founded shortly after this that the tradi- During World War II Horton pairs of aircraft. iments since the 17th century, commission and reputation on in 1913) to create the Ships’ tion began. would go on to become an ad- The aircraft fly in a V-shape although its roots go back much hold and on the line. Names and Badges Committee. Hopefully they gave the miral and flag officer subma- with the flight leader at the earlier. On the battlefield, a reg- When the verdict was decid- The Naval Crown adorns chamber pot a good cleaning rines. point and his wingman on his iment’s colours, or flags, were ed, the judge would move the the top of all the badges. The before drinking the first toast. left. The second element leader and his wingman fly to his right. 26 27 The formation flies over the ades this was the sole use of the ceremony low enough to be call, a signal that the camp was clearly seen and the second el- now secure for the night, closed ement leader abruptly pulls up till morning. out of the formation while the It was not until the 1850s that rest of the formation continues another role began to emerge. It in level flight until all aircraft was an era when many military are out of sight. bandsmen, and most bandmas- In an older variant the forma- ters, were civilians and were tion is flown with the second under no obligation to accom- element leader position con- pany their regiments on over- spicuously empty. In another seas postings. So when a sol- variation, the flight approaches dier died in a foreign land, there from the south, preferably near was often no music available sundown, and one of the air- MISSING MAN: During a fly over, a single jet starts to pull up to accompany him on his final craft will suddenly split off to away from the formation to begin the ‘Missing Man Formation’. journey. And, necessity being the west, flying into the sunset. This honours the person, or persons, that have died. the mother of invention, a new In all cases, the aircraft per- FINAL REVIEW: The riderless horse named Sergeant York, custom arose of charging the during the funeral procession for the 40th President of the forming the pull-up, split off, or or Marine Corps officer who regimental bugler to sound the United States, Ronald Reagan, with President Reagan’s boots Three-volley Salute missing from the formation, is Last Post over the grave. reversed in the stirrups. was a colonel or above; this in- The three-volley salute is a honouring the person (or per- cludes the President, by virtue ceremonial act performed at The symbolism was simple sons) who has died, and it rep- of having been the country’s military funerals and some- and highly effective. The Last resents their departure. words in brackets are normally by the youngest officer present commander in chief and the times also police funerals. Post now signalled the end not quip after the toast. at the mess dinner. Secretary of Defence, having The custom originates from merely of the day but of this Navy toasts In June 2013 the Tuesday and overseen the armed forces. Al- the European dynastic wars, earthly life. And, as the practice The Navy also had many tra- Saturday toasts were officially Riderless horse exander Hamilton, former Sec- where the fighting ceased so the developed - back home now ditions, especially the Royal changed under orders from the A riderless horse is a single retary of the Treasury (1789- dead and wounded could be re- as well as abroad - it was then Navy. One of these traditions is Second Sea Lord, Vice-Admi- horse, without a rider, and with 1795) was the first American to moved. Then, three shots were followed by few moments of si- drinking a special toast at mess ral David Steel, to reflect the boots reversed in the stirrups, be given the honour. fired into the air to signal that lent prayer and by the sounding dinners. This toast is made im- fact that women have been at which sometimes accompanies Historian Ron Chernow not- the battle could resume. of Reveille, the first call of the mediately after the loyal toast. sea in the Royal Navy for near- a funeral procession. The horse ed that Hamilton’s grey horse day, to signify the man’s rebirth The toast would depend on ly two decades. follows the caisson carrying the followed the casket “with the The Last Post into eternal life. what day of the week it was. On Officially the Tuesday toast casket. boots and spurs of its former The Last Post was first pub- Over the years, the piece has a Sunday, for example, the toast is now “Our Sailors” and the A riderless horse can also be rider reversed in the stirrups.” lished in the 1790s, just one of changed - not in the music but would be, “Absent friends.” Saturday toast is “Our Fami- featured in military parades to Abraham Lincoln was the first the two dozen or so bugle calls in the performance. Notes are The Monday toast would be, lies”. However, the majority of symbolize fallen soldiers. In Aus- president of the United States sounded daily in British Army held for longer, the pauses ex- “Our ships at sea.” personnel prefer the traditional tralia for example, it is traditional to be officially honoured by the camps. tended, the expression more On a Tuesday the toast was, toasts and they are still over- for a riderless horse known as the inclusion of the riderless horse The soldier’s day started with mournful, so that it now lasts “Our men” and on a Wednes- whelmingly used. ‘Lone Charger’ to lead the annual in his funeral cortège, although the call of Reveille, and came around 75 seconds, rather than day it would be “Ourselves (as While most of these toasts are Anzac Day marches. a letter from George Washing- to a close with the First Post. the 45 seconds it used to take to no one else is likely to be con- self-explanatory, “a bloody war The custom is believed to ton’s personal secretary record- This indicated that the duty of- mark the end of the day. cerned for us!). or a sickly season” refers to the date back to the time of Genghis ed the president’s horse was ficer was commencing his in- It is interesting to note that The toast on a Thursday was desire and likelihood of being Khan, when a horse was sacri- part of the president’s funeral, spection of the sentry-posts on the American military do not “A Bloody War or a Sickly Sea- promoted when many people ficed to serve the fallen warrior carrying his saddle, pistols, and the perimeter of the camp. The use the Last Post, but rather use son” (and a quick promotion!). die: during war or sickness. in the next world. The riderless holsters. inspection would take about 30 a bugle call known as Taps. Re- Friday’s toast was “A Willing The Navy traditionally makes horse later came to symbolize a Traditionally, simple black minutes, and at the end there portedly it originated in 1862 Foe and Sea-Room.” the loyal toast seated, due to warrior who would ride no more. riding boots are reversed in would be sounded the Last Post, during the American Civil War. On Saturday’s the toast would the evident danger of low deck- In the United States, the rid- the stirrups to represent a fall- the name referring simply to the be “Wives and Sweethearts” heads on wooden sailing ships. erless horse is part of the mili- en commander looking back on fact that the final sentry-post (may they never meet). The The toasts are typically given tary honours given to an Army his troops for the last time. had been inspected. For dec- 28 29 • Andorran security forces • Prisoners of war - Leonard - Our Lady Help of Chris- of Noblaco. Saints alive! tians. • Russian airborne troops - • Argentinian Army - Our Holy Prophet Isaiah There are no fewer than 314 Patron Saints. Every continent, country, place, occupation, Lady of Mercy. • Russian Navy - St Andrew. ailment, illness, and danger has a patron saint to call its own. And the military is no excep- • Argentinian Air Force - • Russian nuclear subma- tion. Special thanks to for help with the research. Paul J. Els Our Lady of Loreto. rines - St Feodor Ushakov. • Argentinian military chap- • Russian nuclear warhead et’s face it, being in the eral at Paris in 1541. St Barbara. lains - Our Lady of Lujan. specialists - St Seraphim of military can sometimes Patron Saint of artillerymen, • Armies of Jalisco, Mexico - Sarov. be a bit of a hazardous St Joan of Arc L military engineers and fire Our Lady of Zapopan. • Russian Spetsnaz - St Al- occupation. Especially when Patron Saint of soldiers. fighters, Italian marines, and • Australian military chap- exander Nevskiy. someone decides to go and start Joan of Arc, nicknamed “The service-men of the Russian lains - Our Lady Help of • Spanish Army Commis- a war. Maid of Orléans”, is considered Strategic Rocket Forces. Christians. sariat - St. Teresa of Avila. When you’re in harms way a heroine of France for her role Saint Barbara, known in the • Bandsmen - St. Cecilia. • Spanish Army Engineers - you will try and make full use during the Lancastrian phase AIRBORNE: Saint Michael Eastern Orthodox Church as • Belgian Military Chap- St. Ferdinand III of Castile. of any knowledge, training, of the Hundred Years’ War, medal. He is the patron saint the Great Martyr Barbara, was lains - Mary, Mediatrix of • Spanish High command - technology and equipment that and was canonized as a Roman of paratroopers. an early Christian Greek saint All Graces. Immaculate Conception of is available to try and ensure Catholic saint. and martyr. • Bolivian Navy - Our Lady Mary. your protection. St Quentin of Charity. • Spanish Military Chap- If you can whistle up the St Martin of Tours St Florian Patron Saint of bombardiers • Chilean Army - Our Lady lains - Immaculate Concep- support of a few guardian an- Patron Saint of soldiers. Patron Saint of providing and chaplains. of Mt. Carmel. tion of Mary. gels, why not. Even better, how Saint Martin of Tours was the protection in battle. Saint Quentin, also known as • Chilean Navy - Our Lady of • Spanish Navy - Our Lady about having your very own pa- third bishop of Tours. He has Saint Florian was an officer of Quentin of Amiens, was an ear- Mt. Carmel. of Mount Carmel. tron saint. become one of the most famil- the Roman army, who occupied ly Christian saint. No real de- • Civilian war victims - • Venezuelan Navy - Our There are no fewer than 314 iar and recognizable Christian a high administrative post in tails are known of his life. Mary, Queen of Peace. Lady of Valle. Patron Saints. Every continent, saints in Western tradition. Noricum, now part of Austria, • Conscientious objectors - • Women’s Army Corps - St. country, place, occupation, ail- and who suffered death for the St Sebastian St. Marcellus. Genevieve. ment, illness, and danger has a St Maurice Faith in the days of Diocletian. Patron Saint of soldiers. • Ecuadorian Army - Our patron saint to call its own. And Patron Saint of infantrymen Saint Sebastian was an early Lady of Mercy. St Michael the Archangel the military is no exception. and alpine troops. St George Christian saint and martyr. Ac- • French Army Commissar- Patron Saint of paratroopers. Let’s take a closer look at Saint Maurice was the leader Patron Saint of archers, ar- cording to traditional belief, he iat - St. Ambrose. Saint Michael is more fre- some of the patron saints that of the legendary Roman The- mourers, cavalry, and sol- was killed during the Roman • French Security forces - quently known as Michael the are linked to the military. Some ban Legion in the 3rd century, diers. emperor Diocletian’s perse- St. Genevieve. Archangel, the most senior of of them are patron saints of a and one of the favourite and Saint George was a soldier cution of Christians, initially • Italian Cavalry - St. the three Archangels, Gabriel, number of military and non-mil- most widely venerated saints of of Cappadocian Greek origins, being tied to a post or tree and George. Rafael and Michael. itary occupations. For example, that group. a member of the Praetorian shot with arrows, though this • Military Chaplains - St. Apart from his patronage of St Adrian is the patron saint of Guard for Roman emperor Di- did not kill him. John of Capistrano. paratroopers, Saint Michael has arms dealers, guards, and sol- Saint Philip of Agirone ocletian who was sentenced to He was, according to tradi- • Military Signals - Gabriel four distinct roles. diers. But he is also the patron Patron Saint of US Army Spe- death for refusing to recant his tion, rescued and healed by the Archangel. Firstly, He is the Enemy of saint of butchers. cial Forces. Christian faith. Saint Irene of Rome. Satan and the fallen angels. He Philip Romolo Neri, known • National Guard of Russia - In all versions of the story, defeated Satan and ejected him St Adrian of Nicomedia as the Third Apostle of Rome, Prince Vladimir. St Ignatius of Loyola shortly after his recovery he from Paradise and will achieve Patron Saint of arms dealers, after Saints Peter and Paul, • Naval officers - St. Francis Patron Saint of soldiers. went to Diocletian to warn him victory at the hour of the final guards, and soldiers. was an Italian priest noted for of Paola. Saint Ignatius of Loyola was a about his sins, and as a result battle with Satan. Saint Adrian (also known as founding a society of secular • Peruvian Security forces - Spanish Basque Catholic priest was clubbed to death. Secondly, He is the Christian Hadrian) or Adrian of Nicom- clergy called the Congregation St. Rose of Lima. and theologian, who co-found- angel of death - at the hour of edia (died 4 March 306) was a of the Oratory. • Philippine Military Chap- ed the religious order called the Other Patron Saints death. Herculian Guard of the Roman lains - Immaculate Concep- Society of Jesus (Jesuits) and Here are a few other patron Saint Michael descends and Emperor Galerius Maximian. tion of Mary. became its first Superior Gen- saints that relate to the military. • Pilots - Our Lady of Loreto. gives each soul the chance to 30 31 redeem itself before passing, Saint Michael`s third role Quiz is weighing souls (Hence the saint is often depicted holding scales) on Judgment Day. Acronyms And Finally, Saint Michael is o you know your HALO from your HAHO? Were you GV enough to stay out of DB? And the Guardian of the church. did you prefer an FN to an AK? This month we’re looking at military acronyms. See how It was two chaplains, Valin Dmany of these you get right. Answers on page 85. de la Vassiere and Jego, from the French paratroopers who 1. What does NATO stand for? stand for? 4 first suggested that Saint Mi- 2. The AK-47 is one of the 12. In the SADF, DB was not a chael be chosen as the Patron most popular weapons of place where you wanted to Saint of Paratroopers. This was all time. What does the AK spend any time. What did in Indochina in the late 1940s. stand for? ‘DB’ stand for? The first Mass in honour of 3. In the SADF the term ‘GV’ 13. During World War II the ME the paratrooper saint was cele- ST MICHAEL CELEBRATIONS: From left to right: Koos Moor- was used to describe some- 109 fighter aircraft that was brated in Hanoi Cathedral on 29 croft, PW van Heerden, Kenaas Conradie Dewald de Beer and one who was very enthusi- the backbone of the Luft- September 1949. Trevor Floyd. astic. What did ‘GV’ stand waffe’s fighter force. What Since then it has been cele- for? did ‘ME’ stand for? brated as Saint Michael’s Day. informed that it was in celebra- celebrations would take place 4. The Casspir was an ar- 14. The PIAT Mk I was a Brit- tion of Saint Michael, the patron in South Africa. moured personnel carrier ish man-portable anti-tank South African connection saint of paratroopers. A Dakota was arranged to originally developed for and weapon developed during The first celebration of Saint Naturally, being a paratrooper bring Parachute Battalion mem- used by the South African the Second World War. What Michael’s Day in South Afri- himself, Trevor felt that it was bers from Bloemfontein for a Police and later used by the did PIAT stand for? ca was held in Oudtshoorn in his duty to celebrate with them. jump and for the celebrations SADF. What did Casspir 15. The RPG-7 is a Russian stand for? shoulder-launched anti-tank 1972. And the story of how it The celebrations continued that would be held at the Cre- 6 began is an interesting one. well into the Sunday night, teria Hotel. Part of the group 5. In parachuting terms, what weapon. What does RPG In 1969 four members of the meaning that Trevor missed his from Bloemfontein included does HALO stand for? stand for? South African Defence Force flight back to Uli and could only Captains Joe Verster and Hen- 6. The MP 40 was a subma- 16. The M1918 BAR was an (all paratroopers) were de- fly back on the Monday evening. nie Blaauw. chine gun used by the Ger- American weapon that saw ployed to Nigeria to train troops When he arrived back at Uli Other Recce members from mans in World War II. What action from World War I to of the Biafran Army. the then Major Jan Breytenbach Oudtshoorn included Dave Tip- did the MP stand for? the Vietnam War. What did One of the training team, was furious. He calmed down pett, Jimmy Oberholster and 7. PLAN was the military wing BAR stand for? Staff Sergeant Trevor Floyd, when Trevor explained the rea- Wannies Wannenberg. Even the of SWAPO. What did PLAN 17. With its distinctive sound was given a weekend off in son as to why he was late. ladies bought themselves new stand for? and high rate of fire, the September. He boarded a flight Major Breytenbach decid- dresses for the occasion. 8. During the Cold War, the RPD was a popular Russian at Uli Airport in Nigeria on the ed that they were going to hold One Reconnaissance Com- main security agency for the light machine gun. What did Friday night and landed in Li- their own Saint Michael’s Day mando was transferred to Dur- Soviet Union was the KGB. RPD stand for? breville in Gabon. celebration the very next week- ban in 1974 and the celebration What did KGB stand for? 18. Flak is a common term for On landing he left the aircraft end. were continued every year by 9. The South African R1 rifle anti-aircraft fire. Where does at the end of the runway, jumped Once back on South African the Special Forces units. was designed on the Belgian the world Flak come from? a fence, and headed for a villa soil the four members of the The Pretoria Canopy celebra- FN rifle. What did FN stand 19. The 7.5 cm Pak 40 was a occupied by French soldiers. training team would go on to tion of 2018 was a great success for? German 75 75 millimetre 13 He walked straight into a huge become the first members of where Trevor Floyd told his 10. The national intelligence anti-tank gun used in World party. On asking what the occa- One Reconnaissance Comman- story in the involvement in the agency of Israel is the Mos- War II. What did Pak stand sion was, they informed him that do (the Recces), South Africa’s first celebration held in South sad. What does Mossad for? the following day, Saturday, was Special Forces unit, which was Africa. stand for? 20. In the SADF what did PF Saint Michael’s Day. formed in Oudtshoorn. Pretoria Canopy is planning 11. The Waffen SS was the and CF stand for? Of course he had no clue as In 1972 it was decided that to have their St Michaels func- armed wing of the Nazi SS to what that was and was then the first Saint Michael’s Day tion on the 28 September 2019. organisation. What did SS 32 33 Rank Structure - Brazil Over the next few months we will be running a series of articles looking at the rank structure of various armed forces. This month we look at the Brazilian Armed Forces. he Forças Armadas the Navy includes the Brazilian Brasileiras (Brazilian Marine Corps and Brazilian Major Tenente-coronel Coronel General-de-brigada TArmed Forces) is the Naval Aviation. (Major) (Lieutenant Colonel) (Colonel) (Brigadier General) unified military organization of The ranks originate from Brazil. those adopted upon Brazil’s It compromises the Brazilian independence from Portugal in Army, the Brazilian Navy, and 1822. Nowadays they are de- the Brazilian Air Force. fined by Act no. 6880 ofDe- The Army includes the Bra- cember 9, 1980. zilian Army Aviation, while General-de-divisão General-de-exército Marechal (Divisional General) (Army General) (Marshal)

Brazilian Army Brazilian Navy Non-commissioned Officers (NCO) and Warrant Officer Non-commissioned Officers (NCO) and Warrant Officer

Soldado Cabo Terceiro-Sargento Marinheiro Cabo Terceiro-Sargento (Private) (Corporal) (Third Sergeant) (Seaman) (Leading Seaman) (Petty Officer)

Segundo-Sargento Primeiro-Sargento Subtenente Segundo-Sargento Primeiro-Sargento Suboficial (Sergeant) (First Sergeant) (Warrant Officer) (First Petty Officer) (Chief Petty Officer) (Warrant Officer)

Officers Officers

Aspirante-a- Segundo tenente Primeiro tenente Capitão Guarda-marinha Segundo tenente Primeiro tenente Capitão-tenente oficial (2nd Lieutenant) (Lieutenant) (Captain) (Midshipman) (2nd Lieutenant) (Lieutenant) (Captain Lieutenant) (Officer Candidate) 34 35 Capitão-de-corveta Capitão-de-Fragata Capitão-de-Mar-e- Contra-almirante Major enente-coronel Coronel (Corvette Captain) (Frigate Captain) Guerra (Rear Admiral) (Major) (Lieutenant Colonel) (Colonel) (Captain of Sea and War)

Vice-almirante Almirante-de-esquadra Almirante Brigadeiro-do-ar Major-brigadeiro Tenente-brigadeiro Marechal-do-ar (Vice Admiral) (Admiral of the Squadron) (Grand Admiral) (Brigadier) (Major Brigadier) (Lieutenant Brigadier) (Marshal of the Air)

Brazilian Air Force Non-commissioned Officers (NCO) and Warrant Officer

Soldado Cabo Terceiro-Sargento (Airman) (Corporal) (Third Sergeant) Click on the photograph below to take a virtual tour of Warrior’s Gate and find out more about the Memorable Order of Tin Hats.

