APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD A593 said premises or any portion thereof for any There being no objection, the matters of men in uniform created a housing crisis. other purpose; will not at any time permit referred to were ordered to be printed in Hotels and rooming houses were jammed and any hunting or shooting upon said property the RECORD, as follows: thousands of Uncle Sam's finest were com- other than that specifically reserved to the pelled to sleep in hotel lobbies, doorways, grantor and his said son and their guests REMARKS OF GENERALEISENHOWER IN on lawns and sidewalks, and even against * * *; will not permit the use by the pub- PRESENTING THE CITATION buildings and lamp posts. B'nai B'rith, the lic of said premises * * * There is "no Mr. Henry Monsky, president of B'nai Nation's oldest and largest Jewish service consideration for this deed, it being a gift to B'rith; Col. Elliott Niles, of the National War organization, decided the situation required the United States of America." (Middlesex Service Committee; members of the execu- action. Es. Dac. 29, 1944, 12:01 p. m. Received and tive committee of B'nai B'rith, throughout The Hollywood lodge of B'nai B'rith recorded (Book 6826, p. 226. Attest: Ralph the world, men and women, enlisted men and opened a small dormitory in Hollywood but A. Nellson, Asst. Reg.)) officers, have been the recipients of, and are that only scratched the surface. In Decem- "Mr. Samuel Hoar has long been a promi- grateful for, the unselfish services of the men ber 1943, B'nai B'rith obtained from one of nent member of the executive committee of and women of B'nai B'rith. its members the use of the long-vacant the Massachusetts Fish and Game Associa- No one will ever know how much these Alexandria Hotel annex with rent, heat, and tion, the same organization commonly re- services did in keeping high the morale of light free, for use as a free dormitory for garded as sponsor of, and still fiercely sup- the armed forces during the terrible days of servicemen. porting, the Parker River wildlife sanctuary this war. I know that B'nai B'rith's service On the strength of this generous gift, B'nai land grab, perpetrated by Dr. Ira Gabrielson's to the Army long antedated Pearl Harbor. I B'rith created the B'nai B'rith Hospitality Federal Fish and Wildlife Service. am familiar with the great many recreation- House, the world's largest free dormitory for "Approval and support by these vested in- al rooms which you have furnished and con- GI's. All men in uniform, without regard terests of this bureaucratic seizure continues tinued to serve. Yes, millions of our soldiers to race or creed or color, were welcome. Since defiantly in the face of solid nonpartisan op- will always be grateful, among other things, -the hospitality house opened on Christmas position by the Commonwealth of Massachu- for the games, books, and magazines, the eve, 1943, it has been host to better than setts, as made manifest through its distin- parties and the dances, and the free lodgings 150,000 servicemen, an average of some 600 guished senators, representatives, governor, which you have provided. every week end. and entire legislature. I am especially happy to learn from Colonel The first man to register at the hospitality A NEW PATTERN Niles that your splendid work is going to con- house coined a phrase when he learned every- tinue and you are not forgetting our vet- thing was for free. Said he: "You Gabriel- mean all "Can it be, Mr. Secretary, that Dr. erans. I know your services to these veterans this is for free? It doesn't cost a cent? son and Mr. Hoar are, setting a new pattern will be as welcome to them now as it was Geezi You guys are O. K." future landtakings? for during the war. Throughout the world, the men and women "Sportsmen, taxpayers; through the good All this being done on a non-sectarian of Uncle Sam's Army have echoed that GI's your obedient servants, upon you offices of basis by the nation's oldest and largest Jew- words-"You guys are O. K."-as they the signal honor and privilege of fur- saw falls ish service organization is proof enough that and heard what B'nai B'rith has been doing through taxation enshrouded by law nishing the preservation of our democratic traditions for the men and women of the Army since the funds necessary to post, police, and is worth fighting for. 1940 on a completely non-sectarian basis. the private hunting pre- otherwise maintain The Army is mindful of all that you have SB'nai B'rith's service to the Army serve of Mr. Samuel Hoar, his son, and their long done and desires to recognize it officially by antedated Pearl Harbor. A few weeks after henceforth officially titled by the guests, the presentation to you of this citation, the the first camps for selectees were opened in States of America, a wildlife sanc- United first of its kind to be so awarded. 1940. B'nai B'rith began providing Torah tuary. The citation reads as follows: "The War scrolls for use in conducting Jewish re- "A handful of duck hunters, Doctor? In Department expresses its appreciation for ligious services at Army chapels. By VJ-day the public interest, Mr. Secretary? patriotic services to B'nai B'rith in recogni- 200 of these scrolls had been made available "If historical Concord's celebrated Paul tion of outstanding accomplishments in be- to Army chaplains. Later. B'nai B'rith also Revere and revered Henry Thoreau could to- half of Army personnel and of meritorious furnished a number of the chapels with spe- day be called to witness, might not they in- contributions to its welfare and morale." cial equipment not provided by the Army. quire, 'What price gentlemen, what price Early in 1942, B'nai B'rith launched what wildlife sanctuaries?'" REMARKSOF HENRY MONSKY, OMAHA, NEBR., was to become its No. 1 war-service project- NATIONAL PRESIDENTOF B'NAI B'RITH, IN the furnishing and equipping of recreation ACCEPTINGTHE CITATIONON BEHALF OF THE facilities at Army installations. The first MEN, WOMEN, ANDYOUNG PEOPLE AFFILIATED of these was furnished at Fort Custer. Mich., Citation Awarded B'nai B'rith WITH B'NAI B'RITH in May 1942. Since then, B'nai B'rith has This is a moment of rare privilege; to stand equipped 1,507 recreation facilities in every in the presence of one of our contemporary State of the Union, Alaska, and the District EXTENSION OF REMARKS Immortals who has become the symbol of of Columbia at an estimated cost of $750,- or America's will and determination "to do jus- 000 in material, furnishings, and equipment. tice and to pursue it," is indeed a great priv- These facilities included: 592 company HON. ELBERT D. THOMAS ilege. and squad rooms, 587 hospital solaria, 132 OF UTAH It is my privilege, as president of B'nal recreation centers, 48 reading and writing B'rith, to accept from the hand of such a rooms, 58 game rooms, 19 service clubs, 12 IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES symbol a citation for service rendered to our lounges, 13 chapels, 10 libraries, 8 induction Friday, February 8 (legislative day of beloved country. B'nai B'rith was not con- and separation centers, 6 loudspeaker sys- scious that it was rendering a special service. tems, 5 theaters, 6 canteens, and 4 kitchens. Friday, January 18), 1946 It was following a tradition of more than a The facilitie" furnished by B'nai B'rith Mr. THOMAS of Utah. Mr. Presi- century, to be worthy of the blessings of were located at 227 different camps, forts, dent, last Monday, in the office of Gen. American life by giving unstintingly of loy- and' barracks; 81 air bases and airports, D. Elsenhower, Army Chief of alty, sacrifice and treasure, so that our coun- 53 Army hospitals and veterans' facilities; 22 Dwight try can continue to serve the cause of world executive committee Army training schools and Wac barracks; 24 Staff, the national peace. It is gratifying to be singled out as a service clubs and USO centers; and 5 induc- of B'nai B'rith, meeting in annual session service for a citation. It cannot be and Is tfon and separation centers. Among the in Washington, was received by General not interpreted as thanks from our govern- facilities were 73 for units of Wac's and Eisenhower and presented with a special- ment. The gratitude is rather on our part Negro troops. citation awarded B'nai B'rith by the War to the United States Army for having been In addition to outfitting these facilities Department in recognition of the organi- accorded the opportunity to utilize the forces with all manner of furniture and equipment zation's outstanding contributions to the of our organization for the welfare of the to help officers and men relax during their armed services. leisure time, B'nai B'rith provided a con- morale and welfare of Army personnel. It will be interpreted by our membership The citation is signed by Secretary of stant flow of special services for the men as a challenge to continue their services to using these facilities. These services in- War Robert Patterson and Maj. Gen. returning veterans, the machinery for which cluded sewing, refreshments, magazine and Joseph W. Byron, director of the Army's has already been established, in their devo- newspaper subscriptions, motion pictures, Special Services Division. tions to the task of keeping America the recorded messages for the home folks, sta- I ask unanimous consent that there be home of liberty, of inter-faith and inter- tionery, games, musical instruments, athletic group amity, and preserving it as the land equipment, amplifying systems, washing ma- printed in the RECORD the remarks of wherein there shall always exist the concept General Eisenhower in awarding the ci- chines, electric irons, and telephone funds. of our brother's keeper. Thank you, General Isolated antiaircraft batteries and desert tation, the reply of Mr. Henry Monsky, Eisenhower. units received the same attention from B'nai of Omaha, Nebr., national president of B'rith, as did the men stationed at large B'nai B'rith, in accepting the citation, B'NAI B'RITH SERVESTHE ARMY camps and forts. The first recreation facil- and a statement entitled "B'nai B'rith In the closing months of 1943 the weekly ity furnished in Alaska was provided by B'nai Serves the Army." influx into Los Angeles of tens of thousand B'rith. XCII-App.---33 A594 APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD

When American battle casualties began Similar housing units with somewhat more ing materials and building supplies in coming home early in 1944, B'nal B'rith limited facilities were provided by B'nal this country. That shortage still exists. broadened this program to include service to B'rith in Hollywood, Daytona Beach, Fla.; This shortage Is materially Interfering the men in Army hospitals. As the need Evansville, Ind.; Raleigh, N. C.; and Miami, with the desire of the people for recreational facilities at Army camps Fla. No wonder a Brooklyn corporal of Ital- to build lessened, new facilities were furnished by ian ancestry wrote to his mother that B'nai houses and homes. Our returning vet- B'nai B'rith at Army hospitals. Solaria, sun B'rith "in Jewish means a place of rest." In drans need, and they want, houses in porches, music rooms, and game rooms were Miami, B'nal B'rith not only provided hous- which to reestablish their families. equipped by the score. In a number of in- ing for lone GI's but organized' a city-wide They want to rehabilitate themselves as stances B'nai B'rith undertook to provide campaign to obtain apartments for the fami- quickly as possible. But there is a complete recreational facilities at Army hos- lies of enlisted men and officers and set up scarcity of houses, and Hospital B'nal there is a scarcity pitals. At Vaughan General a clearinghouse for purchasing. of building materials, BTith expended over $150,000 to outfit 26 Roadside shelters for hitch-hiking GI's; including lumber. rooms, including 1 complete recreation aid in the WAC recruiting campaign: hun- plumbing materials and supplies, and building for enlisted men and a club room dreds of volunteer male orderlies at Army other essential commodities-and be- for officers. The huge Army Service Forces hospitals; hundreds of thousands of holiday cause of this existing shortage it is im- Convalescent Hospital at Camp Upton had gift packages shipped to all corners of the possible for the builders to proceed with 219 rooms in 78 separate buildings outfitted world; mobilization of an army of 70,000 blood their work, and it is impossible for the by B'nal B'rith. The Camp Edwards Con- donors for the armed forces; establishment people, who desire to build, to go for- valescent Hospital had 64 rooms furnished of baby-furniture exchanges for wives of GI's; ward. by B'nal Brith. One Army hospital com- tours for the wounded; sponsorship of mandant remarked that "visitors to the hos- GI weddings-these were some of the other We. have learned that much lumber, pital see so many signs of B'nal B'rith's gener- services given by B'nal B'rith to Army men and building supplies, are now being sent osity that half the time they think B'nal and women, without regard to race, creed, or to Europe, and elsewhere. Recently I B'rith built the hospital." color. observed that some 250,006,000 board Not content with providing the facilities Through its vocational service bureau, feet of lumber was to be sent to Europe for recreation, B'nal B'rith embarked on an B'nai B'rith published a now world-famous Of program of hospitality for the during the first 3 months of 1946. extensive chart entitled "What You Can Do With Your course, that vast amount of lumber would Army's wounded. This program Included al- Army Training as a Civilian," which has been most the entire gamut of entertainment and widely utilized by Army educational and be very helpful in repairing and build- relaxation activities. Special traveling en- counseling officers. Designed as a graphic ing houses in this country, which are tertainment units visit many hospitals and guide to point up for discharged Army vet- so badly needed. put on shows regularly. Outings, fishing, erans the relationship between civilian em- Mr. Speaker, one matter has been and boating parties, carnivals, week-end par- ployment and the skills acquired in 124 fobs called to my attention regarding this ties. are arranged, with B'nai B'rith com- most common in the Army, the chart took the of building mate- mittees acting as hosts and providing trans- very great shortage form of a two-color illustrated wall document. rials by a group of people from Indiana portation. Army authorities throughout the world have In many hosiitals, B'nal B'rith set up the paid tribute to this unique chart as an In- who are now touring through several machinery to enable convalescent GI's to valuable contribution. countries in South America. Mr. Mau- send recorded messages to the folks back In all of these services to the Army, B'nal rice Early, of the Indianapolis Star, In- home. Special efforts were made to provide B'rith was motivated only by its century-old dianapolis, Ind., is one of that party of entertainment for battle-fatigue cases. Tele- tradition of service to the Nation. a tradition Hoosiers who are making that trip. He phone funds were raised to enable the men Sthat encompasses a proud record during the sent back to his news- to call home. Movie equipment was fur- states in an article Civil War, the Spanish-American War, World paper, "that upon leaving Indianapolis, nished and sound systems installed to enable War I, and World War II. man in a where all building is at a standstill, we recorded programs to reach every B'nai B'rith takes pride in the fact that B'rith has been to find that virtually every- ward. Since VJ-day. B'nal these services played their part lp keeping were amazed projected furnishing collapsible wheel chairs, high the morale of our fighting men and are thing used in the construction work down books which enable patients to read ma- here comes from the United States." li- now helping rebuild the lives of the wounded. terial thrown on the ceiling, portable the commander of an Army service base They were at the time that statement bedside radios. In the As braries, and special said: "Minus soldiers without guns, such as in Caracas, Venezuela. He B'nai B'rith created a special was written Chicago area you, there would be no army." week-end camp-Camp GI Joe-to which further reports that trucks coming into convalescent GI's were taken for a 3-day pe- STATISTICS that city are loaded with building mate- riod of recreation. One thousand five hundred and seven rec- rials, and the ports are crowded with In recognition of its unique efforts, the reational facilities equipped for the Army. ships and vessels loaded with construc- Army invited B'nal B'rith to be the first Two million seven hundred and fifty thou- tion steel, cement, and other building organization to provide special services to sand servicemen entertained at B'nal B'rith materials, including lumber and other wounded men returning on hospital ships. sponsored hospitality programs. essential commodities. We know that Thousands of men on 24 hospital ships were Two hundred and twenty-five thousand not engaged in this gifts by B'nai these countries were furnished with all manner of Army men housed at B'nai B'rith dormitories. either B'rith. There was also a regular supply of Seven hundred thousand gift packages and late war. They have not suffered birthday gifts made available for the wound- service kits contributed to Army men by from invasion or the ravages of war. ed. At ports of debarkation, B'nal B'rith B'nal B'rith. yet they are securing vast quantities of made its business to arrange welcome-home Two million games, books, and magazine building material, and they are building parties for the wounded upon their arrival. subscriptions provided to Army men. new homes. In many of those cities, it Besides its hospitality program in the hos- Two hundred Torah scrolls made available is reported, blocks of slums have been pitals, B'nal B'rith also undertook to aid in to Army chapels. razed to make way for new houses and the rehabilitation of the wounded. In co- Fifty-three Army hospitals received B'nal homes. Our country is furnishing the operation with the Red Cross and Army spe- B'rith recreational equipment and hospi- cial service officers, B'nai B'rith has equipped tality. material necessary for the construction at Army hospitals a variety of hobby and Twenty-four Army hospital ships served of the buildings which are now going up. occupational therapy rooms. These rooms with recreational material and gift packages. Yet we know there is a dire need for were furnished with tools, shop equipment, Seventy thousand B'nal B'rith blood donors buildings, houses, and homes in this and materials. In some hospitals B'nai B'rith recruited for armed forces through Red Cross. country, but the scarcity of all kinds and provided electric bed lamps and electric types of necessary building materials razors. Thousands of dollars were raised for prevents the construction thereof. Army hospital welfare programs through many people who are en- B'nai B'rith shows In many parts of the Mr. Speaker, country. Shortage of Building Materials gaged in the contracting business, and When the weekly influx to Los Angeles as builders, and many who are engaged of tens of thousands of GI's on week-end REMARKS in the sale and distribution of building leave created a major housing crisis, B'nat oP materials and supplies, are greatly dis- B'rith stepped in and created the Los An- turbed and distressed because of this geles B'nai B'rith Hospitality House. For HON. RAYMOND S. SPRINGER policy on the part of our Government. more than 2 years this dormitory has been OF INDIANA It appears to them, naturally, that they the week-end home of an average of 600 GI's being discriminated against in this and enlisted men. They received a clean bed, IN THE HOUSE OP REPRESENTATIVES are particular, because they are prevented linen, shows, towels, writing material, shav- Friday,February 8, 1946 ing equipment, and coffee and doughnuts, from pursuing their business because of with everything on the house. Some 150,000 Mr. SPRINGER. Mr. Speaker, there this scarcity of building material, while men have thus been guests of B'nai B'rith. has been a very great shortage of build- our Government permits, and actually APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD A595 approves, the sending of this needed market. If Caracas could get all the ma- ing it for higher prices. That definitely building material to these South Ameri- terials it wants from the United States there is not the situation at the present time. would be $18,000,000 of new construction a can countries so they may proceed with month. Of course, some farmers normally carry their building programs. Of course, this At the direction of the President of Vene- wheat from one year to another. Many is a very unjust discrimination, in my zuela, the Indianapolis Chamber of Com- of them have adequate storage on their opinion. Our own people, our returning merce group was entertained by two mem- farms and, irrespective of the price sit- veterans, need houses, and this very un- bers of the cabinet at a fashionable resort uation, many farmers like to hold at wise and unjust procedure is preventing restaurant outside of the city. All members least a part of their wheat until they see them from obtaining them. of the group declared this was the most im- what their crop prospects are for the portant contact that any group interested Mr. Speaker, in order that all may in next year. However, there is no need to business promotion could have made. The read the report, I ask unanimous con- government officials were lavish in their en- worry about that situation now because sent to insert the article written by Mr. tertainment. The dinner meeting lasted there are millions and millions of bushels Maurice Early, of the Indianapolis Star, from 9 o'clock in the evening until after of wheat in this country now on farms of Indianapolis, Ind., at this point in the midnight. Officials giving the party were which cannot be moved because of a lack RECORD. Perez Alfonso, minister of commerce, and of rail transportation. The last figures I THE DAY IN INDIANA-CAPITAL BOOMING- Valmore Rodriguez, minister of the interior. saw a few days ago indicated that more UNITED STATES MATERIALS-CARACAS RE- They explained their plans for industrial than 503 country elevators development of the country and for the im- throughout BUILDING- GROUP ENTERTAINED - OUTLINE the country are now closed because they PLANS provement of the living conditions of the (By Maurice Early) poor class which is now suffering from mal- are full and cars are not available to nutrition. Tuberculosis is rampant. Min- move the wheat stored in them. I am CARACAS, VENEZUELA, January 28.-This ister Alfonso said there are 7,000 homeless advised that unless some drasti: action capital of Venezuela is experiencing a build- children in Caracas. is taken this situation ing boom that resembles the feverish con- will grow worse struction activities in American cities during Mr. Speaker, many of our lumber deal- rather than better. As an illustration the boom days of the 1920's. To outsiders ers and plumbers have but a very small of the situation which exists in many this tearing down of ancient structures and amount of stock on hand. They cannot localities in the wheat country, let me the building of the most modern kinds of quote the following letter from the h usps, apartments, and office buildings is obtain lumber, and they cannot obtain plumbing materials and supplies, and manager of a grain elevator at John- amazing. son, Kans.: What Is more amazing to the Hoosiers, who this has prevented the building of houses l ave just left Indianapolis, where building is which are bauly needed. It is abhorrent \ e read in the papers how the farmers at a standstill and the housing shortage is for the people to know that these very are holding their wheat when the mills are needing it so badly and acute, is that virtually everything used in supplies which are now needed for build- what a big job the farmers have ahead of them for 1946 to pro- the construction work here comes from the ing purposes are being sent, in large United States. duce enough food to avert a famine. There is a constant procession of trucks quantities, to the various South Ameri- This is all disgusting to read when out winding up the mountain road from the port can countries. By this practice, those here in the country all the elevators and of La Guaira to Caracas. They are loaded with countries are going forward with their most of the farm bins are bulging with construction steel, cement, and the other improvements while our returned veter- wheat-much of it going out of condition. building materials. Walls of all the houses ans and our own people have to stand It cannot be moved because of the shortage * d other buildings here are made of brick by and await the time when they can of grain cars. that is manufactured in Venezuela. Some Johnson has received since the 1st day secure those necessary materials for of November an average of slightly over two of the cement is made locally. But all other building in our own country, materials, including plumbing and light fix- and our cars a day, and there never has been a day tures, modernistic glass, aluminum for businessmen and our building contrac- that a car came to to\n that it was not decorative effects, come from the United tors are compelled to await the time loaded in an hour or two after it was States. when those materials are available. spotted. The elevators were full when the Rebuilding of Caracas did not start after The people in our own country want car was loaded and some farmers had to haul the end of the war. It has been going on to proceed with their businesses, and their grain ' me again. Furthermore, farm- during the war years. Last year a mam- they want to build and ers have hauled their grain to any point they develop in our could unload it. Right moth government housing project was com- own country. The people want the now about 3,000 pleted. Blocks of slums were razed to make bushels a day are being hauled from here to way for wide streets anr' seven apartment United States of America to go forward. mills in Texas. buildings with 800 liviqg units. They cost They do not want the other countries Basing an estimate on the number of $12.500.000, loaned by the government to the of the world to build and develop, while bushels of grain, mostly wheat, that is in housing authority. The loan is to be amor- we are forced to sit idly by and await the Johnson territory we will have to have an tized by the rentals. The development is the time when available materials may average of six and one half cars a day from just as modern and attractive as any new be secured. In other words, we are now now until harvest to get this year's crop out before another harvest. A lot of the wheat if section ot a city in the United States. witnessing a stoppage in building because As a result of the construction activity not moved soon will be condemned as unfit we are all too generous in sending our there is no severe housing shortage here for human consumption. even though the city has grown rapidly dur- needed building materials to other coun- This condition exists not only in John- ing the war. tries who do not need the same as great- son but in all of this part of Kansas. Is There is only one explanation here for the ly as our own Nation. This procedure there anything that can be done to relieve fact that building material from the United should be stopped. Let us build in our the situation? States Is coming now, and has been coming own Nation. It during the war, when construction in will be noted that not only is the America was strictly rationed. movement of wheat being delayed in this Materials sold in the United States are Shipments of Wheat community, but if it is not moved soon subject to ceiling prices. The United States the deterioration which is taking place Government would have no interest in regu- will render it unfit for human con- lating the price of materials sold to Vene- REMARKS sumption. zuela. Consequently the materials are going OF I do not want to be critical of the rail- to buyers who will pay more than the re- roads. They areup against a situation stricted prices paid by the construction in- HON. CLIFFORD R. HOPE dustry in where it is impossible for them to move the United States. OF KANSAS New buildings include a large school, an all the goods that are waiting to be eight-story office structure for one of the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES moved. They simply do not have the newspapers, apartments, rolling and residences. Friday, February8, 1946 stock to do it. I am advised that, There are few places in the old business sec- in addition to the shortage of rolling tion where buildings are not coming down Mr. HOPE. Mr. Speaker, in the dis- stock, the 5-day week has resulted in to make way for new ones. In the suburbs, cussion of the current wheat crisis too reducing the supply of cars. Estimates up the valleys, there are double-lane streets, little attention has been given to the regular American-type filling stations, neon which I have seen place this loss at as lighted stores, and there are three large question of transportation. It has been much as 10 percent. The prevailing groceries. In all other parts of the town intimated in the press and elsewhere that strikes have also contributed to this loss the food stores are mere stalls not much a part of the current shortage of wheat of cars as many cars are tied up in strike- larger than stands in the Indianapolis city is due to the fact that farmers are hold- bound plants. A596 APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD

What must be done if this crisis is to cultural relations the objectives of peace great responsibility. America must give be met is to give some top over-all direc- and human welfare. leadership in the building of the new world tion to the problem. If it is more essen- These nations through their representa- Question. Senator MURRAY,you have ccm. tives declared that: mented several tial to move wheat than some other com- times since your return that "Since wars begin in the minds of men, you were modity, then someone ought to have the much impressed by the reports of It Is in the minds of men that the defenses devastation of educational and scientific fa- authority to say that preference must be of peace must be constructed. Ignorance cilltiesin the countries occupied by Axis na- given to wheat movements. Further- of each other's ways and lives has been a tions. What does UNESCO plan to do about more, there should be top direction and common cause throughout history of that this? coordination in the way of surveys and suspicion and distrust which all too often Senator MURRAY.UNESCO is not to be a exchange of information to a greater results in war." relief organization. It is designed to engage It is the purpose of this organization to in extent than exists now. I am convinced spreading education, knowledge, and cul- build understanding and confidence in the ture among considerable amount of transpor- the masses, to encourage peace that a world as a basis for peace. It will encourage by removing long hauls racial prejudice, intolerance, and tation is now being wasted in the free flow of information and ideas ill will from the minds of people and in- from one part of the country to another through the press, radio, and motion pictures culcating in their place the principles of hu- which could be avoided with more coor- and through educational and scientific ex- man dignity, equality, and mutual respect dination from the top. The letter above change. It will help teachers, scientists, among men, Such a program could not be quoted speaks of hauling wheat from writers, and others to work together through- expected to carry on relief activities. western Kansas into Texas. I am ad- out the world in support of the peace alms The Conference at London, however, pro- of the United Nations. vided vised that at the present time 3,000 bush- a preparatory commission and the es- The Conference in London showed that the wheat per day are being hauled tablishment of a special technical subcom- els of people of the world are agreed on the funda- mittee to examine into and report on the by truck from one shipping point in west- mental proposition that the best weapon needs of devastated countries with a view ern Kansas to mills at Amarillo, Tex. against war is understanding. Common of bringing such conditions to the notice This is ridiculous when it is recalled that knowledge and understanding among the na- of governments, organizations, and persons Amarillo is the center of a great wheat- tions of the world removes the danger of wishing to assist in such relief problems. growing area. I understand wheat is be- violent dispute. The greatest danger today Question. Has the Government of the Is the feeling which has been developing ing shipped from North Dakota to Texas In United States committed itself in any way the minds of too many men in this country and from the Pacific Northwest to Kan- about this organization? and abroad-that already the next war is Senator MURRAY.Well, this is one of the sas. This at a time when Kansas farm- inevitable. Debates have taken place even objective programs of the United Nations au- ers have millions of bushels of wheat in the Congress in which this fear has been thorized at the San Francisco Conference. which they want to sell but cannot be- expressed. This organization of the United The United Nations Charter, adopted at San cause there is no transportation. Nations is dedicated to proving the falseness Francisco, provides in article 57 for 'varluas This is the time of year when farmers of that psychology. specialized agencies, established by intergov- have time to haul wheat. Later on they It can be done. ernmental agreement with wide interna- It must be done. will be busy with their spring work and tional responsibilities in economic, social. I am sure that Americans, to whom educa- cultural, educational, health, and related it will be much more difficult. tion has, since its very founding, been a fields. Furthermore, both Houses of the Con- The present situation has existed all priceless heritage, will be especially quick to gress have unanimously passed resolutions fall and winter. It is getting worse. appreciate that in a world emerging from a favoring the establishment of an interna- Unless some real effort is made to move war not over boundaries nor colonial domains, tional organization for educational and cul- wheat now on farms, some of it deterio- but to preserve the very soul of democracy, tural cooperation." rating, we will be faced with a real crisis. the cooperation of the nations of the world Question. How soon will the United States In educational and cultural Prompt action now is essential and endeavors pre- become a member and what is the mechanism sents one of the best guarantees of continued of that? should have priority over all other steps peace. to meet the food situation. Farmers are Senator MURRAY.The United States will Because Americans have been able to edu- become a member through the adoption by anxious to sell. They are demanding cate theli children and because American Congress of a joint resolution accepting the transportation. Do not blame them for sCientists and cultural leaders have been free constitution of this organization and agree- the shortage. to pursue their research and their achieve- ing to membership. ments, the United States is prosperous and Question. What about Germany and united. The years just behind us have surely be members? taught us that our own prosperity is largely Japan-will they dependent upon the prosperity and the unity Senator MURRAY.The membership is con- United Nations' Educational, Scientific, of the world. It is possible, perhaps, to pre- fined to members of the United Nations Or- and Cultural Conference vent aggressor nations from actually waging ganization. However, states not members large-scale wars by invoking the powers of of the United Nations Organization may be the Security Council of the United Nations, admitted to membership upon recommenda- EXTENSION OF REMARKS but a mere police force is not enough. Hu- tion of the executive board by a two-thirds OF man beings are peacefully inclined, so that it majority vote of the general conference becomes unnecessary to call upon the police Question. I understand that Russia did HON. JAMES E. MURRAY force, only when they are educated and fully not take part in the London Conference. OF MONTANA accept the fundamental principles of a com- Can you tell us why and are there grounds for anticipating her participation later? IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES mon morality and when they find construc- tive outlets for their energies in promoting Senator MURRAY.Russia did not take part Friday, February 8 (legislative day of the economic and cultural life of the world. in the London Conference but it was the Friday, January 18), 1946 The formal title of this organization is the universal judgment of the delegates to the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Conference that Russia would find the or- Mr. MURRAY. Mr. President, I ask Cultural Organization. Using the first letter ganization acceptable in every way. She ap- unanimous consent to have printed in in each word of the title, we have the abbre- proved the idea of such a specialized agency the Appendix of the CONGRESSIONAL REC- viated title "UNESCO" by which name it will at the San Francisco Conference. A posi- ORDa radio broadcast which I delivered be generally referred to. tion has been held for Russia on the ex- on the Congressional Record on the Air I believe that the American people and the ecutive committee of the preparatory com- program over Station WHN, New York, Congress of the United States will find the mission, and I hope that she will play an active part in the planning activities now N. Y., on Monday, December 3, 1945. constitution which was developed In London fully acceptable and that this Government going forward in London. There being no objection, the address and the governments of the United Nations Question. How will the organization oper- was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, will take prompt action In approving it and ate to be effective in promoting peace in the r.s follows: making it possible for the Organization to world? I had the privilege of representing the begin functioning in the near future. Senator MURRAY. The plan of action is pro- United States on the American Delegation I am convinced that it will aid inmeasur- vided for in article I of the constltution to the United Nations' Educational and Cul- ably In preventing war. International or- The organization will contribute to peace tural Conference held in London, November ganizations to be effective must have the and security by promoting collaboration 1 to 16. I have returned from that meeting support of enlightened world opinion. The among the nations through education, sci- with renewed hope for the establishment of success of UNESCO depends on the brains ence, and culture in order to further uni- a lasting peace. and will of the peoples of the world to make versal respect for justice, for the rule of law Representatives of 44 nations there agreed it work. America has made an incalculable and for the human rights and fundamental on a constitution to form the basis of coop- contribution to the winning of the war. We freedoms which are affirmed for the peoples eration mong peaceful nations in advanc- now have an opportunity to organize the of the world. It willcollaborate in the wcrk ing through international, educational, and world for peace. With great power comes of advancing the mutual knowledge and un- APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD A597 derstanding of peoples through all means support payment programs for sugar beets early date report back to Congress the and domestic sugarcane, of mass communication and will recommend both continental findings so the people will have a definite and offshore. Such support payments were such international agreements as may be knowledge of what they can expect so far necessary to promote the free flow of ideas designed to stimulate sugar production in a by word and image. The Organization, how- manner which would not be inconsistent with as quantity of sugar is concerned. This ever, is prohibited from intervening in mat- the Government's program of economic subject is a most urgent one, and I re- ters which are essentially within the domes- stabilization. Growers of sugar beets and quest that immediate action be taken, tic jurisdiction of nations. sugarcane have responded to such payments with increased acreages. There is nothing further that can be done in connection with such programs to increase sugar production for consumption this year. The Department Let's. Get Our Bearings The Sugar Situation already has announced support programs for the sugar beet and continental sugarcane EXTENSION OF REMARKS REMARKS crops which will be harvested next fall for use OF late this year and during the first 9 months OF of next year. HON. HARRY FLOOD BYRD We are negotiating for the purchase of the OF VIRGINIA HON. J. HARRY McGREGOR 1946 Cuban sugar crop. We have offered OF OHIO Cuba a price of 3.675 cents per pound for its IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 1946 production which is an increase of .575 Friday, February 8 (legislative day of cents per pound over the price paid for the Friday, February 8, 1946 1945 crop. Since the harvest of the 1946 Friday, January 18), 1946 Mr. McGREGOR. Mr. Speaker, for crop already is under way, there is nothing Mr. BYRD. Mr. President, I ask further that can be done to increase this sometime I have been wondering what unanimous consent to have printed in year's Cuban production. of the RECORD an address is being done, or will be done, relative It has not been possible to move any part the Appendix to the sugar situation by the Depart- of the 1,600,000 tons of sugar reported in which was delivered by the Senator from ment of Agriculture or any other depart- Java because of the current internal politi- New Jersey [Mr. HAWKES], one of the ment having jurisdiction over this com- cal difficulties. It is not possible to predict ablest Members of the Senate, at the modity. Last year, thousands upon when such difficulties may be settled in such Hotel Astor, New York City, February 5, thousands of bushels of fruit and vege- manner as to permit the shipment of any 1946, before 1,200 prominent business- tables were wasted because there was not part of the sugar. men. The address was broadcast over In order to assure the prompt availability a national hook-up. At the meeting, sufficient sugar available for canning. of this year's sugar production, it will be which was held under the auspices Certainly the department that is re- necessary to increase the price of sugar sub- of sponsible for the supply of this com- stantially or to obtain legislative authoriza- Brand Names Research Foundation, modity has had full knowledge of this tion to incur losses on 1946 crop operations. awards were made to more than 150 condition for sometime and it is re- Such action is not necessary to stimulate companies which have maintained suc- grettable at this date little has been done this year's production, since such stimula- cessful brands on the market for 50 years to correct it. tion has been given by the Department's or more. On January 21 I wrote the following early announcements that It would make the There being no objection, the address announced support payments if necessary to letter to the Honorable Clinton P. Ander- was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, assure growers certain levels of income which as follows: son, Sacretary of Agriculture: were deemed necessary to achieve increased I am wondering just what is being done production. However, such offers, as an- I am honored by being present with this In order that we will not have a sugar short- nounced, are contingent upon legislative au- distinguished group of businessmen who have age this coming summer, and what is being thorization to incur losses on 1946 crop op- wisely used brands and trade-marks to de- done that we will have sufficient amount of erations. We have submitted a request for velop successful business and vast employ- sugar for canning purposes, both summer such authorization to the Congress, which, ment under our American system of free and fall of this year. Last year a definite if granted, would permit the importation and men. drive was made for home production of food, distribution of Puerto Rican and Hawaiian Tonight, at this great meeting, under the and yet thousands and thousands of tons of sugar of the 1946 crop, the harvest of which auspices of Brand Names Research Founda- fruit and vegetables spoiled because of the has just started. tion, at which are present more than a thou- lack of sugar for preservation. It would ap- We are attempting to work out agreements sand of America's leading businessmen, recog- pear to me that we should make preparation with producers which will permit interim nition has been given to business institu- for this before the time of emergency, and shipments of sugar from these areas pending tions which have established and maintained am therefore wondering what the status of our receipt of the required legislative au- for 50 years or more, trade-marks and brands the subject is. thorization. This Is being done to avoid any which became known by the public as sym- Also I am wondering, Mr. Secretary, what delays in shipments of sugar during the bols of quality and integrity in connection happened to the approximately 1,600,000 tons period of the most critical shortage. If such with the products and materials offered to of sugar that our armed forces found on the authorization is forthcoming in the near fu- the public by these institutions. Island of Java. ture, there will be little interruption in the It is fitting they should receive citations In your opinion, will it be necessary to in- orderly movement of new-crop sugar supplies from Brand Names Research Foundation in crease the price of sugar, either in the form as rapidly as they become available. The recognition of their accomplishment. of subsidy or an increase in price to con- ceiling prices of raw and refined sugar will The future of our American life of free sumers, in order that we may have the suf- be increased in the near future by an amount men is hanging in the balance tonight, and ficient amount necessary to meet the needs? which will permit the importation and sale that is why I have chosen the subject, Let's I hope that you will give this request a of 1946 crop Cuban sugar by Commodity Get Our Bearings. There never was a time full detailed reply, and if legislation is nec- Credit Corporation without loss. in the history of thoAmerican people when essary, so inform us, so that your recom- Further legislative authorization will be it was more important for us to get our bear- mendations may be given serious considera- necessary to permit the fulfillment of the De- ings than at the present moment. tion and study at the earliest possible mo- partment's support payment program for We all know we have been in two World ment. 1946-crop sugar beets and continental sugar- Wars, and principally as a result of the last Assuring you that I appreciate your prompt cane which will be harvested next fall. We war our national debt approximates $280,- attention to this request, I am, with kindest expect to submit a request for such authori- 000,000,000. This is not the worst threat to regards, zation soon. our future liberties. The worst threat comes Respectfully yours, Sincerely yours, from an organized movement in this country J. HARRYMCGREGOR, CLINTON P. ANDERSON, to destroy the American system. Member of Congress. Secretary. At the present moment there are factions On February 4, in this Nation who would destroy the great 1946, I received Secre- Now, Mr. Speaker, you will note that American system of business, which is com- tary Anderson's reply which reads as some of my questions were not fully an- monly called our free enterprise system. follows: swered and at this time no definite pro- They have so stated for publication. This is in reply to your letter of January gram has been arranged. I am fearful One of the targets they have chosen for 21 in which you asked what is being done to that we will soon be placed in the same attack is the brand-name system as it is assure that there will be a sufficient amount used in the distribution of goods and serv- of sugar for canning purposes this year. category as in the past-that is, "too ices in our economy. It has been chosen for In an effort to stimulate sugar production little and too late." attack for an obvious reason. for the harvests which would be available for I ask, Mr. Speaker, that an investiga- The brand-name system, as it has devel- this year's consumption, the Department of tion be made by the proper committee of oped in American life, is the keystone of Agriculture made early announcements of Congress of this entire subject, and at an distribution. Distribution is the arch which A598 APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD supports our whole economy. Distribu- advertising a given brand or trade-mark the That has been done in America so often tion-the movement of goods produced, to public has to pay the bill. it needs no illustration. the consumer for his use-is, in four words, Nothing could be further from the truth. No one familiar with the conditions in all our standard of living. I could cite a business-In which I was inter- the countries throughout the world will dis- One of our heritages from the war is a ested for many years-in which the cost of pute the fact that under our system the irdi- tremendously expanded productive capacity. production of a single piece of merchandise vidual has the greatest opportunity to move If it can be used to the full, and the prod- was $12 and the wholesale selling price $18. forward, i-nprove his living standard and ucts of our farms and mills and mines and In the beginning the volume of business reach success in business, the professions, forests and fisheries and factories find full was very small. The brand and trade-mark, the ministry, or government. distribution, maximum employment will be plus bringing the facts regarding it and its Under our system the laborer of today can the automatic result-and a national debt value to the public, cost the company mil- become the capitalist of tomorrow. that would have destroyed an earlier Amer- lions of dollars. Advertising increased the Labor has just as much right, under our ica need not unduly worry us. demand for the product by millions of system, to work lawfully for the improve- But another of our heritages from the war units. ment of its conditions in the business and Is an expanding social unrest. This process led to a reduction of cost, Industrial world as has ownership and man- Abroad we have seen it upset govern- which made it possible to sell the product agement lawfully to seek profits through re- ments. We have seen it change nations' to the consumer for approximately $5. These ward, invention, and increased efficiency. faces to the economic left. We have seen it are facts that can be proven from the rec- If we are to continue, our laws must be deny the virtue of the economic system by ord, and they dispute the false propaganda fairly interpreted and apply with equal vigor which America waxed great, and through that advertising is nothing but a waste of to the rich and the poor, the high, and the which America supported her allies in this the consumer's money. low. Great power in the hands of any indi. war while the courage and devotion and I could show in hundreds of cases, and vidual or group must carry with it great re- sacrifice and precious blood of our uniformed particularly in the automobile field, where sponsibility under our system. If that re- forces sealed world confidence in American advertising and resultant increased produc- sponsibility is not voluntarily accepted by prestige. tion brought automobiles to the consuming those possessing such power, it then must At home we see social unrest blazoned in public for, less than one-quarter of their be fixed by law. the daily newspaper's headlines. We stand original production cost. It has been fixed by law in connection with uneasily on a powder chest. Let distribution These brands and trade-marks are respon- corporations and large business organizations fall-let factories close and fields lie fallow sible for building good employment Jobs at through the enactment of the Sherman an- from failure of distribution-and what has high wages for millions of workers. They are titrust law and the Clayton Act. American success in happened elsewhere can happen here the very essence of our The interest of the public now demands as the making a living. fatal aftermath of the war our strength has that t should be fixed fairly as to the great won. Brands and trade-marks, if successful, cre- labor unions and organizations which are I am recently returned from a trip to ate business and profits for their owners as collecting from the workers hundreds of mil- Europe, made as a member of a United States well as employment for vast numbers. lions of dollars. Seolate committee. I do not know which of To be successful, their originators must No law enacted in the heat of passion or the weary evidences of years of brutal con- advertise by newspaper, magazine, and for other purposes than proper control in flict I saw oppressed me more. Cities blown radio, etc. the interest of the people as a whole will be to shreds were dramatically horrible. But The whole process of telling the people successful among a free people. worse, I think, was the deadly apathy, the creates business for the newspapers and Government regulation should be limited smell of defeated personalities, which blan- magazines, thereby giving them income to absolute necessity, and we should all keted whole populations. which leads to a better financed press and remember that when we cease to function America can be saved from that. But those publications, with more employment. under voluntary cooperation we must, of tho wish to destroy American free competi- It also gives substantial business to the necessity, become a regulated people with tive distribution precisely do not want to radio stations ana broadcasting systems. Government as the master and the people save us from that. Because from wreckage, The income they receive from this source the servant, rather than as we were estab- from an economically defeated people, from supports the radio in giving to the public lished, with the people as the master and such apathy as I saw, they hope to build an programs of music, debate, and religion the Government as their servant. economic revolution. which are not available elsewhere in the Great problems can only be successfully That is why destruction of the brand-name world without cost to such an extent as analyzed by simple and direct procedure. system is important to them. here. I ask myself. "What enabled this country I have never been able to understand why There are some in our executive branch of ours to make the contribution it did in they would destroy it. why they wanted revo- of Government who would limit the time of World War II for the benefit of humanity lution by economic defeat, because I have exclusive use of brands and trade-marks to and civilization?" studied our economic system from an tm- the owners of such trade-marks to a certain The answer comes back clearly: "It was partial standpoint. I have studied it for 50 number of years only and then open them because the individual here was not only a years-when I was a worker in overalls, when to public use. Think of it. They would freeman but he was stimulated to use his I was a clerk in an office, when I was an have the diligent create and the slothful genius and ability by just reward for accom- executive in business institutions, and from absorb the benefits. They would let John plishment, protected by law." the point of view of a public servant holding Smith create, establish, and maintain- his For more than a century and a half he office by the people's vote. The obligation triangle brand, and then, if it :'ecomes suc- was protected in the right to keep a sub- of a man who assumes such responsibility cessful, they would let John Doe watch its stantial part of that reward in the form of Is a solemn thing. development and use it in its success. property rights under a well-defined system. Tonight we are honoring fulfillment of an We might as well let John Doe use Smith's protected by the majesty of the law. equally important obligation. name for all purposes if Smith made his Abraham Lincoln said: "Let not him who We are honoring those who have kept faith name mean something in life. This is a Is houseless pull down the house of another. with the public and rendered a great public weird and thoroughly un-American sugges- but let him work diligently and build one service to the Nation under established tion, but it indicates the current of think- for himself, thus by example assuring that brands and trade-marks. A brand name or ing, and it would lead to communism. his own shall be safe from violence when trade-mark Is notice to the world that the looking to America to built." product it represents is of a certain stand- The whole world is help save them from themselves. There Let us get our bearings and not destroy ard which the owner hopes the people, over the great system that put our Nation in a a period of time, will decide represents the must be a reason. Why do we have to pro- tect ourselves with rigid immigration laws? position to furnish the vital materials re- best value for the money. quired to win World War II. World War II Any brand that lasts and endures must There must be a reason why the people of all countries in great numbers want to emi- was a great victory for freemen, providing have kept faith with the public, both in we, who are charged with the making of quality and price. Character has something grate to this country. Let us save America so we can help them save themselves. peace, keep faith with those who gave their to do with keeping that faith, but also lives to win the war. business judgment compels an intelligent It is fair to find a parallel between the his- owner to keep faith because the owner of tory of brands and trade-marks, with their To keep that faith you must recognize the brand or trade-mark has an increasing years of growth and honest successful life, that blessings brighten as they take their investment of time and money in the brand. to that of the average American. Each flight, and eternal vigilance, the price of If he breaks faith with the brand or the started as infants, hoping for its share of liberty, means attention to your right of suf- trade-mark, thereby with the public, he is success in a fair competitive world. The frage at the primaries first, then at the gen- injuring himself many times more than he American economy assured them both the eral election. That Is the only way to keep injures any particular individual. If he de- right to that hope. communism from supplanting our Ameri- stroys the faith and confidence in the public There are few, if any, other places in the can system of freemen. mind regarding brands or trade-marks, then, world, where the poorest man can, by his Remember, every faker or demagog gives all of his time and all of his investment have own industry, education, thrift, and the use lip service to free competitive enterprise been destroyed. of the genius with which God has endowed when he talks in public. Behind the scenes I know there are those who say that be- him, take himself from the lowest rounds of he does the things that destroy' it. The cause millions of dollars have been spent in the ladder to the highest. faker knows the thinking people want to APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD A599 keep free competitive enterprise because it's lated earnings and profits of diligent and on every working man and woman in the the essence of freedom. It's the freeman's thrifty men who helped to pioneer this great United States, as well as all those in manage- way of making a decent living and the best Nation of ours and develop it. ment and ownership. No one group can pre- in the world. Let us remember they were not all success- serve this precious possession. The political faker and the Communists ful for themselves. Most of them lost all, or Again I repeat it is the duty of every hope to function as termites, boring Into a substantial part, of what they put into their American citizen to do his part in preserving the foundation of free enterprise and de- pioneering ventures and yet the ventures the great system and improving it fairly as stroying it before the people realize what is were ultimately beneficial to the people as a we go along. If we lose it, we won't get it happening to them. whole. back, and I make this statement unequiv- You won't save our American system un- Again I ask myself, "Why should we de- ocally at the moment, that if we lose it. 90 less you elect as your representatives, honest stroy the American system of business and percent of America will be in tears when they men, who believw in caving our American industry which produced the revenue and find they have not followed the admonition form of government and its system of mak- made possible the production of materials that "eternal vigilance is the price of liberty." ing a living. used in the war by our marvelous fighting We owe it to the boys who fought this war Don't trade a success ior a failure. men, who brought to us victory on the bat- to preserve this system of opportunity and I think this meeting, under the auspices tlefields." guard it with their help, so that it stays the of the Brand