Chapter Seven Study Questions
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Chapter Seven Study Questions 2. Synonyms 1) change, alter, vary, modify mean to make or become different. Change implies making either an essential difference often amounting to a loss of original identity or a substitution of one thing for another <changed the shirt for a larger size>. Alter implies the making of a difference in some particular respect without suggesting loss of identity <slightly altered the original design>. Vary stresses a breaking away from sameness, duplication, or exact repetition <you can vary the speed of the conveyor belt>. Modify suggests a difference that limits, restricts, or adapts to a new purpose <modified the building for use by the handicapped>. 2) hate, detest, abhor, abominate, loathe mean to feel strong aversion or intense dislike for. Hate implies an emotional aversion often coupled with enmity or malice <hated his former friend with a passion>. Detest implies violent antipathy or dislike, but without active hostility or malevolence <I detest moral cowards>. Abhor implies a deep, often shuddering repugnance from or as if from fear or terror <child abuse is a crime abhorred by all>. Abominate suggests strong detestation and often moral condemnation <virtually every society abominates incest>. Loathe implies utter disgust and intolerance <loathed self-appointed moral guardians>. 3) repugnant, repellent, abhorrent, distasteful, obnoxious, invidious mean so unlikable as to arouse antagonism or aversion. Repugnant applies to something that is so alien to one’s ideas, principles, tastes as to arouse resistance or loathing <regards boxing as a repugnant sport>. Repellent suggests a generally forbidding or unpleasant quality that causes one to back away <the public display of grief was repellent to her>. Abhorrent implies a repugnance that causes active antagonism <practices that are abhorrent to the American political system>. Distasteful implies a contrariness to one’s tastes or inclinations <a family to whom displays of affection are distasteful>. Obnoxious suggests an objectionableness, often on personal grounds, too great to tolerate <the colonists found the tea tax especially obnoxious>. Invidious applies to what cannot be used or performed without creating ill will, odium, or envy <the invidious task of deciding custody of the child>. Offensive, loathsome, repulsive, repugnant, revolting are comparable when they mean utterly distasteful or repellent. Something offensive subjects one to painful or highly disagreeable sensations. Sometimes the term implies injured feelings as a result of an affront or insult and frequently it suggests the evocation of such aversion that endurance involves mental strain or moral distaste or it may imply a vileness (as of appearance or odor) that excites nausea or extreme disgust. Something loathsome is so foul or obscene that one cannot look upon it, hear it, feel it, or have to do with it without a sense of deep disgust and abhorrence. Often the term is not clearly distinguishable from offensive in the sense of disgustingly nauseating but is applied more often to things which are generally or universally distasteful; thus, some people find the heavy fragrance of tuberoses offensive, but nearly everyone finds the sight and odor of meat rotting and crawling with maggots loathsome. Something repulsive is so ugly in its appearance or so completely lacking in all that attracts or allures or charms or even challenges interest that it either drives one away or makes one unwilling to dwell on it. Something repugnant is highly offensive or loathsome because in direct conflict with one’s nature, one’s principles, and one’s tastes and irreconcilable with them. Something revolting is so extremely offensive, loathsome, repulsive, or repugnant to a person of delicate sensibilities that the sight or thought of it arouses in him a desire or determination to resist or rebel. 4) glad, happy, cheerful, lighthearted, joyful, joyous mean characterized by or expressing the mood of one who is pleased or delighted. Glad may convey polite conventional expressions of pleasure <we are so glad you could come> or it may convey the idea of an actual lifting of spirits, delight, or even elation <a face that makes me glad>. Happy implies a sense of well-being and complete content <nothing made him so happy as to be at home with his family>. Cheerful suggests a strong spontaneous flow of good spirits <broke into a cheerful song as he strode along>. Lighthearted stresses freedom from worry, care, and discontent <went off to school, lighthearted and gay>. Joyful usually suggests an emotional reaction to a situation that calls forth rejoicing of happiness or elation <heard the news 1 with a joyful heart>. Joyous is more likely to apply to something that is by its nature filled with joy or a source of joy <sang song after joyous song>. 