Zootaxa,Linnaeus Tercentenary: Progress in Invertebrate Taxonomy

ZOOTAXA

1668

Linnaeus Tercentenary: Progress in Invertebrate Taxonomy

Z.-Q. ZHANG & W.A. SHEAR (EDS)

Magnolia Press Auckland, New Zealand Z.-Q. ZHANG & W.A. SHEAR (EDS) Linnaeus Tercentenary: Progress in Invertebrate Taxonomy (Zootaxa 1668) 766 pp.; 30 cm. 21 December 2007 ISBN 978-1-86977-179-9 (hardback) ISBN 978-1-86977-180-5 (Online edition)

FIRST PUBLISHED IN 2007 BY Magnolia Press P.O. Box 41-383 Auckland 1346 New Zealand e-mail: [email protected] http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/

© 2007 Magnolia Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, transmitted or disseminated, in any form, or by any means, without prior written permission from the publisher, to whom all requests to reproduce copyright material should be directed in writing. This authorization does not extend to any other kind of copying, by any means, in any form, and for any purpose other than private research use.

ISSN 1175-5326 (Print edition) ISSN 1175-5334 (Online edition)

The cover was designed by Z.-Q. Zhang. The portrait of Linnaeus is an artistic impression of an oil painting of Linnaeus by J. H. Scheffel in 1739.

ZHI-QIANG ZHANG1 & WILLIAM A. SHEAR2 (EDS) 1 New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, Private Bag 91-270, Auckland, New Zealand Email: [email protected] 2 Department of Biology, Hampden-Sydney College, Hampden-Sydney, VA 23943, USA Email: [email protected]

Table of contents

7 Linnaeus Tercentenary & Invertebrate taxonomy: an introduction ZHI-QIANG ZHANG (New Zealand) & WILLIAM A. SHEAR (USA)

11 Invertebrate systematics or spineless taxonomy? QUENTIN D. WHEELER (USA)

19 The Tree of Life Web Project DAVID R. MADDISON (USA), KATJA-SABINE SCHULZ (USA) & WAYNE P. MADDISON (Canada)

41 Reflections on PEET, the Partnerships for Enhancing Expertise in Taxonomy JAMES E. RODMAN (USA)

47 Archives of a small planet: The significance of museum collections and museum-based research in invertebrate taxonomy JUDITH E. WINSTON (USA)

55 Invertebrate taxonomy and evolutionary developmental biology ALESSANDRO MINELLI (Italy)

61 A modern look at the Animal Tree of Life GONZALO GIRIBET (USA), CASEY W. DUNN (USA), GREGORY D. EDGECOMBE (UK) & GREG W. ROUSE (USA)

81 Nomina zoologica linnaeana ALAIN DUBOIS (France)

107 On the molecular phylogeny of sponges (Porifera) DIRK ERPENBECK and GERT W÷RHEIDE (Germany)

127 The phylum Cnidaria: A review of phylogenetic patterns and diversity three hundred years after Linnaeus MARYMEGAN DALY, MERCER R. BRUGLER, PAULYN CARTWRIGHT, ALLEN G. COLLINS, MICHAEL N. DAWSON, SCOTT C. FRANCE, CATHERINE S. MCFADDEN, DENNIS M. OPRESKO, ESTEFANIA ROD- RIGUEZ, SANDRA ROMANO, JOEL STAKE (USA)

183 Genera of orders Actiniaria and Corallimorpharia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Hexacorallia), and their type species DAPHNE GAIL FAUTIN, TARAS ZELENCHUK & DINESH RAVEENDRAN (USA)

265 Phylum Nematoda MIKE HODDA (Australia) 295 A holistic re-interpretation of the phylogeny of the Pycnogonida Latreille, 1810 (Arthropoda) ROGER N BAMBER (UK)

313 Crustacean classification: on-going controversies and unresolved problems GEOFF A. BOXSHALL (UK)

327 Centipede systematics: progress and problems GREGORY D. EDGECOMBE (UK)

343 Taxonomy of extant Diplopoda (Millipeds) in the modern era: Perspectives for future advancements and observations on the global diplopod community (Arthropoda: Diplopoda) ROWLAND M. SHELLEY (USA)