Segundo-Sargento Primeiro-Sargento Suboficial (Sergeant) (Flight Sergeant) (Warrant Officer)

Officers

Aspirante Primeiro tenente Capitão (Officer Candidate) (Lieutenant) (Captain)

36 37 Pig spear trap A matter of survival - Trapping III Similar to the spring spear Over the next few months we will be running a series of articles looking at survival, something trap but operating horizontally, that has always been important for those in the military. This month we look at constructing this trap has the unarmed end of spear traps. the springy shaft secured and lashed between four uprights. s we’ve seen from past Deadfall spear trap At the business end, the tog- gle (anchored by a short line) articles in this series, This uses the same retains the springy shaft so you need to eat to sur- mechanism as the A long as the toggle point is held vive. While we can survive on dead fall trap but uses against the horizontal bar by a plants and grains, meat is an rocks to add weight ring. important source of food. and arms the trap with The ring is on the end of a trip If you trap a small animal, sharpened sticks. It wire, anchored to a point on the such as a mouse, it will provide delivers a stabbing other side of the trail. meat for a single meal. If, how- as well as a stunning Make sure that the spear is ever, you trap something larger, blow. such as a buck or a wild pig, it lashed very firmly to the springy will provide you with meat for shaft or it may be knocked a number of meals. sideways on impact instead of is set at a height level with the that height. In order to trap larger animals plunging into the animal’s body. body of the animal it is designed you need a trap that is able to Ensure that the spear shaft to kill, or alighted to spring to kill your prey. This is where Spring spear trap spear traps are effective. This is a very dangerous trap shaft in tension. REMEMBER These traps are particularly which will kill game. It’s very A further rod through the ring good for killing pigs and buck. effective against wild pigs. is tensed between the near side But they are extremely danger- A springy shaft, with a spear of the spear shaft and the far Because spear traps are so dangerous, make sure ous and can be lethal to humans. attached, is held taut above the face of the upright, securing all the cord and the knots are strong enough to stand the Always stand behind the trail. A slip ring made from until tripped. tension. spear when setting the trap and bound creeper or smooth ma- Spring spear traps were often Never approach these traps except from behind the ensure that the location and terial (not from rough twine used by the Viet Cong during spear. danger is known to everyone. which could catch against the the Vietnam War. Take no risks where these traps are concerned. Mark with signs to attract toggle) attached to a trip wire They were cheap and easy to human attention. Except in a acts as a release mechanism. construct and, if triggered, very survival situation, never leave A toggle (a) and short line (to effective. spear traps set and unsuper- a fixed upright) hold the spear vised. It should also be noted, as Baited spring spear trap mentioned earlier, these traps Taking the suspended bait can be lethal to humans. dislodges a retaining ring to re- In a situation where you are lease the trigger bar, allowing not doing the hunting, but a the spear to fly upwards. rather the hunted, these traps The ring holds the upper end are an excellent way of slowing of the trigger bar against an up- down pursuers. a right post, so that it retains the Traps similar to those shown spear shaft. here were commonly used by The lower wend of the trigger the Viet Cong against the Amer- is restrained by a cord. To in- icans in Vietnam. crease the trap’s efficiency use several spear points on the bar.

38 39 Perch spear trap This is a good trap for mon- keys. It is similar in action to the baited spring spear trap, but uses a perch instead of bait as the trigger mechanism. If the securing ring is around the trunk of a tree rather than a post make sure that it is on a smooth area and can move eas- ily.

WARNING

Never leave a bow trap unattended where people could walk into it - it is a potential man-killer.

Bow trap A simple bow made of suit- is no point in it being trigged by larger animals passing in front able wood is held taut and an- the animal approaching from of the bow first. Bush War Books has probably one of the finest gled to shoot slightly upwards behind the bow. a. Notch arrow for bowstring by upright posts and a toggle This trap is suitable for large and trigger bar. Angle trigger collections of military titles available. Especially switch with an arrow fitted. and dangerous animals and can bar tip to fit arrow notch. on the South African Border War. The trigger bar is held in work with animals coming head b. An alternative trigger place by a toggle attached to a on to the arrow or approaching method can be used by cutting a trip wire, which must be routed from the trip wire side - the square face on an upright notch round to the point of aim. quarry passes across the arrow on the side of a forked stick to Keep the first stretch of wire as it fires. engage it. Click here to visit their website. close to the mechanism for there The arrow may also strike

a

b

“War does not determine who is right - only who is left”

40 00 head to head head to head Vietnam that fired a 40×46mm grenade. Infantry Equipment Weapons & Equipment of the The Vietnam War was fought Other troops would be armed 1. Combat boots. between 1 November 1955 and with a 12-gauge Winchester 2. Steel helmet. United States Army 30 April 1975. Beginning in Model 1200 pump-action shot- 3. M16A1. gun. The shotgun could hold 4. M26 Hand grenade. This month we take a look at the evolution of US Army weapons and equipment from 1950, American military advi- sors arrived in what was then six rounds. 5. M79 Grenade Launcher. World War I through to the modern era. French Indochina. Troops would carry at least 6. Winchester Model 1200. World War I rator was standard issue to US tion. By 1969 there were 530,000 two M26 fragmentation gre- 7. Colt M1911A1. U.S. service members in troops. US troops serving in Vietnam. nades with them. 8. M7 Bayonet. World War I came to be dubbed Like the British, the Ameri- Infantry Equipment The standard US rifle was the The standard side arm was the 9. Poncho and sleeping bag. doughboys - the term most typi- cans favoured a trench knife 1. Combat boots. 5.56 x 45 mm Colt M16A1. It .45 ACP Colt M1911A1. 10. Canteen. cally was used to refer to troops that was also a ‘knuckle dust- 2. Steel helmet. used a 20 round box magazine. Most troops would carry 11. Mess kit. deployed to Europe as part of er’. It was effective for mêlée 3. Springfield M1903. Many troops did not like the something tucked into the band 12. Trenching tool. the American Expeditionary combat. 4. Colt M1911. M16, claiming that it did not around their helmet. This was 13. Torch. Forces. Like the British and the 5. Mk 1 Grenade. have enough stopping power. usually a packet of cigarettes, 14. Packback. The standard infantry weap- French, US troops wore put- 6. Springfield M1903 Bayonet. Some troops in a squad would insect repellent, or rifle oil. 15. MRE rations. ons was the bolt-action Spring- tee., a name adapted from the 7. Trench knife. carry an M79 grenade launcher, Field rations consisted of 16. Ammo bandolier. field M1903. Hindi paṭṭī (bandage). The con- 8. Gas mask and case. known as the ‘Thumper’.It was MRE’s (Meals Ready to Eat) The most popular sidearm sisted of a long narrow piece of 9. Canteen. a single-shot, shoulder-fired, and these came in a variety of was the Colt M1911, a pistol cloth wound tightly and spirally 10. Trenching tool. break-action grenade launcher meals. that remained in service for round the leg from the ankle to 11. Mess kit. many years. the knee. They served to pro- 12. Ammo bandolier. The AEF gas mask and respi- vide both support and protec- 13. Backpack. Modern era will offer 35% more protection replaced the Beretta M9. It is a Since the end of the Vietnam than the ACH. 9x19mm Parabellum pistol with World War II also known as the ‘Tommy’ and it remained in service until War the US Army has been de- Troops will soon be issued a 17 or 21 round box magazine. During the war, over 16 mil- gun. In December 1942 the the late 1960s. It was replaced ployed on nearly every conti- with the Enhanced Night Vision Some troops will carry the lion Americans served in the M3 submachine gun, known as by the M26 grenade in 1952. nent. Goggles - Binocular (ENVG-B) FGM-148 Javelin man-portable United States Armed Forces. the ‘Grease’ gun, was adopted The camouflage uniforms are that allows accurate firing from fire-and-forget anti-tank mis- The M1 Garand was the into service. It chambered the selected according to the terrain the hip and even allows firing sile. It replaced the M47 Drag- standard rifle issued to US same .45 ACP rounds as the Infantry Equipment where they will be operating around corners. on. troops. However the bolt-action Thompson, but was cheaper to 1. Combat boots. (desert, jungle, etc.). Every troop wears a tactical M1903 Springfield remained in produce, and lighter, although, 2. Steel helmet. Much emphasis is placed headset that allows communi- Infantry Equipment service as a standard issue in- contrary to popular belief, it 3. Rifle cartridge belt. on personal protection and on cation at all levels. 1. Combat boots. fantry rifle during World War was less accurate. 4. M1 Garand. communication. Troops also wear knee pads 2. Advanced Combat Helmet. II, since the US entered the war The standard sidearm was 5. Thompson M1A1. Troops wear ballistic body and elbow pads that offer pro- 3. M4 carbine. without sufficient M1 rifles to the Colt M1911A1, which also 6. M1 carbine. armour that covers the chest, tection against rough terrain. 4. SIG Sauer M17. arm all troops. used the .45 ACP round. 7. Colt M1911A1. back and groin. The M4 carbine is a short- 5. M67 Grenade. Despite having a similar The Americans did not devel- 8. M1 Garand bayonet. The Generation II Light- er and lighter variant of the 6. Bose T5 Tactical Headset. name and appearance, the M1 op a light machine gun during 9. Mess kit. weight Advanced Combat Hel- M16A2 assault rifle. The M4 7. FGM-148 Javelin. Carbine was not a carbine ver- World War II. The M1918 BAR 10. Water bottle. met (ACH) has a fitting that is a 5.56×45 mm NATO, air- 8. MOLLE ammo vest. sion of the M1 Garand rifle. (Browning Automatic Rifle) 11. Mk 2 grenade. allows the mounting of night cooled, direct impingement 9. Torch. They were different firearms, was used as an Automatic rifle, 12. Gas mask case. vision goggles. gas-operated, magazine-fed 10. Interceptor Body Armour. and they used different ammu- Machine gun, Assault rifle, and 13. Back pack. The ACH is currently in the carbine. It has a 370 mm barrel 11. Knee pads. nition Squad automatic weapon. process of being phased out and and a telescoping stock. It can 12. Elbow pads. The standard submachine The Mk 2 grenade was nick- replaced by the Enhanced Com- mount various optical sights. 13. Canteen. gun was the Thompson M1A1, named the ‘pineapple’ grenade bat Helmet (ECH). The ECH The SIG Sauer M17 pistol 14. MOLLE II rucksack.

