Chapter Seven Study Questions
2. Synonyms 1) change, alter, vary, modify mean to make or become different. Change implies making either an essential difference often amounting to a loss of original identity or a substitution of one thing for another
2) hate, detest, abhor, abominate, loathe mean to feel strong aversion or intense dislike for. Hate implies an emotional aversion often coupled with enmity or malice
3) repugnant, repellent, abhorrent, distasteful, obnoxious, invidious mean so unlikable as to arouse antagonism or aversion. Repugnant applies to something that is so alien to one’s ideas, principles, tastes as to arouse resistance or loathing
Offensive, loathsome, repulsive, repugnant, revolting are comparable when they mean utterly distasteful or repellent. Something offensive subjects one to painful or highly disagreeable sensations. Sometimes the term implies injured feelings as a result of an affront or insult and frequently it suggests the evocation of such aversion that endurance involves mental strain or moral distaste or it may imply a vileness (as of appearance or odor) that excites nausea or extreme disgust. Something loathsome is so foul or obscene that one cannot look upon it, hear it, feel it, or have to do with it without a sense of deep disgust and abhorrence. Often the term is not clearly distinguishable from offensive in the sense of disgustingly nauseating but is applied more often to things which are generally or universally distasteful; thus, some people find the heavy fragrance of tuberoses offensive, but nearly everyone finds the sight and odor of meat rotting and crawling with maggots loathsome. Something repulsive is so ugly in its appearance or so completely lacking in all that attracts or allures or charms or even challenges interest that it either drives one away or makes one unwilling to dwell on it. Something repugnant is highly offensive or loathsome because in direct conflict with one’s nature, one’s principles, and one’s tastes and irreconcilable with them. Something revolting is so extremely offensive, loathsome, repulsive, or repugnant to a person of delicate sensibilities that the sight or thought of it arouses in him a desire or determination to resist or rebel.
4) glad, happy, cheerful, lighthearted, joyful, joyous mean characterized by or expressing the mood of one who is pleased or delighted. Glad may convey polite conventional expressions of pleasure 1 with a joyful heart>. Joyous is more likely to apply to something that is by its nature filled with joy or a source of joy 5) Crowd, throng, press, crush, mob, rout/raut/, horde are comparable when they mean a more or less closely assembled multitude usually of persons. Crowd basically implies a close gathering and pressing together. It often implies a merging of the individuality of the units into that of the mass. Throng varies so little in meaning from crowd that the two words are often used interchangeably without loss. Throng sometimes carries the stronger implication of movement and of pushing and the weaker implication of density. Press differs from throng in being more often applied to a concentrated mass in which movement is difficult because of the numbers, but otherwise it also suggests pushing or pressing forward. Crush carries a stronger implication than either crowd or throng of compactness of the group, of offering difficulty to one who wishes to make his way through it, or of causing discomfort to one who is part of it. Mob strictly applies to a crowd or throng bent on the accomplishment of riotous or destructive acts. Especially in the United States and in Australia mob may be employed as an intensive of crowd, sometimes implying more disorganization but at other times denoting merely an extremely large crowd. In theatrical use mob applies to any large and manifestly agitated crowd of persons that has to be directed as a unit to achieve the proper or the intended effects. Rout applies to an especially disorderly or tumultuous mob. Horde usually applies to an assemblage or to a multitude massed together. It is sometimes preferred to crowd, throng, mob, or rout when a contemptuous term is desired, especially one that suggests the rude, rough, or savage character of the individuals who constitute the multitude or mass. (Note: This use of rout is a legal term and is considered dated in British usage.) 