Names Research Foundation, The answer is-85 to 90 percent of the outstanding example to the world. is a fine thing to bring to the attention of American . people, including workers and the people of the United States the fact that owners, will band together to make secure builders of fine brands and trade-marks, who the preservation of this great system if they honored understand have kept faith with them, are being it is being destroyed. The Parliament of Man here tonight for having kept that faith and We must analyze, before too late, where we helped build America. will go if we destroy it. We must soundly If our system was a failure, or there was appraise the results in other nations which EXTENSION OF REMARKS any system in the world paralleling it, I have followed practices that we are being OF might be willing to help exchange it, but I, asked to install here, and assume if they for one, am not apologizing to anyone for have been failures there they will be failures HON. BURTON K. WHEELER referring to our American free enterprise here. OF MONTANA system, or, as I put it, our American busi- The facts are that we are what we are IN THE SENATE ness system, because it is the greatest suc- because of the course we have followed. OF THE UNITED STATES cess in the world; and no one in his right Liberty is freedom, but freedom is not free, Friday, February 8 (legislative day of mind who understands the facts, will lend and all we need to do to destroy our indi- Friday, January 18), 1946 any help to those who would undermine and vidual freedoms and our great American sys- destroy it for reasons of their own, which tem of business is to tinker with the delicate Mr. WHEELER. Mr. President, I ask I have not yet been able to fathom. machine that relies for its success upon prop- unanimous consent to have printed in I have heard of apologizing for failure, er human relationships, with voluntary, the Appendix of the RECORD an article but it is a new thing for me to hear people wholehearted cooperation as its foundation. entitled "The I have heard of Parliament of Man," by apologizing for success. You can't legislate our system into success. George E. Sokolsky, published getting a successful man into an organiza- You can't legislate employment. "You can in his column tion to change the work of an unsuccessful lead a horse to water, but you can't make under the headline These Days, man, but I have never heard of getting a him drink." in the New York Sun of January 26, 1946. man to bring in an unsuccessful system to By the same reasoning I know that you There being no objection, the article supplant a successful system. cannot legislate that private ownership will was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, There are those who sneer at the free en- do exactly what the politicians or the labor as follows: high in terprise system, and recently men, leaders want them to do, on the one hand, THESE DAYS the ranks of certain labor movements, have nor can you legislate that labor will go to suggested that the "four freedoms" cannot be work and do exactly what you want it to do (By George E. Sokolsky) accomplished without the destruction of our because the law says it must. THE PARLIAMENT OF MAN free enterprise system. * The fruits of common effort must be fairly So the Russians want UNO to punish the That means that we Americans have an is- divided. Capital is nothing more than British for their conduct in Greece and Java. sue which must ')e faced immediately-are stored-up labor and it is entitled to its just Note that the Russians do not yet complain we going to permit those who would destroy reward when it is invested in business with about British conduct in Palestine. Perhaps our system to succeed in doing it, or are we its hazards and chances. the day is not far distant when the Russians going to get organized and take the neces- Labor, on its part, is entitled to a fair re- will bring a bill of particulars into UNO sary steps to preserve it? ward for its work in producing the fruits of against American conduct in Japan under If we will avoid the evil effects of false common effort. MacArthur. They have already, by the devi- propaganda and give only fair and sound con- Our great system can no longer function if ous medium of the Tass News Agency, accused sideration to the relative conditions of the we consider labor a commodity, or we disre- MacArthur of high misdemeanors in Korea. various people of the earth, we will arise to gard the fact that private capital will only Of course, no one brings a complaint Into defend our American system before we have find a working place to create profit and em- UNO against Russian conduct in Latvia, lost the power of action. ployment if opportunity for reward is se- Esthonia, and Lithuania. No one has one Another thing which gave us the power to cure under the law. Understanding coopera- word to say about the tragic betrayal of accomplish the miracles of production that tion and tolerance by all groups, coupled Poland, which is now totally a Russian pup- saved the Allies in World War II is found in with the determination to preserve it is the pet. Mr. Byrnes, representing free and lib- the statement that for nearly 150 years this only answer. eral America, warns the Persians not to bur- Government functioned on the plan that the In your own self-interesc, Mr. American den the infant UNO with complaints against Government should never Interfere in any- Citizen, don't forget what happened in Ger- the Russian octopus lest the Russians become thing which the people can do for themselves many when Hitler promised to do everything angry and either smash Iran or the UNO for and as well as or better than the Government. for the working man and everything for the interfering with an insatiable land appetite. We citizens are yet the master of our Gov- capitalist. No one has offered a bill of particulars ernment, and if we perform our duties as citi- Don't forget what happened in Italy when against the imposition upon China of the zens we can yet harness Government to con- Mussolini made similar promises. Remem- Manchurian terms of Japan's twenty-one de- tinue as our servant rather than become our ber in every country where.the government mands by Soviet Russia-terms against which master. has promised the millennium and guaranteed we protested in 1915 when Japan tried to America must accept the penalty of leader- security, the people have learned to their force China; but supported by the United ship in the world, but to perform the duties sorrow, through misery and suffering, that States in 1945 when Russia succeeded in of leadership America must first preserve at the millennium cannot be given by govern- forcing them upon China. There have been home the full freedom of the individual, com- ment and only comes from work and sweat no American protests against Russia's claims bined with individual acceptance of respon- and the use of the talents given to the in- to the Kuriles-claims publicly denied by sibility. dividual by Almighty God. Roosevelt; privately acknowledged by the I ask myself, "What produced the revenue No one but you can make yourself success- same Roosevelt. in connection with our great accomplish- ful. Russia is making a monkey out of UNO ments and contribution to the winning of Isn't it strange that we, with our system right from the start. It has rejected Bretton the war?" I ask myself, "What produced the of human relationship, are the only people Woods. It has refused to join the air con- revenue that produced the things that made in the whole world to whom a distressed ferences and agreements. It has established us so powerful?" world can turn at this time. This should a veto over the parliament of man. It has The answer comes back, "Freedom of the cause every American to pause and think destroyed De Gaulle. Its adherents revel in individual, guaranteed by the Constitution well before he becomes a party to the destruc- the strikes in the United States. It de- and carefully protected.by those.in.authority tion or breaking down of this great American nounces MacArthur. It has reduced sov- in this Government for almost 150 years." system. ereign states to the level of puppets. It has That revenue that produced the industrial Responsibility for where we are going from made itself the dominant state of the world, and business organizations was the accumu- where we are is an individual responsibility with and by the consent of the United States A600 APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD of America, which, possessing the substance The United States of America, at this stra- on capitalism. War on the very system that but not the spirit, the riches but not the tegic moment, literally holds the power of saved Russia in the vital hour of her life. character, consents, consents, consents, while life or death for millions of people in Britain is Socialist, with a stated aim of the other vetoes, vetoes, vetoes. Europe and Asia. Oh, they won't die today eating the foundations out from under capi- There are men who say that this is not the or next week, maybe. But their lives will talism bit by bit. Russia is Communist, with time to raise such questions. When is the be hell for as long as they live, and the first a stated aim of knocking capitalism down time? When will be the time? If the Rus- snap of inevitable disease epidemics will and beating the life out of its body with a sians continue their relentless war on Great carry them off at high rate unless we send club. Britain, will they not in the end succeed In food, and fast. And the little nations of Europe and Asia accomplishing by diplomacy and propaganda England is probably able to make her way are sweating as they try to figure out which what Hitler failed to accomplish by war? Is all right, though unhappily, for she has so way to jump. Most of them are already edg- a propaganda and diplomatic blitz less harm- much overseas empire to draw from, and so ing toward Russia or being pulled there by ful in the end than a military blitz? And many brussels sprouts at home. But there Communist parties in their midst. Is not the elimination of De Gaulle a pre- is nowhere on the European Continent itself But one thing they all have in common: liminary to placing Thorez at the bead of a food reserve. They can't even live without the capitalist France; and is that different from placing France hasn't got anything. Germany has United States of America. They couldn't Laval on that citadel of western civilization? less than nothing. Spain is begging. Italy is live during the war without us, and they and Is it not within the margins of truth the same. The Balkans are shot. And the can't live now without us. that should Thorez, the war-dodger of his great Soviet Russia, which has been doing so Well, let's not be Patsys again. We muffed country, who took refuge in an alien land much damning and finger pointing and loud our golden chance during the war to talk rather than defend her boundaries, become talking at UNO-what has she got? some sense into those people. Now we have the ruler of France, PBtain and Laval and all Now is the big chance for the Communists a second chance. Before that food goes of Vichy will have been justified by history? to ride to the rescue of the imperiled maiden, abroad, let's see how fast they can call off Is a puppet of one country any better than a if they've rot a "hoss" and can ride. their dogs over here. And you know what puppet of another? Asia, likewise, is wide open for the Com- that means as well as they do. Was it not Franklin D. Roosevelt who once munists to demonstrate in. If they can. said that the Rhine is our boundary? And But the fact is that they can't. They're as what of the Rhine today? Is it still our hard up as anybody and begging, too. boundary In a Russian-held world from In all the world, there is only the United A Jersey Farm Boy Calais to Darien? Where is our boundary States of America that can stand off starva- now? tion. And there is no doubt that we will do No wonder that that UNO commission, it. It means pulling down our own stand- EXTENSION OF REMARKS looking for a site for its headquarters, acted ards of living some more, and going back so arrogantly in New York. They wanted into wartime economics again. or living quarters for a thousand persons and But there is no reason why we have to be their families in a city in which there is not a pack of "Patsys" while we are about it. HON. ALBERT W. HAWKES a flat or a hotel room for a returning veteran. During the war we made ourselves the OF NEW JERSEY Throw the Americans out of their quarters! Mr. Roosevelt was What are Americans in "Patsys" of the world. IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED America in this one so worked up being a great strategist and STATES world? And they demand office space In a lend-lease and place where there Is no office space. genius that, beginning with Friday, February 8 (legislative day of What going right on down through Yalta, he man- difference that there is no room? Make the Friday, January 18), 1946 room! Kick out those who stand aged to get us Into every involvement that in the way came along without getting, in return, a sin- .of the new dispensation. Make Mr. HAWKES. Mr. President, I ask room for the gle gain for the United States of America. dawn of the new day-the day of the con- unanimous consent to have printed in queror. Lend-lease, for instance. We loaned loose the Appendix of the RECORD to the British in prodigious quantities. And a story about And so the British are now the defend- in the end? Why the British are grumbling a New Jersey farm boy, which I think ants in the UNO and the little American will be most interesting to all who may public-opinion makers will be shrieking because Congress is considering whether to their lend them $4,400,000,000 with which to bal- read it. heads off about Greece, but they will say There being no objection, nothing about Poland, Rumania, Yugoslavia, ance up lend-lease and start up as a Socialist the article empire to try to put us out of business. Bulgaria, Iran, Manchuria, Korea. Nobody is was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, plaintiff in that case. That "balance up" business simply means as follows: we lend them the money to pay us for goods A JERSEY FARM BOY we shipped them under lend-lease. They come out clean on the deal. We pick Recently my attention has been called to up the check. the exploits of a 17-year-old New Jersey Let's Trade And if they have any little troubles with farm boy-a neighbor of mine from Somer- the $4,400,000,000 new loan they can call off ville. His name is Allen La Fever and the interest payments any time they like. whole Nation is talking about him. Alien is EXTENSION OF REMARKS Tough, isn't it? the kind of boy who will lead our Nation In the future. He's a member of the 4-H Communist Russia has car- OF For 25 years, Club, Boy Scouts, quarter'lack on his high- ried on a stated campaign of war to the death school football team-and owner of a prize with our way of life. That isn't HON. BURTON K. WHEELER any news to purebred Jersey calf named Phoebe. What anybody who has read or heard the Com- OF MONTANA makes Allen outstanding is the fact that as munist doctrine. of this date he has lifted Phoebe for 111 con- IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES The Communists claim that in the long secutive days trying to prove the old adage run there isn't enough room on earth for Friday, February "If a farm boy lifts a calf every day. he will 8 (legislative day of them and capitalism, too. And they have Friday,January 18). 1946 be able to lift it when she becomes a cow." stated it for the record that every move Alien, only IROpounds himself, finds no trou- Mr. WHEELER. Mr. President, I ask they make at home or abroad is aimed to- ble lifting Phoebe, even though the calf now ward the violent overthrow of every other weighs more than 230 pounds. unanimous consent to have printed in government in the world except their own. the Appendix of the RECORD an article Every Saturday, over a coast-to-coast Don't forget in that connection: Joe Columbia Broadcasting System network, entitled "Let's Trade," by Frank C. Stalin pulled the trigger for World War II Waldrop. The article Allen Is interviewed on the Border Co. was published in when he signed up with Hitler in August County Fair broadcast. He then lifts today's issue of the Washington Times- 1939 and gave Adolf the green light to plunge Phoebe and collects the sizeable amount Herald. into Poland. of $10 a pound for each pound that she There being no objection, the article Don't forget, either, that when the double- has gained during the week. So far, Allen was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, cross got crossed again and Adolf plunged has banked well over $800 toward his col- as follows: into Russia, it was no time at all before Joe lege career. Millions of listeners have was all over us with bear hugs, begging for LET'S TnAE shown interest in this boy and his calf. Peo- lend-lease. ple have visited the Somerville farm by the (By Frank C. Waldrop) And then after Pearl Harbor, nothing was hundreds. Scores of newspaper and maga- Now the world is on its knees to the United too good for the Americans-in the line of zine articles have featured his picture and States of America again, begging for help. caviar and champagne for the visiting fire- story. New Jersey has found a brand new This time the world wants not guns, not men in Moscow. ambassador of goodwill in young Alien La butter, not even dollars. It is panhandling But what, in the end, did we get back? Fever. He represents the kind of all-Amer- for a little bread. Look at the Communist party line swerving ican boy typical of our lovely farms and And it isn't kidding. back today to the same old direction: War bustling industrial cities. APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD A601 A National Asset medical advisers helped them regain health; prevention can achieve mass results-in the The People's Health: and I discovered for myself both the prac- communicable diseases subject to control by tical, inescapable necessity of Government sanitation, quarantine, immunization, pub- EXTENSION OF REMARKS participation in the health field, and also lic education, and similar measures. Savirg OF the problems Government must face in this a man from typhoid to let him fall victim field. of diabetes is too close for comfort to the HON. JAMES E. MURRAY Now I come to you as a public servant- spectacle we are now witnessing of medical OF MONTANA as Administrator of that agency of the Na- efforts to put some of the world's war crimi- tional Government most concerned with nals in shape to stand trial. IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES health. Of the constituent units under the If death from preventable disease is to be Friday, February 8 (legislative day of Federal agency, there is not one which does prevented, we must provide not only expand- Friday, January 18), 1946 not make some contribution in this field- ing mass controls but also ready access for directly through the Public Health Service, everyone to the individualized and often Mr. MURRAY. Mr. President, I ask the Office of Vocational Rehabilitation, the highly specialized care called for by degen- unanimous consent to have printed in Food and Drug Administration, the Social erative and other noninfectious diseases. the Appendix of the RECORD an address Security Board, and the Federal hospitals Furthermore, we must not be content with national under our wing including Freedmen's and the negative measure of health represented on the subject of the pending by a decline in mortality. by the St. Elizabeths; and Indirectly through such The 5.000.000 or health insurance bill, delivered agencies as the Office of Education. It is in so youn; men who failed to measure up to Honorable Watson B. Miller, Federal recognition of this Government stake in the health standards for military service bid us Security Administrator, before the Medi- Nation's health that you have asked me to look to the morbidity of our whole people. cal Society of the county of New York, participate in this discussion. I am not going to belabor in any detail these on December 17, 1945. His remarks were Through my long and intimate association, frequently discussed military findings. I am so convincing that even the editors of outside of Government as well as within, I familiar with the analyses of these data have which point out that no amount of medical the medical journal New York Medicine, come to have a deep admiration not only for the results of modern medical sci- care could have rendered fit for military reprinted the address in full, which ence, but also for its methods. .More than service those men who had lost a limb or stated editorially: any other scientific pursuit, medicine applies who lacked normal intelligence. I do say, This paper deserves a careful reading and the techniques of objective research to the r..aking all due allowances for the fine points analysis by friends and foes alike of com- solution of subjective problems; its progress obscurec by any 5,000.000 generalization, that insurance. With much of in combatting disease is based inherently on we still Lave no cause for complacence in the pulsory-health physical no one can differ. His a profound scientific distrust of taking any- showing of our healthiest popula- Mr Miller's analysis tion of the health and medical thing for granted, coupled with the equally " sector-the young men of military age. factual summary Nor sha" I argue the and many profound and still more subtle pros and cons of problem is largely unexceptionable art of apply- our health phy- ing scientific knowledge with due status among the nations of of his conclusions will appeal to most allowance the world. and sound. We for that supposedly unscientific and certainly There are too many imponder- sicians as being reasoned ables, too much need state- unpredictable something called, for .urther refine- welcome this sincere and masterful by laymen ment in like me, the human equation. definitions, to leave much signifi- ment from the head of the Social Security cance in contentions that This evening I propose. in my perhaps less th- United States System. is, or is not, the precise but no less sincere way, to healthiest Nation in the try to world. I am informed by the Public Printer apply the method of reasoned observation Health is not a matter of the cost of printing the address in to the health issues now confronting competition that this among nations. Nor should will be Nation-the national issues high lighted less it be among the Appendix of the RECORD groups within the Nation. than a month ago by the President's health Yet as you know $138.80. even better than I, our record is vastly message to the Congress. more There being no objection, the address favorable for some preventable disease than the RECORD, This is the first time in our history that was ordered to be printed in the Chief Executive has ever devoted a for others, for some geographical and eco- con- nomic groups as follows: gressional communication of our people than for others, exclusively to Even diseases which are health. But it is not an isolated phenome- almost 100 percent IFrom New York Medicine of January 5, controllable are not universally under con- 19461 non. At the time when the health message trol-diphtheria, was transmitted more than 120 typhoid, and caratyphold, THE PEOPLE'S HEALTH: A NATIONAL ASSET bills, touch- for example, have ing nearly every aspect of health, were be- caused no deaths in some invitation reached me, I States in some recent Ever since your fore Congress. The basic premise years; in others three meeting as, in to which or four have been thinking of this the President addressed his recommendations deaths per hundred thousand still commentary on occur annually from these causes. Or com- itself, a peculiarly revealing is one to which your profession and the peo- our mutual problems and pare tuberculosis death rates-five our times, and on ple at large have long stood committed. or six I, the veriest layman, called times as high in the State with the poorest hopes. Here .m "The right to adequate medical care and of the great medical the record as compared with the best. If upon to speak before one opportunity to achieve and enjoy the of the Nation. You have not good whole country had made as good a showing associations health" is not a point at issue. But me it is as the State with the most favorable record only paid me the signal honor of asking entirely proper, and indeed necessary, asked me-and to in 1943, well over 40,000 lives to address you, you have ask why it takes a national health would have of invitation- program been saved in that single year. I quote your cordial letter to implement this right, and in particular social economic medical The same kind of contrast-the same kind to talk on a "timely why the Federal Government should con- And I, with all the enormous of tragic and needless vaste-is revealed by problem." stitute itself the spearhead of such a pro- leeway this subject offers, have chosen what gram. infant mortality reports. The lowest rate re- ported by any State in 1943 was 30 deaths may seem, but it is not, an oversimplified 'he answers to these two When I discuss the people's questions are all per thousand live births; the highest showed generalization. old facts, but seen in the new and often more than three times that many deaths; health as a national asset, I am anchoring lurid light of this postwar world they take my feet squarely on the common ground on fresh meaning. and at least half of these could probably have been prevented if the accident of geog- which brings us together-you as medical I know, for example, that standards of men. myself as a layman, and all of us as medical practice and of hospital raphy had provided t'lerp infants with a care in this place. citizens. country are second to none in the world. more favo.able birth I am neither an economist, nor a physician, I know also that the death rate has de- Even in the same community there are or a Daniel come to judgment. Yet I do clined and the average span of life length- often shocking diherences in infant mortal- share your active concern not only for the ened in parallel, mounting curves of hope ity. You are probably familiar with the people's health and for the unique and irre- and progress over the years. The fact that studies made in Cleveland from 1920 on, placeable contribution of the Nation's doctors there were only 11 deaths per thousand in over a period of 17 years. In 1937. the last to our common welfare, but also for the 1940 as against 17 or 18 per thousand in year of this survey, the infant mortality rate complex social and economic setting in which 1900 represents the statistical distillation of was 50 percent higher in families in the people, including doctors, today live and heart-warming scientific advances against most meager income group than in those in move and have their being. human misery and death. higher economic levels. For many years, throughout a long period But it does not represent any cause for These facts do not, of course, add up to of service in a private voluntary organiza- complacency. Since 1920 the pace of prog- a complete and definitive picture. But even tion before I even envisaged myself as a ress has been slowing down-70 percent of if they are no more than straws in the wind Government administrator, I was very close that 40-year reduction in the death rate took of progress, they do point up the uneven to this problem. As an interested and active, place in the first 20 years of this century sweep of the forces that make for health and and. 1 trust, somewhat useful, party of the and most of the rest of it before 1930. Since illness across this broad land. third part. I knew at first hand thousands then-and disregarding the war-we would These forces are of many kinds-economic, of men who had to some degree lost the seem to have been marking time. More- social, and educational-as well as those priceless asset of health; I watched, with over, I believe I am right in recalling that which fall more strictly within the province humility and profound respect, the skill and most of this progress has been in fighting of medicine. Poor housing, ignorance, in- the self-sacrificing devotion with which their diseases where mass methods of control and adequate community health protection all A602 'APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD go hand in hand with lack of essential medi- Finally add In the cooperative venereal physician to seek a practice in a place where cal care. disease control program, the work on ma- the facilities and the teamwork necessary to But a comparison of death rates and of laria control, the strengthening of research effective medical service are accessible. But activities, and medical care, If available, would, I think, of the national tuberculosis the result, in prewar years, has leave no question that direct medical serv- program under the new public health law been a peak and valley distribution that looks like noth. ices hold the key position as a decisive factor passed last year. ing so much as a malaria fever chart. The relationship The sum total of all these existing services I in the Nation's health. understand, for instance, that you between infant mortality and medical at- represents the substantial figure of almost a doctors here in Greater New York stood in a ratio of tendance at birth offers one significant billion dollars in Federal, State, and local 1 to every 434 of the general population in glimpse of a situation which exists all too money spent for health last year. This is 1940, whereas in the southern mountains and frequently, for in the 10 States where infant just about one-fifth of the Nation's over-all elsewhere there was only 1 doctor for more mortality was lowest in 1140, nearly 80 per- annual health and medical care bill. than 3,000 people. And with fifty-thousand- cent of the births took place in hospitals and To that rather sizable extent the Govern- odd ;doctors in military service, this adverse less than 1 percent lacked medical care In ment is already in this picture-and no one, ratio has spread until it applies to almost contrast, the 10 States with the highest in- so far as I know, wants It to pull out. Its one-fifth of all the counties in the participation country. fant mortality showed less than 35 percent of is right in principle and im- With the return perative in practice. If the purpose of young doctors from mill. hospital births and 26 percent without any of a tary service, we have democracy is, in Lincoln's words, to do a never-to-be-repeated medical care whatsoever. for a opportunity to better people what they cannot do so well for them- this situation, for both In spite of all that public hospitals and the public and the medical do, in selves in their private and Individual ca- men themselves. clinics can spite of the really heroic But we cannot ask well-trained