42 43 World War I World War II 2 1 2 1

3

3 4

5 5 4

6 6

7 9 7 8 11

9 10

8 10

11 13

12 13 12

44 45 Vietnam Modern 2 2

1 1

3

3 4 5

5

4 6 6 7 7 8

9

8 10 11 9 14 10 12

13

13 11 15 14 12 16

46 47 Famous figures in military history Famous figures in military history

July 15, 1942, and the summer fighting from the Pacific and After a seven-month stint as Hal Moore training referred to as “Beast European war fronts. company commander, he was A veteran of Korea and Vietnam, Hal Moor rose to the rank of lieutenant general. He was Barracks” held before the for- Summer military training af- assigned as Camp Crawford’s an author and recipient of the Distinguished Service Cross. mal academic school term took ter his second year consisted of construction officer and respon- up in the fall. touring U.S. Army basic train- sible for all of the construction nyone that saw the film ate book warehouse. ternity. After President Franklin During his plebe summer at ing centres to study tactics and improvements being made at We Were Soldiers needs Moore finished high school at D. Roosevelt signed legislation Pine Camp, he qualified expert techniques. The final academic the camp. Ato introduction to Hal night while working days and authorizing each senator and on the M-1 Garand rifle and year was spent studying mil- In June 1948, he was reas- Moore. graduated from St. Joseph Pre- representative additional ap- was the top scorer in his com- itary history and tactics as the signed to the 82nd Airborne Di- He was a United States Army paratory School in Bardstown pointments to the military and pany. Although Moore did well war was winding down in Eu- vision, at Fort Bragg. He volun- lieutenant general and author. with the class of 1940. naval academies, Moore was in most of his classes, he was rope. teered to join the Airborne Test He was a recipient of the Dis- Moore attended George offered an appointment to the academically deficient in the Just before graduation each Section, a special unit testing tinguished Service Cross, the Washington University at night United States Naval Academy required math subjects and he cadet selected his branch of experimental parachutes, and U.S. military’s second-highest for two years, working at his by Representative Ed Creal (4th had to redouble his efforts to assignment dependent on their he made the first of some 150 decoration for valour, and was warehouse job while waiting on District, Kentucky) but Moore absorb the engineering, physics academic standing in the class jumps with the section over the the first of his West Point class an appointment to West Point. had no desire to go to the Naval and chemistry, often studying and the quota of openings in next two years on 17 November (1945) to be promoted to briga- During his time at George Academy. two or three hours past lights each branch. Moore stood in 1948. dier general, major general, and Washington Moore asked Creal if he could out to memorize the material. the bottom fifteen percent and Over the course of his career, lieutenant general. University find another congressman that During the fall of 1942 his he wanted an infantry assign- he became a jumpmaster with he was in- would trade his Military Acad- class received the news that be- ment. over 300 jumps. Early life itiated into emy appointment for Creal’s cause of the war his class would When his name was finally Harold Gregory “Hal” Moore, the Kappa Naval Academy appointment graduate in three years rather called to declare, there were Korean War Jr was born on 13 February Sigma Fra- would he be agreeable to that than the usual four years. Moore still infantry openings avail- During the Korean War 1922, in Bardstown, Kentucky, arrangement. Creal agreed, and made it through the plebe year, able. Moore graduated from (1950–1953) in 1951, he was the eldest of four children born Moore soon found Represent- but just barely, or as he put it, West Point on 5 June 1945 and ordered to Fort Benning to at- to Irish Catholics Harold, Sr. ative Eugene Cox of Georgia’s “an academic trip from hell.” he was commissioned as a sec- tend the Infantry Officer’s Ad- and Mary Moore. 2nd Congressional District, This observation caused ond lieutenant in the infantry vanced Course, which would His father was an in- with an open appointment to Moore to lead a student life at branch. prepare him to command a surance agent of whose West Point. Cox was im- West Point devoted to studying company or to serve on a bat- territory covered west- pressed with Moore’s te- and very few extracurricular Post World War II talion staff. ern Kentucky and his nacity and he left Cox’s activities. After a ten-day pass, Moore’s first assignment af- In June 1952 Moore was as- mother was a home- office with the West he reported to Camp Popolopen ter graduation was the Infantry signed to the 17th Infantry maker. Point appointment for summer military training Officer Basic Course at Fort Regiment of the 7th Infantry Because he was in- where his company trained with Benning, Georgia which was Division. As a captain, he com- terested in obtaining West Point various vehicles and fired many a six-week course. During the manded a heavy mortar compa- an appointment to the Moore received types of weapons. basic course he applied for the ny in combat. He next served U.S. Military Acad- his appointment The summer ended with ma- airborne jump school at Fort as regimental Assistant Chief- emy at West Point, to the U.S. Mil- noeuvres held again at Pine Benning, however, he was not of-Staff, Operations and Plans. New York and felt his itary Academy Camp. During the second year selected and was instead as- Moore’s promotion to major chances were better shortly after the at the Academy, he studied signed to the three-week jump was put on hold by a policy of if he was located in a United States more complicated subjects like school held at the 11th Airborne the 7th Division commanding larger city, he left Ken- entered into calculus, electrical engineering, Division in Tokyo, Japan. general that stated that no pro- tucky at the age of sev- World War II. thermodynamics and historic His first assignment out of motion to major would be pos- enteen before finishing He reported military campaigns. Wednes- jump school was with the 187th sible without command of an high school and got a to West Point days were spent watching the Glider Infantry Regiment at infantry company in combat. job in Washington, D.C. for “Recep- latest Staff Combat Film Report Camp Crawford near Sapporo, The division commander per- working in the U.S. Sen- tion Day” on which reported the most recent Japan from 1945 until 1948. sonally assigned Moore to an 48 49 Famous figures in military history Famous figures in military history infantry company so that Moore ternational affairs in the Office assignment before leaving the could be promoted to major and of Under Secretary of Defense. Army. thus later become divisional as- In his next assignment the Moore’s next assignment was sistant chief-of staff for opera- Army sent him to Harvard Uni- to become the Commanding tions. versity where he completed his General, U.S. Army Japan but he M.A in International Relations elected to retire instead. Moore Return to the US in 1968. Having completed his retired from the Army 1 August In 1954, Moore returned to work at Harvard, Moore report- 1977 after completing thirty two West Point and served for three ed back to the Pentagon to work years of active service. years as an instructor in infantry with the Deputy Chief-of-Staff tactics. While serving as an in- for Operations. He then helped Personal life structor, Moore taught then-Ca- draft the Army plan for the with- While assigned to Fort Bragg, det Norman Schwarzkopf, who GARRYOWEN: Emblem of drawal of two brigades of the 9th Moore met Julia B. Compton, the US 7th Cavalry Regiment. called Moore one of his “heroes,” Infantry Division to the United the daughter of Colonel and Garryowen is Irish Gaelic for and cites Moore as the reason he ‘Owen’s garden’. States as a part of the Vietnami- Mrs. Louis J. Compton. chose the infantry branch upon zation of the war effort. They were married at the Colonel Moore during the Battle of Ia Dang in graduation. Schwarzkopf lat- THE ‘NAM: Moore’s dictum that “there is On 31 August 1968, Moore Fort Bragg main post chapel on 1965. er became a general in the U.S. always one more thing you can was promoted to the rank of brig- 22 November 22, 1949. After Army and led the U.N. coalition lied Forces Northern Europe in was under the command of Lieu- do to increase your odds of suc- adier general. In July 1969, he his retirement in 1977, Moore forces in the Persian Gulf War Oslo, Norway. tenant Colonel George Custer cess” and the courage of his en- was assigned as Assistant Chief- served as the Executive Pres- against Iraq. In 1964, now a lieutenant when the Irish song Garryowen tire command are credited with of-Staff, Operations and Plans of ident of the Crested Butte Ski During this assignment, colonel, Moore completed the was adopted as a marching tune. this outcome. the Eighth Army in South Korea Area, Colorado. Moore took a personal interest course of study at the Naval War The “Garryowen” Brigade left Blond haired Moore was where tensions were high from In June 2009, the 87 year in the battles between the French College, while earning a mas- Fort Benning August 14, 1965 known as “Yellow Hair” to his demilitarized zone incursions old Moore attended the formal Army forces and the Việt Minh ter’s degree in International Re- and went to South Vietnam by troops at the battle at Ia Drang, and drug use and racism among opening of the National In- at Điện Biên Phủ in Vietnam. lations from George Washington way of the Panama Canal aboard and as a tongue-in-cheek hom- Eighth Army troops were at an fantry Museum in Columbus, Moore was assigned to attend University in Washington, DC. USNS General Maurice Rose age referencing the legendary all-time high. Georgia. One of the featured the year-long student course at Moore was transferred to Fort arriving at the Division’s An General George Armstrong Shortly after becoming Com- exhibits of the museum is a the Command and General Staff Benning and commanded 2nd Khê Base Camp a month later. Custer, who commanded as a manding General of the 7th In- life-size diorama of L.Z. X-Ray College at Fort Leavenworth, Battalion, 23rd Infantry later to lieutenant colonel the same 7th fantry Division Moore was pro- from the Battle of Ia Drang. Kansas in 1956. The course pre- become a part of 11th Air As- Battle of Ia Dang Cavalry Regiment at the Battle moted to major general in 1970 The Moores had five chil- pared majors for the duties of sault Division, undergoing air Beginning on 14 November of the Little Bighorn just under a and he and his family moved to dren as well as twelve grand- staff officers at the division and assault and air mobility training 1965, Lt. Col. Moore led the 1st century before. Camp Casey, South Korea. He children. Two of their sons are corps level. and tests. Battalion, 7th Cavalry of the 3rd Moore was awarded the Dis- was charged by General John H. career U.S. Army officers: one After school at Fort Leaven- On 28 July 1965 President Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division tinguished Service Cross for ex- Michaelis, Commander, United a retired colonel and another a worth, Moore reported to the Lyndon Johnson announced (Airmobile) in the week-long traordinary heroism at Ia Drang. States Forces Korea with clean- retired lieutenant colonel. Pentagon and the Office, Chief that he was sending “the Airmo- Battle of Ia Drang. After the Battle of the Ia Drang ing up the drug abuse problem Moore died from a stroke on of Research and Development bile Division to Vietnam”. That Encircled by enemy soldiers Valley, Moore was promoted to and racial strife that was preva- 10 February 2017, three days where his initiative and insights same month the 11th Air Assault with no clear landing zone that colonel and took over the com- lent at the time in the 7th Divi- before his 95th birthday. were key to the development of Division was re-designated the would allow them to leave, mand of the Garry Owen (3rd) sion. He was buried in Fort Ben- new airborne equipment and air- 1st Cavalry Division (Airmo- Moore managed to persevere Brigade. In August 1973, Moore was ning Post Cemetery on 17 Feb- borne/air assault tactics. Follow- bile) and alerted for deployment despite being significantly out- assigned as Commanding Gen- ruary 2017 with full military ing graduation from the Armed to Vietnam. numbered by North Vietnamese Post-Vietnam War Service eral, US Army Military Person- honours. Forces Staff College at Norfolk, Moore’s battalion was re-des- Army (NVA) forces that would After his service in the Viet- nel Center (MILPERCEN), and Virginia in 1960 Moore served a ignated as 1st Battalion, 7th go on to defeat the 2nd Battal- nam War, Moore served at the in 1974 he was appointed Dep- three-year tour as NATO Plans Cavalry Regiment, 1st Cavalry ion, 7th Cavalry only two-and- Pentagon as the military liaison uty Chief of Staff for Personnel, Officer with Headquarters, Al- Division, the same regiment that a-half miles away the next day. to the Assistant Secretary for In- Department of the Army; his last 50 51 Forged in battle FN FAL FN FAL Assault Rifle Weight: 4.3 kg

During the Cold War it was given the title ‘The right arm of the Free World’ and used by more than Length: 1,090 mm 90 countries. The FN FAL is a weapon that was forged in battle. Barrel Length: 533 mm he FAL (French: Fusil tle “The right arm of the Free two years later. SPOT THE DIFFERENCE: Above is the British L1A1 rifle with Automatique Léger) is a World”. The FAL battle rifle has its the FN FAL below. Cartridge: 7.62x51 NATO Tbattle rifle designed by It is chambered for the Warsaw Pact counterpart in the Belgian small arms designers 7.62×51mm NATO cartridge AKM, each being fielded by spring-loaded piston housed for automatic fire as a section Action: Gas operated Dieudonné Saive and Ernest (although originally designed dozens of countries and pro- above the barrel, and the lock- or squad light support weapon. Vervier and manufactured by for the .280 British intermedi- duced in many of them. A few, ing mechanism is what is Most heavy barrel FALs are Rate of fire: 700 rounds/min Fabrique Nationale Herstal ate cartridge). The British Com- such as Israel and South Africa, known as a tilting breechblock. equipped with bipods, although (FN Herstal). monwealth variant of the FAL manufactured and issued both To lock, it drops down into a some light barrel models were Muzzle Velocity: 840 m/s During the Cold War the FAL was redesigned from FN’s met- designs at various times. Un- solid shoulder of metal in the equipped with bipods, such as was adopted by many countries rical FAL into British imperial like the Soviet AKM assault heavy receiver much like the the Austrian StG58 and the Ger- Feed System: 20 or 30 round of the North Atlantic Treaty Or- units and was produced under rifle, the FAL utilized a heavier bolts of the Russian SKS car- man G1, and a bipod was later detachable box magazine ganization (NATO), with the licence as the L1A1 Self-Load- full-power rifle cartridge. bine and French MAS-49 series made available as an accessory. notable exception of the Unit- ing Rifle. of semi-automatic rifles. Among other 7.62×51mm Sights: Aperture rear sight, ed States. It is one of the most FN created what is possibly Design The gas system is fitted with NATO battle rifles at the time, post front sight; sight radius: widely used rifles in history, the classic post-war battle rifle. The FAL operates by means a gas regulator behind the front the FN FAL had relatively light having been used by more than Formally introduced by of a gas-operated action very sight base, allowing adjustment recoil, due to the gas system be- 90 countries. its designers Dieu- similar to that of the of the gas system in response to ing able to be tuned via regula- but it has also been made under Because of its prevalence and donné Saive and Russian SVT-40. environmental conditions. The tor in fore-end of the rifle, which license in fifteen countries. As widespread usage among the Ernest Vervier The gas system piston system can be bypassed allowed for excess gas which of August 2006, new examples militaries of many NATO and in 1951, and is driven by a completely, using the gas plug, would simply increase recoil were still being produced by at first world countries during the produced short-stroke, to allow for the firing of rifle to bleed off. In fully automatic least four different manufactur- Cold War it was given the ti- grenades and manual operation. mode, however, the shooter re- ers worldwide. The FAL’s magazine capacity ceives considerable abuse from A distinct sub-family was the ranges from five to 30 rounds, recoil, and the weapon climbs Commonwealth inch-dimen- with most magazines holding off-target quickly, making auto- sioned versions that were man- 20 rounds. In fixed stock -ver matic fire only of marginal ef- ufactured in the United King- sions of the FAL, the recoil fectiveness. dom and Australia (as the L1A1 spring is housed in the stock, Many military forces using Self Loading Rifle or SLR), and while in folding-stock versions the FAL eventually eliminated in Canada as the C1. The stand- it is housed in the receiver cov- full-automatic firearms training ard metric-dimensioned FAL er, necessitating a slightly dif- in the light-barrel FAL. was manufactured in South Af- ferent receiver cover, recoil rica (where it was known as the spring, and bolt carrier, and a Production and use R1), Brazil, Israel, Austria and modified lower receiver for the The FAL has been used by Argentina. Both the SLR and stock. over 90 countries, and over FAL were also produced with- FAL rifles have also been two million have been pro- out license by India. manufactured in both light and duced. The FAL was originally Mexico assembled FN-made heavy-barrel configurations, made by Fabrique Nationale de components into complete ri- with the heavy barrel intended Herstal (FN) in Liège, Belgium, fles at its national arsenal in 52 53 Mexico City. The FAL was also Conflicts R1 rifle the SADF until the introduction exported to many other coun- In the more than 60 years of The FAL was produced under of the R4 in the early 1980s. It KEY tries, such as Venezuela, where use worldwide, the FAL has license by ARMSCOR by Lyt- is still used by the SANDF as a 1. Gasplug. a small-arms industry produces seen use in conflicts all over tleton Engineering Works. designated marksman rifle. 21. Axis change lever. 2. Foresight Protector. some basically unchanged vari- the world. During the Falklands After a competition between 22. Pistol grip. 3. Gas outlet vent. ants, as well as ammunition. War, the FN FAL was used by the German G3 rifle, the Armal- 5.56 mm vs 7.62 mm 23. Plunger. 4. Gas regulator sleeve. By modern standards, one both sides. The FAL was used ite AR-10, and the FN FAL, the Many countries that used 24. Trigger. 5. Piston. disadvantage of the FAL is the by the Argentine armed forc- South African Defence Force the 7.62 mm FAL have now 25. Sear. 6. Piston spring. amount of work which goes into es and the L1A1 Self Loading adopted three main variants of switched to weapons that use 26. Locking shoulder. 7. Ejector. machining the complex receiv- Rifle (SLR), a semi-automatic the FAL: a rifle with the desig- the 5.56×45 mm NATO round. 27. Safety sear. 8. Extractor. er, bolt and bolt carrier. Some only version of the FAL, was nation R1, a “lightweight” var- South Africa adopted the R4, 28. Magazine catch. 9. Firing pin. theorized that the movement used by the armed forces of the iant of the FN FAL 50.64 with which is based on the Israeli 29. Magazine. 10. Slide. of the tilting bolt mechanism UK and other Commonwealth folding butt, fabricated locally IMI Galil. 30. Spring for magazine 11. Firing pin spring. tends to return differently with nations. under the designation R2, and Many countries have also platform. 12. Hammer. each shot, affecting inherent ac- The FAL has been used in a model designed for police use switched to bullpup assault ri- 31. 7.62 mm NATO round. 13. Pin retraining firing gun. curacy of the weapon, but this no fewer than 31 conflicts and not capable of automatic fire fles. For example, Britain now 32. Hand guard. 14. Slip rod spring. has been proven to be false. The wars. These include: under the designation R3. uses the 5.56 mm SA80. Both 33. Barrel. 15. Plunger spring slip rod. FAL’s receiver is machined, • Mau Mau Uprising. A number of other variants of Austria and the Irish Defence 34. Gas port. 16. Backsight adjuster while most other modern mili- • Bay of Pigs Invasion. the R1 were built, the R1 HB, Forces use the Steyr AUG. 35. Front sling swivel. screw. tary rifles use quicker stamping • Nigerian Civil War. which had a heavy barrel and France uses the FAMAS F1. 36. Flash hider. 17. Backsight. or casting techniques. • Six-Day War. bipod, the R1 Sniper, which Yet there are still many coun- 18. Slide rod. Modern FALs have many • Yom Kippur War. could be fitted with a scope and tries that use the FN FAL, a 19. Lever activating butt improvements over those pro- • Angolan Civil War. the R1 Para Carbine, which weapon that was forged in bat- catch. duced by FN and others in the • Rhodesian Bush War. used a Single Point IR sight and tle. 20. Hammer spring. mid-20th-century. • Falklands War. had a shorter barrel. • South African Border War. The R1 was standard issue in

12 7 13 14 5 8 15 2 11 FN FAL 1 16 3 6 17 4 9 10 18

31 19 36 34 33 32 30 35 25 20 26 27 21 22 23 24 29 28

54 55 On 20 November 1970, US Special Forces attacked Son the new JCS Chairman, des- personnel were selected for the ly made replica of the prison Tay, a camp only 37 kilometres from Hanoi, that was be- ignated Manor as commander project, including ground force compound for rehearsals and lieved to house American prisoners of war. The raid was and Simons as deputy com- members, aircrewmen, support a $60,000 1.5 x 15 metre scale battlefield a text book operation that succeeded with one excep- mander of the mission task members, and planners. table model (codenamed “Bar- force. Ivory Coast was the or- The 219 man task force bara”) for familiarization. tion - the prisoners were no longer there. ganization, planning, training, planned, trained, and operated Simons recruited 103 person- and deployment phase of the under the title of the “Joint Con- nel from interviews of 500 vol- he briefing given by US Special Forces Planning and training operation. Manor set up an Air tingency Task Group” (JCTG). unteers, mostly Special Forces Colonel Arthur “Bull” Simons was sim- There were numerous obsta- Force training facility at Eglin’s The planning staff set up pa- personnel of the 6th and 7th ple, but straight to the point. T cles that had to be considered. Duke Field and brought togeth- rameters for a night time raid, Special Forces Groups at Fort “We are going to rescue 70 American pris- The camp itself was in the open er a 27-member planning staff the key points of which were Bragg, North Carolina. O oners of war, maybe more, from a camp called and surrounded by rice paddies. clear weather and a quarter USAF planners selected key Son Tay. This is something American prisoners In close proxim- p have a right to expect from their fellow soldiers. The target is 23 miles (37 km) west of Hanoi.” e By the spring of 1970 there were more than r 450 known American POWs held in North Vi- etnam. Another 970 American servicemen were a listed as missing in action. Some of them had been in captivity for t more than five years, the i longest period in any war in American history. o Intelligence reports told of brutal conditions, that included 11 from the prior torture, and even deaths of the POWs. feasibility study. n Simons recruited 103 per- Background sonnel from interviews of 500 In May 1970 aerial reconnaissance photo- volunteers, most Special Forc- I graphs revealed the existence of two prison es personnel of the 6th and 7th camps west of Hanoi, the capital of North Viet- ity was the 12th North Viet- Special Forces Groups at Fort v nam. namese Army (NVA) Regiment Bragg, North Carolina. At Son Tay, one photograph showed a large totalling approximately 12,000 USAF planners selected key ‘K’ drawn in the dirt. This was the code for troops. Air Force commanders, who o moon at 35 de- Air Force command- “come and get us”. Also nearby was an artillery then picked personnel for their grees above the ers, who then picked The other camp, at Ap Lo, showed a photo- school, a supply depot, and an crews. Helicopter and A-1 r horizon for op- personnel for their graph of the letters SAR (Search and Rescue) air defence installation. Skyraider crews were put to- timum visibility crews. Helicop- y spelled out by the prisoner’s laundry. An arrow 500 metres south was another gether from instructors at Eglin during low-level ter and A-1 Sky- with the number ‘8’ indicated the distance the compound called the “second- and personnel returned from flight. raider crews were men had to travel to the fields they worked in. ary school”, which was an ad- Southeast Asia. From these pa- put together from Air Force Brigadier General LeRoy J. Manor ministration centre housing 45 Two crews for C-130E(I) rameters, two mis- instructors at Eg- C and Army Colonel Arthur D. “Bull” Simons be- guards. To make matters more Combat Talons were assembled sion “windows” lin and person- gan to plan an operation to rescue the prisoners difficult, Phuc Yen Air Base from squadrons in Germany were identified, nel returned from o from Son Tay. was only 32 kilometres north- and North Carolina. 18–25 October Southeast Asia. Reconnaissance photos taken by SR-71 east of Son Tay. All were then asked to vol- a and 18–25 No- Air Force “Blackbirds” revealed that Son Tay “was ac- The raiders would have to get unteer for a temporary duty vember. crews flew 1,054 tive”. SR-71 reconnaissance aircraft took most in and out very quickly, before assignment without additional s Training pro- hours in southern of the Son Tay target photos from above 24,000 anyone could react to the situ- pay and without being told the ceeded on Range Alabama, Geor- metres while streaking over North Vietnam at ation. nature of the mission. t C-2 at Eglin using gia, and Florida more than three times the speed of sound. Admiral Thomas H. Moorer, 103 Army and 116 Air Force an exact but crude- conducting “dis- 56 57 similar (aircraft) formation” than offsetting the UH-1’s only at their refueling altitude and training with both UH-1H and advantage (smaller rotor radius) climbed to 2,100 metres AGL HH-3E helicopters at night and over the larger HH-3. (Above Ground Level) to re- at low-level (a flight profile for Two further full night re- fuel from Lime 01 on the flight which procedures had to be in- hearsals and a total of 31 prac- plan’s fourth leg. Lime 01 then novated by the two selected tice landings by the HH-3E in led them to the next checkpoint crews), and gaining expertise in the mock-up’s courtyard con- for hand-off to Cherry 01 at navigation training using for- firmed the choice. 01:16. ward looking infrared (FLIR), Manor issued the formal The assault formation ap- which, until Ivory Coast, had launch order at 15:56 local time proached from the southwest not been part of the Combat 20 November, while the raiding using the clutter returns of the Talon’s electronics suite. force was in the final stages of mountains to mask them from A vee formation in which the crew rest, and brought together radar detection, while U.S. slower helicopters drafted in the entire ground contingent for Navy aircraft launched at 01:00 echelon slightly above and be- a short briefing regarding the on 21 November from the air- SPECIAL FORCES LEGEND: hind each wing of the Combat objective and launch times. Colonel Arthur D ‘Bull’ Simons. craft carriers USS Oriskany and Talon escort aircraft was cho- Following the briefing, Man- USS Ranger in the largest car- GOING IN: Some of the Son Tay raiders prior to the mission. It sen and refined for the mission or and his staff flew by T-39 reaction forces and provide was one of the most audacious special forces raids carried out rier night operation of the Viet- to give the helicopters the speed Sabreliner to Da Nang, where backup support if needed for during the Vietnam War. nam War. necessary to keep pace with the they would monitor the mission either of the other two groups. Starting at 01:52, twenty A-7 Talons flying just above their from the USAF Tactical Air Simons (using the call sign 57 Air Force) participated in Operation Kingpin Corsairs and A-6 Intruders, fly- stall speeds. Control Center, North Sector Axle) accompanied the Green- the operation, with 28 aircraft Operation Kingpin was the as- ing in pairs at stepped-up alti- Special Forces training began (TACC/NS) at Monkey Moun- leaf group, while the ground (crewed by 92 airmen) assigned sault phase of Operation Ivory tudes to deconflict their flight on 9 September, advancing to tain Facility. force commander, LTC Elliott direct roles in the target area. Coast. paths, entered North Vietnam- night training on 17 September Three theater lift C-130s pre- P. “Bud” Sydnor, Jr. (Wildroot), Two C-130E Combat Talons, Beginning at 22:00 on 20 No- ese airspace on three tracks, and joint training with air crews viously staged at U-Tapao Roy- was with the Redwine group. modified with the temporary vember 1970, aircraft began dropping flares to simulate on 28 September that included al Thai Navy Airfield arrived The 56 raiders were heavily addition of FLIR sets, were as- leaving five bases in Thailand an attack. The last track also six rehearsals a day, three of at Takhli to transport the Army armed, carrying a total of 51 signed to navigate the mission. and one in South Vietnam. dropped chaff to mimic the them under night conditions. contingent and helicopter crews personal side arms, 48 CAR-15 One was to lead the helicopter Cherry 02, the Combat Talon mining of Haiphong harbor. By 6 October, 170 practice to Udorn RTAFB and the A-1 carbines, two M16 rifles, four “assault formation” (Cherry 01) escort for the A-1 strike forma- Over the Gulf of Tonkin, sessions of all or partial phases pilots to Nakhon Phanom. M79 grenade launchers, two and the second to escort the A-1 tion, took off from Takhli at twenty-four other aircraft in of the mission were performed shotguns, and four M60 ma- “strike formation” (Cherry 02). 22:25. Cherry 01, scheduled to thirteen orbits provided support on the mock up by the Special Mission organisation chine guns. Because of the variances in take off a half hour later, had and protection. The operation Forces troopers, many with live The fifty-six Special Forces They carried 15 Claymore cruising speeds between the difficulty starting an engine and prompted a frantic air defense fire. troopers selected to conduct the mines, 11 demolition charg- helicopters and fixed-wing air- took off 23 minutes late at 23:18. reaction at 02:17 that provided On that date, the first full- raid were flown from Takhli to es, and 213 hand grenades and craft, the forces flew separate Cherry 01 adjusted its flight a highly effective diversion for scale dress rehearsal, using a their helicopter staging base at were equipped with a pletho- routes, with the faster strike plan and made up the time lost at the raiders and completely satu- UH-1H as the assault helicop- Udorn RTAFB by C-130 on the ra of wire cutters, bolt cutters, formation trailing the helicop- engine start. At 23:07, two HC- rated the North Vietnamese air ter, was conducted at night and evening of 20 November. axes, chainsaws, crowbars, ter formation by several min- 130P aerial refuelers (call signs defense system. included a 5.5-hour, 1,106 km The Special Forces were or- ropes, bullhorns, lights, and utes and zigzagging across its Lime 01 and Lime 02) took off flight of all aircraft, replicating ganised into three platoons: a other equipment (much of it ac- route. from Udorn, followed by the he- Combat assault the timing, speeds, altitudes, 14-man assault group, code- quired from commercial retail Each Combat Talon crew licopters ten minutes later. At 02:18 Cherry 01 transmit- and turns in the mission plan. named Blueboy, which would sources) to execute the mission. cross-trained to assume the role Shortly after midnight, ted the execute command “Al- The rehearsal spelled the end crash-land within the prison The ground force was also of the other, but the assault for- the A-1 Skyraiders lifted off pha, Alpha, Alpha” to all air- of the option to use the UH-1 compound; a 22-man support equipped for voice communi- mation was required to have a four minutes early from Na- craft as it overflew the prison when its small passenger com- group, Greenleaf, which would cations with 58 UHF-AM and navigation leader with four ful- khon Phanom Royal Thai Air and deployed four illumination partment resulted in leg cramps provide immediate support for 34 VHF-FM radios, including a ly functioning engines all the Force Base under clandestine, flares, then performed a hard- to the Special Forces troopers the assault team, and a 20-man survival radio for each individ- way to the objective. blacked-out conditions. turning descent to 150 metres that completely disrupted the security group, Redwine, to pro- ual soldier. The helicopters encountered to drop two battle simulators timing of their assault, more tect the prison area from NVA 116 aircraft (59 Navy and thick clouds over northern Laos south and southeast of Sơn Tây. 58 59 After Apple 03 made its straf- their intended track. The pilots thodically searching the five plan. tive level of the missiles, and Hilton” formerly housing civil- ing pass with side-firing mini of Apple 03, the gunship heli- prisoner blocks cell by cell. In the meantime, Cherry 02 ar- Apple 01 landed first at 02:37. ian and South Vietnamese pris- guns on the prison’s guard tow- copter preceding the others, ob- Also at 02:19, Apple 01 (after rived with the A-1 force, dropped It lifted off with its passengers oners became “Camp Unity”, a ers, Cherry 01 successfully served a compound nearly iden- its pilots saw Banana fire on the two more napalm ground mark- at 02:40, followed a minute lat- block of large communal areas dropped one of two planned tical to the prison camp in size first location) landed the Green- ers, and created other diversions er by the landing of Apple 02, housing 50 POWs each. napalm ground markers as a and layout (previously labeled leaf support group outside the to disguise the target area by which departed at 02:45. Ap- After their repatriation, many point of reference for the A-1s, a “secondary school” by intel- south side of the secondary dropping MK-6 log flares and ple 03, the last aircraft out, was POWs said that being in close then departed the objective area ligence sources) and steered to- school, thinking it to be the tar- battle simulators at road inter- cleared to leave its holding area contact with other Ameri- to a holding point over Laos ward it, followed by the assault get prison compound. Unaware sections that North Vietnamese at 02:48. cans lifted their morale, as did where it would provide UHF lift force. that it was 400 meters from the reaction forces might be expect- The raid had been executed knowledge of the rescue at- direction-finding steers for the However, they recognized objective, it lifted off to relo- ed to use. in only 27 minutes, well with- tempt. Some POWs said that departing aircraft. their error when they saw the cate to its holding area. Cherry 02 then orbited in the in the planned 30-minute opti- food, medical care, and even The assault helicopters in sin- river next to the actual location The “secondary school” was area just west of the Black River mum time. Although at first it seemingly basic things like gle file encountered winds that and corrected their flight path. actually a barracks for troops acting as on-call support for the was feared one raider had been mail delivery vastly improved caused them to break forma- Banana, the HH-3E carrying that, alerted by Banana’s abort- ground teams, jamming North left behind, all the troopers were after the raid. tion 140 metres to the right of the Blueboy assault team, de- ed assault, opened fire on Vietnamese radio communica- accounted for. One Redwine their intended track. The pilots scended on the wrong location Greenleaf as two of its elements tions, and providing a secure ra- trooper had been wounded in the Recognition of participants of Apple 03, the gunship heli- and observed that the expected assaulted the compound. dio link to the mission command leg and was the only casualty to For their actions, members copter preceding the others, ob- courtyard was much smaller The support group attacked post in Da Nang. hostile fire on the raid. of the task force received six served a compound nearly iden- than required and that the ex- the location with small arms and After a thorough search that Distinguished Service Crosses, tical to the prison camp in size pected treeline enclosed the hand grenades in an eight-min- included a second sweep or- Impact of the raid five Air Force Crosses, and at and layout (previously labeled compound rather than crossing ute fire-fight, after which Si- dered by Meadows, Blueboy’s The mission was deemed a least 85 Silver Stars, including a “secondary school” by intel- through it. mons estimated that 100 to 200 three teams found that the prison “tactical success” because of its all 50 members of the ground ligence sources) and steered to- By that time, Blueboy (as pre- hostile soldiers had been killed. held no POWs. execution, but clearly involved force who did not receive the ward it, followed by the assault viously rehearsed) was firing its Two A-1s supported Green- Meadows transmitted the an “intelligence failure”. The DSC. Manor received the Dis- lift force. weapons from all openings in leaf with an air strike using code phrase “Negative Items” to 65 prisoners at Sơn Tây had tinguished Service Medal. However, they recognized the helicopter. Banana’s pilots white phosphorus bombs on the command group. Pathfind- been moved on 14 July because The successful demonstra- their error when they saw the also recognized the error, ap- a wooden footbridge east of ers clearing the extraction LZ its wells had been contaminat- tions of joint operating capabil- river next to the actual location plied power, and quickly veered the area. Apple 01 returned at blew up an electrical tower that ed by flooding, or possibly due ity in Ivory Coast and Kingpin and corrected their flight path. north to the actual target. 02:23, and by 02:28, the sup- blacked out the entire west side to the threat of further inunda- were, in part, a model for the Banana, the HH-3E carrying Despite the error, and trees port group had disengaged un- of Sơn Tây including the prison tion, to a camp 24 km closer to creation of a joint United States the Blueboy assault team, de- taller than briefed that forced a der fire and re-boarded the hel- area. Hanoi that the POWs dubbed Special Operations Command scended on the wrong location steeper descent than rehearsed, icopter for the short movement At 02:29, Sydnor ordered the “Camp Faith”. in 1987. and observed that the expected the assault team crash-landed to the correct landing area. A-1s to attack the vehicle bridge Criticism of the raid, particu- Sơn Tây raider HH-53 68- courtyard was much smaller into the courtyard of Sơn Tây The pilot of Apple 02 ob- over the Song Con leading into larly in the news media and by 10357 (Apple 01) was subse- than required and that the ex- prison at 02:19 with all weap- served the errors in navigation the area and, three minutes lat- political opponents of the Vi- quently converted to MH-53M pected treeline enclosed the ons firing. by the helicopters in front of er, called for extraction by the etnam War and the Nixon Ad- Pave Low IV standard, served compound rather than crossing Although one raider, acting as him and made a hard turn to- HH-53s idling on the ground in ministration, was widespread in Bosnia and Iraq and was fi- through it. a door gunner, was thrown from wards the prison. He also ob- a holding area a mile away. and of long duration. Not only nally retired in 2008 after 38 By that time, Blueboy (as pre- the aircraft, the only casualty served Apple 01 unload at the Before the first helicopter ar- was the failure denounced as years of service, the last survi- viously rehearsed) was firing its was the helicopter’s flight engi- secondary school and initiated rived, a truck convoy approached the result of poor or outdated vor of the five Apples. weapons from all openings in neer, whose ankle was fractured Plan Green, the contingency the prison from the south, but intelligence, but charges were It is now on display in the the helicopter. Banana’s pilots by a dislodged fire extinguisher. plan for the loss or absence of was stopped by two Redwine made that the operation caused Cold War Gallery of the Nation- also recognized the error, ap- Army Captain Richard J. Greenleaf. security teams that each fired an increased mistreatment of the al Museum of the United States plied power, and quickly veered Meadows used a bullhorn to The Redwine security group, M72 light antitank weapon into prisoners. Air Force in Dayton, Ohio. north to the actual target. announce their presence to the including ground force com- the lead vehicle. However, as a result of the While the raid may have The assault helicopters in sin- expected POWs, while the team mander Sydnor, landed at 02:20 The HH-53s returned singly raid, the North Vietnamese failed in its overall objective, it gle file encountered winds that dispersed in four elements on a outside Sơn Tây prison and to the extraction landing zone consolidated their POW camps is still regarded as a text-book caused them to break forma- rapid and violent assault of the immediately executed the pre- amidst the SAM barrage, flying to central prison complexes. An special forces operation. tion 140 metres to the right of prison, killing guards and me- viously rehearsed contingency well below the minimum effec- area of the infamous “Hanoi 60 61 Gaming

With a shout of “Tally ho” Squadron Leader Matt ‘Brain’ O Brien scrambles to take on the might of the Luftwaffe during the Battle of Britain.

s I may have mentioned you’re new to flight simulators. • Bf-110 C-4 Late in the past, I rather en- The first thing you need to do • Bf-110 C-4B (Early Fight- Ajoy flight simulations. is set up the realism options that er-Bomber) But they can be a bit boring. you want to use. This is com- • Bf-110 C-4N (DB601P en- With that said, I really do en- prehensive and are divided into gines with 100 octane fuel) joy a good combat flight sim- various sections. • Bf-110 C-4NJG ulation. Back in Volume 4 of They include options for vul- (Night-Fighter) Military Despatches (October nerability, ground collisions, • Bf-110 C-6 (Heavy 30mm 2017), I reviewed IL-2 Sturmo- gunnery, bombing, limited fuel Cannon armed version) vik: Battle of Stalingrad. and ammunition, views, engine • Blenheim Mk.IV_Late So I was really looking for- management, engine tempera- (twin gun rear turret and ex- map covers London, the entire piercing, incendiary, high ex- IL-2 Sturmovik: Cliffs of ward to the release of IL-2 Stur- ture effects, head shake, black- tra bomb-load) southeast of England, the Eng- plosive, or a combination. Dover - Blitz Edition is a great movik: Cliffs of Dover back in outs and redouts. • Blenheim Mk.IV F (Heavy lish Channel, Northern France If you’re flying a plane that simulation for those that are 2011. This would see the game Atmosphere and handing de- Day-Fighter) and parts of Belgium and has is not a single-seater, you can looking for realism and a chal- moving from the Russian Front fines the effects of the in-game • Blenheim Mk.IV F_Late been updated with beautiful switch between the various po- lenge. to the Battle of Britain. atmosphere on a player’s plane. (Twin-gun rear turret and new textures and additional his- sitions. Put the plane on auto I’ve just heard the bell ring- Unfortunately the game was a They include wind and turbu- extra bomb-load) torical landmarks. pilot and then switch to one of ing for a scramble, so I’ll have disaster. It had more bugs than lence, flutter effects, torque and • Blenheim Mk.IV NF New Autumn and Winter the gunner slots or to the bomb to end it here. a cheap hotel. There was, how- gyro effects, stalls and spins, (Night-Fighter) maps allow the Battle to be ex- aimer. ever, one small ray of light. A and clouds. • Blenheim Mk.IV NF_Late tended into late 1940. Dozens The graphics are not bad at modding community that went You can fly a plane using the (Twin-gun rear turret and of vehicles, ships and structures all and aircraft are historical- by the name of Team Fusion keyboard, but you really should extra bomb-load) give life to the environment. ly painted and with the correct created a mod for the game that use a joystick for the best expe- • Spitfire Mk.I 100 octane In single player mode you can markings. made it almost playable. rience. • Hurricane DH-520-100 oc- fly a single mission, or you can Radio communication is im- Digitalmindsoft, the develop- Cockpits for the various air- tane start a campaign flying either portant, especially if you are ers of the game, eventually did craft are accurately modelled • Hurricane Mk.I NF for the RAF or the Luftwaffe. playing multi-player. the wise thing. They teamed and you will find all the con- (Night-Fighter) Multi-player allows over 100 Missions are varied and can up with Team Fusion and in trols and gauges there for you • Hurricane Mk.I FB (Fight- players and dozens of AI air- include everything from fly- December 2017 they released to use. er-Bomber) craft online simultaneously, ing patrols, intercepting enemy IL-2 Sturmovik: Cliffs of Do- There are now no fewer than • Beaufighter Mk.I F providing for huge and spectac- fighters or bombers, escort- ver - Blitz Edition. The work 23 aircraft that you can fly in • Beaufighter Mk.I NF ular aerial battles. ing bombers, attacking enemy of Team Fusion has greatly im- the game. These are: (Night-Fighter) There is also a mission build- shipping, bombing targets, and proved performance and fixed Bf-109 E-1B (Early Fight- • DH-82A-1 (Field Mod er where you can create your a whole lot more. serious issues. er-Bomber) armed Tiger Moth) own single player missions or There is a lot of detail in the At the start of the game you Bf-109 E-4N (DB601N en- • DH-82A-2 (Czechoslovaki- multi-player missions. game. For an idea of what I am deicide whether you want to do gine and 100 octane fuel) an armed Tiger Moth) When setting up a flight you talking about, take a look at the Publisher - 1C Entertainment training, single player, or mul- Bf-109 E-4/E-4B and E-4N • DH-82A (Battle of Britain choose what ammunition and 118 page manual by clicking Genre - Flight Sim ti-player. versions with added armor for Tiger Moth version with ordinance you will be carrying. here. Now you’ll have an idea Score - 8/10 For example you can choose of what I’m talking about when I recommend that you start fuel tank and pilot bomb carrying capacity) Price - R150 (on Steam) off with training, especially if • Bf-110 C-2 The expansive 350 by 350 km between ball, tracer, armour I say “attention to detail.” 62 63 Book Review Movie We were Soldiers Review Released: 2002 Running time: 138 minutes Directed by: Randall Wallace A Greater Share of Honour