5) Crowd, throng, press, crush, mob, rout/raut/, horde are comparable when they mean a more or less closely assembled multitude usually of persons. Crowd basically implies a close gathering and pressing together. It often implies a merging of the individuality of the units into that of the mass. Throng varies so little in meaning from crowd that the two words are often used interchangeably without loss. Throng sometimes carries the stronger implication of movement and of pushing and the weaker implication of density. Press differs from throng in being more often applied to a concentrated mass in which movement is difficult because of the numbers, but otherwise it also suggests pushing or pressing forward. Crush carries a stronger implication than either crowd or throng of compactness of the group, of offering difficulty to one who wishes to make his way through it, or of causing discomfort to one who is part of it. Mob strictly applies to a crowd or throng bent on the accomplishment of riotous or destructive acts. Especially in the United States and in Australia mob may be employed as an intensive of crowd, sometimes implying more disorganization but at other times denoting merely an extremely large crowd. In theatrical use mob applies to any large and manifestly agitated crowd of persons that has to be directed as a unit to achieve the proper or the intended effects. Rout applies to an especially disorderly or tumultuous mob. Horde usually applies to an assemblage or to a multitude massed together. It is sometimes preferred to crowd, throng, mob, or rout when a contemptuous term is desired, especially one that suggests the rude, rough, or savage character of the individuals who constitute the multitude or mass. (Note: This use of rout is a legal term and is considered dated in British usage.) 3. Antonyms abandon : reclaim establish : uproot (a tree, a habit, a practice); abrogate (a right, privilege, or quality) eternal : mortal invaluable : worthless morbid : sound placid : choleric (of persons); ruffled (of things) progress : retrogress progressive : reactionary remain : depart sensitive : insensitive 4. Superordinates 1) vegetable: alfalfa sprout, artichoke, arugula, asparagus, aubergine, bamboo shoot, bean (aduki, black, broad, butter, chickpea, fava, garbanzo, green, haricot, kidney, lentil, lima, mung, navy, northern, pink, pinto, red, soya, string, wax, white), bean sprout, beet, Bermuda onion, black-eyed pea, bok choy, broccoli, Brussels sprout, cabbage, cactus, cardoon, carrot, cassava, cauliflower, celeriac, celery, chard, chayote, chicory, Chinese cabbage, chive, collard greens, corn, courgette, cowpea, cress, cucumber, daikon, dandelion greens, eggplant, endive, escarole, finocchio, green bean, green onion, Japanese eggplant, Jerusalem artichoke, kale, kohirabi, leek, lettuce (…), lovage, maize, manioc, mung sprout, mushroom (…), mustard greens, nopal, nori, okra, onion, oyster plant, parsnip, pea (black-eyed, green, snow, split, sugar), pearl onion, pepper (bell, capsicum, chile, green, Italian, jalapeno, pimiento, red, serrano, wax, yellow), potato, pumpkin, radiccio, radish, rampion, ramson, red cabbage, red onion, rhubarb, rutabaga, salsify, scallion, seaweed, shallot, snap bean, sorrel, soybean, spinach, sprout, squash (…), string bean, succory, sugar pea, sweet potato, Swiss chard, taro root, tomatillo, tomato, truffle, turnip, water chestnut, watercress, wax bean, yam, zucchini 2) walk: v. A. Lets’ walk around the lake: go on foot, stroll, saunter, amble, perambulate, promenade, march, tramp, traipse, trek, trudge. –n. B. We took a long walk after dinner: stroll, saunter, constitutional, perambulation, march, trek, hike. C. Have you ever noticed her bouncy little walk?: way of walking, gait, step, stride. D. The walk is covered with ice: walkway, pavement/sidewalk, path, pathway, trail, way, lane. 3) knife: butter knife, carving knife, cheese knife, steak knife, oyster knife, bayonet, bolo knife, bowie knife, clasp knife, flick-knife, switchblade, hunting knife, jacknife, pocketknife, Swiss army knife, trench knife, sharpener, drawknife, razor, utility knife, bread knife, butcher knife, carpet knife, case knife, chopping knife, linoleum knife, mat knife, mill knife, nooker knife, palette knife, paper knife, paring knife, penknife, putty knife, reed knife, rigger’s knife, roofing knife, saw knife, sheath knife, surgical knife, table knife, taping knife, Xacto knife, scalpel 4) fruit: ananas, apple (…), apricot, atemoya, avocado, banana, berry (bilberry, bearberry, blackberry, black raspberry, blueberry, boysenberry, candleberry, checkerberry, cloudberry, cranberry, dewberry, elderberry, gooseberry, huckleberry, lingonberry, loganberry,