generosity of individual doctors in their pri- pacities, then protecting health is the Na- men to as- sume a carpet-bag, circuit-rider vate practice, it is not usually true that tion's business. The question is not whether practice. Answers to the very poor, along with the very rich, get Government has a place In this picture, but the questionnaire sent to doc- tors in uniform adequate care. Facts, as you well know, do rather the extent and method of its partici- by the postwar medical pation. And even here there is a broad area service committee of the American Medical not confirm the too easy comfort of this Association are generalization. of substantial .agreement. probably our most revealing guide to their All in all, illness robs American working We Lre.all agreed, I believe, that com- personal plans and preferences. You are people of somewhere between four and five munity health services must be strengthened no doubt even more familiar than I am with hundred millions days on the job each year. and that the Federal Government must pro- Colonel Lueth's report; but some of its findings Obviously, there isn't any easy answer to vide additional help to see that this is done. are, I think, worth recalling to A county health department means one your attention. It shows, for instance, that such a problem. Neither the President, nor more than the Congress, nor the medical profession can thing in a great metropolitan area like New three-fourths of all specialists York-and something quite different in a came from large cities; that only about a pull any rabbits out of the hat to solve it. fourth What we can do-what we have done-is to lot of other places. In one-third of our 3,000 of the men who came from commu- nities of break down the most astronomical total of counties it means practically nothing at all, less than 2,500 wish to return to because full-time public-health service Is them; and that even among those from our national need into its component parts towns by one. simply nonexistent. And that in turn up to 250,000, half want to seek still and tackle each, one larger In analyzing these health needs, the means chat some 40,000,000 men, women, and cities. The trend toward the great centers, which President's message simply crystallizes the children in this country still live in com- has its roots so deeply in our joint thinking of doctors, public servants, munities without any public-health provi- past, will not be stemmed as long as oppor- tunity and the people themselves. It maps the five sion or at best with part-time, untrained, beckons only in that direction. major sectors that together go to make up and precarious protection. But voluntary redistribution which would this broad front: Many of our communities are similarly locate physicians in communities that most 1. The need to expand existing public lacking in hospitals and in other facilities need them is not a closed issue, particularly health services, including those for maternal which you in our great cities can pretty well among the young men who have left our and child health; take for granted. Here in Metropolitan New medical schools in the past 8 years. And 2. The need for better distribution of hos- York, I understand that you have more than the answers on this point are so significant that I pital and other health facilities throughout 5 hospital beds for every 1,000 people- should like to quote directly from the the country; well above the national goal of 41/2 per thou- AMA report: 3. The need of additional support for med- sand; and the same favorable proportion "About 13 percent (of the doctors ques- ical research and medical education: obtains in such States as Massachusetts and tioned) stated they would be willing to go 4. The need to safeguard individuals and Californ'a. But the picture is different else- to such an area if an office were already families against the loss of family income where-in Kentucky and Arkansas, for in- established: 11 percent would go if a sub- when the breadwinner is disabled; and stance, there are only about 2 hospital beds sidy were provided for several months: more 5. The need of Nation-wide provision for for every 1,000 and even these are not equita- thai 15 percent would be willing to move spreading and prepaying the cost of medical bly distributed. if diagnostic facilities were available, and care. To meet the really desperate situation in nearly 29 percent would go if there were hos- To meet these five needs, the President's the boom towns created by the war, we had pital facilities. From a study of the gradu- message proposes that the Federal Govern- the emergency hospital construction program ation groups involved," the report concludes. ment extend its existing partnership in the under the Lanham Act. This was a tempo- "it appears that the younger men are willine Nation's health. In principle, there is noth- rary stopgap measure. It helped us over the to move into communities needing physi- ing new in this proposal. hump. But we still have the long pull ahead. clans, under certain preferred conditions.' Medical care for the indigent is an acccpt- For that, the Nation will need something But as you well know, neither the con- ed Government function, though its adequacy comparable to the integrated hospital plan struction of hospitals nor the willingness varies enormously from one place to another. proposed by the Public Health Service and of this significant number of young doctors But Government provision is by no means endorsed by the American Medical and Ameri- to man the outposts of medical practice will limited to the indigent. Something like can Hospital Associations. This plan, as I provide for what are, in effect, our gre:t 80 percent of all our tuberculosis beds are in am sure you know, envisages a Nation-wide open spaces of medical desert. We neer Government hospitals; and Government in- network of cooperating institutions, includ- more doctors if the hospitals and health stitutions have taken over practically the ing regional hospitals and research centers, centers are to be staffed even after they :•e entire job of caring for the mentally ill. For general hospitals serving more localized built, if all the people of the country rre the armed forces and for veterans, Gov- areas, and a series of outpost health centers to be served. The President's proposal of ernment responsibility is unquestioned-and and clinics which would bring medical care Federal grants-in-aid of medical educatlo!. increasing. In the next 30 or 40 years, for within reach of even the more isolated rural as of research, would help to make up thie instance, it will probably be providing hos- communities. Federal grants to the States long lag in the recruitment of promis:in pital and medical care for somewhere between for hospital construction, as suggested by Mr. students, as well as the arrears in medical fifteen and twenty million veterans. Truman, would be a long step in this direc- ranks resulting from the war. Add to all this the workmen's compensa- tion. On the research front, I earnestly hope thatn tion laws, through which State and Federal The most rugged individualist would hardly the benefits of wartime cooperation betwe t Governments assure medical care when acci- carry his reasoning to the ultimate, though Government, universities, hospitals, and dents and illness occur on the job. logical, absurdity of denying thrt hospital foundations may be extended to the even Add also the Federal and State programs construction is a task for joint action, for larger tasks of peace. Since 1941 the Office of for vocational rehabilitation, including med- public responsibility. If he has no hospital Scientific Research and Development on the ical or hospital care for both the physically to go to, it doesn't make very much differ- recommendation of the Committee on Med- and the mentally disabled. ence whether a man can afford it or not. ical Research has executed 406 contracts with Include Federal grants to the States for But distribution of hospitals is only one 125 institutions. More than 95 percent of maternity and child health services and for part-the implementing part-of a still more these costly medical investigations-repre- the care of crippled children, to say nothing basic question. And that is the distribution senting nearly $8,000,000 in 1 year-were con- of the wartime program under which $45,000,- of medical personnel-of doctors, nurses, ducted in universities or hospitals, the re- 000 has been provided in the past 3 years for dentists, and the ancillary services. mainder by governmental agencies such as maternity care of servicemen's wives and in- I applaud and respect the standards of the the National Institute of Health. If the con- fants. medical profession which lead a well-equipped certed efforts of medical investigators which APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD A603 safeguards have yielded so much of value during the war than 83,000 a year provides no medical care, and they have attempted to costly or approximate are to be continued on any comparable scale, against medical indigence when that purpose through the so- theymust be adequately supported. Govern- prolonged illness strikes. Putting these two called sliding scale of fees. ment help will no doubt be made available- facts together, we cannot escape the con- Since health insurance would provide more probably through some such council as is clusion that all but a tiny fraction of our medical care for more people, it is reason- "nowunder consideration in Congress. people live below this margin of safety. able to anticipate that it should provide a But suppose we had surmounted all these Granting that we must spread the cost of comparably more adequate average income hurdles in practice-as indeed we have in medical care, why can't the individual obtain than doctors throughout the country now principle. Ill health would still remain one of his own insurance? Hard facts again spell receive. the major economic hazards of that highly the answer. Most of us cannot afford to pay I would be the last to pretend that putting precarious business euphemistically described the full insurance premium. Even those all these proposals into effect would be easy. as "everyday living." Unemployment, old who are normally self-supporting have im- But when has any advance in medicine-or age,death of the family breadwinner, and ill- mediate wants which seem to outweigh pos- for that matter in the whole structure of ness remain the four horsemen of poverty and sible future costs that human optimism al- living-been easy? Democracy itself was disaster. ways hopes may not actually occur. once a great and untried experiment. Against the first three of these economic True, many people do carry hospital or There are those among us today who hazards, we already employ the familiar pro- medical care insurance. The Blue Cross would say, in effect, of the national health tection of insurance. Although this system is movement, in particular, has shown remark- program, "Among * * * strange notions still relatively new and not yet complete, 10 able progress in the last 10 years. But even * * * there is one which has lately seized years' experience with the Social Security Act so, it covers less than 13 percent of our en- the minds of men, that all things must has proved that it is effective. tire population, and is made up chiefly of be done for them by the Government, and There seems no reason why the existing city people in the middle-income brackets. that they are to do nothing for themselves. system should not be extended to disability. All told, perhaps 40,000,000 persons have The Government is not only to attend to the Certainly the man of 25 or 30, who is a victim some such protection through private in- great concerns which are its province, but it of tuberculosis while his children are still surance. Its adequacy is in some cases an- must step in and ease individuals of their young, has an even tougher problem to face other question. Further, this is too often natural and moral obligations. A more per- than the hale and hearty 65-year-old who just another instance of the old saying that nicious notion cannot prevail. * * * It retires by virtue of his age. He suffers the "them as has, gets"-those who least need has given us a premium for Idleness." same wage loss, but at a time when his fam- this protection are best able to afford it. Yet this was not said in the first instance ily's needs are greater and when society has And those who experience more frequent and of health; nor was it spoken in 1945. These an even larger stake in helping him keep it more serious illnesses cannot afford it. Pub- are the words with which John Randolph together. lic opinion polls show that something like of Virginia in 1829 spoke out against the According to estimates of the Office of Vo- 30 or 40 percent of the people In this country pernicious and revolutionary doctrine of pub- cational Rehabilitation, some 150,000 persons put off going to the doctor because it costs lic education. are disabled annually by accident and illness, money Through the ages, social and scientific in- and the cumulative total of the handicapped Voluntary insurance, significant as it is, novations have encountered this same reluc- who need rehabilitation now comes to some- thus does not provide a complete or adequate and a half. tance and viewing with alarm. This dee:i thing like a million answer. Many State medical societies have seated This cost, the cost of supporting the human resistance to embrace change worked hard to set up systems for prepay- without good cause should arouse neither handicapped and their families, is not new. ment of medical care. These plans represent Families and friends, neighbors and local rancor nor fear. It should be welcomed, as an earnest attempt on the part of organized the foundation of permanence, and built governments the country over already bear medical groups to spread the costs. Though this burden Social insurance simply pools upon as the testing ground of progress. they have encountered great difficulties, sev- We should be as little concerned or con- risks and resources and spreads the cost eral of these plans have had considerable broadly not only among many people but fused by the label pasting-if not outright success. One of their major problems has name calling-which is part of this testing throughout many years. been the hazard of adverse selection. Any The President proposes process It is a kind of oratorical shorthand that we apply what prepayment plan which people can enter and Winston Churchill has called the magic through which we exercise our democratic of leave at will is subject to this handicap. averages not only to wage loss, but But right to a certain poetic license Take the also to a general social-insurance system obviates payment for medical care This proposal is term "socialized medicine." To some the possibility of adverse selection because neither so new nor so revolutionary as some "them's fightin' words"-the brand, the it covers the good risks as well as the bad of the comment on it implies Every State label, for something the more fearful be- Health insurance spreads costs widely but one already has such a system of health cause ill-defined. Others-among them through the familiar device insurance in operation-for workmen's com- of a pooled outstanding h aders in your own profes- fund-the incoming contributions flowing pensation is health insurance, and the major sion-insist that "socialized" precisely de- mainly from potential beneficiaries and their difference between this long-standing pro- scribes what the doctor's work is and has employers, the outgoing payments flowing to gram and nhat proposed by the President is always been-the provision of needed care to that it covers only on-the job accidents and doctors who continue to practice medicine all, regardless of the moneo return. on the illnesses, whereas the proposed plan would time-honored and time-tested basis I am even less concerned about the exer- cover n.noccupational accidents and illness. of their own professional standards. cise of these semantic privileges in this field No one seems to question that, even witl- the Professional control over medical practice than I would be in some others. Doctors are inadequacies inherent in amy partial plan, is an ancient prerogative-older than the the last people in the world tu be taken in workmen's compensation is a benefit boti- to Hippocratic oath. The guidance, the direc- by them. All your training in diagnosis- the worker and the physician. A broader tion, the supervision, the discipline of doc- all your age-old creative study of cause and plan would assure better care to more people tors are primarily matters for doctors to effect as it applies to the living realities of and more adequate compensation to the doc- handle. Subject to Government regulation sickness and health-have given your pro- tors and hospitals who serve them. through licensure, the responsibility has al- fession the inestimable advantage of the Without going into legislative and techni- ways been yours and should remain so. But open mind guided by a trained and critical cal details which are properly a concern of just as public licensure gave the profession intelligence. the Congress, I want to review with you some a new opportunity to deal with these prob- Nor should we fear controversy Any pro- of the fundamental issues involved in this lems, just as grading of medical schools, reg- posal which in the first instance does not proposal. The most frequent is simply istration of hospitals, administration of plrvide leeway for honest and constructive "Why?" Why can't ordinarily self-support- workmen's compensation, and establishment differences of opinion should be suspect as Ing families pay their own doctor bills?" of voluntary insurance plans-to mention too watered down to have any meaning or The plain fact is that they haven't got the only a few-have given you new opportuni- use. The great lesson of all history is that kind of money it takes to meet the cost of ties to exercise professional controls, so conflicts are the growing pains of progress. medical care, either on the emergency basis health insurance would constitute still an- The advance of medicine and of science in of a sudden, catastrophic, and costly disaster, other advance in the long evolutionary move- its service has again and again dramatized or on a long-time basis of continuing pre- ment for high ethical and qualitative stand- issues not unlike and no less difficult than vention. ards. On this broad question, health insur- those which confront us today. Their rero- Ten years ago, when the last comprehen- ance presents no threat-but a new, great lution reenforces the great hopes which I sive survey was made, more than 92 percent opportunity. hold for a truly national health program. of the people in this country were in families It provides not only a great opportunity With the President's message, we have all that had an income of less than $3,000. Even to render the best possible service when and been briefed for a joint mission toward great with the upswing since that time, the ma- where it is most needed and will do the and imperative goals. With the cooperation jority of people in this country still have less most good, but, as the President made very of medical men, this mission is assured the than $3,000, and as we all know, a dollar clear, it also provides for the adequate re- best guidance on its professional and scien- doesn't go as far today as it did 10 years ago. muneration of physicians-and surely no one Stific fronts. With our abiding faith in the Dr. Leland, former Director of the Bureau has a better title to this basic consideration. demonstrated capacity of the average citizen of Medical Economics of the AMA, is author- Doctors themselves have traditionally recog- to come out with the right decisions, once ity for the statement that an income of less nized the necessity of spreading the cost of he has all the facts, we may confidently look A604 APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD forward to a pr?cticable and workable solu- These omitted factors are of a varying To substantiate this, we submit the 1ol- tion. That is the essence of democracy, the nature. We will endeavor to develop them lowing: separately. mainspring of progress, and the assurance PETROLEUMAND PETROLEUMPRODUCTS that the cause of health will be promoted UNDEVELOPED TONNAGE In an exhibit the Nation's most priceless and enduring of letters of declaration a" It is our understanding that the tonnage of intention and other matters submitted to asset. and savings shown in the appendix of the the 'ivision engineer on 28 November 1944, Division Engineers report as Table 9 were on page 13, there Is a statement showine secured from the study of rail waybills made crude oil production in. ast Texas and by the North Board of Investigation and Research Louisiana which indicates that there was Red River Lateral Canal 1939. in produced over 28,000,000 tons of crude oil If this understanding is correct, it is proper within 100 miles of the proposed northern EXTENSION OF REMARKS to point out that a substantial amount of terminal of this canal traffic has been omitted from this report. But by OF reference to page 15 of the same Such omission includes all traffic that report, it will be noted that the construe. HON. OVERTON BROOKS moved by Common Carrier Motor Truck, pri- tion of refineries within the same area has vate truck, as well as that tonnage which not kept pace with the crude oil production OF LOUISIANA originated on barge or steamship bills of lad- To supplement information now in the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ing and were terminated by other modes of hands of the engineers we have prepared a transportation in the territory covered by the 3-page statement showing the production Friday,February 8, 1946 report. of crude oil, oil refineries, and crude run To illustrate, we are aware of heavy move- Mr. Speaker, under to stilt in the area near the proposed north- Mr. BROOKS. ments of pipe and cereal beverage as well as ern terminus in the REC- of this canal. It is marked leave to extend my remarks a great deal of high rated tonnage that could "Statement B," pages 1 to 3. ORD, I include the following statement by not have been included if the study was The conditions shown, we submit, are E. B. Wilson before the Board of Engi- confined to rail waybills. brought about by the fact that transpor- neers for Rivers and Harbors in behalf We are aware of the difficulty that would tation costs of the refined product out of of Red River Valley Improvement Asso- be encountered in making such an over-all the producing area is too high when com- survey but we respectively submit that some ciation in regard to Red River lateral pared to the cost for points where barge serv- consideration and allowance should be made ice is available. canal: for this excluded traffic. Should barge transportation be made My name is E. B. Wilson. I am traffic We suggest that this might explain the available to the source of production of the manager of the Shreveport Chamber of Com- difference between the total tonnage shown crude oil, then it would be more economical merce and have had the privilege of serving in the Department of Public Works' report to refine this commodity at its source than that organization in their traffic department and that of the Division Engineers Office as to pipe it to the refinery on a navigable for over 21 years. I am presently on loan to the figures submitted by the Valley shippers stream and then ship via barge to the terri- the Red River Valley Improvement Associa- and receivers to the State Board included all tory normally served by North Louisiana. tion and represent that associatior in this traffic they received regardless of the charac- East Texas, and South Arkansa. refineries hearing. ter of the carrier performing the service. To substantiate this contention we have Prior to the time of my association with There are several other small items such as prepared a statement marked "C" showing the Shreveport Chamber I was connected the sugar and newsprint tonnage in Table 9 the freight rates on petroleum prescribed by with a railroad auditing department whose of the appendix of the Division Engineers re- the Interstate Commerce Commission in line operated through the Red River and port that we feel are rather low but realize their Docket 17,000. part 4 and part 4a. to Mississippi Valleys between Shreveport and that when spot tests are made exaggerated selected points in the southeastern United New Orleans. figures both low and high are bound to oc- States and at border points along the MIis- cur. W first wish to congratulate both the divi- We, therefore, will not press for any sissippi River. engineers office and the Department of increase in these or other estimates that We have compared with these Commission. sion might Works of the State of Louisiana on the be low. prescribed rates the present rates in effect Public In the Department detailed studies made in connection with the of Public Works Traffic to the same points from Shreveport, La; Study, It is stated prospective traffic and savings on that traffic that it does not Include El Dorado. Ark.; and Baton Rouge. La. all available traffic as the time element for this proposed project. pre- There is also shown on the right-hand side cluded complete coverage. We believe that The department of public works study is of this statement the difference in trans- they should have allowed some increase in portation cost per gallon, represented by the entitled "The Case for the Red River Valley their estimates to cover this feature Interim different rates and on the bottom the tank- Lateral Canal" and accompanied the There is another point in that 37). study that car price quoted in Shreveport on Decembel report as exhibit 1 (see subject is worthy of note and that is the terminal Il seems rather remarkable that the total 5, 1945. cost shown in Table VI on page 33 covering As pointed out at the outset of this state- tonnage and savings should be so near equal petroleum and its products. when consideration is given to the fact that ment, I have been connected with the Shreve- While we. of course, are not In a position Chamber of Commerce for over 21 years different years were used and the material to contradict port the figures used, we believe early oart of my service there available for the separate studies was secured them to and during the be high, as in cases before the In- a division of the chamjer known as the from entirely different sources and by dif- terstate Commerce was Commission where the Oil Refiners Division. ferent methods. railroads were endeavoring to lower freight of this division were to handle The selection of the year 1939 or 1940, we rates, terminal costs have been considerably The duties for the several Shreveport feel, was proper as these years more nearly below these figures. In fact, they traffic matters are as handling of this phase reflect normal conditions than would any of low as 11/ cents per 100 pounds in at least refiners and in the the war years or the depression or semide- one case. of their work it was necessary to keep accu- shipments of petroleum pression years prior to 1939. In F. S. 0. 16066 gasoline and kerosene to rate reports of the all the refiners who were members. While we, of course, are not advocating the river points in Alabama (216 I. C. C. 127), from use of years other than those selected, we feel this amount is shown as one of the cost I had access to these records as the work it is well to print out that had any of the factors used to reduce railroad rates to meet was done at an adjoining desk and at time- years 1941 to 1944, inclusive, been selected barge competition from the New Orleans dis- I participated in their work. greater tonnage and savings would have trict to Alabama. Considering this background, I feel thar resulted. Again turning to the division engineers' f can say without fear of successful contra- To substantiate this, we have prepared a Interim report we find under subject 35 on diction that at that time one of the best, if study showing the increases that have oc- page 13 the folowing statement "Analysis not the best, markets for Shreveport prod curred in both freight revenue and tonnage indicates reasonable probability that lower ucts of aetroleum was in the States of Mis- of the Southwestern Rail Lines since 1939. cost transportation will stimulate commerce sissippi, western Tennessee, Kentucky, and to This statement Is marked "A" and shows in- in the Red River Valley, but affords no con- somewhat lesser degree the points east c. creases up to 115 percent in tons originated. venient basis for estimating specific volume that territory. 75 percent in tonnage terminated and rev- and savings on future commerce." In recent years the refining interests in enue up as much as 167 percent when com- This, we respectfully submit, is a matter Shreveport have seen this market slowly dis- pared with the 1939 figure. that should have been developed further as integrate and when consideration is given As we have previously stated, we feel that we sincerely believe that undeveloped or only to the lower transportation cost of their com- the traffic studies of both the Division En- partly developed tonnage alone could justify petitors along the navigable streams we be- gineers Office and the State of Louisiana are this project. lieve the reason becomes readily apparent. very complete and by complete we mean they Chief among this category would be the When consideration Is given to all the cover the fields they were intended to cover,, Iron ore deposits in East Texas, t'e savings factors; that is. the location of the proposed but there are other factors of great impor- that would accrue from the refining of pe- canal with relation to the greatest oil fields in tance that are not fully developed and should troleum in the vicinity of its production and the world with resultant lower net in-bound have a great effect in arriving at proper con- the distribution of pipe into the important cost and the demonstrated ability of the ciusions in this report. oil fields of the Southwest. interior refineries to meet competition when APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD A605

costs are equal, we can see no A brief explanation of marketing practices hibit are lower than those used in table transportation VIII. why petroleum could not be marketed of a number of large pipe producers will, we reason In spite of this at great savings to the public from the pro- believe, assist this board in its deliberation. fact, they, by some method of averaging not exactly clear ducing district into the entire central United When normal transportation and market- to us, claim States. ing conditions exist, pipe manufacturers ship that the savings shown should be reduced. It was done when transportation costs were in bargeload lots to distribution points along In conclusion we wish to point out several equal and we firmly believe that it can be navigable streams from Memphis, Tenn., on fundamental errors made throughout the done again at a lower cost when this lateral the Mississippi River, to Houston, Tex., on statement of the railroad. canal is completed. the intercoastal canal. This movement is The first is that they apparently assume We respectfully submit that this fact principally from the Pittsburgh area. When there is no cost to the public for handling should be given consideration when future their products arrive at the barge terminal, .of shipments other than the published tariff tonnage for this project is being considered. they are placed in storage yards and dis- rates when the movement of commodities Before passing from this subject of petro- tributed to the consumers in the Southwest is by a land carrier. This is not often the leum we think it would be well to call the as needed by rail and truck. case as loading or unloading of vehicle is a attention of this board to the demonstrated The reshipment, of course, is made from cost item regardless of the mode of trans- inability of existing transportation agencies the distributing yard offering the least portation used. to develop the oil-refining industry. over-all transportation cost from point of The second of these errors is that they While there has been rapid expansion in manufacture to consumer. seem to assume, with the possible exception crude-oil production in the territory pro- This method of handling does not require of petroleum, that common carriers are used posed to be served by this canal, no corre- fast service to the distributing points as full in handling interior traffic to the barge sponding increase in refining has resulted stocks are maintained at all times. How- terminals. in the same district. ever, when it comes to distributing the pipe Investigation, we are sure, will dispel this IRON PIPE to consuming public, speed of service is often belief, as all types of private carriers are also employed including drive-away of automo- Also in the Red River Valley exhibit of let- a factor as in the oil and gas fields it is very often necessary to have available pipe in biles. ters previously referred to, attention was At several points in their statement refer- location of this varying quantities in the shortest time pos- called to the advantageous sible. ence and comparison are made to Ouachita project when the distribution of iron pipe traffic and costs. to the heavy pipe-consuming area of the Shreveport's nearness to the great oil- and gac-producing areas in the Southwest would We feel It Is not proper to compare the Southwest is considered. conditions existing on the Ouachita with its This reference is made on pages 8 through make it an Ideal center for quick distribu- tion of pipe at the lowest of cost. G-foot channel to those that would exist on 11 and by exhibit 4. Copy of exhibit 4 is a 9-foot channel as proposed for this project attached and marked "Statement D." The banefit of having large stocks of pipe near the point at which they .are to be used, as the costs would be entirely different. The territory included within the border Possibly the most erroneous assumption of the red line on this map is the territory we believe, is best demonstrated by the fact that some distributors stored bargeloads of made is that no savings should be allowed that could be served by Shreveport with iron when traffic can be secured near the con- pipe at less over-all cost than through either pipe in Shreveport in spite of the fact that it was necessary to move this commodity by suming point. Mlemphis or Houston. This assumption is shown on page 23 This line takes into consideration the barge rail into Shreveport from river terminals such as Vicksburg, Miss. where it is stated that "undoubtedly the cost from Pittsburgh to Memphis and Hous- only cement that could be handled to ton found to exist in Interstate Commerce The Interstate Commerce Commission, in their decisioL in Investigation and Suspen- Shreveport by barge is that originating in Commission cases and an estimated cost to the Houston district" and again on page 24 Shreveport. sion Docket 4699, wrought-iron pipe from Memphis to Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas a statement is made that brick are produced The cost to Memphsis s 3.60 per ton, to in Waskom, Tex. Houston $8 per ton, and the estimated cost (237 I1. C. C. 161), have a rather complete coverage of the iron-pipe situation into the We feel that it Is not necessary to point is $6.E0to Shreveport. This is the rate that out to this Board that business is not trans- wf applicable to Camden, Ark., on the Southwest should the board desire more de- tailed information on this subject. acted in that manner. Articles are not at- Ouachita River with its 6-foot channel. ways bought or sold at the nearest point of This estimate to Shreveport, we feel, is STATEMENT OF THE RAILROAD production. Too many other factors are in- very conservative. Through courtesy of a representative of volved. Added to these costs are the out-bound the railroads we have been furnished with rail rates as published In tariffs lawfully on their statement titled "Statement of the file with the Interstate Commerce Commis- Railroads Before the Board of Engineers for sion. Rivers and Harbors November 26, 1945, in Compulsory Peacetime Military Train- The green line shown on this map is the Regard to Red River Lateral Canal" in which ing-A Teacher Speaks point at which Shreveport rail freight rates certain aspects of the department of public meet those of Memphis and Houston on iron works' "The Case for Red River Lateral Canal" pilpe when no consideration is given to the ar- criticized. EXTENSION OF REMARKS In-bounc costs. This is shown as a matter While addressed to figures and conclusions of informationonly. of the State body, and we are sure they have OF In view of the fact that only 100,000 tons or will reply in full, we cannot refrain from of iron pipe, as well r.s steel articles, are pointing out several inconsistencies that ap- HON. COMPTON 1.WHITE shown, we feel that this potential traffic and pear even to those of us who have had only OF IDAHO the vast saving that would be realized from limited contact with the preparation of ma- IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES such traffic have been almost entirely over- terial submitted by this State body. looked. Throughout this statement they refrain Thursday, February 7, 1946 It will be noted that Memphis, Tenn., and from submitting terminal costs on petroleum Houston, Tex., alone during the year 1939 and its production that are more nearly in Mr. WHITE. Mr. Speaker, Washing- received 399,059 tons of barge pipe. This, line with the figures that have been used in ton said, "Guard well the Constitution." of course, does not take into account the their cases before the Interstate Commerce Now that we with our form of govern- vast quantity received at other river ports, Commission. ment have attained a preeminent place such as Vicksburg, Miss., Indian Village, La., In brief, what they have done is to criti- among world powers, we must guard well rnd ports along the Ouachita River. cize the line-haul costs used by the State of the for the reason that they are under those pre- the education and advancement When the territoiy that could be served youth of this country. There is inserted by Shreveport with greater savings is con- scribed by the OPA as ceiling but have con- sidered, we feel sure that this board will sistently refrained from calling attention to herewith a letter expressing the views agree that the canal would soon be the the terminal costs which they themselves of a State leader of educators of this major terminal point for this commodity in have submitted in cases before the Inter- country: the South. strte Commerce Commission when they de- OMAHA, NEBR., February 4, 1946. The fact that iron pipe constitutes a con- sired relief to reduce rates to meet water Representative COMTrON I. WHITE, tinuous and heavy-moving item Into the competition. Representative of Idaho, Southwest is brought out. This study shows Also on page 10 of their statement, criti- House of Representatives, the tonnage of pipe handld by the south- cism is made of the metal product ratings Washington, D. C. western rail carriers during the years 1938 used, especially those in table VIII and by HONORABLE REPPRESENTATIVEWHITE: Dur- to 1944, Inclusive. their exhibit 2 attempt to show that the rates ing the next 2 or 3 weeks there will be hun- It will be noted that 1939, the year used in that table are too low. dreds of 18-year-olds graduating from high in this traffic study, is one of the lighter This is done by comparing the ratings used schools and completing one semester of col- traffic years, and, in spite of wartime diffi- with those applicable to Ouachita River lege work. What is their fate? The draft, culties, this article has continued to move ports. But in this connection, it should be of course, unless there are enough Congress- into thic area in ever-increasing volume. noted that the rates shown in their ex- men who believe that drafting minors is a A606 APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD vicious thing and who will work to end the "Even the Confederates," he said, the postwar period following draft as of September 2, 1945, immediately. the Civil "stripped of their fortunes, deprived of War. The same "my way or nothing" To force these youngsters into Army camps their slaves, undernourished and badly tone since September 2, 1945. where they must was in the speeches of the seventies submit to the Iron heel of militarism is one clothed, half sick and bereft of their and eighties too, I can assure you. of the quickest ways for the present Con- loved ones, achieved a measure of happi- Whether it was Thaddeus Stevens and his gress to end the American way of life. It is ness in a very short time, and were light- followers or the men from south of the common knowledge that no democracy is hearted and gay long before 1870. By Potomac, or the newly returned generals practiced in any Army camp at eny time. 1872 they were producing no end of in my own Ohio, it was always the same, Besides there is ample opportunity provided comedians," said the editor, "and sending To have heard James for these children to learn to loaf, to drink, J. Blaine tell it, venereal most of them to Congress." The gentle- there was no future for America unless and to carouse. The statistics on will please remem- diseases among the members of the Ameri- men from the South he was able to build the Fort Smith and can Army are a disgrace. What decent men ber that I am quoting an editorial and Little Rock Railroad, and to hear Henry and women can throw 18-year-olds into such that the sentiments expressed therein do Woodfin Grady tell it at Atlanta, there environment, thus aiding and abetting the not necessarily represent any opinions was no chance for the Southern States of our American youth on a or delinquency of my own, although I have been ac- the Northern States either, unless the national scale? Evidently the Canadian cused of worse offenses and with more cotton planters people think more of their youth than do started to raise some- accuracy. Anyway, that is the kind of thing besides cotton. Well, to mention the American Congressmen. The Canadian editorial it was. You have to be in the 18-year-olds are not being drafted. They an instance, they are still raising nothing have freedom. mood for it, I suppose, as you do for this but cotton and the world has not yet . Any honest Army man will admit that vol- speech of mine. There was, of course, a come to an end, that is, unless some ora- untary enlistments and reenlistments are sponsoring committee of the chamber of tory I heard the other night forecasts the plentiful enough to make drafting unneces- commerce which had brought the Eng- end of everything. If I remember cor- sary now. I have been told so by a respon- lish visitor to town and they were indig- rectly this latest argument sible officer in a recruiting office. Then, why was to the nant. They did not see the pictures of effect that the word "fissible" instead of is the administration and Congress so deter- the man on page one, and apparently mined to continue drafting 18-year-olds? It the word "fissionable" be used in S. 1717 is reasonable to suspect that there is some did not even look at the three and a half relating to the atomic bomb, research insidious reason for the procedure. Could columns of news, or the eight-column having to do with It, and patents which there be another Pearl Harbor coming up line on the front page. They went di- later may be obtained relating to it. which the leaders know about and desire to rectly to the editorial, and picked out Disaster will follow unless the word is keep a secret? the one sentence or two in which the changed. Yours very truly, editor had suggested that maybe the I started to do this speech as a maga- FLORENCEB. REYNOLDS. visitor had unwittingly exaggerated a zine article and call it Some Aspects of bit, and how they raised hob with that Oratory of the Postwar Character, Show- editor. I do not know how the contro- ing the Similarity Between War as In- To Think and Speak Clearly Without versy ended but the chamber of com- dicated by the Finality of What Spell- merce was mad at the editor for a long binders Say, but the article was too long, Confusion time, a situation which has happened and so was the title, so I decided before and since in many cities to do and in it as speech and merely call it The Hor- EXTENSION OF REMARKS time everybody forgot about it, as is the way of all flesh. rors of War. OF I would be Shortly after the First World War and neglecting the subject if HON. HOMER A. RAMEY in its final stages we had a quick-tem- I did not devote at least a part of the pered period of a year or more, during time I have to the postwar oratory of OF OHIO the left. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES which nobody seemed to want to get along with anybody else. We had held For the left, ladies and gentlemen, sur- Friday, February 8, 1946 our tempers and had worked together, passes all other groupings of American Mr. RAMEY. Mr. Speaker, a British and it was quite a strain. Finally we life at least in one respect. They are statesman, who during the closing days got rid of the pressure and then we surer than anybody else that unless they of the First World War, came to the started in to hammer each other again. have their way something worse than United States-I think with reference to We again are in a condition, having anybody else has ever suggested will hap- a little loan-made a speech in my home whipped Germany a second time, com- pen to everybody. The motto of the left State of Ohio, and said among other parable to that of 1919 and 1920. We are used to be "Arise, comrades, you have things that England already had suffered quick tempered and most of us are hop- nothing to lose but your chains." That so severely that a century of sorrow ped on one subject or another, and this stirring Marxist injunction has now been would follow that conflict in their is- time in our history, as was 1919-20, has changed. What they are saying now is lands. He was, being an Englishman, a become a time of irresponsible oratory. "Damn your story; listen to mine." first-rate orator. You know what I Oratory, as you may have heard, has been Maybe that is due to the fact that no- mean-the voice, the accent, the world- defined as indiscretion set to music. body on the left ha,. any chains any more. weary air, the glittering phrases, the About our native American oratory at The chains, if we believe everything we chairman-of-the-board clothes, and the this time in our history, as was the case hear, are now shackling free enterprise. main-dining-room manners. He made a in 1919, there is the flavor of cocksure- Anyway and whatever the reason, you great impression on those who heard him ness. Whether a man is speaking on the do not read much about chains now ex- and the next day the paper printed prac- necessity for sharing the secrets of the cept in PM, the adless newspaper, and tically everything he said. It was a fair atomic bomb or is advocating a Govern- then it is only in connection with a and generous news treatment, I would ment subsidy for the National Plant- recommendation that chains be affixed to say, but the man whc wrote the editorials More-Trailing-Arbutus Society he seems somebody they do not like. differed somewhat-although he praised to be certain, beyond the shadow of a The extreme right, called Fascists by the orator highly-with the speaker. A doubt, that unless everybody votes his the left, is calling the left communistic, century of sorrow, remarked the editor, way, all the voyage of our lives will be and shaking their heads in solemn belief; would madden the world. He suggested bound in shallows and in miseries. they finally have sold themselves that that while he got the gentleman's point, The condition I describe is peculiar to the American way of life is "one forever. he felt that the visitor had somewhat war. I am intimately familiar with the Oratory, emitted from the lungs of overspoken himself. Britain has had postwar oratory of the First World War orators with cathedral chimes and tough going, the editor said, but so have and of the present or recently ended, we Waterbury movement, was never mors a lot of other people, and history records hope, World War. The similarity is un- interesting than it is right now, and I no instance of one tragic act or a tragic mistakable. I am familiar also through urge all of you to hear as much of it as era of several years becoming a century childhood memories of tales my uncles you can and to remember as little of it as of sorrow. told me and through my reading with possible. APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD A607 Some of you may be able to make a only what seems to be best to him. What Label Thinking Our Greatest Danger to should guide him? Obviously there is nice piece of change out of collecting Democracy - Well-Informed Public and studying it, for nothing that any nothing better than Christian principles. person can write will be quite as ridicu- What are his reliances? They are the Opinion Is Vital lous as the excerpt itself, and I imagine common ordinary reliances of life as we that a grouping of these excerpts will know it. Work, thrift, prudence, unity, EXTENSION OF REMARKS provide delightful reading. You can call the recognition that every man would OF like to be a the collection Not Quite Gone With the little bit better than he is. Wind, and it should be a best seller. The essential good will of all peoples once HON. CLYDE DOYLE All of which is preliminary to a few they are informed. Education. Infor- OF CALIFORNIA words I have to say today which I assure mation. Understanding. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Oratory ha; forced a lot of us to think you are not oratorical. The fine-drawn Friday, February 8, 1946 tempers of most of us, the preoccupation that we must present some answer, as with the various causes we espouse, the unusual and as breathtaking as the Mr. DOYLE. Mr. Speaker, by reason misplaced emphasis on things which atomic bomb; to the questions we face of unanimous consent heretofore granted most of us, quite sincerely, set heavy merely because they are big and un- me, I take pleasure in presenting and in- importance, together with the habit of precedented and frightening. My point serting in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD the times, I refer to the habit of point- is that we can face them only with the what I think is one of.the finest contribu- ing to complete disaster as the alterna- assets we have always possessed, and tions in editorial writing which I have tive of our own particular frustrations, these I have just recounted. ever read. I believe it to be especially should cause us to do a little calm re- As a Nation we owe two hundred and appropriate at this time, especially in flecting. We have got to practice the ninety-seven billions. That is quite a the history of our Nation and in our practical, and we must eternally remind problem. Here in our own country and international relations. ourselves that the world is not coming with reference to other countries, we face As a Member of this great Congress I to an end tomorrow-or even soon there- the problem of what to do about the wish to again emphatically say it will after. atomic bomb. And that is truly a fright- mean everything to the permanency of While the atomic bomb changed the ening question. All over the face of the our democratic way of life if some ways character of wa,fare and is changing earth people are in rebellion, and that or means can be found and some methods the nature of international relations, poses many a question for us. We are in used whereby people of America can while it conceivably can change com- Japan and in Germany. How long should learn what the facts are and then learn to munications, industry, shipping, and we stay? Or should we? Great Britain think through these facts themselves, many other related activities of man; wants to borrow $4,000,000,000 or more. then participate in the political life of we should remind ourselves that it has Can we afford to lend it? Can we afford their Nation as the result of informed not changed man at all. not to lend it? thinking. Both sides of every issue He continues to be pretty much the These are the questions, some of them. should be known to all people who have same sort of creature he always has been. Our weapons are the capsule weapons of to determine the issues. Only by an in- He knows a little more now than he ever our daily lives. We Americans know formed democracy can there be an en- did, and he is frightened by things which enough to go to those among us who are during one. Only as the individuals who were undreamt of in our knowledge of better informed than we are for advice. - make public opinion think through for a few years ago. We have experts snd we call on them. themselves by having facts of both sides But the lessons he learned in the home But the basis of our procedure is the es- before them can there be an enduring in which he was reared, the precepts of sential common sense of the common democracy. Poor Richard's Almanac and the un- man. We must practice the practical. This editorial appeared in the Long changing and irrefutable lessons of Holy I need hardly point out the fact that Beach Independent, which is one of the Writ are forming his conception, as they Russia and Great Britain have foreign two newspapers printed in my home city always have, and singly and in the mass, policies which cause a lot of us to look of Long Beach, Calif., under date fi will determine his course of action. for the indirect and the mysterious and February 1, 1946: I am aware that I may now be accused the delayed effect of cause. We are look- LABEL THINKING of being naive, and comparable to that ing for them to pull, as the saying goes, A well-informed public opinion can usually well-meaning gentleman who a few days something smart. I think that a sound be depended upon to make the right decision. ago dismissed the controversy between study of either proves that common sense No people in the world have such an oppor- tunity of being well informed as the Ameri- the CIO and the United States Steel is at the basis of what they do, the moves can people. But few take advantage of the Corp. by saying that the whole matter they make, the plans they propose. Self- opportunity. With the opportunities avail- should be left to the Golden Rule and interest in varying degrees enlightened able to read or hear both sides of each issue principles of Christian adjudication. and common sense guide them, and these most of our people let someone else do their I kno'v quite well that if that remedy virtues should guide us. There is noth- thinking for them. were feasible it would work. I know also ing smart about them. They are in- A well-balanced newspaper has columnists that if we had had for 1,900 years a gen- presenting all sides of controversial issues. tensely practical. They make use of the Some of these columnists are definitely to uine widespread devotion to the Chris- experts among them and these experts the left, some to the right. Some present tain faith in practice and performance are guided by the common sense of their views and conclusions opposite to those of we would have had no wars, even those leaders, who are common men lifted the editor of the paper. But when all are which were definitely excited by reli- slightly in stature. read and considered, a well-balanced view of gious differences. We can well afford to do the same. The all issues is ascertained. But I am childlike enough to hope and The trouble is that some newspapers will year 1946 instead of being a year of con- not carry columnists who are opposed to the to believe that devotion to the faith of troversy and baffling and confusing ideas, our fathers will help us at least views or policies of the paper. But even to each pushed by a group of fanatics, ought such controversial viewpoints are pre- achieve a certain calmness in these dis- where to be a year of national sented the readers are prone to read only tressing times; particularly with refer- common sense. As a Nation we are greater than either those with which they agree. If newspapers ence to the extreme bitterness which slant their news and use only columnists with controversy has aroused. Russia or Britain and greater than our which they agree, the tendency is to have only After all, what can we do in the face late enemies. All we need to do is to use one class of subscribers and readers. of these frightening problems which the assets, mental and physical, that we The same condition is true of the radio. press down upon us? We can recog- have, and guide the use of them on the The average listeners who have a favorite nize the truth of the fact that one man's basis of practical procedure, the proce- radio commentator turn off the commenta- dure we have always found workable. It tor who has expressed views with which they life and preachments are isolated and disagree. The result is that they become futile. He can be effective only when built our country, our cities, our great label thinkers. They actually do not think, acting in unison. What should be his schools, and our great businesses, and in but rather accept the views of someone who course? His course should be formed on it is the solution for our difficulties of expresses opinions that fit into their social or the basis of his experience. He can do today. economic class. A608 APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD

Business and professional men have the court injunctions against both management naval lieutenant on the Pacific Fleet habit of meeting only those who move within and labor. It would outlaw boycotts and staff of Fleet Admiral Chester their economic and social groups. They meet violence on the picket lines. And, most im- W. Nimitz. the same people in the office, at luncheon, portant, it would provide for civil suits which Mr. John has pointed out very effec- and at social functions. Because they all could be filed either by labor or management. tively the importance of the question of have the same views and problems they The bill seeks equality in the treatment of statehood for Hawaii to future American come to feel they know what the public is unions and industry. In doing this it invests policy in the Pacific in the paragraphs thinking. Their daily lives are like being unions with a financial responsibility which of his article that follow: on a merry-go-round. They get off at the has been missing from the labor picture. Should Hawaii, melting same place each day. Their thinking pot of many di- or con- The bill would make it possible for a union verse races, clusions are labeled. They cross roads of Pacific commerce, have not exposed to sue a company, and for a company to sue a strategic outpost of American themselves to any ideas not expressed within union. Fines and other penalties could be military power. be admitted as a full-fledged State in the their own limited circles, levied against either through regular court American Union? This is also true of workers. It Is par- procedure. This question, vigorously ticularly true of union members. They read The bill is not "tough" or unfair to anyone, debated in the decade preceding Pearl their union bulletins or papers. They asso- If a company violates a contract, that com- Harbor, is of particu. lar urgency today because ciate chiefly with other union members, listen pany could be sued. The same applies of its relation to to future American policy in the Pacific. to radio programs recommended by the unions. This is the kind of equality and The present unions. They become labeled and class justice upon which the firm foundation of Is a transitional period. The pattern conscious. Rarely do they make an effort our independence has of American peacetime policy is just been erected. It is beginning to emerge. or have the opportunity to meet the empl•yer justice as we have come to recognize it or professional man. They have little under- through our court system. In business life, By deciding the Hawaiian issue, Congress standing of the employer's problems. if a man violates a contract, he can be, and will take an important step in deciding the Between these two groups is the two-thirds often is. sued. And i the courts find him at character and extent of United States policy of our people who are neither employers or fault, hi- assets can be attached until settle- and influence In the Pacific. union members. They are the white-collar ment is made. workers, farmers, clerks, school teachers, and uc ilould stailie aor. t wo If Congress, in a formal vote on the Hawai- individuallyheindividually employedemployd people. TheseThe peo-pro- makeISuch thea bill union would member stabilize realizelabor. thatIt would his ian bill now pending before a House commit. pie are the best balanced in their thinking mae he unT membrcie wtt hs tee, were to reject Hawaiian statehood, contract for which he is this and attitude toward our social and economic union has made a step-plus prospective American relinquish. problems. But even these people fall into personally responsible. It works the other ment of authority in the Philippines label thinking. They fal nto the habit of way with equal effect. If a company breaks a and contract, the union can sue, instead of strik- eventually in other Pacific-Asiatic areas- only reading or listening to those who express contract, the union can sue instead of strik. well might be interpreted lag, ge a court judgment, and collect dam- in foreign capitals views with which they agree. ho express as presaging an equivocal or weak-kneed There are many sides to each issue, and ages in cash. American policy in the Pacific. provides is that we all sides are available to anyone seeking the What the Case proposal I,. on the other shall, if it becomes a law, throw our labor hand, Congress should facts. Our freedom of press and of speech decisively grant statehood to Hawaii, Ameri- to express different views, disputes, ust as we do with all other dead- makes It possible can hegemony in the Pacific would be news- locked business disputes, Into the courts. con- Where there is competition between firmed. Such a vote would move the do- people are assured of Under such a program, most of our labor diffi- papers and radio the mestic frontiers of the United States proper such facts and views being presented. But if culties should soon disappear. 2,200 miles westward, establish the first over- the individuals are too lazy or too narrow If a company should lose a decision, its seas American State, and establish an Ameri- to expose themselves to all the facts and funds could be impounded until settlement can lake between San Francisco and Honolulu views, they become label thinkers. Label is made. The same principle would apply secure beyond reach of any vicissitudes thinkers are the greatest of danger to a democ- if a union lost a court decision. And you policy. It would serve notice racy where a on the world well-informed puhllc opinion can rest assured that the unions are not going anew that the Central is so vital, and Western Pacific to pay much out of their treasuries to em- constitute a defense zone of the United L. A. C. ployers without getting wise to the fact that States. law is law. So long as it would work both ways, nothing could be fairer. The Labor Bill Offers Both Sides Equality The law also discourages violence in picket eelines. It would contribute much to making order out of the chaos which already has The Great Falls Army Air Base EXTENSION OF REMARKS frozen much of America's production. The Case bill will never injure an honest . EXTENSION OF REMARKS or and just man, whether he represents a com- HON. HOMER A. RAMEY pany or a union. Both would receive the or same justice upon which we have built our OF OHIO whole system of personal security. HON. MIKE MANSFIELD IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES __ OF MONTANA Friday, February8, 1946 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Mr. RAMEY. Mr. Speaker, under Statehood for Hawaii Important to Future Friday, February 8, 1946 leave to extend my remarks in the REC- American Policy in Pacific Mr. MANSFIELD of Montana. Mr. ORD,I include the following editorial ap-__ Speaker, under unanimous consent, I am pearinging the Toledo (Ohio) Times: including in the RECORD a letter and a THE LABOR BILL OFFERS BOTH SIDES EQUALITY EXTENSION OF REMARKS brief in support of the retention, by the The so-called tough labor bill seems OF Army, of their air base at Great Falls, destined to win approval in the House of Mont. The letter and the brief explain Representatives despite vigorous opposition. HON. JOSEPH R. FARRINGTON far better than I can, the need and the The Case bill, as it is known, has with- DELEGATEFROM HAWAII usefulness of this base. I know, Mr. stood the Impact of at least 20 amendments, Speaker, I speak for my colleagues from all designed to compromise its regulations. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Montana in the House and Senate as well Members of the House are determined to re- storeo rder to chaotic industrial conditions Friday, February 8, 1946 as for the people of my State on this matter. It is my hope that the Army through justice established by law. Mr. FARRINGTON. Mr. Speaker, If there is anything wrong with the bill, it under leave to extend my remarks in the and the Congress will see fit to retain is probably calling it "tough." Actually it under leave to extend my remarks in the this exceptionally good base. To quote demands nothing more than orderly reason- RECORD, I wish to present some of the the words of Mr. Charles B. Anderson, ing in the settlement of labor disputes which opening paragraphs of an article in the chairman, airways committee of the are threatening to restrict production for Christian Science Monitor of January 14 Great Falls Chamber of Commerce: years. by DeWitt H. John on the question of believe that common sense in plan- The bill would "We set up a Government medi- statehoodT h u for Hawaii. ning for the defense of our country in ation board with the power to step Into labor e a thor of this article is a staff situations, and with enough authority tohor of this article is a staff the future, demands that this base, above forbid lock-outs or strikes for a period of writer of the Christian Science Monitor all others, be retained as a permanent 30 days. It also would permit the use of who served in the Hawaiian Islands as a Installation." APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD A609 (Facilities on this inland air route are given letter and brief follow: During the war a truly remarkable record in The in detail in this report.) the transport of planes, men and material CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, The airfields and facilities along this north from Great Falls by air was established. Great Falls, Mont., January 29, 1946. route are so complete that it can be flown. This record is summed up in an artic'e The Honorable MIKE MANSFIELD, and has been flown, by so-called short-range printed in the Great Falls Tribune, a copy The House of Represenatives, aircraft. It is the only route to Alaska that of which is attached. Washington, D. C. now can be flown by such aircraft, which Plans are already under way to conduct DeFM MIKE: The No. 1 project of the Great makes it of great importance to the private many Alaskan operations aimed at a full un- Falls Chamber of Commerce for the year 1946 flyer in the coming postwar years. derstanding of the North Polar regions and see to it that the Army air base east is to Gateway to the top of the world at the protection of our country from attack uf the city, known as the East Base, be made over the pole, which to and from many world We a permanent air-base installation. It is generally admitted that in the future centers provides the shortest route and one earnestly solicit your assistance in this proj- it will be particularly important to control which is easily flown with modern has equipment. ect. While we understand this base the air routes over the "top of the world." Information about facilities for this research already been selected by the Army as a per- Great Falls is the natural gateway to this work In Alaska is still in the category of manent site, we nevertheless believe that its area from the United States. Not only is it restricted information. ultimate destiny will rest with the Congress. on the shortest air route from some 41 per- Our reasons for wishing this Army air cent of the land area in the United States The Alaska Highway iase to be made permanent are not entirely (see map) but it is nearest to the Canadian The importance of the Alaska Highway was selfish, though we believe it would be a fine oorder which is an advantage (though per- also proven during the war. Its length is thing for both our city and the State of haps not a controlling one) for border clear- bordered by emergency landing strips used Montana. Primarily, however, we believe ance and customs. by the smaller fighter aircraft which were not for the de- that common sense in planning market for aircraft maintenance at equipped with radio and thus had to fly con- demands Labor tact from Great fense of our country in the future, Great Falls Falls to Fairbanks. The this base, above all others, be retained highway runs parallel to the established air that necessity for the operation is a permanent installation. An important route more fully described herein. It is a of an air base Is the quantity and quality To support our beliefs we have prepared means for maintaining the telephone and the enclosed information for your study and of available labor. The Great Falls Army telegraph lines erected during the war from consideration. We trust that you will di- Air Base now employs between 1,300 and the United States to Alaska. rect this information to the proper commit- 1,400 civilians, with a monthly pay roll of The Alberta government and the United tees when this matter comes before the Con- approximately $225,000. Most of this labor States Government appear to recognize the tress and that we may have your assurances force consists of men and women experienced desirability of maintaining this highway as of support. If you desire further evidence in aircraft maintenance. Additional sources a permanent road both for the milit.ry and of the necessity for the retention of the of such labor are available from the west the tourist. As a means of communication Army air base at Great Falls as a permanent coast factories whose operations are now be- it Is all important as are those other means ;ase, or if you wish additional copies of this ing curtailed and to which many of our which it parallels. Great Falls Is virtually brief, please feel free to call on us at any previous citizens went for the duration. the southern terminus of all these means time. They can be expected to return if work is of communication being on the only direct We have discussed this matter with Mr. available here. Other sources which can route to the southern end of the Alaska E. W. Rising, our Washington representa- be expected will derive from the transfer Highway by road. of certain ATC operations from Canadian tive, who will be glad to cooperate with you Importance to Montana Mr. Rising's address points to the Great Falls Army Air Base in every way possible. As 930 F Street NW. during the next 3 months. mentioned above, the civilian pay roll is 710 Atlantic Building, at this regards for your con- base amounts to about $225,000 per With kind personal Facilities at the Great Falls Base are "tops" month. Total disbursements. we remain, hqwever, ex- tinued success, for maintenance ceed 81,000,000 per Respectfully yours, month. Thus the air A special section Is appended outlining the base must be classed as big business and as GEEAT FALLS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, equipment and facilities at the Great Falls such it Chairman, would be of considerable importance C. B. ANDERSON. Base. It should be noted that these to Airways Committee. Army Air the economy of the State. for the work facilities are the best available Climate in Great Falls, Mont. that would be done at a permanent base. BRIEFIN SUPPORTOF RETENTION OF THE ARMY This base is of great importance as a While Great Falls is a northern city it is AIR BASEAT GREAT FALLS,MONT., AS A PEB- stopping point for military aircraft. Here, a comfortable city in which to live. A letter MANENT ARMY Am BASE singly or in groups, planes in transit may appearing in the Great Falls Tribune from (Prepared by airways committee, Great Falls be serviced completely. It is being used for a soldier who had been stationed here for 2 Chamber of Commerce, January 29, 1946) such purposes daily at the present time, and years, written as he was being separated from the THE ARMY AIR BASE, GREAT FALLS, MONT. the Importance of this factor cannot be over- Army on October 28. pays us a nice compliment in this respect: "Having location emphasized. lived Strategic geographical In the Middle West for many years and on The Army air base at Great Falls, Mont., A field for Reserve fliers the east coast for 15 years prior to entering ,s located in a highly strategic spot in any We are advised that there will be a large the service and with the completion of 2 defense system for the country. It Is the number of men with commissions in the years in Montana. my choice for a year- most northern base just east of the pro- reserve forces of all branches who must of around climate would be right here in Great tective Rocky Mountain barrier where necessity maintain their efficiency ratings Falls." weather for flying is as nearly perfect as through constant study and by flying a cer- We have had extremes of temperature but can be found anywhere in the United States. tain number of hours each month. There neither heat nor cold are oppressive due to (See attached exhibit.) It is the nearest is no field properly equipped to provide the the absence of moisture in the air. Humid- fully equipped Army air base to the friendly planes and service which they will need with- ity is low in summer and winter, thus one Canadian Province of Alberta, with which a in several hundred miles of Great Falls which neither shivers In winter nor drips in sum- fine community of interest has been de- is the only field available to men of Mon- mer. Evenings are always cool in the cum- veloped during World War II. It is the only tana, Wyoming, northern Idaho, and west- mer and there is nearly always a fresh breeze such base In a very extensive surrounding ern North Dakota. This is an important fac- to temper any heat during the day. The area and thus necessary as one of a chain tor to consider in connection with the main- famous Chinook winds in the winter soon of such bases extending either east-west or tenance of a trained Reserve in case of emer- break a cold spell and snow seldom remains north-south. It is the only ATC base be- gency. on the ground for long except in the moun- tween Michigan and the Pacific coast. National Guard Air Force tain areas. Average rainfall Is only 14.8 inches. We A port of embarkation It is probable in the future that squadrons boast of approximately 300 clear days a year. The Great Falls Army Air Base has served of the National Guard Air Force will be based in Montana. Being centrally located, Fxamination of the weather reports at Gore as the principal port of embarkation for for the Great Falls Army Air Base would logically Field (Great Falls Municipal Airport) men and material destined for Canada, the 12 months ending February 28. 1945, Alaska, and Russia all during the war and be used by a portion of this air force both for regular training and for summer ma- reveals that there was not a single day in has proved itself as the logical point for the 12-month period when it was Impossl;ie such operations. On a recent map issued neuvers. It is the only base fully equipped multiengined equip- operations in Montana. at some time of day for by the National Geographic Society, Great now to handle such depart. On an hourly An air squadron is composed of 35 officers ment to land and Falls is designated as the only principal in- the most unfavor- and 200 men. basis, which is decidedly land "kick off" base to foreign points in able basis on which to make a study, the the United States, all others being located Proven support of the Alaska wing records show that only 2.8 percent of the at coastal points. This base is the United It has been amply demonstrated that the hours during the entire year were closed to States terminus to the only fully equipped Great Falls Army Air Base is an essential flying, and only 3.4 percent required the use air route to western Canada and Alaska. unit -to the support of operations in Alaska. of Instruments. XCII-App.- 39 A610 APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD

Meteorological data on Great Falls Inches 89H: Hard surface runways, 8,900 feet. Annual precipitation as taken from the 1941 ------.... 17.64 Instrument approach systems: records of th: United States Weather Bu- 1942 ------14.55 Radio range. reau; 193 --. ------...... 13.96 SCS 51 (for practice only). ....--..------...... CAA Instrument Annual precipitation for past 6 years 1944 . ..- .-- . 14.21 low-approach system. 1945 ...... ------..---...... 13.51 AACS communication systems available. Inches Army weather-regional weather Average annual precipitation station: 1939------.... ------9.89 for past 54 Controls all weather for entire route years, 1892 to 1945, inclusive-14.8 Inches. from 1940 --.------... ------12.09 Great Falls to Fairbanks, and also long. range forecasting, and so forth.. CAA weather available Temperature Total pre Total snow- at Great Falls. tMean lem elpitation fatlun- ATC traffic-control center located in Great Weather peratur iia melted in Falls. Highest Lowest inches inches (b) Runways: Four runways, each 8,850 feet by 300 feet 45-Decemhter...... 24.1 53 -3 1.72 2 .0 wide; 150 feet in center of each runway is Novnemler ..--...... - ...... 33.4 06 -1 .32 2.0 5-inch concrete: gross weight, 120,000 pounds. October- ..-....-...... ------.....-- - 51.6 78 28 .80 4.8 Taxi strips: 22,350 feet (linear feet), 75 feet September--...-...... --- .....----- ...-- 54.6 92 28 2.00 .6 wide. Constructed of 5-Inch August----..------... ------....--.. 70.2 3 48 .85 0 hot mix. July-----.....--...... ------...-...... ------.. 71.7 97 47 .20 0 Ramp: 4,889 feet by 500 feet. Constructed June..-...... -...... 56.8 93 36 3.24 T of 5-inch concrete. May.---...--....-.....--..-..- ...... 51.1 82 31 1.49 T 2. Twin hangar (permanent buildings): Anril ....--..--..----...------38.8 70 20 .1,7 1.1 All concrete; roof, arch----...... - ...... -....- - 35.6 67 -15 .76 5. wood and built-up roof- February...... 23.6 43 -9 .53 8.5 ing; each hangar, 64.000 square feet; shops, January---...... ----- .------28.6 .04 -3 .32 5.7 80.200 square feet: office space, 12,000 square feet. Total------...... --...... ------...... -----..-- 13.51 53.2 3. Building No. T-280-Hangar (permanent lC41--December...... ------...... -..--.. 28.6 53 -6 .99 7.6 building): 26,329 square feet; floor and November...... 1... 33.8 57 -fi .50 10.4 foundation, concrete; walls, concrete and October-....-..-...... 5. 4 78 29 .04 0.0 wood; roof, wood, 45-pound rolled roofing; Feptember--.....-...... - 59.4 89 27 1.31 T over-all floor space, 206 feet by 127 feet. August...... -...... 4.8 89 46 1.44 0.0 July.------... ---.... --.------..------67.6 94 43 1.24 0.0 4. Building No. T-210-Hangar (perma- June...... -..-...... 57.8 93 36 3.88 0.0 nent building): 43,026 square feet; floor and May-...-...-...------.. ...------57.2 8 29 1.15 T foundation, concrete; walls and roof, wood, April...... -...... 47.2 74 30 .75 T 55-pound paper. Miarch-..-..--....--.. ------..------. 25.3 8 -8 1.47 16.3 February-----. ------24.1 52 -5 1.44 16.0 5. Bomb sight storage building: 1,217 January...... ,January------33.33.3 57 10 T - T square feet; floor and foundation, concrete; walls, concrete and wood; roof, wood, 45- Total...... ------.--..- .--. . 14.21 32.3 pound rolled roofing. 6. Air Corps supply warehouses (tempo- square and facilities on the Sunshine international air rary buildings): 11 warehouses, 1,520 Brief description of airports, distances, 2,000 square feet; 7 ware- route from Great Falls, Mont., to Fairbanks, Alaska feet; 1 warehouse, houses, 8,977 square feet; 1 warehouse, 9.000 square feet; 1 warehouse, 9,040 square feet. Distance Length Low- 7. Quartermaster warehouses (temporary irrtfrom last Standard ofpaved Radio Control Direction Airport name field .ighting runways range tower finder approcheppo-ch buildings): 3 warehouses, 9,600 square feet. 11 underground (air miles) (feet) system 8. Storage tanks: Gasoline, tanks, capacity 275.000 gallons; oil, 2 oil tanks, underground, heated, capacity 17,625 Great Falls (east tase....Terminus Yes...... 8,650 Yes...... Yes...... Yes...... Yes. gallons each: Diesel oil. 1 tank, underground, Cut Bank_...... ". 88 Y . Yes.. .. -...---. ...--..- capacity 15,300 gallons; drain oil, 1 tank, un- Lethbridge ..------..-- 75 Yes..-- 3,700 Yes...... Yes...... Calgary ...... 3117 Yes...... 4,700 Yes...... Yes...... derground, capacity 15,300 gallons. Penhold-...... 70 Yes...... e 3,400 Yes ...... -...... --- 9. Railroads: 7,410 linear feet. Edmonton...... 10100 ...... -... ..-. ...-..- . ------...... Namno (Pstrllitc)ll...... Yes...... 6,00 Yes...... Yes...... Yes-.'.... Yes. of November Municipal...... Y ...... 5,4- Ye.-... Yes.....- Yes...... Yes. [From the Great Falls Tribune Orande Prairie.---. --.------237 Yes.. 6, Yes--- . Yes-...... -.. . 23, 19451 Fort St. John.....---.....l Yes,70 Yese Y s-...... Yes..--.- 8,645 PLANESFLOWN NORTH THROUGH HERE- Fort Nelson ...... 188 Yes...... 6,400 Yes-..--.. Yes ...--. Yes...... MAIL Watson Lake...... 152 Yes...... 5,500 Yes.....- Yes...... Yes...... 5,590,000 POUNDSOF CARGO,PASSENGERS, Whitcherse...... 217 Yes-...... 7,200 Yes ..-...Yes...... Yes...... Yes. TO ALASKAAND RUSSIA Northway-...... 269 Yes...... 7,500 Yes...-... Yes...... Yes...... Emphasizing the importance of Great Falls Tancross----.. ------...... 49 Yes.... 5.100 Yes...----- Yes...... air- Big Delta...... Yes.... 7, 00 Yes---- Yes-..--.. ...--- as the principal point of departure for Fairbanks--....---. --.-.. --...... craft ferried to Alaska and Russia and as Ladd Field-....------. ------Yes...... 9,200 Yes...... Yes...... Yes.."--- Yes. a major port of aerial embarkation to the Weeks (municipal) ...... ---... . . -- during the war, figures of the Army Air 3...... north Mile 26 (satellite) Yes...... ,COO...... Forces show that 8.645 aircraft and more than 5,590,000 pounds of cargo, passengers I Standard lighting includes beacon and boundary lights, obstruction lights, flood and runway lights, and in most and mall passed through the east base and cases, instrument approach lights. - Weeks, the municipal airport at Fairbanks, has 5,300 leet unpaved runway. It has runway lighting only, and Gore Field. control tower part time. The Army Air Forces report covers the pe- a Mile 26, the satellite airrort at Fairbanks, has 6,600feet paved runway. It has standard lighting, control tower riod from April 1942 to August 1945 and dis- I art time on rcquest, and a practice low approach system. closes that aircraft passing through Great NoTE.-There are landing strips at frequent intervals along the Alaska Highway. which parallel the inland air Alaska included 80 heavy bombers, route Those were used by the men who flew fighters and other ships too small to be fully equipped with radio and Falls for instruments and who thus flew contact all the way to Fairbanks. 842 medium bombers, 1,394 light bombers, Between most of the major fields described above there are other emergency landing fields which are unpaved but 5,367 fighters, 844 transports, and 118 other into which the larger aircraft could getin case ofemergency. These fields have lighting facilities consisting of boundary types of aircraft. and obstruction lights. Traffic originating at the Great Falls Army A telephone line parallels the Alaska Highway and there is a teletype system in operation between Great Falls, August Fairbanks, and Anchorage. air base from December 1943 to 1945, and flown north Included 10,450 pas- Source: Public Relations Office, Great Falls Army Air Base. sengers, 3,055,974 pounds of cargo and 15,088 passengers Facilities at the Army air base, Great Falls, operation now, thus assuring an available pounds of mall. Weight of the Mont. labor force. and their baggage totaled 2,518,696 pounds. It was disclosed in the communication 1. Maintenance is so set up at the Great (a) Field class: 89H R1 L5 S6. that under present plans the Great Falls Falls Army Air Base that work can be done RI: Voice station, tower, range, homing Army air base will continue to be used by here, which means that the whole job of device. the Air Transport Command as a base for major overhaul can be done besides modifi- L5: Beacon, boundary obstruction lights, scheduled services to Alaska at least through cation and ordinary maintenance. The flood light, contact runway lights. June 1946. Plans for the period after next shops and hangar facilities listed below are 86: Fuel, storage, major aircraft, major June will depend on future military air trans- among the finest in the Nation and are in engine repair. port and ferrying requirements. APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD A611 of Maj. Gen. pride and reverence, because freedom is cost- lions spent on doubtful projects and huge Lincoln Day Address ly. Millions have paid for it with blood. Federal pay rolls. Edward Martin, Governor of Penn- There are great words in the story of the What can be done? We can demand the American Nation and its Government: swift demobilization of the huge army of sylvania "Independence"; "freedom"; "inalienable Federal pay rollers. Senator BYRD says there rights"; "the pursuant of happiness." They are at least 2.000,000 surplus Federal em- EXTENSION OF REMARKS are sacred words. Wars have been fought to ployees, who are adding a burden of more maintain them. Through the fabric of our than $5,000,000,000 a year. This is a terrific or laws runs a golden thread preserving the waste, in view of the fact that the entire cost rights of the individual. of the Federal Government in any peacetime HON. RAYMOND S. SPRINGER The word "liberal" once meant much to year prior to 1932 was less than four billions. OF INDIANA Americans, but its integrity has been de- "Tax and tax, spend and spend, elect and stroyed by the blatant, breast-beating, rab- elect"-that is still the New Deal formula. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ble-rousing, tub-pounding politician, seek- We know it is bad: we know it is danger- ing votes at any cost. "Liberalism" Friday, February 8, 1946 once ous; we know that all expenses must be cut: meant freedom. Today it is used by Com- we know we must start to liquidate that Mr. SPRINGER. Mr. Speaker, under munists, Socialists, and revolutionaries, and giant debt and stand as a solvent America leave to extend my remarks in the REc- many so-called liberals would now extend in an insolvent world. onD,I include the following address of Government at the expense of individual The Republican Party has another heavy liberty. responsibility. It Maj. Gen. Edward Martin, Governor of must give a sense of direc- The Bill of Rights is the keystone in the tion and balance to American foreign policy. Pennsylvania, at the annual Lincoln Day arch of our liberties. Every attack upon it For years before World War II the New Deal banquet of the Republican Members of must be defeated. Legislation destroying muddled, side-stepped, and evaded on foreign the House and the Women's Republican property, the rights of the public, the right policy. Its blundering diplomacy may now Club of the District of Columbia. Statler to work at the job of our choice: public fumble away the peace. The present na- Hotel, Washington, D. C., Thursday eve- grants and governmental subsidies-all these tional administration has no battalion of February 7, 1946: must be watched by the picket posts of direction. ning, freedom. Toastmaster and fellow Americans, in We saw what happened before the war; we Mr. The right to liberty and the pursuit of saw this time of critical and momentous deci- Mussolini move; Japan drive into China; happiness is older and greater than those Germany sions, it is appropriate to consider American march into the Ruhr-but we did three great documents, the Magna Carta, the not get ready. We came policies at this Lincoln anniversary meet- down to Pearl Har- Declaration of Independence, and the Con- bor unprepared. Lincoln more truly typifies The people are entitled to nlg. Abraham stitution. It is a God-given right. Free know who blundered our way of life than any other American. A there, for an army or governments are constituted to preserve it. navy may be defeated, but there Is no excuse Republican meeting is an appropriate place That is why religion is hated in dictator- for such discussions, because under Repub- for a surprise. After years of warning, we ruled and communistic countries. came unready into battle, fighting for our lican Party leadership this Nation has made Strange doctrines are now being preached Its greatest material, cultural, and spiritual lives almost barehanded. in the United States. They menace freedom. Certainly we did a m gnificent job after progress. Discontent is being sown here as it was for Lincoln was born in poverty. He knew the war started. Certainly we organized and generations in Europe. Ways are being trained the greatest and best Army, Navy, the value of work, tolerance,teace hrift, and per- opened here like the roads over which Hitler sistence. He advocated equality of opportu- and Air Force n the history of warfare. Cer- and Mussolini marched the people of the tainly we fouglt all over the globe and de- nity for every American. He urged everyone Old World to destruction and death. to acquire property. He took part in gov- stroyed the undefeated armies of the world. Many politicians are playing with com- After Pearl Harbor we did build 72.000 ernment. He was proud to be a politician. munism. They are playing with political He suffered political disappointments, but ships; 250,000 airplanes; 100,000 tanks; 3,- death and national suicide. Communism 400,000 motor cars. We did make 43.000,000,- he did not sulk. He believed in party dis- teaches hatred. It rules by hate and raw cipline. 