3. Antonyms abandon : reclaim establish : uproot (a tree, a habit, a practice); abrogate (a right, privilege, or quality) eternal : mortal invaluable : worthless morbid : sound placid : choleric (of persons); ruffled (of things) progress : retrogress progressive : reactionary remain : depart sensitive : insensitive 4. Superordinates 1) vegetable: alfalfa sprout, artichoke, arugula, asparagus, aubergine, bamboo shoot, bean (aduki, black, broad, butter, chickpea, fava, garbanzo, green, haricot, kidney, lentil, lima, mung, navy, northern, pink, pinto, red, soya, string, wax, white), bean sprout, beet, Bermuda onion, black-eyed pea, bok choy, broccoli, Brussels sprout, cabbage, cactus, cardoon, carrot, cassava, cauliflower, celeriac, celery, chard, chayote, chicory, Chinese cabbage, chive, collard greens, corn, courgette, cowpea, cress, cucumber, daikon, dandelion greens, eggplant, endive, escarole, finocchio, green bean, green onion, Japanese eggplant, Jerusalem artichoke, kale, kohirabi, leek, lettuce (…), lovage, maize, manioc, mung sprout, mushroom (…), mustard greens, nopal, nori, okra, onion, oyster plant, parsnip, pea (black-eyed, green, snow, split, sugar), pearl onion, pepper (bell, capsicum, chile, green, Italian, jalapeno, pimiento, red, serrano, wax, yellow), potato, pumpkin, radiccio, radish, rampion, ramson, red cabbage, red onion, rhubarb, rutabaga, salsify, scallion, seaweed, shallot, snap bean, sorrel, soybean, spinach, sprout, squash (…), string bean, succory, sugar pea, sweet potato, Swiss chard, taro root, tomatillo, tomato, truffle, turnip, water chestnut, watercress, wax bean, yam, zucchini 2) walk: v. A. Lets’ walk around the lake: go on foot, stroll, saunter, amble, perambulate, promenade, march, tramp, traipse, trek, trudge. –n. B. We took a long walk after dinner: stroll, saunter, constitutional, perambulation, march, trek, hike. C. Have you ever noticed her bouncy little walk?: way of walking, gait, step, stride. D. The walk is covered with ice: walkway, pavement/sidewalk, path, pathway, trail, way, lane. 3) knife: butter knife, carving knife, cheese knife, steak knife, oyster knife, bayonet, bolo knife, bowie knife, clasp knife, flick-knife, switchblade, hunting knife, jacknife, pocketknife, Swiss army knife, trench knife, sharpener, drawknife, razor, utility knife, bread knife, butcher knife, carpet knife, case knife, chopping knife, linoleum knife, mat knife, mill knife, nooker knife, palette knife, paper knife, paring knife, penknife, putty knife, reed knife, rigger’s knife, roofing knife, saw knife, sheath knife, surgical knife, table knife, taping knife, Xacto knife, scalpel 4) fruit: ananas, apple (…), apricot, atemoya, avocado, banana, berry (bilberry, bearberry, blackberry, black raspberry, blueberry, boysenberry, candleberry, checkerberry, cloudberry, cranberry, dewberry, elderberry, gooseberry, huckleberry, lingonberry, loganberry, mulberry, raspberry, strawberry, whortleberry), black currant, blood orange, breadfruit, bullace, calmyrna, canistel, carambola, cherimoya, cherry, citron, clementine, coconut, copra, crabapple, currant, custard apple, 2 damson plum, date, durian, fig, granadilla, grape (…), grapefruit, greengage, guava, jackfruit, jujube, kiwi, kumquat, lemon, lime, loquat, mandarin orange, mango, medlar, melon (…), naartje, navel orange, nectarine, olive, orange, ortanique, papaya, passion fruit, pawpaw, peach, pear (…), pepino, persimmon, pineapple, pitahaya, plantain, plum, pomegranate, pomelo, prickly pear, prune, pummelo, quince, quinoa, raisin, rambutan, sapodilla, sapote, satsuma, soursop, spanspek, tamarillo, tamarind, tangelo, tangerine, ugli fruit, Valencia orange, watermelon 5) ships: airboat, aircraft carrier, argosy, ark, barge, battleship, cabin cruiser, cargo ship, carrier, container ship, cruiser, destroyer, escort, freighter, merchant ship, ocean liner, oiler, ship of the line, supertanker, tanker, transport, warship, whaler, windjammer, yacht 6) team sports: baseball, basketball, cricket, field hockey, football, handball, hockey, ice hockey, kickball, lacrosse, polo, pushball, relay race, rugby, soccer, softball, speedball, stickball, stoolball, stoop ball, volleyball, water polo, whiffleball, yachting 5. Combination 1) concern: to arouse/cause/give ~; to express/voice/feel/show ~; considerable/deep/grave/serious/growing/national/ overriding/particular/primary/public ~; an object of ~; ~ about/for/over/with; ~ to + inf.; ~ that + clause; of ~ to sb.; out of ~; to manage a ~; a going (‘successful’) ~ 2) fight: to pick/provoke/start a ~; to put up/wage a ~; to get into a ~; a bitter/desperate/fierce/hard/stubborn/clean/fair/dirty/ unfair/last-ditch ~; a ~ to the death; a fist ~; a ~ breaks out/starts; a ~ about/over/against/among/between/for/with; a ~ to + inf.; to hold/stage a ~; to fix a ~; a clean/dirty ~; the big ~; to ~ bravely/heroically/clean/desperately/hard/stubbornly/ dirty/unfairly/fair/fairly; to ~ about/over/against/among/ for/with; to ~ like; to ~ to the finish; to ~ with one’s fists 3) medicine: to practice ~; to study ~; aerospace/space/allopathic/alternative/complementary/fringe/aviation/ayurvedic/clinical /community/social/defensive/family/folk/forensic/legal/group/homeopathic/industrial/occupational/internal/military/ molecular/nuclear/osteopathic/physical/preventive/socialized/sports/traditional/ tropical/veterinary ~; to take (a) ~; to prescribe (a) ~; a cough/nonprescription/over-the-counter/patent/proprietary ~; strong ~; ~ for; to take one’s ~ 4) practice: to make a ~ of sth.; a common/usual/local/universal ~; a ~ to + inf.; to have ~; target ~; ~ at/in; the ~ to + inf.; legal/medical/nursing/professional ~; a general/group/private ~; a lucrative ~; in/into ~; sharp/unethical/unfair/ unscrupulous ~s; fair-trade ~s; to ~ on; to ~ V-ing 5) start: to get off to/make a ~; a false/flying/running/fresh/new/head/promising ~; at the ~; for a ~; from the ~; to ~ as; to ~ for; to ~ from; to ~ on; to ~ with; to ~ to + inf.; to ~ V-ing; to ~ sb. V-ing 6. Idioms: 1) be born yesterday: be sb who is likely to be deceived or taken advantage of; be so foolish or stupid 2) by the skin of one’s teeth: narrowly; by a small margin 3) dig a pit for someone: contrive to trap, or trick, sb or (through miscarriage or mismanagement of one's plans) oneself 4) dim and distant: imperfectly recollected/imagined because it is far back/ahead in time 5) a finishing school: a school where rich parents send their children (usu girls) to be 'finished', ie to acquire cultured tastes, social assurance, good manners, etc 6) hold one’s head high: have, show, confidence (or pride) in one's worth, good character, ability, etc 7) penny wise and pound foolish: (saying) economical in small things but extravagant and reckless in larger and/or unnecessary items of expenditure 8) the sticking point: the limit, beyond which one cannot or will not go, or be persuaded to go 7. Proverbs: 1) Don’t count your chickens before they are hatched. 蛋未孵出 , 先别数鸡。不要高兴得太早。欢乐没好喜。 2) A good name is better than great riches. 好名声胜过万贯家财。与其空得万贯 (家)财，不如留下千古 (英)名。 3) Once bitten, twice shy. 一朝遭蛇咬，十年怕井绳。 4) Never put off until tomorrow what you can do today. 今日之事今日做，切莫等闲待明朝。 5) To each his own. 种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。 6) A little learning is a dangerous thing. 一知半解十分危险。一瓶不满半瓶晃荡。 3 7) Many hands make light work. 人多力量大。众人拾柴火焰高。 8) An inch in a miss is as good as a mile. 谬之毫厘，差之千里。 8. Similes: 1) as strong as a horse/ox 2) as blind as a bat 3) as deaf as a post 4) as good as gold 5) as thick as two short planks 6) as cool as a cucumber 7) as hard as nails 8) as quiet as a mouse 9) as fit as a fiddle 10) as mad as a hatter 11) as pretty as a picture Additional: as fresh as a daisy, as sober as a judge, as drunk as a lord/skunk, as pleased as Punch, etc 9. Vicinity: 1) river: on the river, in the river, at the river, in the middle of the river, big river, small river, clean river, etc 2) computer: buy a computer, turn on/off a computer, rent a computer, computer software, computer literate, use a computer, repair the computer, computer program, computer virus, knowledge of computer, etc 3) library: go to the library, in the library, at the library, outside the library, borrow books from the library, return books to the library, etc 4) school: in school, at school, in the school, at the school, outside the school, primary school, grammar school, comprehensive school, high school, middle school, secondary school, elementary school, boarding school, public school, etc 10. Polysemy or Homonymy: 1) bank: 2) pupil: 3) school (n.): 4) table (n.): 4