Greater Share of Honour After five years service with 5 - The Memoirs of a Rec- South African Infantry Battalion, eleased in 2002 and a North Vietnamese soldier and of supplies and reinforcements. ce Officer by Major Jack both as an instructor and as a pla- based on the book We learn from him that the location Eventually, Nguyen Huu An, A Greef is one of the better books toon sergeant in the operational were soldiers once...and they were sent to is actually the the commander of the North R about the elite Reconnaissance area, he passed selection for the young by by Lieutenant Gener- base camp for a veteran North Vietnamese division, orders a Regiment - the Recces. Recces and qualified as a combat al (Ret.) Hal Moore and report- Vietnamese army division of large-scale attack on the Ameri- As a young Staff Sergeant operator. He served in the Recces er Joseph L. Galloway, We were 4,000 men. can position. in the Recces, Jack Greeff be- for 11 years and was the recipient Soldiers was directed Randall Upon arrival in the area with Meanwhile, back in the Unit- came one of the most decorated of the Golden Operator’s Badge Wallace. a platoon of soldiers, 2nd Lt. ed States, Julia Moore (Made- soldiers in the SADF. Leading for 10 or more years as a combat The film is based on the Bat- Henry Herrick spots an enemy leine Stowe) has become the two-man reconnaissance patrols operator in Special Forces. He be- tle of Ia Drang on 14 November scout, runs after him, and orders leader of the American wives deep into enemy held territories came one of the most decorated 1965. reluctant soldiers to follow. The living on the base. When the and operating under the noses of soldiers in the SADF - all award- The film opens with a French North Vietnamese scout lures Army begins to use yellow cab the enemy, they collected vital ed for achievements and bravery unit on patrol in Vietnam in them into an ambush, resulting drivers to deliver telegrams no- strategic information on enemy during special operations. This 1954, during the final year of in several men being killed, in- tifying the next of kin of sol- movements and installations. included a well-deserved Hono- the First Indochina War. The cluding Herrick and his subor- diers’ deaths in combat, Julia Using the information gathered, ris Crux. After rising to the rank patrol is ambushed and the Viet dinates. The surviving platoon personally assumes that emo- Kruger National Park and later he led raiding parties to the tar- of major he resigned to pursue a Minh commander, Nguyen Huu members are surrounded with tional responsibility instead. elsewhere in Africa. gets to execute what were prob- career as a game ranger. He has An (Đơn Dương), orders his no chance of retreat and are cut We were Soldiers is a movie A Greater Share of Honour - ably the biggest and most daring since successfully directed an- soldiers to “kill all they send, off from the rest of the battal- well worth watching and has Major Jack Greef acts of sabotage in recent military ti-poaching operations, firstly in and they will stop coming”. ion. Sgt. Savage assumes com- some really good action scenes. Softcover, 390 pages history. South Africa’s world-renowned Eleven years later, the United mand, calls in artillery, and uses Cost: R375 States is fighting the Vietnam the cover of night to keep the War. U.S. Army Lieutenant Vietnamese from overrunning Colonel Hal Moore (Mel Gib- their small defensive position. son) is chosen to train and lead Meanwhile, with helicopters a battalion. constantly dropping off units, After arriving in Vietnam, he Moore manages to secure weak learns that an American base points before the North Viet- has been attacked, and is or- namese can take advantage of dered to take his 400 men after them. the enemy and eliminate the Back at the base reporter Joe North Vietnamese attackers, Galloway (Barry Pepper) asks despite the fact that intelligence chopper pilot Major Bruce has no idea of the number of en- “Snake” Crandall (Greg Kinne- emy troops. ar) if he can be dropped off in Moore leads a newly creat- the combat zone. ed air cavalry unit into the Ia On the second day, despite Drang Valley. At his side is his being trapped and desperately Company Sergeant Major Basil outnumbered, the main U.S. Battle for Cassinga Shred when Read We fear naught but God L. Plumley (Sam Elliott). force manages to hold off the R220 R300 R395 After landing in the “Valley North Vietnamese with artillery, Click on the poster to watch a of Death”, the soldiers capture mortars, and helicopter airlifts trailer of the film. All books are available from Bush War Books 64 65 This month in military history ... MAY This month in military history ... MAY Some of the significant military events that happened in May. Highlighted in blue are the names was killed in military vehi- ly reach the British Middle National Liberation Front of those members of the South African Defence Force (SADF) that lost their lives during the month cle accident at Vereeniging. East army at the Suez Canal. (FNLC) invade Zaire’s Sha- of May. He was 22. • 1943 - US 1st Armoured Di- ba Province from Angola. • 2011 - U.S. Special Opera- vision captures Mateur, Tu- • 1979 - Captain Gabriel Jo- 1 May • 1984 - Corporal Johannes surgency Wing: Ops K Divi- tions Forces killed Osama nisia. hannes Jacobus Basson from • 1915 - A German U-boat Gerhardus Terblanche from sion (Koevoet) was Killed in bin Laden during a raid on • 1945 - British troops liberate 4 SAI accidentally drowned sinks the American tanker 1 SAI was killed instant- Action during a contact with his secret compound in Ab- Rangoon from the Japanese. when his boat struck an un- ‘Gulflight’, three killed. ly when his Ratel Infantry SWAPO/PLAN insurgents bottabad, Pakistan. • 1945 - Polish 10th Armoured derwater obstruction and he • 1936 - Emperor Haile Se- Fighting Vehicle overturned in Northern Owamboland. Brigade captures Wilhelms- was thrown overboard by the lassie leaves Ethiopia as the during exercises at the De He was 37. 3 May hafen. impact. He was 28. Italians rout his army. Brug Training Area. He was • 1985 - Rifleman Piet De- • 1846 - The Mexican Army • 1945 - RAF sinks sever- • 1982 - Falklands War: Ar- • 1941 - German assault on 20. fransa from 201 Battalion invades Texas. al German prison-ships in gentine Exocet missile sinks Tobruk. SWATF was killed in a mil- • 1900 - Second Anglo-Bo- Lubeck Bay. About 7,500 HMS ‘Sheffield’. • 1947 - Vice Adm Roscoe 2 May itary vehicle accident. He er War: A battle takes place are killed. • 1987 - Corporal Cornelius Hillenkoeter becomes 1st • 1863 - Stonewall Jackson is was 21. between the British forces • 1946 - The Allied Military Johannes Du Toit from Regi- CIA director. wounded by his own men at • 1987 - Three members from under Lord Roberts and the Tribunal in Tokyo begins ment Bloemspruit died from • 1960 - An American U-2 Chancellorsville, he dies on 5 Reconnaissance Regiment Boers under Gen. De la Rey war crimes trials. a gunshot wound resulting spy plane was shot down 10 May. were Killed in Action during at Brandfort OFS. De la Rey • 1961 - Defence legislation is from an accidental discharge over Sverdlovsk in central • 1943 - Japanese aircraft a contact with enemy forc- retreats at nightfall. amended to enable use of the of a fellow soldier’s rifle Russia on the eve of a sum- bomb Darwin, Australia. es at Otchinjau in Southern • 1900 - Second Anglo-Boer armed forces for the suppres- while at Fouriesburg. He mit meeting between Presi- • 1945 - Berlin formally sur- Angola during Ops Bauwer. War: General Lord Roberts sion of internal disorder and was 24. dent Dwight D. Eisenhower renders to the Red Army. They were: Corporal Augus- departs from Bloemfontein reorganise the police so as • 1988 - Representatives of and Soviet Russia’s Premier • 1945 - German forces in Ita- ta Fernando (26). Corporal and begins the ‘March to to co-ordinate its command South Africa, United States, Nikita Khrushchev. The pi- ly surrender. Martin Nyamhunga (24). Pretoria’ with almost 44,000 headquarters with that of the Angola and Cuba meet in lot, CIA agent Francis Gary • 1982 - Falklands War: Brit- Corporal Obadiah Malose men, 18,000 horses, and military. London (3-4 May) in search Powers, survived the crash, ish sub HMS ‘Conqueror’ Sebata (25). 1,200 field-guns. He leaves • 1969 - Lieutenant Andre of a solution to the Angolan and was tried, convicted sinks Argentine light cruis- • 1988 - A self-confessed SA to the strains of “We are Weilbach from 4 Squadron war and independence for and sentenced to 10 years in er ‘General Belgrano’, 323 spy of the security police in marching to Pretoria” which was killed when his AT-6 Namibia. prison by a Russian court. members of the crew are the ANC, Olivia Forsyth, is heard for the first time. Harvard failed to recover • 1962 - First French under- killed. who was held prisoner at • 1941 - US supply ships final- from a spin and crashed near 4 May ground nuclear blast, in the • 1982 - Rifleman Karel Titus ANC Quatro prison camp Hartebeespoortdam during a • 1860 - The Orange Free Sahara. from the South African Cape for seven months and spent routine general flying train- State signs a peace treaty • 1982 - Two members from Corps was killed when he another fifteen months un- ing sortie. He was 25. with Moshesh at Witteber- Infantry School were killed was knocked down and run der ANC guard in Luanda, • 1976 - Two members of the gen, near Winburg, after the in a private motor vehicle over by a civilian vehicle evades her guards and takes Kempton Park Comman- first Basuto war. accident between Edenburg while carrying road block refuge in the British embassy do were killed in a military • 1902 - General Smuts, on his and Bloemfontein while on duties at Eersterivier. He was in Luanda. vehicle accident in Pretoria. way to the national delega- weekend pass. The casual- 29. • 1990 - Two members from They were: Lance Corpo- tion at Vereeniging to start ties were: Rifleman Marnes • 1982 - Captain Leon van the Cape Regiment were ral Johannes Petrus Hen- peace negotiations, meets van Jaarsveld (18). Rifle- Wyk from 1 Parachute Bat- accidentally killed when drik Barnard (20). Rifleman with General Lord Kitchener man Jurgen Swaak (18). talion was Killed in Action their Buffel Troop Carrier Lawrence William Custard at Kroonstad, OFS. • 1982 - Rifleman Hans Ju- east of Otavi during a con- overturned in Mpumalanga. (24). • 1916 - Germany abandons rie Storm from 1 Parachute tact with SWAPO/PLAN in- They were: Corporal An- • 1978 - Three thousand unrestricted submarine war- Battalion was killed in a pri- surgents. He was 26. drew Afrika (23). Rifleman members of the Congolese fare, at the “request” of the vate motor vehicle accident • 1984 - Special Warrant Of- Jan Geduld (36). US. • 1990 - Lieutenant Mike • 1945 - German troops in the near Bloemfontein while on ficer Benyamen Joseph from Osama bin Laden weekend pass. He was 19. the SWA Police Counter-In- Schillings from Group 17 Netherlands, Denmark, and 66 67 This month in military history ... MAY This month in military history ... MAY Norway surrender chael Bridgeman, an Eland Private Papenfus from the • 1977 - Willem Johannes Pi- • 2000 - Sierra Leone rebels a long range West Coast • 1965 - Units of the SADF 90 Armoured Car Crew Technical Service Corps was etersen drowned while on seize peacekeepers from Sea Patrol. The crew have are now being equipped with Commander from 2 Spe- captured during this encoun- Observation Post duties on Zambia, raising to more no known grave and re- a rifle made completely in cial Service Battalion “D” ter and later taken to Cuba. the Kavango River. He was than 300 the number of UN main unaccounted for. They South Africa. It is the R1- Squadron Walvis Bay, was He was released a few years 20. personnel they are believed were: Major Raymond Hall 7.62 mm rifle, developed Killed in Action. He was 19. later. The casualties were: • 1980 - Rifleman Simon Ka- to be holding captive and Carter (52). Captain Gideon from the Belgian FN rifle, • 1978 - Corporal Herbert Lance Corporal Hendrik puna from (35 Battalion) dealing another blow to UN Machiel Albertus Rossouw with improvements. Charles Truebody, an Eland Jacobus Venter (20). Lance 101 Battalion SWATF was peacekeeping efforts in Afri- (25). • 1970 - At Kent State Uni- 90 Armoured Car Crew Corporal F. Petrus (22). Ri- Killed in Action during a ca. • 1978 - South Africa is con- versity, four students were Commander from 2 Spe- fleman L. Haifiku (24).Ri- contact with SWAPO/PLAN • 2011 - Claude Stanley demned by the United States killed by National Guards- cial Service Battalion “D” fleman H. Haimbodi (22). insurgents in Southern An- Choules dies in Australia at of America for its recent men who opened fire on Squadron Walvis Bay, was Rifleman W. Robert (23). gola. He was 24. the age of 110. He was the raid into Angola (Operation a crowd of 1,000 students Killed in Action when his Rifleman J. Petrus (20). • 1980 - Two members of last combat veteran of World Reindeer). protesting President Richard Eland 90 armoured car was 8 SAI were Killed in Ac- War I and also the last vet- • 1982 - Lieutenant Raymond Nixon’s decision to invade hit by a Soviet 82mm B10 5 May tion after suffering multiple eran to have served in both Roderick Hughes from 6 Cambodia. recoilless anti-tank rocket. • 1821 - France’s Napoleon shrapnel wounds when their World Wars. Squadron was killed near • 1978 - South African air- He was 19. Bonaparte dies in exile on TB came under attack from Port Elizabeth while ap- borne attack on a South • 1981 - Signaller Ronald the island of St. Helena. SWAPO/PLAN insurgents 6 May proaching to land in Atlas West Africa People’s Organ- Christo van Hamersveld • 1941 - Emperor Haile Selas- using mortars and RPG- • 1906 - British troops kill MB326M Impala Mk I while ization (SWAPO) military from 2 Signal Regiment was sie returns to Addis Ababa. 7 Anti-Tank Rockets. The over sixty Zulus during a pu- returning from a routine base at the former town of killed in Military Vehicle • 1942 - US begins rationing casualties were: Rifleman nitive expedition near Dur- training flight. He was 25. Cassinga, Angola. Conduct- Accident in Pretoria. He was sugar during WW II. Derek van den Berg (21). ban, Natal. • 1983 - Rifleman Louis Smit ed as one of the three major 21. • 1942 - A combined British Rifleman Andre Johannes • 1915 - Gallipoli: Allies at- from Regiment Westelike actions of Operation Rein- • 1982 - Special Sergeant N. military and naval force land Redelinghuys (20). tack Cape Hellas. Provinsie suffered a fatal deer during the South Afri- Tamunila from the South on Madagascar and by the • 1987 - Lance Corporal Rod- • 1942 - Corregidor and the heart attack and died while can Border War, it was the West Africa Police Coun- afternoon the town of Diego ney Abraham Scott from Philippines surrender to the on a foot patrol in the Opera- South African Army’s first ter-Insurgency Wing: Ops Suarez is captured. Group 39 was killed in a Japanese tional Area. He was 25. major air assault. K Division (Koevoet) was • 1945 - Okinawa: 131 Kami- motor vehicle accident at • 1943 - Allied forces on their • 1991 - Gunner Phillipus An- • 1978 - Four members from Killed in Action during kaze sink 17 ships. Barkley East. He was 21. way to Tunis wipe out Ger- dries van der Merwe from 25 2 and 3 Parachute Battalion a contact with SWAPO/ • 1945 - German troops in the man 15th Panzer Division. Field Regiment was killed were Killed in Action dur- PLAN insurgents in North- Netherlands surrender to the • 1945 - Axis Sally makes her when his Buffel Troop Carri- ing Operation Reindeer and ern Owamboland. He was Allies. last broadcast. er overturned at Batavia. He the subsequent assault on 32. • 1965 - First large US ground • 1955 - West Germany joins was 18. Cassinga in Southern An- • 1983 - Lance Corporal Ger- units arrive in South Viet- NATO. • 1992 - Rifleman Ralph Jef- gola. The casualties were: hardus Daniel Blignaut from nam. • 1962 - USS ‘Ethan Allen’ frey Steyn from 3 SAI was Rifleman Edward James 6 SAI was Killed in Action • 1969 - P.W. Botha, the Min- (SSBN-608) fires the first killed at Imbali Township Backhouse (22). Rifleman after suffering fatal gun- ister of Defence, announces nuclear warhead from a sub- near Pietermaritzburg when Martin Kaplan (25). Rifle- shot wounds when his pa- that an air-to-air projectile merged submarine. his Buffel Troop Carrier suf- man Jacob Conrad De Waal trol walked into a SWAPO/ has been perfected by South • 1976 - Two crew members fered brake failure and over- (23). Rifleman Andries PLAN ambush. He was 21. Africa. from 27 Squadron were Re- turned. He was 22. Petrus Human (29) was re- • 1988 - Six members from • 1977 - Rifleman Hendrik ported Missing when their ported Missing in Action af- 101 Battalion SWATF were Johannes Jordaan from Reg- Piaggio P166S Albatross 7 May ter jumping from the aircraft Killed in Action during a iment Westelike Provinsie disappeared south of Dassen • 1915 - The British passenger at Cassinga. It was later contact with a numerical- was Killed in Action when Island while returning from ship Lusitania was torpedoed learnt that he had landed in ly superior enemy force at he detonated a landmine by a German submarine off the river and drowned. Donguena, North of Cal- while on patrol in the Jati the coast of Ireland, losing • 1978 - Corporal Terence Mi- ueque in Southern Angola. Strip. He was 21. Claude Choules 1,198 of its 1,924 passen- 68 69 This month in military history ... MAY This month in military history ... MAY gers, including 114 Amer- in 1955. near the Cut-Line. He was Axis forces from evacuating • 1980 - Two members of 36 erated from Nazi occupa- icans. The attack hastened • 1982 - Corporal Hercules 19. North Africa. Battalion (Later 203 Battal- tion. neutral America’s entry into Petrus Bester from 5 SAI • 1987 - Rifleman Christo- • 1945 - A second German sur- ion) SWATF were Killed in • 1945 - German troops in the World War I. was Killed in Action dur- pher George Docherty from render ceremony was held in Action during a contact with Channel Islands surrender to • 1937 - Germany’s Condor ing a contact with SWAPO/ 7 SAI was killed when his Berlin. Soviet Russia’s lead- SWAPO/PLAN insurgents the British. Legion arrives in Spain to PLAN insurgents at Tsumeb. Buffel Troop Carrier over- er Josef Stalin had refused to in Northern Owamboland. • 1975 - Sergeant (Flight En- help the Nationalists. He was 20. turned at Barberton. He was recognize the German sur- They were: Rifleman Kum- gineer) Jacobus Johannes • 1939 - Germany and Italy • 1982 - Private Barry Andre 23. render document signed a sa Ntamshe (22).Rifleman Crause from 16 Squadron announce a military and po- van Tonder from the Tech- • 1997 - Former Defence Min- day earlier at Reims. David Twi (20). was killed when his Alou- litical alliance known as the nical Service Corps was ac- ister Magnus Malan takes • 1950 - General Douglas • 1981 - Two members from ette III Helicopter ditched Rome-Berlin Axis. cidentally electrocuted at full responsibility for secret MacArthur is appointed 2 SAI were Killed in ac- into the sea off Port Eliza- • 1942 - World War II: East Lohatla and could not be re- apartheid raids into neigh- commander of the United tion in a landmine explosion beth after suffering engine Africa. Naval bases on Mad- vived. He was 22. bouring countries but says Nations (UN) forces in Ko- in Northern Owamboland. failure. He was 28. agascar are surrendered to • 1983 - Two members from they were all state-sanc- rea, including South Afri- They were: Lance Corporal • 1977 - A Second Defence the British by Vichy forces. the South West Africa Po- tioned and legal. cans. Johannes Petrus Botha (19). Amendment Bill passes its • 1943 - World War II: Final lice Counter-Insurgency • 2000 - Rebels in Sierra Le- • 1952 - US conducts the first Rifleman Johannes Willem final stages in the House Allied Offensive, Tunisia. Wing: Ops K Division (Ko- one use civilians as shields H-Bomb test at Eniwetok Hanekom (22). of Assembly, with the sup- General Sir Harold Alexan- evoet) were Killed in Ac- while fighting UN forces. Atoll. • 1985 - Rifleman Petrus Jo- port of the entire opposi- der’s 18th Army Group cap- tion during a contact with • 1966 - WO1 Louis Matthys hannes Theron from the tion. The existing twelve tures Bizerte and Tunis. All SWAPO/PLAN insurgents 8 May Jakobus Pienaar from the Germiston Commando was months’ maximum national that remains of the German in Northern Owamboland. • 1902 - A combined force of Artillery School was killed killed in a head-on collision service will be increased to force is General Gustav von They were: Special Warrant British soldiers and armed when his Landrover was in- between two Buffel Troop twenty-four months and the Vaerst’s 5th Panzer Army on Officer Lebeus Vilho (36). Blacks attempts to surround volved in a head-on collision Carriers in the Kathlehong subsequent period of service the Cape Bon peninsula. Constable Nico Johannes General C.H. Muller’s com- with a civilian vehicle near Township. He was 26. increased to a maximum of • 1945 - World War II: Ger- Swiegers (22). mando, commanded in his Heidelberg. He was 45. • 1985 - Special Constable 240 days. many signs an uncondition- • 1984 - Special Sergeant Fi- absence by Col. Trichardt, • 1980 - Rifleman Simon Linus Abraham from the • 1986 - Sapper Jacobus al surrender at Allied head- lupus Matheus from the near Belfast. The attackers Kanunu from 35 Battal- South West Africa Police Petrus van den Berg from quarters in Rheims, France, South West Africa Police are repulsed. ion (Later 202 Battalion) Counter Insurgency Wing: 25 Field Engineer Squadron to take effect the following Counter-Insurgency Wing: • 1940 - The Cape Corps, con- SWATF was Killed in Ac- Ops-K Division (Koevoet) was killed at Oshakati after day, ending the European Ops K Division (Koevoet) sisting of Cape Coloured tion during a contact with was Killed in Action dur- being struck by a bullet re- conflict of World War II. was Killed in Action dur- men, is reformed under Col. SWAPO/PLAN insurgents ing a contact with SWAPO/ sulting from the accidental • 1946 - British Prime Min- ing a contact with SWAPO/ C.N. Hoy. in Northern Owamboland. PLAN insurgents in North- discharge of a fellow sol- ister, Clement Attlee, an- PLAN insurgents in North- • 1941 - Royal Navy captures He was 22. ern Owamboland. He was diers rifle. He was 19. nounces plans to withdraw ern Owamboland. He was ‘U-110’, with an intact Enig- 24. British troops from Egypt, 28. ma machine. 10 May dependent upon agreement • 1985 - Gunner Conrad • 1942 - During World War II 9 May • 1857 - Sepoy uprising at for a military alliance for the Heathcote from 10 Light in the Pacific, the Battle of • 1936 - Five days after Italy Meerut initiates the Indian protection of the Suez Canal. Anti-Aircraft Regiment col- the Coral Sea began in which captured the Ethiopian cap- Mutiny. • 1954 - The French Indochi- lapsed and died after suffer- Japan would suffer its first ital of Addis Ababa, Mus- • 1918 - Royal Navy com- na War ended with the fall of ing a fatal heart attack dur- defeat of the war. solini annexes Ethiopia and mando raid on Ostend: HMS Dien Bien Phu, in a stunning ing Junior Leaders Course at • 1943 - World War II: Fi- announces that Abyssinia is ‘Vindictive’ is sunk to block victory by the Vietnamese Youngsfield. He was 24. nal Allied Offensive, Tu- now part of the Italian Em- the Harbour. over French colonial forc- • 1985 - Rifleman A.H. Am- nisia. Admiral Sir Andrew pire. • 1940 - British form the Home es in northern Vietnam. The brosius from 101 Battalion Cunningham, Command- • 1945 - Czechoslovakia lib- Guard (Dad’s Army). country was then in divided SWATF was Killed in Ac- er-in-Chief of the Mediterra- • 1940 - Germany invades in half at the 17th parallel, tion during a contact with nean Fleet launches Opera- France, the Netherlands, with South Vietnam created SWAPO/PLAN insurgents tion ‘Retribution’, to prevent Joseph Stalin Belgium, and Luxembourg. 70 71 This month in military history ... MAY This month in military history ... MAY • 1940 - Kurt Student becomes • 1915 - World War I: The turned during a patrol in the Squadron was killed when numerically superior enemy was 21. the first general to a make force of the Union of South Etosha Pan. He was 18. his AT-6 Harvard spun into force. • 1988 - Foreign Affairs Min- combat parachute jump, over Africa enters Windhoek, • 1985 - Corporal Mark An- the ground near the Sundays • 1988 - Rifleman Dean An- ister Pik Botha and Defence Rotterdam. capital of South West Africa. thony Pond from 905 Spe- River during a routine gen- thony Lones from Regiment Minister Magnus Malan hold • 1940 - Luftwaffe bombs • 1943 - World War II: Final cial Services Company was eral flying training flight. He Dan Pienaar was killed in a talks in Brazzaville, Congo, Freiburg, Germany, by mis- Allied Offensive, Tunisia. Killed in Action during a was 21. military vehicle accident at with an Angolan delegation take; Goebbles blames the General Gustav von Vaerst’s contact with SWAPO/PLAN • 1975 - Trooper Pieter Ga- Hazyview near White River. headed by Minister of Jus- RAF. 5th Panzer Army finally sur- insurgents in Southern An- briel Eybers from 2 Special He was 25. tice Fernando van Dunem. • 1940 - Winston S. Churchill renders on the Cape Bon gola. Service Battalion was acci- • 2000 - Ignoring international becomes Prime Minister of peninsula, Tunisia. • 1986 - Three members from dentally killed when he fell pleas to end their two-year 14 May the UK. • 1943 - RMS ‘Queen Mary’ the South West Africa Police out of a patrol observation border conflict, Ethiopia and • 1942 - During World War II, • 1941 - Rudolf Hess, Adolph arrives at New York with Counter-Insurgency Wing: post in the Operational Area. Eritrea return to open war an Act of Congress allowed Hitler’s deputy, parachutes Winston Churchill and the Ops K Division (Koevoet) He was 20. with fighting reported on women to enlist for non- into Scotland. British Chiefs of Staff, en were Killed in Action during • 1980 - Rifleman Cornelius three fronts. combat duties in the Wom- • 1946 - Italy’s former colo- route to Washington, as well a fierce contact with heavi- Johannes Nortje from 1 SAI en’s Auxiliary Army Corps nies in North Africa are to be as 5,000 Afrika Korps veter- ly armed PLAN insurgents attached to 61 Mech Battal- 13 May (WAAC), the Women Ap- placed under UN control. ans bound for POW camps, in Northern Owamboland ion was killed when his Buf- • 1940 - Churchill promis- pointed for Voluntary Emer- • 1956 - France sends 50,000 and the 300 troops guarding when their Z5S Casspir was fel Troop Carrier overturned es “blood, toil, tears, and gency Service (WAVES), reservists to Algeria. them. hit by a Soviet RPG-7 An- in Northern Owamboland. sweat.” Women’s Auxiliary Ferry- • 1968 - Vietnam War: Paris • 1955 - Israeli raid on Gaza. ti-Tank Rocket. The casual- He was 19. • 1940 - Queen Wilhelmina ing Squadron (WAFS), and peace talks begin, as does the • 1960 - Israeli agents capture ties were: Constable Igna- • 1982 - Lance Corporal Mi- of the Netherlands flees to Semper Paratus Always Battle of Hamburger Hill. Adolf Eichmann in Buenos tius Francois van Zyl (25). chael Simon Ngoma from 5 England to avoid capture by Ready Service (SPARS), • 1983 - Four members from Aires. Special Constable Simeon Reconnaissance Regiment the Germans. the Women’s Reserve of the the South West Africa Police • 1966 - Lieutenant Ian Pieter Shindele (25). Special Con- died from gunshot wounds • 1943 - World War II: The Marine Corp. Counter-Insurgency Wing: Roos from 1 Squadron was stable Simon Toivo (24). accidentally sustained. He Italian commander-in-chief • 1943 - Japanese submarine Ops-K Division (Koevoet) killed when his Canadair was 24. in Tunisia surrenders a day sinks Australian hospital were Killed in Action dur- CL13B Sabre crashed near 12 May • 1983 - Rifleman Frank Paul after his German counter- ship ‘Centaur’ off Brisbane, ing fierce engagement with Waterkloof during a routine • 1900 - Second Anglo-Bo- Couvelis from 912 Battalion part, with the Allies holding 268 of 332 persons aboard a numerically superior force general flying training flight. er War: Lord Roberts enters SWATF was Killed in Action some 250,000 prisoners of die; wreck is found in 2009, of SWAPO/PLAN insur- He was 21. Kroonstad. President M.T. in Southern Angola when his war. with the Red Cross still gents in Northern Owam- • 1978 - Private Pieter Benade Steyn proclaims Heilbron in convoy was ambushed by a • 1946 - US sentences 58 prominent on her sides. boland. They were: Sergeant from 84 Technical Stores the Orange Free State as his Mauthausen concentration • 1976 - 2nd Lieutenant Li- A. Willem (27). Special Depot was killed in a mili- new capital. camp guards to death. onel John Kidson from 6 Constable U. Maundu (25). tary motor vehicle accident • 1941 - Urgent supplies, in- • 1964 - Rifleman Paul Jaco- SAI was critically injured Special Constable T. Mben- at Grahamstown. He was 20. cluding tanks and aircraft ar- bus Krogh from 1 Parachute when his Unimog vehi- dura (28). Special Constable • 1982 - Rifleman Jaques rive at the Egyptian port of Battalion was accidentally cle overturned on the “Wit J. Musaso (24). Samuae Du Preez from the Alexandria with the convoy, shot dead by a fellow soldier Pad”, close to Eenhana. He Army Intelligence Corps code-named ‘Tiger’. Gener- in the Barracks in Tempe, and the other injured were 11 May was Killed in Action during al Wavell can now prepare Bloemfontein. He was 20. airlifted to the Grootfontein • 1862 - To prevent its capture an attack on the “Kanjimi for operation ‘Brevity’, and • 1981 - Rifleman Mike Wil- Hospital where he died dur- by Union forces advancing Marenga” school where he the push against Rommel’s liams from the South Afri- ing the night. He was 19. in Virginia, the Confederate was serving as a teacher. He forces on the Egypt–Libya can Intelligence Corps was • 1978 - Communist-backed Ironclad Merrimac was de- was 19. border. killed in a Military Vehicle Katangan gendarmes, who stroyed by the Confederate • 1982 - Corporal Don Stof- • 1949 - Soviet Russia lifted Accident, at Madimbo. He had been living in neigh- Navy. fel Olyn from 911 Battalion its blockade of Berlin. bouring Angola, invade SWATF was killed when his • 1973- 2nd Lieutenant Jaco- • 1914 - Taza, Morocco, is oc- Kurt Student the region around Kolwezi cupied by French troops. Buffel Troop Carrier over- bus Petrus Kolver from 6 in southern Zaire. Zairian 72 73 This month in military history ... MAY This month in military history ... MAY troops are sent into quell the • 1940 - German troops occu- near Messina. He was 23. covery vehicle while return- • 1997 - Mobutu Sese Seko, • 1988 - Former information violence. py Amsterdam as the Dutch • 1985 - Special Constable K. ing from a sports event at who has ruled Zaire for more officer of the SADF, Brig- • 1980 - Three members from Army surrenders. Tjindunda from the South Uniondale. The casualties than 30 years, looting it of adier J. Bosman, reveals in 8 SAI were killed after re- • 1941 - World War II:Opera- West Africa Police Coun- were: Staff Sergeant Abra- billions of dollars, flees the Parliament that one third of ceiving multiple shrapnel tion ‘Brevity’. British forces ter-Insurgency Wing: Ops-K ham Carel Prinsloo (30). capital city as rebel forces the 3 000 troops involved in wounds in an accidental regain Halfaya Pass and cap- Division (Koevoet) was Sergeant Johannes Hendrik advance. The rebels enter the SA’s operation in south-east M26 hand grenade explo- ture the towns of Sollum and Killed in Action during a August Agenbach (22). Cor- city the next day and Laurent Angola are not White. In sion at Okalongo in North- Capuzzo on the Egypt–Lib- contact with SWAPO/PLAN poral Pieter Johannes Kotze Kabila declares himself head addition 65% to 70% of the ern Owamboland. They ya border. insurgents in Northern (22). Trooper Izak Sybrand of state. soldiers in the operational were: Lance Corporal Andre • 1944 - Eisenhower & Mont- Owamboland. He was 27. Visagie (20). Bombardier area were ‘people of colour’. David Naude (21). Rifleman gomery brief George VI & • 1986 - Lance Corporal Isaac Johannes Adrianas Du Toit 17 May • 1989 - A military coup fails Frederick Engelbrecht (18). Churchill on the D-Day plan. Londo from 101 Battalion (21). Rifleman Johannes • 1900 - Second Anglo-Boer to remove Mengistu Haile Rifleman Willem Johannes • 1957 - First British A-bomb SWATF was Killed in Action Frederick Wepener (18). War: After 216 days Boer Mariam as president of Ethi- Landman (20). explosion, Christmas Island, in a landmine explosion in • 1981 - WO II Isak Phil- forces abandon the siege of opia. • 1982 - Rifleman Andre Jodt the Pacific. Northern Owamboland. He lipus Venter from North Mafeking and Colonel Ma- • 1991 - Rifleman Antonio from the South West Africa • 1973 - Private Harry Cor- was 26. West Command Headquar- hon’s relief column enters Joao Sampaio from 32 Bat- Territory Force Gymnasium nelius Theron from 1 Main- ters was accidentally killed the town. talion was Killed in Action was killed in a military vehi- tenance Unit was acciden- 16 May at Stilfontein when he was • 1940 - Germans capture after being struck in the neck cle accident. He was 29. tally shot dead by a fellow • 1900 - Second Anglo-Boer knocked down by a civilian Brussels. by an AK-47 bullet fired • 1986 - Staff Sergeant Jan soldier at the 1 Maintenance War: A ‘flying’ column that vehicle during the Republic • 1941 - World War II: North from an unknown gunman Carl Bergh from the Sout- Unit weapons store while has sped its way straight Day preparation festivities. Africa. Rommel is instructed while he was on patrol in pansberg Commando was they were in the process of from Kimberley (reinforced He was 47. by Berlin to leave Tobruk to Tokoza Township. He was killed in a private vehicle cleaning and checking fire- further by Canadian troops) • 1981 - Rifleman Benjamin the Italians and concentrate 34. accident while on his way to arms. He was 18. comes to the aid of Mafeking Buys from 16 Maintenance his Deutsches Afrika Korps the Unit Headquarters after • 1980 - Rifleman Glen An- who is under siege by Boer Unit was killed when his on the fight along the Egypt– 18 May being called up for duty dur- drew Paul from 8 SAI was forces. private motor vehicle over- Libya border. • 1804 - Napoleon Bonaparte ing the state of emergency. critically wounded after re- • 1900 - Second Anglo-Boer turned at Grootfontein. It • 1943 - Operation Chastise: became Emperor of France, He was 42. ceiving multiple shrapnel War: General Hunter occu- appears that he had fallen RAF 617 Squadron (“The snatching the crown from • 1987 - Rifleman L. Emma- wounds in an accidental hand pies Christiana, the first ZAR asleep behind the wheel. He Dam Busters”) destroys the the hands of Pope Pius VII nuel from 201 Battalion grenade explosion at Oka- town to be captured. was 20. Ruhr Valley dams. during the actual coronation SWATF was Killed in Ac- longo in Northern Owam- • 1941 - World War II: North • 1981 - Signaler Albert Pe- ceremony, and then crown- tion during a contact with boland on 14 May 1980, he Africa. Believing that previ- ter Jordaan from the Army ing himself. SWAPO/PLAN insurgents unfortunately succumbed to ous day’s advance by British Signals Training Centre at • 1900 - Second Anglo-Boer in Northern Owamboland. his wounds on 15 May 1980. forces into Sollum and Fort Heidelberg was killed in a War: Boer negotiators, Gen- He was 24. He was 20. Capuzzo was the start of an private motor vehicle ac- erals Botha, De Wet, De la • 1981 - Rifleman Willie Ele- attack on Tobruk, General cident between Heidelberg Rey, Smuts and Hertzog at- 15 May fante from 201 Battalion Rommel attacks and forces and Grootvlei, on the N3. tend peace talks in Pretoria • 1900 - Second Anglo-Bo- SWATF was Killed in Ac- the British back to Halfaya He was travelling home on with Lord Milner and Lord er War: General Buller and tion during a contact with Pass. weekend pass after standing Kitchener. They are still ask- Lord Dundonald enter Dun- SWAPO/PLAN Insurgents • 1943 - German troops de- guard duty the whole night. ing for a continued independ- dee. Lyttelton’s division cap- in Northern Owamboland. stroy the main synagogue of He was 18. ence of the former republics. tures Glencoe. He was 22. Warsaw. • 1987 - USS ‘Stark’ (FFG-31) • 1941 - World War II: East • 1902 - Second Anglo-Boer • 1984 - Rifleman Malekudu • 1964 - Six members of the hit by Iraqi missiles, 37 sail- Africa. The 5th Indian Divi- War: Vereeniging confer- Johannes Nkada from 113 SADF were killed when ors die. sion, part of General William ence begins. The sixty Boer Battalion was killed when their Military Vehicle was Platt’s Northern Force, takes representatives elect General his Buffel Troop Carrier involved in a head-on col- Mobutu Sese Seko Amba Alagi after eighteen C.F. Beyers as chairman. overturned while on patrol lision with a Military Re- days of fighting. The Italian 74 75 This month in military history ... MAY This month in military history ... MAY commander, Duke d’Aosta, fighting. He was 22. lery Corps, Engineer Corps 2nd Lieutenant Stephen was killed in a military vehi- is the last one to leave the • 2000 - The UN Security • 1986 - South African troops and the newly formed Tank Soloman Hansen (19). Sap- cle accident at Nelspoort. He fortress. Council unanimously ap- carry out raids in Botswa- Corps. per Jan Hendrik Smith (19). was returning from Simons- • 1944 - The Polish II Corps proves an arms embargo na, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, • 1942 - Japanese subma- Sapper Anthonie Christoffel town after collecting sports storms Monte Cassino. against Ethiopia and Eritrea killing three people. rine-borne aircraft recon- Strydom (19). equipment when his vehicle • 1967 - UN agrees to Egyp- following the latest flare-up • 1987 - Rifleman John -Bar noiter Durban, South Africa. • 1982 - Corporal Brian Ger- overturned. He was 38. tian demand to withdraw UN in their two-year border war. nard from Regiment Bloem- • 1970 - Two members from ald Peterson from 701 Bat- • 1987 - Private Clifton Bri- forces from Gaza Strip. spruit was killed in a military Flying Training School talion SWATF was Killed in an Kilian from 97 Ammu- • 1973 - Staff Sergeant Kevin 19 May vehicle accident at Van Sta- Langebaanweg were killed Action during a contact with nition Depot was killed in a Everitt Potgieter from 1 Par- • 1931 - “Pocket Battleship” densrus. He was 25. when their Atlas MB326M SWAPO/PLAN insurgents military vehicle accident at achute Battalion was killed ‘Deutschland’ launched in • 1996 - French troops move Impala Mk I flipped over on in Northern Owamboland. Mokerong. He was 19. in a parachute accident at Germany. into downtown Bangui, Cen- the runway during a landing He was 19. • 1988 - Rifleman Motsemo- Tempe. He was 27. • 1935 - T. E. Lawrence, bet- tral African Republic, to help at Air Force Base Lange- • 1983 - A powerful car bomb holo Joseph Mpembe from • 1980 - Four members from ter known as ‘Lawrence of quell an army uprising. baanweg. They were: Major placed by MK Operatives 5 Reconnaissance Regiment 41 Battalion were Killed Arabia’, is killed in a motor- • 1998 - The name of the mili- Gabriel Hendrik van Dyk exploded outside the Air was killed in a parachuting in Action during a contact cycle accident at the age of tary base, Voortrekkerhoogte (31). Captain Phillip Spen- Force Headquarters build- accident at Kenilworth. He with a numerically superior 46. is officially changed to Tha- cer Weyer (25). ing in Church Street during was 23. force of SWAPO/PLAN in- • 1940 - Charles De Gaulle’s ba Tshwane. • 1979 - Special Constable the afternoon rush-hour pe- • 1988 - Rifleman Andre surgents in Northern Owam- 4th Armoured Division Petrus Mabashe from the riod killing seven members Petrus Prinsloo from 16 boland. The casualties were: counter-attacks the Germans 20 May South West Africa Police of the SADF and 10 civil- Maintenance Unit was killed Rifleman Hendrik Balie at Péronne. • 1900 - Second Anglo-Boer Counter-Insurgency Wing: ians. Another 197 SADF in a military vehicle accident (21). Rifleman Dawid Go- • 1951 - UN begins counter War: A squadron of Colo- Ops-K Division (Koevoet) personnel and civilians were 10km South of Windhoek. liath (29). Rifleman Vincent offensive in Korea. nel E.C. Bethune, under was Killed in Action dur- wounded in the explosion He was 21. Sekopomashe (25). Rifle- • 1958 - The North American Captain Geoff, runs into a ing a contact with SWAPO/ that also killed the two MK • 1998 - Ethiopia and Eritrea man Joseph Tjipuna (22). Aerospace Defense Com- well-placed ambush under PLAN insurgents in North- Operatives who had placed amass thousands of troops • 1982 - Rifleman Likam- mand (NORAD) is estab- Commandant Blignaut at ern Owamboland. He was the bomb. The SADF casu- along their border, ready to bo Zecks Maxwell from lished. Scheepers Nek, ten km south 26. alties were: Colonel Ste- fight over a 640-square km 701 Battalion SWATF was • 1967 - US bombs Hanoi. west of Vryheid. The Brit- • 1981 - Three members of fanus Sebastiaan Walters triangle of disputed land. killed after suffering multi- • 1978 - Rifleman Adriaan ish lose twenty-seven killed, the SADF were Killed in (43). Commandant Johan ple shrapnel wounds in an Adolf Jonker from the Mid- twenty-five wounded, elev- Action while on a vehicle de Villiers (47). Comman- 21 May accidental mortar bomb ex- lands Commando died from en taken prisoner and twen- patrol from Okankolo north- dant Izak Johannes Henning • 1902 - Second Anglo-Bo- plosion at Nkongo Base. He a gunshot wound acciden- ty-nine horses killed. The east along the Odilla River (60). Captain Rian Hendrik er War: The proposed peace was 21. tally sustained as a result of Boers capture a machine gun bed. The casualties were: Liebenberg (26). Flight Ser- proposals agreed on by a • 1994 - Military observers an accidental discharge of and twenty-six horses, while geant Jacob Johannes Ras commission of five, Botha, returning to the Rwandan a fellow soldiers rifle while losing one burgher killed, (38). Corporal Anton Nel De la Rey, De Wet and Hertz- countryside report ethnic he was serving in the Opera- one wounded and one cap- (22). Airman Wayne Law- og, with Kitchener and Mil- killings of at least 200,000. tional Area. He was 24. tured by the British. rence Kirtley (19). ner, are received in London. • 1997 - Rebels led by Laurent • 1983 - Lance Corporal Col- • 1902 - US military occupa- • 1983 - Rifleman John Phil- • 1941 - SS ‘Robin Moore’ is Kabila take control of Kin- in Watson Kindness from 4 tion of Cuba (since June of lip Olivier from Regiment sunk off Brazil, first U-boat shasa, capital of Zaire now SAI, attached to 61 Mecha- 1898) ends. Groot Karoo was Killed in kill of an American ship in the Democratic Republic of nised Battalion Group died • 1940 - German tanks reach Action near Mupa. He was World War II. the Congo, after overrunning from a gunshot wound acci- the Channel. 24. • 1944 - World War II: Allied the country in seven months. dentally sustained as a result • 1940 - World War II: The 1st • 1987 - Chief Petty Officer forces break through the Hit- • 1999 - Sierra Leone’s gov- of an accidental discharge of SA Infantry Brigade is called Jan Johannes Barend Mostert ler Line in Italy. ernment and the country’s a fellow soldiers rifle while up for continuous train- • 1951 - USSR announces it rebels agree to a cease-fire the platoon was ‘Falling In” will sell arms to Egypt. ing, to be followed by other T E Lawrence to end seven years of savage during musketry training. units, including the SA Artil- • 1956 - US explodes the first 76 77 This month in military history ... MAY This month in military history ... MAY airdropped hydrogen bomb, casualties were: Captain An- 4 Reconnaissance Regiment to the Allied campaign in fantry School was critically Jacobus Bezuidenhout from Bikini Atoll dre Erasmus (28). Lieuten- were Killed in Action dur- East Africa; only Gondar, to injured in a private motor Regiment De La Rey was • 1974 - The British Prime ant Charl de Jongh Muller ing a Reconnaissance Oper- the north, still remains under vehicle accident near Coles- killed instantly when a So- Minister, Harold Wilson, (23). 2nd Lieutenant Timo- ation in Cabinda Province of Italian control. burg and later succumbed to viet PG-7 Anti-Tank Rocket states in the House of Com- thy Simmons Patrick (18). Northern Angola. Captain • 1941 - British troops take his injuries in the Universitas was accidently detonated in- mons that the export license 2nd Lieutenant Johannes Wynand du Toit is captured. Baghdad, deposing pro-Nazi Hospital, Bloemfontein. He side their Buffel Troop Car- for a Westland Wasp heli- Mattheus Heyns Muller The casualties were: Corpo- Iraqi regime. was 22. rier while travelling on the copter to South Africa will (19). Corporal Eduard Coet- ral Rowland Ridgard Lieb- • 1942 - Mexico declares war • 1985 - Major Jan Pen Wes- Oshakati-Oshikuku road. be revoked. zee Engelbrecht (19). Lance enberg (25). Corporal Louis on Nazi Germany and Japan. sels from 85 Combat Fly- He was 24. • 1976 - Private Adriaan Jo- Corporal Andrew Jeremy Pieter van Breda (25). • 1945 - The Allies dissolve ing School was killed when • 1983 - 2nd Lieutenant Jaco- hannes van der Merwe from Falkus (20). Lance Corporal • 1985 - Three members from the “Dönitz Government,” his Dassault Mirage IIID2Z bus Edward Visser from 202 the 4th Provost Company, Joao Kaumba (21). Rifle- 101 Battalion SWATF were and abolish German sover- crashed near Pietersburg. He Battalion SWATF was killed South African Corps of Mil- man Rodrigues Alberto (27). killed when their Caspir Ve- eignty. was 36. in a motor cycle accident at itary Police was killed in Rifleman Benedito Albino hicle overturned at Ondan- • 1945 - After being captured • 1994 - Rwandan rebels seize Rundu. He was 23. Military Vehicle Accident at (25). Rifleman Sebastiao gwa. They were: Rifleman by the British, Heinrich the key government army • 1983 - In response to a car Grootfontein. He was 19. Angelo (22). Rifleman Ma- J Kandjii (27). Rifleman M Himmler commits suicide. barracks in Kigali, removing bomb attack in Pretoria on • 1978 - French and Belgian nuel Augusto (26). Rifleman Domingos (26). Rifleman J He was 44. the biggest obstacle in their 20 May, the South African paratroopers who were flown Antonio Caliango (31). Ri- Felosiano (25). • 1960 - Israel announces the drive to capture the capital. Air Force bombs ANC bases into Kolwezi, Zaire’s main fleman Abel Livingue (23). • 1986 - Rifleman Gabriel capture of Nazi Adolf Eich- in a Maputo suburb, Mozam- copper producing town, Rifleman Casto Marceli- Gerhardus Malan from 7 mann in Argentina. 23 May bique, killing six. to rescue the 3,000 White no (24). Rifleman Joaquim SAI was killed in a Military • 1965 - Minister of Defence • 1900 - Second Anglo-Boer • 1998 - General Andreas residents, have discovered Matamba (22). Vehicle Accident at Kwan- Jim Fouché announces that War: British troops arrive at “Kat” Liebenberg, ex-chief over 150 bodies lying in the • 1985 - Three members of the debele. He was 19. R12m. has been spent on the the Renoster River only to of the SA defence force, dies town’s main streets. Most Air Force Base Waterkloof • 1986 - Corporal D Mauriocu defence radar screen in the find that the Boers have de- of cancer in Pretoria. have been badly mutilated. Fire Section were Killed in from 5 Reconnaissance Reg- Transvaal. stroyed the bridge. Communist-backed Katang- Action after being called to iment was Killed in Action • 1969 - Trooper Hendrik Er- • 1966 - The Fort Klapperkop 24 May ese gendarmes, who had in- assist the Pretoria Fire De- during a contact with enemy lank Pieterse from 84 Tech- military museum, Pretoria, • 1870 - Jan Christian Smuts, vaded the region earlier this partment in extinguishing a forces in Southern Angola. nical Stores Depot was killed mainly illustrating the period who was to become the Un- month, are blamed. Zairian massive fire at the SASOL He was 24. in a military vehicle acci- from the Great Trek to 1902, ion of South Africa’s second troops, who had been sent in Bulk Storage Depot in Pre- dent. He was 19. is opened by President C.R. prime minister, is born on a week ago, appear to have toria West after Soviet SPM 22 May • 1983 - Rifleman Johannes Swart. the farm Bovenplaats near joined with the Katangese limpet mines planted by • 1900 - Second Anglo-Boer Engelbrecht from the In- • 1979 - Two members from Riebeeck West in the Cape. gendarmes, getting high on MK Operatives had explod- War: USA President McKin- 5 Reconnaissance Regi- • 1900 - Second Anglo-Boer drugs and going on the mur- ed and damaged some of the ley says he will not intervene ment were Killed in Action War: Britain annexes the Or- der spree. large fuel storage tanks. The in the war in South Africa at Shona Mutamanjamba in ange Free State. Lord Rob- • 1980 - Fifteen members casualties were: Sergeant despite direct requests by Southern Angola while car- erts changes the name to Or- from 32 Battalion were Wynand Jacobus Hawkins Boer representatives visiting rying out reconnaissance ange River Colony. Killed in Action during (30). Corporal Donald Gra- the White House. mission to locate a suspected • 1900 - Second Anglo-Bo- heavy close-quarter fighting ham Clench (22). Airman • 1915 - Italy declares war on SWAPO/PLAN Base in the er War: Colonel Robert against a vastly numerical- Michael Sydney Knoetze Austria-Hungary. area. The casualties were: Baden-Powell occupies ly superior enemy force of (23). • 1941 - World War II: East Captain Johannes Cornelius Zeerust. FAPLA troops and PLAN • 1985 - A SADF unit is am- Africa. Caught between a van Wyk HC (27). Corporal • 1902 - Second Anglo-Boer insurgents during an engage- bushed at the Cabinda oil re- pincer movement of the 11th Johan Kloosterziel (22). War: British General Sir Ian ment to neutralise an ene- finery in Angola and Special and 12th African Divisions, • 1983 - Rifleman Coenraad Hamilton attends General my base complex at Savate Forces Captain Wynand du the Abyssinian town of Sod- Jan Christiaan Smuts’ birth- in Southern Angola during Toit is taken captive. du is captured. It was the pe- day party: “I sat between Operation Tiro a Tiro. The • 1985 - Two members from nultimate point of resistance Kat Liebenberg Botha and De la Ray. On 78 79 This month in military history ... MAY This month in military history ... MAY Botha’s right was De Wet, on • 1977 - US raises concern surgency Wing: Ops-K Di- • 1942 - North Africa: Rom- (24). Lance Corporal Eu- hannes Gysberg Venter from De la Ray’s left sat Smuts. over the presence of Cuban vision (Koevoet) was Killed mel attacks the Gazala Line. gene Hayes (22). Private Northern Transvaal Com- I had the most enchanting military advisers in Ethiopia. in Action during a contact • 1967 - Egyptian premier Ga- Gerhardus Hermanus Was- mand was killed in a military evening, and never wish to • 1977 - Sergeant William with SWAPO/PLAN Insur- mal Abdel Nasser vows to serman (21). motor cycle accident at Cull- eat my