363 The smaller arachnid orders: diversity, descriptions and distributions from Linnaeus to the present (1758 to 2007) MARK S. HARVEY (Australia)

381 A brief history of the classification and nomenclature of Odonata JOHN W. H. TRUEMAN (Australia)

395 The insect order Thysanoptera: classification versus systematics LAURENCE A. MOUND & DAVID C. MORRIS (Australia)

413 Phylogeny and higher classification of the scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) P.J. GULLAN & L.G. COOK (USA)

427 Carl Linnaeus and his scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) D.J. WILLIAMS (UK)

491 Weevils, Weevils, Weevils Everywhere ROLF G. OBERPRIELER (Australia) , ADRIANA E. MARVALDI (Argentina) & ROBERT S. ANDERSON (Canada)

521 Phylogeny and Classification of Hymenoptera MICHAEL J. SHARKEY (USA)

549 Phylogeny, classification, and species-level taxonomy of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) PHILIP S. WARD (USA)

565 Phylogeny and systematics of Diptera: Two decades of progress and prospects DAVID K. YEATES (Australia), BRIAN M. WIEGMANN (USA), GREG W. COURTNEY (USA), RUDOLF MEIER (Singapore) & THOMAS PAPE (Denmark)

591 The Culicidae (Diptera): a review of taxonomy, classification and phylogeny RALPH E. HARBACH (UK)

639 Order Trichoptera Kirby 1813 (Insecta), Caddisflies Ralph W. Holzenthal, Roger J. Blahnik, Aysha L. Prather & Karl M. Kjer (USA)

4 · Zootaxa 1668 © 2007 Magnolia Press ZHANG & SHEAR (EDS) 699 Lepidoptera phylogeny and systematics: the state of inventorying moth and butterfly diversity NIELS P.KRISTENSEN (Denmark), MALCOLM J. SCOBLE (UK) & OLE KARSHOLT (Denmark)

649 Phylum Echinodermata DAVID L. PAWSON (USA)

765 Index to authors (Linnaeus Tercentenary: Progress in Invertebrate Taxonomy) ZHI-QIANG ZHANG (NEW ZEALAND)

Zhi-Qiang Zhang is the chief editor of Zootaxa. He was born in Shanghai, China and educated at Fudan Uni- versity (Shanghai), where he received his BSc in Zoology. He did his PhD in entomology at Cornell Univer- sity (Ithaca, New York, USA) from 1988 to 1992 and worked as a reseach associate at Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA from 1992 to 1994. During 1994–1999, he was an acarologist for the CABI International Institute of Entomology based in the Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, London, UK. He also served as a Technical Officer for the Secretariat of the BioNET-International (The Global Network for Taxonomy) from 1998 to 1999. Since 1999, he has been a researcher and curator (Acari) at the New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, Auckland, New Zealand. Zhi-Qiang holds adjunct/honorary positions at several universities in China and is an Honorary Research Fellow of The Natural History Museum (London). He is the president of the Systematic & Applied Acarology Society and a member of the International Executive Committee of the International Congress of Acarology. Since 2006 he has been a Commissioner of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Zhi-Qiang's research is centred around the systematics, diversity and ecology of the Acari, and is represented in over 200 publica- tions on a broad range of taxa, including ten books on mite taxonomy and biology.

William A. Shear is Trinkle Distinguished Professor of Biology at Hampden-Sydney College, Hampden- Sydney, Virginia, USA, and an Associate Editor of Zootaxa. A native of Pennsylvania, his undergraduate degree is from the College of Wooster. He earned a Master of Science from the University of New Mexico in 1965 and a PhD in Evolutionary Biology from Harvard University in 1971, as a student of Herbert W. Levi. He held teaching posts at Concord College and the University of Florida before arriving at Hampden-Sydney in 1974. He is a research associate of the American Museum of Natural History and Senior Research Fellow at the Virginia Museum of Natural History, and has served as President of the American Arachnological Soci- ety. He has published more than 250 articles and chapters, and his research has been continuously supported by the National Science Foundation of the United States since 1980. His research focuses on biodiversity in myriapods and arachnids, as well as the paleontology of early terrestrial ecosystems. He has also published on evolutionary developmental biology, behavioral biology and chemical ecology, and was author/editor of the influential book, SPIDERS: WEBS, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION.