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Citizens Or Believers? Citizenship in Late-Nineteenth-Century Colombia

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Citizens Or Believers? Citizenship in Late-Nineteenth-Century Colombia Citizens or Believers? Citizenship in Late-Nineteenth-Century Colombia A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at George Mason University By Ludy Grandas Master of Arts Universidad Francisco José de Caldas, 1995 Bachelor of Arts Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, 1992 Director: Roger Lancaster, Professor Cultural Studies Program Fall Semester 2009 George Mason University Fairfax, VA Copyright: 2009 Ludy Grandas All Rights Reserved ii DEDICATION To Lilibeth iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There is no doubt that “the work of one is the work of many,” as Yolanda Broyles- González would rightly say. This dissertation is not the exception. For this reason, I want to thank the Cultural Studies Program Faculty and staff, family members, colleagues, and friends that have helped me to complete this project. I would like to start by expressing my deepest gratitude to my committee members Professors Roger Lancaster, Matthew Karush and Paul Smith. Without their guidance and support this dissertation would not have been possible. Michelle Carr thanks for your diligent and willingness to help me solve bureaucratic issues at Mason. I've been especially fortunate to know Jean Paul and Elli Dumont. Their concern for graduate students and their willingness to share their home and life have been of great value to me and to many others at Mason. Jean Paul and Elli, thank you for your love and generosity. I am greatly indebted to the following people for their friendship, support and input: Pia Moller, Javier Castro, Olga Herrera, Jens Klenner, Rachel Galvin, Sean Andrews, Katie Razzano, Leonor Avilés, Horacio Rosales and Ana Lucia Rondón. Lisa Breglia, thank you for friendship, advice and for offering me the opportunity to teach in the Global Affairs Program. I learned quite a bit from that experience. I would also like to thank the faculty and staff from the Modern and Classical Languages Department for having provided teaching opportunities at different times during my studies and for their support in the last stages of my doctoral studies. I extend my gratitude to the Cultural Studies Program and the College of Humanities and Social Sciences for their financial support through fellowships and teaching/research assistantships during my studies. Thanks also to the staff of the Hispanic Division at the Library of Congress. During my dissertation writing process Kaydee McCann, Fernando Alvarez, Carlos Olave, Héctor Morey, Tracy North, Juan Manuel Perez, and Everet were particularly kind and diligent. I am also grateful to the staff of the Biblioteca Nacional de Colombia as well as the staff at the Archivo General de la Nación in Bogota. Although Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Mathy are no longer with us, I continue to have them in my thoughts. iv Last but not least, I wish to thank my parents Doña Cleo and Eduardo, my sisters Lilibeth (her husband Sammy and her son Nicolas) and Camila, and to my brother, Carlos Eduardo. Their love, support, and confidence in me have meant the world to me. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Figures………………………………………………………………………… vi Abstract................................................................................................................……. viii Introduction ...................................................................................................................…1 Chapter 1: Overview and Critique of the Liberal Notion of Citizenship that Influenced Colombia .........................................................................................................................14 Chapter 2 : Party Formation, Catholic Church-State Relations and Race and Class in Nineteenth-Century Colombia ........................................................................................45 Chapter 3: A “New Good Order”: Alliances and Promoters .........................................98 Chapter 4: “Regeneración o Catástrofe” ......................................................................159 Chapter 5: Citizenship: Between Free Will and Divine Will .......................................214 Chapter 6: Colombia After the Regeneration ...............................................................265 Conclusions ...................................................................................................................313 List of References.……………………………………………………………………..325 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Alfredo Greñas. El escudo de la Regeneración ....................................................…263 vii ABSTRACT CITIZIENS OR BELIEVERS? CITIZENSHIP IN THE LATE NINETEENTH CENTURY COLOMBIA Ludy Grandas, PhD George Mason University, 2009 Dissertation Director: Roger Lancaster This dissertation is primarily a critique of nineteenth-century Colombian Liberalism and Conservatism with a specific focus on the historical period known as the Regeneration (1880-1899). More specifically, it exposes the contradiction of liberalism in the late nineteenth century Colombia through the notion of citizenship. Although the Regeneration has produced important intellectual analyses that concentrate on the economic and political realm, it has produced little understanding on the issue of citizenship beyond its political connotation. Through the analysis of legal and political evidence such as Constitutions, the Diario Oficial, and the Spirit of the Law against literary texts and popular non-official writings, this project argues that citizenship in the Regeneration not only reinforced the contradictions of the liberal notion of citizenship, but it also reinforced colonialist views of it deeply affecting both the private and public life of Colombians at the time and beyond. It also establishes whether such notions were contested or adapted considering that citizenship was permeated by particular ideas of Catholicism, race, class and gender. INTRODUCTION Citizenship represents perhaps one of the contradictory definitions to conceptualize in the modern world. As a cornerstone of Liberal ideology, citizenship stands as a fundamental mechanism that both hinders and fosters the limitation of state power, the granting, recognition, and protection of a number of individual rights, liberty, the protection of private property – and the notion of representative government. These liberal ideals, however, were plagued with contradictions and distinctions of class, race, and gender. These categories were crucial as they made the notion of citizenship limited and limiting. Inspired in the French Revolution, in Latin America, the adoption of the modern notion of citizenship went hand-in-hand with the process of state formation after Independence the process of nation building. In the West, the legitimation of the territorial state led to the nationalistic fervor that intended to make the state coincide with a particular dominant nation. Therefore, the constitution of the modern political order was founded on the link between nation and state, and citizenship became a vital element in the expansion of state power and nation building. In Colombia, during the first two decades of the nineteenth century, a minority of intellectual-political elites, following the events in Europe and North America, sought to establish the criteria for citizenship despite the fact that not all of Colombian society welcomed the values of modernity and Liberalism. In fact, some argued that modern 1 ideas were the antithesis of civilization. Their reticence arose from the belief that those values worked against a well-established and widely popular Catholic morality. Nonetheless, a new consciousness emerged which required people to respond to their own judgment and not to an external authority, much less to a divine one. These developments in Colombia did not take place in a vacuum and the adoption and adaptation of the notion of citizenship related directly to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and the U.S. Constitution. This dissertation is set to critically analyze the liberal notion of citizenship both in the West and in Colombia in the nineteenth century, more specifically, in the important period in Colombian historiography known as La regeneración/the Regeneration (1880-1899). The Regeneration was an authoritarian, centralist, ultraconservative and moral movement based in Bogotá, which goal was to achieve social, political, and economic order, led by the conservative elite, the Catholic Church, and a faction of disenchanted Liberals. Citizenship in this period was especially influenced by the Church, the institution that had the task of civilizing the nation through education and Catholicism. As a contribution to the understanding of nineteenth-century Colombia, this dissertation is set to analyze the intricacies of the notion of citizenship in the late nineteenth century and beyond. It argues that citizenship at that time in Colombia not only reinforced the contradictions of the liberal notion of citizenship, but it also reinforced colonialist views of it deeply affecting both the private and public life of Colombians at the time and beyond. Both instances entered into a dialectical relationship in which the colonial past constantly threatened the establishment of a successful liberal nation state. 2 Fundamentally, this dissertation will answer these questions: How did the Regeneration use the liberal notion of citizenship in order to impose its ultra-conservative views? What were the effects of the historical project of the Regeneration as it was contested in
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