dinner in better com- Henry Bernard Gildenhuys gents in Northern Owam- destroy Israel if war is pro- • 1972 - US-USSR sign SALT inan. He was 21. pany.” HC (Posthumous) from the boland. He was 25. voked. I (Strategic Arms Limitation • 1989 - WO1 Roland Stan- • 1916 - Britain introduces Cape Town Highlanders was • 1984 - Rifleman Craig Ru- • 1971 - Eleven SAAF mem- Treaty). ley Sheppard from South conscription. killed after suffering multi- dolph Olivier from the Dur- bers, nine from 21 Squadron • 1973 - Rifleman Jeffrey Ger- West Africa Medical Com- • 1916 - Germans capture Ft. ple shrapnel wounds while ban Light Infantry died in 1 and two from 24 Squadron ald Holm from 1 Parachute mand was killed in a Mili- Douaumont, Verdun, from detached to Alpha Compa- Military Hospital after being were killed when a formation Battalion was killed in a tary Vehicle Accident on the the French. ny, 1 Parachute Battalion for critically injured in a mil- of three Hawker Siddeley military vehicle accident, in Tsumeb-Ondangwa Road. • 1921 - The British Legion, special duties. He was 28. itary vehicle accident. He Mercurius HS125 aircraft Eastern Caprivi. Jeffrey was He was 50. now the Royal British Le- • 1981 - Special Warrant Of- was 22. flew into the side of Dev- the first SADF soldier to die • 1991 - South African Air gion, is formed by Great War ficer Antonio Chiwale from • 1987 - Two members from il’s Peak during an aircraft on service in the Border area Force pioneer Major-Gener- veterans. the South West Africa Police 111 Battalion were killed formation practice rehearsal after the SADF took over the al Ken van der Spuy, veteran • 1941 - Battle of the Denmark Counter-Insurgency Wing: in a military vehicle acci- for the Republic Day 10th border area protection role of both world wars and hold- Straits: the ‘Bismarck’ sinks Ops-K Division (Koevoet) dent on the Carolina Road Anniversary celebrations in from the South African Po- er of fourteen decorations HMS ‘Hood’, 1,416 are was Killed in Action dur- approximately 30 km from Cape Town. The casualties lice. He was 19. from several countries, dies killed. There are only three ing a contact with SWAPO/ Amsterdam. They were: Ri- were: Major Michael Chris- • 1977 - Rifleman Charles at the age of 99. survivors. PLAN Insurgents in North- fleman Menzie Albert Moyo tiaan de Graaff Genis (37). Henry Janse van Noordwyk • 1979 - Private Albertus Mun- ern Owamboland. (22). Rifleman Passport Jo- Captain Daniel du Plessis from 3 SAI was killed after 27 May dy from 16 Maintenance • 1982 - Rifleman Daniel de hannes Zulu (21). Lombard (37). Comman- suffering multiple shrap- • 1900 - Second Anglo-Boer Unit was killed in a military Klerk from 4 SAI was Killed • 1994 - The UN arms embar- dant Lourens Adrian Fran- nel wounds in an accidental War: General Lord Roberts vehicle accident at Groot- in Action during a contact go on South Africa is finally cois Henning (40). Major hand grenade explosion at crosses the Vaal River and fontein. He was 21. with SWAPO/PLAN insur- lifted following the election George Johannes Euvrard Potchefstroom. He was 18. occupies the town of Ver- • 1991 - Corporal Revis Omie gents. He was 19. of Nelson Mandela as pres- (32). Major Nico Beetge • 1977 - The Shaba War in eeniging. Khoza from the Kruger Park • 1982 - Private Wayne Peter ident of the government of (31). Captain Gerald Nicol Zaire comes to an end. • 1918 - Battle of the Aisne: Commando was killed after Lourens from 86 Technical National Unity. Snyman (27). Major Herwie • 1980 - Rifleman Johannes Allies begin pressing back he was attacked and tram- Stores Depot went for dental • 1997 - Rebels topple the Herman Albert Cornelius Stephanus van der Merwe the Germans. pled to death by an enraged treatment in Bloemfontein. government of Sierra Leone Lamoral (37). Major Willem from Sector 10 Headquar- • 1941 - World War II: North buffalo while on patrol in the After receiving a dental in- in a violent coup. Abram Prinsloo (37).Corpo- ters was killed when he was Africa. General Erwin Rom- Kruger National Park. He jection, he suddenly lapsed ral Reiner Nicolaas Grobler struck by a bullet resulting mel, now reinforced with the was 35. into a coma and was rushed 26 May from an accidental discharge 15th Panzer Division, recap- to hospital where he later • 1940 - The Dunkirk evacu- of a fellow soldiers rifle tures Halfaya Pass. 25 May died. He was 21. ation began in order to save while serving at Oshakati. • 1941 - The Royal Navy sinks • 1857 - In an attempt to • 1982 - Three members from the British Expeditionary He was 20. the ‘Bismarck’. unite the two Boer repub- 202 Battalion SWATF were Force trapped by advancing • 1986 - Rifleman Ivan Con- • 1956 - The Casbah area lics, the commandoes of the Killed in Action during a German armies on the north- radie from the South Afri- of Algiers is sealed off as Free State and Transvaal contact with enemy Forces ern coast of France. Boats can Cape Corps, attached to French troops search for (Zuid-Afrikaansche Repub- in Southern Angola. They and vessels of all shapes and Sector 10 Headquarters, was weapons caches. liek) confront each other were: Rifleman G. Muronga sizes ferried 200,000 Brit- killed in a military vehicle • 1969 - Two members of 28 at the Renoster River, but (24). Rifleman A.H. Kudu- ish and 140,000 French and accident at Oshakati. He was Squadron were killed in- an armed clash is averted mo (25). Rifleman L. Kudu- Belgian soldiers across the 21. stantly when the private through mediation of Paul mo (26). English Channel by 2 June. • 1987 - Corporal Willem Jo- motorcycle they were rid- Kruger and others. • 1983 - Sergeant Alberto • 1940 - The Crown detains ing crashed at the notorious • 1940 - German troops reach Costa from the South West British Fascist Oswald Mo- “Death Bend” in Johannes- the Channel near Boulogne. Africa Police Counter-In- seley. Oswald Moseley burg. They were: Air Ser- 80 81 This month in military history ... MAY This month in military history ... MAY geant Terence McKelvin the British army. of a moving Samil truck. He rines storm Shuri Castle. SWATF was Killed in Ac- the hundreds who could eas- (24). Air Mechanic Anthony • 1942 - World War II: North was 20. • 1981 - Lieutenant Jeremy tion during a contact with ily be saved.” Edward Dwyer (20). Africa. Colonel General Er- • 1984 - Signaller Daniel Hen- John van der Wath from 42 SWAPO/PLAN insurgents • 1902 - Second Anglo-Boer • 1980 - RENAMO denies in win Rommel begins his third drik Klue from the South Af- Squadron was killed instant- near the Cut-Line. He was War: The officially report- Lisbon that the movement is offensive to push the British rican Corps of Signals was ly while flying Atlas AM3C 23. ed camp population of the receiving assistance or sup- back into Egypt: Operation killed in a military vehicle Bosbok, Serial No. 958. The • 1984 - WO1 Willem de White concentration camps plies from South Africa. ‘Venezia’. accident at Olifantshoek. He aircraft crashed near Eenha- Ruyter Genis from North- is 116, 572 and the deaths for • 1981 - Rifleman Terence • 1970 - Private Bartholomeus was 19. na while flying low level ra- ern Logistics Command was May are 196. Rodney le Roux from 5 SAI Stephanus Diedericks from • 1985 - Lieutenant Michael tion drops over a shona. He killed in a military vehicle • 1902 - Second Anglo-Boer was Killed in Action while the Technical Service Corps Robert Borthwick from the was 20. accident at Grootfontein. He War: The officially reported on patrol from Etale base was killed in a military vehi- Personnel Services Corps • 1981 - Lieutenant Immo was 48. Black concentration camp close to the Charlie pipeline. cle accident. He was 18. was killed in a Military Vehi- Klaus Kruger from 32 Battal- • 1990 - Private Charl de Vil- population in the sixty-six He was 22. • 1978 - Candidate Officer cle Accident on the Pieters- ion was killed after suffering liers from the Technical Ser- Black camps reach 115,700. • 1990 - Signaller Alan Ver- Stephanus Rudolph Strydom burg Highway. He was 27. multiple shrapnel wounds in vice Corps was accidentally 523 deaths are recorded for non Campbell from 2 Sig- from the Infantry School In- • 1985 - Two members from an accidental hand grenade killed in Pretoria when his May. The total recorded nal Regiment was killed in a structor Group was killed the SWA Police Counter-In- explosion in the 32 Battalion Ratel overturned on the road deaths are calculated at a military vehicle accident on after being struck by a bullet surgency Wing: Ops K Divi- training area. He flung him- in front of Special Forces minimum of 14, 154 (more the Pietersburg Highway. He resulting from an accidental sion (Koevoet) were Killed self onto the hand grenade to Headquarters. He was 19. than 1 in 10). 81% of the fa- was 21. discharge of a fellow sol- in Action during a contact protect those around him. He • 1998 - Accepting a seven- talities are children. dier’s rifle while at Groot- with SWAPO/PLAN insur- was 25. teen-gun salute, outgoing • 1941 - The Luftwaffe bombs 28 May fontein. He was 20. gents in Northern Owam- • 1982 - Lance Corporal Adam South African National De- Dublin. • 1900 - Second Anglo-Bo- • 1979 - Special Warrant Of- boland. They were: Con- Cecil Lennox from 5 Recon- fence Force (SANDF) chief, • 1942 - First Allied air raid on er War: The annexation of ficer David Gabriel from the stable Johannes Jurgens naissance Regiment died at General Georg Meiring, for- Cologne. the Orange Free State is an- SWA Police Counter-Insur- Vos (20). Special Constable Phalaborwa as a result of mally hands over command • 1942 - World War II: East nounced by Lord Roberts, gency Wing: Ops K Division Frans Bajiyu (24). an accidentally self-inflicted of the SANDF to Lt Gen. Africa. Japanese submarines and back-dated to coincide (Koevoet) was driving from • 1986 - Trooper Johann Pre- gunshot wound to the head Siphiwe Nyanda in the sports shell Sydney and Diego Su- with the Queen’s birthday on Ondangwa to Oshakati and torius from 1 Special Ser- while playing with a private- stadium in Thaba Tshwane, arez naval bases on Mada- 24 May. gave a lift to a man who, un- vice Battalion was Killed in ly owned revolver. He was Pretoria. gascar. • 1924 - A serious peacetime known to him, was a member Action when his armoured 18. • 1966 - 300 US airplanes air force accident takes place of SWAPO/PLAN. Halfway car detonated a landmine • 1983 - Rifleman Noreneus 30 May bomb North Vietnam. when a 20-lb bomb falls to Oshakati Warrant Gabriel near the Cut-line. He was Philipus from 101 Battalion • 1815 - The British troopship • 1967 - Egypt’s President from a military DH9 bomber, stopped alongside the road to 21. Arniston is wrecked on the Gamal Abdel Nasser and which was damaged during a relieve himself, leaving his • 1991 - Ethiopian rebels seize rocks at Waenhuiskrans (lat- Jordan’s King Hussein sign forced landing at Kuruman. FN rifle in the vehicle with Addis Ababa. er called Arniston). 372 of a mutual defence treaty, The bomb explodes among the passenger. The SWAPO/ the 378 people on board are prompting Israel to strike a crowd of spectators, kill- PLAN passenger took the ri- 29 May drowned. pre-emptively a week later, ing three and injuring thir- fle and shot him dead before • 1900 - Second Anglo-Boer • 1900 - Second Anglo-Boer starting the Six-Day War. ty-nine. successfully making his es- War: General Louis Botha War: Lady Edward (Violet) • 1970 - 2nd Lieutenant Jo- • 1940 - King Leopold III sur- cape. He was 36. visits Johannesburg two days Cecil writes to Lord Salis- hannes Jacobus Theron from renders Belgium to the Ger- • 1980 - The first 55 women before British occupation bury on the conditions in 4 Artillery Regiment was mans. graduate from the U.S. Na- and asks the residents not to Bloemfontein: “Far more killed in a military vehicle • 1940 - Norway: An- val Academy. resist and not to destroy the people have been killed in accident at Messina. He was glo-French forces capture • 1983 - Lance Corporal Frank gold mines. our hospitals than by Boer 19. Narvik. Pieter Leendert van der Bijl • 1900 - Second Anglo-Boer bullets... Men are dying by • 1974 - South Africa tells • 1941 - World War II: Gener- from 101 Field Workshops War: The Battle of Klipriv- Britain that unless the Wasp al Jan Smuts, premier of SA, was killed after he acciden- iersberg or Doornkop starts. helicopter is delivered, the becomes a field marshal of tally fell under the wheels • 1945 - Okinawa: the 5th Ma- Georg Meiring Simonstown Agreement on 82 83 This month in military history ... MAY quiz naval cooperation will have tons of bombs, killing seven • 1978 - Lance Corporal Yvan to be reviewed. people Mark L’Hoest from 1 SAI Acronyms • 1982 - Spain becomes the • 1916 - The Battle of Jutland: Died of Wounds in 1 Mili- 16th member of NATO. The British Grand Fleet wins tary Hospital after suffering 1. North Atlantic Treaty Or- 9. Fabriek Nasionale. hand-held machine gun). • 1997 - US Marines evacuate a strategic victory over the multiple shrapnel wounds ganisation. 10. HaMossad leModiʿin ule- 18. From the German Flieg- 900 civilians from Freetown, German High Sea Fleet, in an accidental hand gre- 2. Avtomat Kalashnikova. Tafkidim Meyuḥadim (In- erabwehrKanone (aircraft the capital of Sierra Leone, which never goes to sea nade explosion in Northern 3. Grens Vegter (Afrikaans for stitute for Intelligence and defence cannon). wracked by looting and vio- again. Owamboland. He was 20. ‘border fighter’). Special Operations). 19. Panzerabwehrkanone. lence after a military coup. • 1937 - German ships bom- • 1982 - Corporal Mario Jose 4. The word Casspir is taken 11. Schutzstaffel (Protection 20. Permanent Force and Citi- • 2003 - The UN Security bard Almeria, Spain, retal- from 32 Battalion was Killed from the joint designers of Squadron). zen Force. Council votes unanimously iating for an accidental air in Action during a contact the vehicle - The Council 12. Detention Barracks. to send a peacekeeping force attack on a German warship. with enemy forces in South- for Scientific and Industri- 13. Messerschmitt. They were to Congo’s north-eastern Itu- • 1943 - World War II: North ern Angola. He was 26. al Research (CSIR) and the the manufacturers. ri province. The European Africa. Charles de Gaulle • 1984 - Rifleman Kevin James South African Police (SAP). 14. Projector, Infantry, Anti Union approves the force to and Henri Honoré Giraud Morrow from Regiment Port 5. High Altitude, Low Open- Tank. 4 restore order and security in set up the Committee of Na- Natal was killed in a military ing. 15. Ruchnoy Protivotankoviy a region plagued by violence tional Liberation in Algiers vehicle accident on the road 6. Maschinenpistole. Granatomyot, but we’ll also among ethnic militias. to represent France until the to Ondangwa. He was 29. 7. People’s Liberation Army accept Rocket Propelled end of the war. • 1991 - The civil war in An- of Namibia. Grenade. 31 May • 1962 - Adolf Eichmann, war gola ends officially after sev- 8. Komitet Gosudarstvennoy 16. Browning Automatic Rifle. • 1900 - Second Anglo-Boer criminal, is hanged in Israel enteen years, though fighting Bezopasnosti (Committee 17. Ruchnoy Pulemyot De- War: British troops under at the age of 55. still occurs occasionally. for State Security). gtyaryova (Degtyaryov Lord Roberts enter Johan- • 1966 - The Republic of South nesburg as the Boers with- Africa celebrates its fifth an- Useful links draw to Pretoria. The British niversary with a massive mil- flag is hoisted in Johannes- itary demonstration in Pre- Every month we will be featuring a few useful links to military websites, newsletters and on- burg. toria. A crowd of more than line magazines. Stuff that we think our readers will appreciate. • 1901 - Second Anglo-Bo- 500,000 sees nearly 20,000 Here are two of our favourites. The first one is Nongqai, the unofficial police newsletter for er War: At Vlakfontein (the troops and 200 aircraft take veterans of the former South African Police Force and for those interested in Police History. The present day Derby), Gen- part in the proceedings. second is Jimmy’s Own, the official newsletter of the South African Signals Association. Click eral Kemp attacks Briga- • 1966 - Brigadier Jan Harm- on the magazine covers to go to the respective websites. dier-General Dixon and cap- se Burger SM OBE from tures the field guns. Dixon 16 Combat Group collapsed launches a counter-attack and died after suffering a fa- and Kemp withdraws. tal heart attack while attend- • 1902 - Second Anglo-Boer ing a Parade at Voortrekker- War: Boer delegates at the hoogte. He was 49. Vereeniging national delega- • 1977 - Salisbury announces tion agree fifty-four to six to that Rhodesian troops have accept the British proposals captured and occupied the for peace. Representatives of town of Mapai, 100 km in- both sides at Melrose House, side Mozambique. Pretoria, sign the Treaty of Vereeniging. • 1915 - Zeppelin ‘LZ-38’ makes the first airship raid on London, dropping 1.5 Adolf Eichmann 84 85 E-mail [email protected]

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