000 rounds of small ammunition; 17,000,000 force. It offers something for nothing until rifles and pistols; 600,000 cannon, and Lincoln's place in history is secure, and it gains control, and then sets its steel-shod the Republican Party needs no apology. His 1,000,000,000 artillery projectiles. boots upon the neck of the common man. But remember that much of this great way of life and the accomplishments of our Are we following that pattern? We are party are a great part of the real America. undertaking could hav, been done, and now offering everybody something-lower should have been done, before the guns The greatest honor we can pay him is to taxes, higher wages, more subsidies, more strive for a government of the people, by the roared : t Pearl Harbor. Remember, also, profits. Are we trying to fool ourselves? that it was done under the free competitive people, and for the people. The Republican Party must face the threat To do this in a representative republic we enterprise system, fostered and encouraged to national financial solvency. We are told by the Republican Party for half a century, must have two great political parties. If tax reduction is coming and the Budget will one becomes too powerful, the country may in a free land where men work in freedom be balanced a year from now. We heard the at the job of their choice. drift into dictatorship. Germany and Italy same solemn announcements before the war. were examples of one-party government. The Republican Party must guard against Year after year we saw the Budget swing over-centralization. Ou. forefathers were With more than two parties, party responsi- farther out of balance. Budgets can be bal- They feared centralized gov- bility is lost. France is an example of party farsighted. anced only by spending less money than we cr 'trent. They set up plans for checks and paralysis. collect In taxes. Beware of fancy bookkeep- to protect us against ourselves. issues balances Our parties have decided the great ing. They gave us three branches of government: of the past: State rights, banks, central gov- Germany and Italy started downward over legislative, executive, and judicial. They ernment, sound money, territorial expansion, the road of bad fiscal policy, and in the end created three levels of government: local, slavery, free trade, imperialism, conserva- led their people through the red gates of war. State, and Federal. They tried to bring gov- tion, education, labor policies, taxation, the As the party of loyal opposition we must de- ernment closer to the people. They gave public debt, the Monroe Doctrine, the pro- mand a sound fiscal policy, with a balanced the citizens of each local unit power to tective tariff, and a host of others. Budget and an equitable tax system. We govern themselves. As Republicans we must Our political parties must again decide need a complete audit of the United States, as a sacred duty maintain these wise checks great issues. The Republican Party has al- for in 12 years the New Deal has spent at least and balances. ways been the progressive party. Today, as $500,000,000,000. The records should be Republicans must deal with another and the minority party and the loyal opposition, examined to see where this money went. vital domestic problem. We eagerly seek the it must again declare its position on the The audit should be extended to social secu- industrialization of all suitable sections of great issues of these times. rity, pump-priming, public projects, and to the country. This can be done gradually The preservation of freedom is the basic the costs of the war itself. This was the in the spirit of free enterprise. It cannot be Issue. America Is a land of dreams. It has people's money, and they are entitled to done by Government direction, for Govern- been so since the days of the first settlers. know how it was used. ment cannot change the bases of industry They came here to escape tyranny. They There should also be an audit of all our without destroying the morale and the wel- wanted to be free to work out their own commitments, actual and proposed, to the fare of the worker. We cannot do it in the destiny, to worship as their conscience dic- nations and to the peoples of the world. Russian way. tated, and to govern themselves. They carved How much have we loaned or given? How Nor can we deal with labor In the Russian a Government out of the rough to maintain much do we propose to give and loan? way. Republicans have recognized that labor certain inalienable rights. They have fought What is the reason for much of our has three inherent and inseparable rights: for these rights in their courthouses, in leg- trouble? It is the debt. Today, it totals two the right to work where It chooses; the right islative halls, and on bloody battlefields. hundred and seventy-five billions. It is the to organize and bargain collectively; and the The story of America is the most dramatic greatest debt in all history. Sixty billions of right to strike. The Republican Party should story in history. We should recite It with it existed before the war started-sixty bil- and will defend these rights. A612 APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD We should encourage sympathy, under- nations is to prevent future aggression, Address of standing, confidence, and cooperation be- harness the energies and abilities of their Hon. Margaret Chase Smith, tween employee and employer, and make people to useful purposes, which in the full- of Maine Government the impartial friend of both. ness of time will permit them-chastened All organizations must be responsible organi- and sobered-to reenter a friendly family of EXTENSION zations whose agreements are kept. Before nations as full members. OF REMARKS employees and employers can join with Gov- Here again, as in all foreign relationships, or ernment in a national effort for production, our help must be spiritual as well as mate- prosperity, and good will, Congress must lay rial; perhaps as much of one as the other. HON. ROBERT HALE down a clear and definite labor policy. That These demoralized people need inspiration OF MAINE policy must be based upon laws and not men. as well as food, courage as much as coal, and IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES In fixing wages we must never forget that guidance even more than cash. the worker's savings at the end of the year It is time for action here at home. We Friday, February 8, 1946 are what count. The worker as well as the must form our order of battle against the Mr. HALE. Mr. Speaker, under leave must have a profit. forces of regimentation and governmental employer to extend my remarks in the REcoRD, I Our tax programs must encourage risk control; against bureaus and commissions; include the following capital. Taxes must be kept as low as pos- against hundreds of thousands of political address of my col- sible. They are paid by the sweat of labor. Federal employees; and against Government league, Hon. MARGARET CHASE SMITH, be- Taxes are deducted from the gains of both by Executive order. Congress must again fore the Women's National Republican labor and capital. Subsidies and grants are assert its full powels. Club in New York on January 26, 1946: paid in taxes. They must be sparingly made. Free competitive enterprise, with the free- Mrs. Pratt, Captain Stassen, distinguished We Republicans will remember that our dom of the individual, is at stake. The day guests, and fellow Republicans, the welfare Nation has earned world leadership. The of the political opportunist and patronage of the people of America is the responsibility, war has shown that the American form of hunter must end or we can fail as a nation. and should be the accepted objective, at the government and our way of life are the It is a time for courage. The Republican Republican Party. Welfare means jobs, soundest in the history of organized nations. Party can win in 1946, but it must stand homes, health, and happiness. The approach Dictatorships, limited monarchies, and par- for the old-fashioned American ideals of to the attainment of this goal must always liamentary governments all failed to stop the thrift, tolerance, hard work, and the love be objective rather than subjective. We can- savage drive of the Axis Powers to enslave of God. It must be aggressively led and not judge the desires and living conditions the world aggressively organized. It must be aggres- of others, especially of 140,000,000 people, by America must assume leadership in the sively financed by all those who believe in our own desires and living conditions. movement to insure world peace. That its principles and value their liberties. The In other words, we must determine and effort will require all the intellectual, mate- "dollars for freedom" program announced by appreciate what the other fellow wants and rial, and spiritual resources of the world's Chairman Brownell today offers the oppor- what he has to put up with, in order to give best nations. It must be based upon justice tunity to help in a great cause. him what he desires and deserves. It's again and righteous living. Its terms must be We can help make America solvent by hard time to talk about a Republican program, fully understood by the people of the con- work and common sense. It cannot be done and it must be patterned along these lines tracting nations. by "planned economy" that is planned by if we are to retain the support of the elec- Material gains and new territory are not men who never earned a dollar. It takes torate. American objectives. We do seek the privi- more than planning to create wealth. It is Now is the time to apply this approach lege of living in peace and good will in a created at the forge, in the mine and in the The public sees in the Democratic Party, and friendly, liberty-loving family of nations. fields by men with tools in their hands- in the present administration, a great con- We do not demand that all groups accept the by the bitter sweat of men's bodies and flict of suspicion, selfishness, and subjective. Lpattern of the American Republic, but we brains. ness of various groups, all clamoring for do insist that all war-breeding forms be America has seen wealth created by men themselves, completely disregarding the de- eliminated. seeking work, making work, and finding work. sires and rights of any group other than their Spot assistance-food for the hungry, It has seen men carrying the Bible, the rifle, own. clothing for the naked, and warmth and and the ax carve a land of plenty out of The Democratic Party and the Democratic shelter for the unfortunate-must, of course, the wilderness. That same spirit still lives. administration have grown decadent. They be given to the limit of our ability to give. The inalienable American right to the pur- are plagued with lack of initiative, imagina- Loans of money and industrial goods must suit of happiness for which 12,000.000 men tion, and ability to get things done. be made more guardedly. In the past we and women in uniform served and suffered We cannot completely discount all of the have helped nations and they have used is sacred. It must be preserved. effective things done by the Democrats while that aid against us. These forms of foreign Every consideration must oe given to the they have held control of the Federal admin- help must be scrutinized. The American veteran and his dependents. Remember, he istration. We must particularly give them people must know about these loans. They is the cream of the crop, the doe and pro- credit for some of the social reforms which can be a cause of future disagreements, dis- ducer of the future, and he will pay the they have fostered. These changes have ruption and conflict. The people should greater part of the tax bill. raised the standard of living of the common know the purposes, terms and security of In the memory of Lincoln and of the more man. But whatever the Democrats have pro- these advances. Before they are made we than 1,000.000 Americans who, in all our vided on this score in the past, their program should know whether we have the money wars, have died that liberty might live, let now seems to have reached a dead-end street. to loan and the rate of interest. We cannot us by humble, sincere, and thoughtful effort The present administration has bogged remain solvent if we loan at an interest safeguard the ideal' for which they perished. down at the end of a blind alley because of rate less than the money costs our taxpayers. The war that has ended was the worst its "do nothing" policy of coasting. Ther: For the long pull, the best foreign aid is catastrophe in the history of mankind. No is only one way to coast-down hill. The ad- prosperous trade. Regardless of all the other war approached it in magnitude. It ministration is relying on time, instead of colemn nonsense of the economic morons, was both the greatest effort and the greatest action, to work out the many complicated money and profit make the wheels go round, disaster in the annals of the world. and crucial problems confronting us. abroad as well as at home. World prosperity The scope, the accomplishments, and the But we can't criticize unless we can offer depends upon large seale and profitable ex- unselfishness created b) its terror and bru- something better. We can't fln" the solu- change of goods. tality have given America a mighty asset in tions unless we analyze the problems. The Republican Party has always believed the millions of fine, brave, and self-disci- What are those problems, and what are the in world trade. It is a fact that the sound plined men and women who can be de- attitudes of the factions vitally affected by progress of commercial relationships among pended upon during these critical times. them? They are: nations, as well as the industrial expansion They know their America was a wilderness 1. The international organization for of America, has always advanced under Re- continent that has been made into a land permanent peace and our relations with the publican administrations. Our party has of industry, plenty, culture, and good will. United Nations, particularly Britain, China, always favored a trade policy giving all na- They know it is a land of deep religious con- and Russia. tions equal access to world markets. victions. They know it became great through 2. Domestic reconversion and industrial In noncompetitive goods, which form two- free, competitive enterprise, and under the peace. thirds of normal trade, that is simple enough. inalienable right of *he individual to the 3. Th. continuation of social reforms. It is not so simple in competitive goods. pursuit of happines. Of course, it is fundamental and obvious Living standards must be considered. We These veterans want a land of opportu- that all nations of the world desire per- cannot lower the living standard of American nity. We all want a land of opportunity. manent peace and national security. There workmen and farmers. We hope to raise the We want a free and dynamic America. We are no differences among nations in this de- living standards of other nations to our own can have it by all working togetner, through sire. level. We cannot do this by destroying our Divine Providence and under the Constitu- But there are vast differences in the views *own economic stability. tion. of the various nations as to the manner and In the field of foreign policy, America has Let us glory in American achievements. p ocedure. Unfortunately, it is this differ- not defined its intentions toward Germany Let us keep the watch and avoid a surprise ence as to approach, rather than to the ob- and Japan. Our job in these conquered attack from within our gates. ject itself, which has created and aroused APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD A613 suspicions of the nations of each other as to Labor is suspicious of management-be- will have proved ourselves by actual results each nation's real desire. cause of management's past history in ex- instead of promises. By so doing we will We want bases in the Pacific because we ploiting labor to the fullest. Management have proved that it is now the Democratic feel that peace in the Far East and the Pa- is suspicious of labor because of labor's ever- Party that is controlled and plagued by reac- cific can best be guaranteed by us. Russia increasing demands and refusal to accept re- tionaries rather than the Republican Party. is suspicious of our desire for Pacific bases sponsibility. The public is suspicious of both By so doing the Republican Party will have because to her it represents a potential threat because each demands greater monetary re- provided a leadership of imagination and to her national security rather than the best turns for which the public is called upon to initiative that rises above the level of means of maintenance of peace in that area. sacrifice. ineffectual mediocrity. Similarly Russia wants bases in the Mediter- But labor, management, and the public It is my sincere belief that suspicion and ranean. England regards this as a threat to have become suspicious of the Democratic lack of understanding are the greatest men- her life line. The occupation of Germany and administration because of Its do-nothing aces to the solution of vital problems and Japan has aroused suspicion among the lead- attitude. It has exhibited a distressing lack issues of our country today. This is no time ing United Nations because of their differ- of imagination and courage to meet the prob- for careless criticism. This is no time for ences of opinion as to the best way to keep lems squarely. timidity. This is no time for selfishness. Germany and Japan from threatening the Herein lies the great opportunity of the This is no time for suspicion. world again. Republican Party to secure public confidence This is a time for leadership. for imagina- The atomic bomb has created the greatest by supplying, a specific and progressive pro- tion and initiative, for confidence, apprecia- suspicion among nations. This is more gram for the solution of differences between tion, and understanding of the position of graphically understood when one realizes labor and management. We cannot win by the other fellow. This is the time to be that it is possible for any nation in this world merely accusing the administration of letting specific-the time for courage to stand up and to he subjected to an atomic bomb attack things coast along. We must offer something be counted. This is a time to be objective. without knowing who the attacker might be. that is better and more specific. Yes; we must know and understand each In such an atmosphere suspicion is almost This problem is similar to the experiences other. inevitable. of the three great powers at London. You The Democratic administration has re- Means to remove these suspicions cannot will recall that the foreign ministers of the vealed its ineptitude to meet these problems be developed overnight. The only way that United States, England, and Russia closed with courage and resourcefulness. In fact we gain confidence In others is through that meeting without tangible progress. the record of the administration on critical knowing them better, knowing them as well Most observers considered it a complete fail- domestic problems is admittedly a long list of as possible. True friendship cannot be ob- ure, but their later meeting at Moscow failures. This admission is made by Demo- tained without association, without exchange brought about very definite results. cratic leaders with the excuse that their in- of ideas and opinions, and, most important of What accounts for this difference? Just tentions have been good. We all know that all, without determining and appreciating this-the London meeting prepared the way the road to failure Is paved with good in- the desires and living conditions of the other for what happened at Moscow. The min- tentions. iellow-our world neighbors. isters got acquainted by talking frankly, Unless the Republican Party can provide It will take time and great effort to learn often bluntly, with each 'other. They pre- this leadership in a constructive, specific, and what we need to know about our neighbors pared themselves to do business when they unselfish manner, there is little reason for of the world. To obtain their friendship and should nex; meet. I am confident that the optimism in the affairs of this Nation. The to encourage closer association, we must also more these foreign ministers meet, the better time for winning on the other fellow's mis- aid the people of other nations to learn about they know each other, the sooner practical takes and errors is over. Victory by default us. and working friendly relations will material- is hollow. This is a time for winning by Too often political discussions are moti- ize. performance, by performance that builds, vated by irresponsible charges of one party Now what happened in the industrial war progresses, and justifies confidence. against the other-of irresponsible accusa- at home? A meeting of the "ministers" of If we do this, the electorate will take the tions of communism or imperialism in de- labor and management was called by the much-discussed reorganization of Congress rogative comparisons with other nations. President. Like the London Conference this into its own hands, it will return the control This is not the desired approach. It is labor-management get-together was a fail- of the House to proved leaders, it will re- wholly ineffectual because the American pub- ure-no agreement resulted. organize with Republicans. lic is too intelligent to be swayed by cries of But can't we take a cue from the second "wolf, wolf" which they have heard too often. meeting of the foreign ministers-the one This approach is not only ineffectual, it perils they held at Moscow--the one that produced mutual confidence and interest among the agreement? Because the first labor-man- Statehood for Hawaii Asked by San nations. agement conference failed is not any reason Any ;epublican who resorts to this ir- we should give up such attempts. Francisco Chamber responsible course does his party and Nation I believe that the President should call a second labor-management conference or as a disservice. It is not the way to make EXTENSION OF REMARKS friends and influence people-it is not the many as are needed. The more they meet, way to get votes for the Republican Party. the less their differences, the greater their or Suspicion and selfishness equally threaten understanding and agreement. cur domestic peace. This is most unfor- The Democratic Party has abandoned its HON. JOSEPH R. FARRINGTON tunate when we are on the verge of a new number one program-social reform. It is DELEGATEFROM HAWAII world-a world of peace that offers a fuller true the President has urged the passage of IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES and happier existence. I say we are on the legislation on such measures as the FEPC, verge of this new world because we have yet full employment and unemployment com- Friday, February8, 1946 to reconvert our energies, capacities, and pensation. but the controlling factor in the Mr. FARRINGTON. Mr. Speaker, the facilities from the wartime objective of de- shelving, frustration, and defeat of these board of directors of the San Francisco bills by Congress has not been the Republi- struction to the peacetime objective of con- Chamber of Commerce adopted unani- struction. can Members. It has been the key and piv- While millions of Americans are pleading otal Democrats who, as chairmen and high- mously on January 31, the report of its for homes, for automobiles, for household ranking members of committees handling world trade committee in approval of appliances, for clothing, for food, this Nation these legislative matters, have opposed or en- H. R. 3643, a bill to enable the people of Is afflicted with critical shortages of these couraged opposition by their committees. Hawaii to form a constitution and items. It is ironic that such shortages exist No, the criticism of Congress by the Presi- State government to be admitted into when our potential civilian production is dent in his message of January 3 was leveled the Union on an equal footing with the against the members of his own party. It was greater than it has ever been before. original States and passed the resolution During the war the production of food, an admission by its leader that the selfishness clothing, housing, and transportation equip- of warring factions within the Democratic which follows: ment for military purposes was the greatest Party had resulted in a sit-down strike by Whereas the people of the Territory of the world has ever known. But with the the reactionary Members. The President Hawaii have demonstrated beyond question war having ended nearly 6 months ago, we did a disservice to the liberal Members of their loyalty and patriotism to the United still have no promise of substantial civilian Congress, Republican or Democrat, who have States: production of living necessities in the near supported these particular measures of social Whereas they have expressed by majority future. reform. vote their desire to assume the responsibility How does it happen that we have these Herein lies another opportunity for the Re- of statehood; shortages in this land of plenty? It is be- publican Party to accept a specific and a Whereas the policy of the United States cause, while World War II has been won and clear-cut leadership on a matter of vital im- Government is one of self-determination: is ended, this Nation is in the grips of another portance to the common man. Our party that peoples be allowed to choose freely their war-domestic and industrial. What prompts can and should push through these meas- own form of political status; this? Suspicion and Inability of the war- ures of social reform. By so doing we will Whereas the Territory of Hawaii has at- ring groups to understand and to appreci- keep the faith of the people-a trust which tained the stature in every respect to qualify ate the desires and rights of each other. the Democrats have broken. By so doing we as a State; and A614 APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Whereas the Territory of Hawaii now meets delicacy and the general impression seems whom I have talked, both overseas and in the necessary requirements for statehood: to be that he was worthy of the trust re- the States. posed in him. Now, therefore, be it The reduction to 35 points should bring Resolved, That the board of directors of The greatest criticism of Hopkins in pub- the total Army to approximately 1500,o00- lic life seems to tl.e ban Francisco Chamber of Commerce, have arisen from the politi- the ultimate goal of the War Department ior after full study of the matter, recommend cal angle. He was criticized for alleged WPA policing and reserves. the approval of H. R. 3643 under which the activities in connection with elections, which, Since the GI was "lawed" into the Army, however, Territory of Hawaii will become the forty- he denied. He was blamed for par- he feels that now, since the fighting is ticipation over, ninth State of the United States and it will in President Roosevelt's attempted Congress should "law" him out, thereby end- form a constitution and State government purge of Senators who opposed him, which ing all of the doubt, confusion, and promises to place it on an equal footing with the reacted a good deal like a boomerang. His. As a former serviceman of World War II, 1 handling of the political other States of the United States. convention which urge you to sign petition No. 19. "Let us put nominated President Roosevelt for his third up-or shut up." term was unpopular with many people. These matters are mentioned as contrasting "The war is over, Congress, with some of his real accomplishments as the That I shall repeat; The Late Harry Hopkins President's representative on various missions Grab the reins from the brass, of International import. Climb in the driver's seat." EXTENSION OF REMARKS No one questions the keenness of his mind Yours for prompt action, I am OF and the sincerity of his devotion to his chief, Sincerely, in whose interests he gave up his health and FRANK L. CHELP, HON. KARL M. LeCOMPTE went "the last long mile." Member of Congress. The white-hot vortex of Washington life In OF IOWA the hectic days preceding and during the war IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES burned Harry Hopkins up and when the Friday, February 8, 1946 President died his life work was done. Harry Hopkins will be remembered as the Housing Shortage in Chicago Mr. LECOMPTE. Mr. Speaker, the friend of the under dog. His sympathies and late Harry Hopkins, a dominant figure in his efforts were for the underprivileged of EXTENSION OF REMARKS this earth. This was his the administration of the late President burning passion and OF Franklin Delano Roosevelt, passed away whatever mistakes he may have made he never deviated from it. very recently. While he was born at He was not born here but he was a son of HON. RALPH E. CHURCH Sioux City, Iowa, he spent the formative Grinnell and of Grinnell College, which SOF ILLINOIS years of his life at Grinnell. Iowa, and shaped his life during its formative stages. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES attended Grinnell College and never en- He never forgot his early affection for the tirely severed all connection with Iowa. town which sent him out on his meteoric Friday, February 8, 1946 His father conducted a small-town, yet career. Grinnell people will not soon forget Mr. CHURCH. Mr. Speaker, under the incident when a distinguished reception successful, harness shop or saddlery. leave to extend my remarks in the REC- The late Harry Hopkins was perhaps committee, waiting to meet him at the train, came hurrying up the platform to find that ORD, I include the following editorial closer to President Roosevelt than any Harry had gotten off the smoker and was from the Chicago Daily News of Tues- other individual who was in any way con- chatting with his old friend Harley Harring- day, February 5, 1946: nected with the administration and ton. The incident was typical of the man. THESE PEOPLE NEED HELP influence upon the His college honored him, the Nation hon- exerted a profound ago, the Daily News and three policies of the administration. He was ored him, but through it all he was plain, Some weeks wise-cracking Harry Hopkins and that is the other Chicago newspapers published a ques- Secretary of Commerce, Administrator of tionnaire that readers in need of living WPA, adviser to the President in foreign way Grinnell will remember him: a man of great parts, a man of devotion, and for all quarters were invited to fill out and return. relations, and, in fact, negotiated some of Statistics rarely stir the emotions, but the that a very human sort of an individual. the agreements with foreign nations, and tabulation of these questionnaires should it appears that he was at all times at the make strong men weep-and maybe fight. President's right hand for aid and coun- Few of those who wanted to move stated sel. a single reason for their desire. On the Army and Navy Demobilization average, they had 3 complaints with their I saw and was with Mr. Hopkins at present situation, and 1 family had 11. Chicago in 1940 part of the time when -According to the summary prepared by he was the controlling figure of the Dem- EXTENSION OF REMARKS the Metropolitan Housing Council: ocratic National Convention when Presi- OF "The inference seems to be warranted that dent Roosevelt was nominated for the people will quite generally put up with, say, Presidency a third time. My relations HON. FRANK L.CHELF the absence of running water or heating OF KENTUCKY facilities-but not when these have to be with Mr. Hopkins, while not intimate, tolerated in the same situation with a con- were always cordial. I think he dis- IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES demned building, overcrowding, danger played at Chicago a technique that many Friday, February8, 1946 from rats, and the requirements of several great political leaders might envy and small children." admire. He had complete control of that Mr. CHELF. Mr. Speaker, under That is a mouthful for the two-thirds of convention. During a most eventful pe- leave to extend my remarks in the REC- us, presumably well-housed, to ponder. riod in the history of our Republic, Harry ORD, I include the following letter to One-third of the 3,600 families who an- Hopkins had a big part. Members of the House: swered the questionnaire had to share bath- room facilities, often with more than one A very fair estimate of this man ap- CONGRESSOF THE UNITED STATES, family, and in one case with five other peared in the Grinnell (Iowa) Herald- HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, fam;lies. Washington, D. C., January 19, 1946. Register, edited by A. L. Frisbie, a friend presented the problem DEAR COLLEAGUE:Petition No. 19 which 1 More than one-third In the same of many years who did not at all times filed last Friday pertains to H. R. 4729. of two or more families sleeping room. agree with the Hopkins philosophy but, Briefly, this bill would compel the War nevertheless, was prepared to make a About a sixth had no inside toilet facilities, and Navy Departments to discharge: to share them with one fair estimate of Hopkins' contribution to (a) All enlisted men with 35 points, re- or were compelled our times. gardless of age, marital status, number of or more other families. dependents, or length of service. A fourth listed one cr more of the follow- Mr. Speaker, under unanimous con- ing difficulties: sent to extend my remarks, I include an (b) All who have received wounds for which they have been awarded the Purple No running water, no cooking facilities, no editorial from the Grinnell (Iowa) Her- Heart. heating facilities, building condemned, sleep- ald-Register: (c) All who have served as prisoners of ing rooms without outside light or venti- HARRYHOPKINS war. lation. There are many reactions in the public (d) Would give to all enlisted men the Such were the conditions among the 3,600 press as to the place which Harry L. Hopkins same terminal leave rights now possessed by who took the trouble to fill out these ques- will hold in history, but that he will have only officers. tionnaires and send them in. There was no a place in the history of these past troubled This legislation has been dubbed by the inducement for them to do so except to make years no one will dispute. GI himself as their "junior GI bill of rights." better known the conditions under which As the confidant of the Nation's President It has been heartily endorsed and unan- some people are obliged to live in the metro- he was entrusted with missions of the utmost imously approved by every serviceman with polis of the Midwest. APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD A615 What do they want? Five-sixths want concocted for squeezing a little extra from H. R. 4908 three rooms, four rooms, or five rooms. pocketbooks of homeseekers, large numbers Many would take anything. of whom are returning veterans. Three-fourths would pay between $45 and What about the landlords of Portland? EXTENSION OF REMARKS $55 a month; of the remainder, the greater That question is a quick way to start a flow- OF part would pay more than $55. Ninety per- ing conversation. cent preferred renting to buying or build- E. B. McCutchan, Portland district OPA HON. LOUIS LUDLOW ing. Few want to build, perhaps 'because rent director, knows the score and points OF INDIANA they do not believe it is now practical. out, however, that the stories about attempts IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES These 3,600 families are only a sample of to beat rent ceilings spread like wildfire a group many. many times larger, with simi- while the majority of landlords in Portland, Thursday, February 7, 1946 lar needs and similar desires. who are following the rules, are forced to To supply their basic needs should not share the criticism more or less unfairly. Mr. LUDLOW. Mr. Speaker, the Case only be the desire but the determination of "Portland, as a whole, is the most fortu- bill, in my opinion, is a punitive anti- every public official, of every citizen, so placed nate major city on the Pacific Coast. Land- labor bill. I will not support a bill that that he can do any of the many things needed lords have called no strikes or mass demon- is anti on one side. I am for both man- started to get building, public and private, strations against price ceilings and, as a agement and labor. I want to help both in Chicago. whole, are obeying the law. and I will not approve a punitive anti- "The rotten apples that a first glance labor bill, any more thar I will support make the box look bad are mainly the new, a punitive antimanagement wartime landlords who haven't absorbed bill. I had Most Portland Landlords Obey Rules, ethics of the industry and want to make hoped that out of the long discussion Survey Shows a killing," he explains. "We've had excellent would come a bill like the Voorhis backing of the Portland Realty Board, Apart- amendment which was fair to both sides ment Owners' Association, and similar or- and to the public, but that was not to be. EXTENSION OF REMARKS ganized groups." A bill was forced through that had OF The pat on the back for landlords in Port- absolutely no committee consideration, land does not, however, whitewash the mi- which no members had ever seen and HON. HOMER D. ANGELL nority who seem to have irritated not a few OF OREGON local householders as landlords have in other copies of which were not available when it was catapulted into the House by the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES cities. In some Instances new tenants have been Rules Committee. No one knew when Friday, February 8, 1946 required to pay from 6 months to a year in it was introduced, its far-reaching advance-but Mr. ANGELL. Mr. Speaker, there re- they ultimately received their meaning and implications, but the com- money's worth except for what it may have cently appeared in a national publica- bination that wrote it and subsequently cost to borrow the cash. put it through the House was satisfied tion an attack upon landlords which In a few cases, so-called security deposits that it was a drastic antilabor measure. would lead one to believe that landlords have been as high as $150 to $200 and. for In the confusion and hasty considera- as a class are predatory animals seeking some reason, were entirely eaten up by alleged only to gouge their tenants. I am glad damages. tion on the floor amendments have been to report that this characteristic does not In other instances, where varying rates added which make it more of a mystery apply to the landlords in my congres- have been charged for the number of occu- than ever. sional district. Mr. E. B. McCutchan, pants, tenants have paid for four occupants This certainly is no way to legislate. district OPA rent director, who when there were only two in the family. The The bill should have been recommitted Portland tenant shared has been in charge of that department the blame for this type of over- to the committee for hearings and nor- charge in many cases by suddenly increasing mal committee consideration. The pas- in my district and who recently retired, the number in his family to get a little extra reported upon the operations of his de- space. sage of this bill is reminiscent of the way the Smith-Connally bill was railroaded partment which show Portland land- Another landlord decided to add $15 to the lords, with minor exceptions, obey the rent for laundry service, but investigation through the House by the same anti- rules of OPA. I include as part of these showed the service was in another building. labor combination. The judgment of remarks an article appearing in the The bulk of complaints now, OPA advises, those of us who opposed the Smith-Con- Oregon Journal under date of January are not from large apartment units but from nally bill was vindicated when both 27, which shows how the landlords of single family dwellings where tenants were management and the public turned willing to pay above ceiling during the war. against it and demanded its repeal. my district cooperate in keeping rentals Now they wish to save money. Even its author repudiated it and asked at a fair level. Unfortunately, a good Evictions are for nonpayment of rent in that it be wiped off of the books. many of the landlords in this area have more than half of all cases aside from house been unjustly treated under the opera- sales. The less desirable types of housing are What is needed in these trying and tions of the rent-control program and becoming more available and bring fewer difficult times is legislation, fair to both many of them have been compelled to complaints. sides and to the public, that will bring rent their living units at a rental far It seems to add up to a fairly complimen- peace and cooperation in the relations below an amount that will permit them tary picture for Portland's landlords. Most between management and labor. The to maintain their properties and receive have been following price ceilings, although Case bill only adds to the strife. It il- a modest return on their investment. costs of maintenance have risen at least 30 lustrates what we always may expect percent in most instances, according to the when we legislate by impulse instead Many of them have had to forego mak- record. of by reason. ing repairs and improving their proper- Another catch is found in many major ties by reason of the small income which cities. Tenants advertise $150, even $250. re- As an addendum to my remarks I will not permit these expenditures. ward to anyone who can find them an apart- present an editorial which appeared in There should be a modification of rent ment. This reward naturally goes to the the Washington Daily News on January controls so as to require the rent-control landlord who takes the highest bidder. Port- 31 last and which seems to me to be a director to adjust cases where rents are land newspapers have not run such ads and shining example of sound reasonint and too low, placing the income on a level the reward game has not flourished here. common sense, as follows: OPA says with rentals received for like properties LOOKBEFORE YOU LEGISLATE At one time more than a year ago a series in the area and also permitting the own- Congress, we say once more. is not pre- ers to charge of advertisements did appear, telling of fur- a fair and reasonable ren- niture to be sold to the prospective renter. pared to pass a law that will do what the Wagner tal which would give them some return This is an excellent racket in some cities. Act promised and has monumentally failed to do, namely "to diminish the causes on their investment after meeting costs An OPA investigator followed up the ad- cf maintenance and repairs. The article of labor disputes." vertisements and discovered that in each case Being unprepared to which I refer is as follows: and in a time of crisis. it was the tenant, not the landlord, who Congress is under pressure to pays hot and TIEANT TROUBLESCHECKED-MOST PORTLAND wished to sell furniture before moving. Port- hasty legislation that could make bad mat- LANDLORDSOBEY RULES, SURVEY SHOWS land was declared clean and pure on this one. ters worse. Are residential landlords waiting patiently So it seems Portland landlords, as a whole, Before the House today goes a watered- in dark corners to gobble up prospective are an honest group, even though they vio- down version of President Truman's fact- tenants? lently protest ceilings, and are hewing in gen- finding bill. As a substitute for it. the Rules It seems that around the Nation there is eral to the letter of the law. Such is the Committee has held the House may consider growing publicity revealing nefarious schemes opinion of OPA, which should know. an entirely new bill introduced only 2 d: s A616 'APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ago by Representative FRANCIS CASE, of South sia do not. Nor will this Government Students who have not yet received their Dakota. permit resumption of full mail service. certificate of entitlement will be unable to Some proposals in the Case bill may have collect their stipends for at least 30 days after merit. Others, in our opinion, are unfair Can it be that matters are so serious over it there that it is not advisable to allow has been received. and dangerous to labor. There have been Col. Thomas Rives, of free exchange of news and views? the Veterans' Ad. no committee hearings on the Case bill. ministration, has been invited to address the Citizens who oppose it have had no oppor- Can it be that the American policy university's 1,800 veteran :tudents tomorrow tunity to state their objections. It cannot in occupied Europe is designed to drive at 9 p. m. The meeting will be held either be perfected, or adequately considered, in a the German people to despair and ulti- in the School of Government Building or the few days of limited debate on the floor of the mately into the arms of communism? I auditorium. House. We believe the House should reject the cannot see any other result and there Case bill. We doubt that passage of the can be none other. President's fact-finding bill would do any The article from the Catholic News National Union for Maritime Workers real good in the present strike crisis. And follows: there is grave danger that passage of Inef- TERROR GRIPS RED-RIDDEN EAST GERMANY-NU- EXTENSION OF REMARKS fective, half-baked legislation now would de- MEROUS MURDERS, COUNTLESS OUTRAGES OF lay or prevent the preparation of sound, fair, AGAINSTWOMEN REPORTEDTHERE and effective legislation. The present strike crisis may pass soon. AMSTERDAM.-New reports reaching here HON. ELLIS E. PATTERSON We hope it will. But there will be other from the Russian-occupied zone of eastern OF CALIFORNIA Germany give further details of the regime crises, without end, until Congress does its IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES duty carefully and properly. of violence, death, hunger, murder, and rape The first step should be a thoughtful study that has changed a formerly prosperous area Friday, February8, 1946 Into a desert. Among the victims are many of the reasons why the Wagner Act has failed Mr. PATTERSON. Mr. Speaker, we to keep its promise. Next, there should be priests and ministers. thorough hearings on the Hatch-Ball-Burton While the Russian front-line troops, the have heard speech after speech on the bill, and all other responsible proposals for reports say, maintained a certain degree of floor of Congress and have had edi- industrial peace, advocates and opponents discipline and refrained from the worst ex- torials in our newspapers discussing the being given full opportunity to be heard. cesses, the occupation troops that followed need for labor unity. Yesterday in the Then at last Congress would be prepared "fell upon the land like wild beasts," killing untold numbers of defenseless citizens. city of Washington. a historic conference to legislate-to protect the legitimate rights was concluded, at which time 7 maritime of both labor and management, to protect the Homesteads were plundered and those arti- cles that could not be carried r way were ruth- unions representing 200,000 seamen, public against abuses of power by either, and licensed to establish conditions under which col- lessly destroyed. cfficers, longshoremen, and lective bargaining can work without break- Although Stalin is said to have given orders harbor workers concluded a 3-day meet- ing down into civil warfare. forbidding any violence against priests and ing with unanimous agreement on steps ministers, 62 priests are report-r to have been leading to the formation of one national murdered in the archdiocese of Breslau alone. union for maritime workers. Two older nuns were killed when they tried to shield younger sisters from the violence of The seven unions united in a call to Terror Grips Red-Ridden East Germany Russian soldiers. In some villages, the re- a convention to be held in San Francisco, ports say, not one woman, down to 12-year- beginning on May 6, and their pro- EXTENSION OF REMARKS old girls, escaped being ravaged. posed program would establish a na- The remaining peasants now receive some tional organization empowered to pro- OF food after they have worked all day under a mote national agreements, complete the guard of Russian soldiers. Most of the farm full organization of the industry, coor- HON. HAROLD KNUTSON implements have been carried away. In the OF MINNESOTA larger communities there is a severe lack of dinate economic action, and in other ways to work for the greatest unity IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES food, particularly milk for children. Only in some isolated instances were Russian soldiers among the member unions, which in- Friday,February 8, 1946 ready to furnish milk from their ample ra- clude: The American Communications Mr. KNUTSON. Mr. Speaker, under tions for starving children. Last fall it was Association, CIO; the Inland Boatmen's estimated that of 100 new-born children in permission granted I desire to insert in Union, CIO; International Longshore- the city of Breslau 99 later died from lack of men's and Warehousemen's Union, CIO; the RECORD an item from the Catholic milk. News, of January 19,1946, which has been National Union of Marine Cooks and called to my attention. Stewards, CIO: National Marine Engi- I believe that our Government is mak- neers Beneficial Association, CIO; Ma- ing a serious mistake in condoning acts One Thousand Two Hundred Veterans at rine Firemen, Oilers, Watertenders, and of terrorism, even though they be com- Wipers Association, unaffiliated; and the mitted by an ally. Personally, I cannot GWU Fail To Get Allowances National Maritime Union, CIO. Invita- see any difference between such acts when tions are being extended to other unions committed by an ally and when com- EXTENSION OF REMARKS as well, and at the convention the name mitted by an enemy. In the final an- OF and structure of the new organization alysis they are exactly on the same level will be decided upon, subject to ratifica- and should be treated alike. HON. CHARLES E. McKENZIE tion by the membership of the respective unions. As various facts come to light the OF LOUISIANA I think this is an encouraging portent American people are becoming increas- IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES of growing unity and cooperation in the ingly distrustful of the Truman admin- house of labor, and as such is to be highly istration's policy of appeasement. We Friday,February 8, 1946 commended. have surrendered to Russia on every Mr. McKENZIE. Mr. Speaker, under point and at every conference. Perhaps leave to extend my remarks in the REC- it would be well if we stopped further ORD, I enclose the following news item conferences and become a little more from the Washington Evening Star of Linco!n Day Address of Hon. Joseph W. realistic. A blood-thirsty tiger cannot February 6, 1946: Martin, Jr., of Massachusetts be successfully appeased for any length ONE THOUSAND TWO HUNDRED VETERANS AT GWU of time. FAIL TO GET ALLOWANCES EXTENSION OF REMARKS The Truman administration would do At least 1,200 of George Washington Uni- OF well to remember that we have certain versity's 1,400 veteran students who entered obligations to the vanquished foe and classes this month have failed to receive HON. RAYMOND S. SPRINGER these obligations are not being observed. their certificate of entitlement for allow- OF INDIANA The American ances from the Veterans' Administration, ac- people cannot under- IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES stand why this Government should cording to Dr. Michael Dreese, of the uni- versity. Friday, February 8, 1946 longer refuse to permit shipments of re- He said a few of the 50 veterans who lief packages to the American zones in dropped out of classes last year did so be- Mr. SPRINGER. Mr. Speaker, under occuoied Europe. Britain permits such cause they were unable to obtain their allow- leave to extend my remarks in the REC- shipments but the United States and Rus- ances permitted under the GI bill of rights. ORD,I include the following address of APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD A617

Hon. JOSEPH W. MARTIN, Jr., minority' have a policy which goes on, though govern- special group in the House to fight for politi- at the ments change; just as the Russians have had cal "must" legislation. Turn that one over leader, House of Representatives, a policy which continued even after a Com- in your mind. Hannegan's action is an at- Re- annual Lincoln Day banquet of the munist government replaced the czars. tack upon the Democratic Congress by the publican Members of the House and the Nevertheless, constructive foreign policy has man who is head of the Democratic national Women's Republican Club of the Dis- not emerged, and It cannot take shape until organization. trict of Columbia, Statler Hotel, Wash- it is fashioned in the bright light of in- We have had 13 years of the New Deal. ington. D. C., Thursday evening, Febru- formed public opinion out of the pure Amer- Their theme song today is the same as it was can love of freedom and fair dealing. The fight shadows ary 7, 1946: in 1932. The New Dealers still American people will rally to worthy causes of the past. They must talk of the past. Ladies and gentlemen, in behalf of the and objectives, but they want to make these They dare not face the facts of the present. committee on arrangements I extend a cor- great decisions as an informed people; they They dare not ask for popular support on dial welcome to our many guests. want to know all the facts, and not just the their record of achievements; that record is In meeting here to again pay tribute to facts the self-annointed statesmen wish to too bad, and the Nation knows it. Thirteen Abraham Lincoln, we are particularly pleased divulge. years! Certainly that Is enough time for to have as our principal speaker this evening Now what about the situation at home? any party to make good. Thirteen years, the distinguished Governor of Pennsylvania, What confronts the returning serviceman? and what do we find? Chaos in foreign pol- a man who is both war and peace has per- He wants a job. But he cannot have it be- icy; everybody suspicious and uncertain as formed outstanding services for our country. cause the country is divided in a bitter in- to where we are going. At home, confusion He Is one upo whom we are depending, in dustrial battle. Great numbers of our peo- in Washington, strife in industry, fear every- a large measure, to help bring about the ple are out on strike and their absence from where. The national debt approaching three restoration of this Nation to peace and pros- the workshops causes millions of others to hundred billions, and a contingent debt of perity through the election of a Republican lose employment. three hundred billions more. Three hun- Congress. What has the administration leadership dred billions of national debt means a mort- Governor Martin, we are very pleased that done to relieve this dangerous condition? gage of more than $2,000 on every man, you have consented to come here and bring They have adopted policies which open the woman, and child in the United States, or a a message which will go to all Republicans breach still wider. Merely -as a sop to public debt load of $8,000 on the average American throughout the entire United States. opinion, the President recommended a fact- family. Nineteen hundred and forty-six is a criti- finding bill which practically everybody ad- Experts have figured out that under the cal year for America. This is a year of de- mits would contribute nothing to the solu- administration's budget, the Government will cision in which we face the broadest ques- tion. spend $130,000,000 every day in the fiscal year tions of political philosophy, economic, and Failure of the OPA to meet the situation of 1947. That means for the wage earner human problems of the most crucial im- realistically has deprived consumers of ne- with a wife and two children, that means portance. W must make far-reaching deci- cessities; it has deprived workers of jobs and for the farmer with a wife and two children, sions In world affairs. We must establish stifled the production vitally essential to de- that the administration is going to spend $4 principles of cooperation. We must find new feat of inflation and the black markets. every day for each family-S4 a day of the solutions to old problems-which take on As a result, when the serviceman wants a workingman's wage-$4 a day of the farmer's new significance and new meaning against suit of clothes, he has to take what he can income. How long do you think we can the background of scientific achievement, find, or go without. He wants a white shirt stand that? and and the ioreshadows of a compelling for 8$. He has to take a sport shirt for $7. Within the last few weeks the Nation has complicated future. He cannot find a home for himself and his been shocked to its depths by the revela- His contemporaries aptly describe Abraham wife and perhaps a growing family with whom tions of secret agreements of which it had Abe." The Lincoln In two words: "Honest he is reunited after 4 long years. No houses not the slightest hint, but which it had been guiding spirit of the Republican Party was to rent. No materials to build. And the assured by administration spokesmen did a man famous for integrity. price of houses goes sky-high. not exist. You remember those solemn and So new and so vastly different are the He wants to buy surplus property from the reassuring words we were given that "there prospects of the future, we must approach is met by confusion and are no secret agreements." Now we are asked with clear policies and honest Government. He all decisions evasion. There are plenty of goods to be sold to make good on promises which even the purpose. With a new devotion, we must de- for deserving Secretary of State says he did not know about. of the people, by to speculators, but too few termine that government wonder he is aroused. No won- veiled and for the people shall again veterans. No The dangers of secret diplomacy and the people, and deals in the dark diplomatic make America strong. der he demands a better deal. He, my friends, government is America's future, and the future will not closets are not new. They have been the Every American citizen wants to turn away and the of war and face forward be and must not be denied. tools of oppression for centuries, from the violences these practices of peace. Americans seek a Nearly 6 months have elapsed and we still administration, in pursuing to the rewards the pathways for a talk about reconversion plans. Snarled In in government, is following in fresh hope and a new opportunity despotisms of the fuller life in the years that lie ahead. bureaucratic red tape are plans for business of the most dangerous richer, what one philoso- This is what America wants. activity which wait only for a "go ahead" past. Let me read to you century wrote, then America wants, but what is signal to put people to work to provide the pher of the seventeenth This is what and see if it might not America essentials of life for all. Yet the bureaucrats ponder a moment getting? 1946, in the United but recently stood at the pin- fiddle while the people burn. have been written in America of America. Listen: nacle of world prestige and moral leadership. The administration talks about balancing States Our foreign policy, unstable as a weather the budget. Just sounding brass and tin- "It has been the one song of those who vane, shifting with every political wind, has kling cymbals. Their only proposal is to sug- thirst after absolute power that the interest lost us the trust and confidence of other gest more billions of dollars of new expendi- of the state requires that its affairs should nations. Our pledged word to the small tures. So they continue on their spending- be conducted in secret. But the more such nations bas been broken. Secret agree- rolling up bills-bills which must be paid arguments disguise themselves under the ments, just now being revealed, have bar- some day; paid, as a New Deal candidate for mask of public welfare, the more oppressive tered away the rights and freedoms of help- President once admitted, "by the sweat of is the slavery to which they will lead. Bet- less peoples. Thus, as a result, we see evi- all who labor." ter that right councils be known to enemies dence on every hand of distrust and ill will The deadly poison of bureaucratic waste, than that the evil secrets of tyrants should in place of the faith and friendship which irresponsible spending, deficit financing, and be concealed from the citizen. They who should have been ours. What has America deceitful political expediency is pulsing in can treat secretly of the affairs of a nation done to its heritage of world-wide good will? every vein and artery of the Nation's econ- have it absolutely under their authority; and Are we to lose even this last gift of America's omy. It can be eliminated only through the as they plot against the enemy in time of fallen sons? election of Members of Congress who can and war, so do they against the citizens in time No longer do the oppressed people of Po- will purge our Nation of the deadly virus. of peace." land, Rumania, Estonia, Finland, Java, or America is beginning to see this truth; that Now think of Yalta. Korea look to America for comfort in their is why the election of Republicans to Cosn- We have learned enough about the secret age-long struggles for freedom. gress is first on the "must" list of millions. agreements at the Yalta Conference to feel We have poured vast wealth into South Speaking of "must" lists. I am sure you certain it was a tragic blunder for the United America to unite in a common bond of have not overlooked the efforts to bring back States. brotherhood all the peoples of the two Ameri- the "good old days" of the New Deal when Apparently the most vital and far-reaching can continents. Yet by meddling in their the White House clique ran things with a promises involving the interests of the Amer- elections and by assuming the right to dic- high hand. ican people were secretly given at Yalta. tate to these nations in their internal affairs Mr. Hannegan, who devotes some of his America has the right to know now what they we have lost much of their good will. Dis- spare time to the job of Postmaster General, were. All of them. trust is our portion today in South America. Is reported to have called upon Bob Nathan, We stand before the portals of a new era. We Republicans have hoped for a foreign Ed Pritchard, Dave Niles, Leon Henderson, We must enter it at least knowing the prob- policy that would be sound and permanent. and others of the old palace guard to reestab- lems and the decisions lying before us. We We wanted a policy that would be a perma- lish the old blackjack technique of bringing must have this knowledge and make these nent American policy, just as the British pressure upon Congress. He has set up a decisions as a united people. Otherwise our A618 APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD

fate may be decided for us by force. If the Charles Jackson French, who swam under who will construe the law and who will ad- decisions of a nation are made by the leaders shell fire for 2 hours through heavy seas minister the law according to its plain in- of a nation in secret, there is no alternative towing a raft on which were huddled his tent, we must have a Republican Congress to the will of the people but coercion. wounded white comrades. He richly deserves to see that it is done. The months that lie immediately ahead a high Navy decoration for his heroism. The Both workingmen and employers have will invoke decisions of the most funda- Negro race has every reason to be proud of their just rights and those rights must be mental character. its men and women who have distinguished fully protected. No just right of any citizen What kind of an America are we going to themselves in war and peace. No race has or of any group of citizens can be preserved have? Shall it be an America in which in- been more loyal to America than the Negro- or served by the violation of the just rights dividual opportunity will continue to exist from the day Crispus Attucks fell fighting of any other citizen or group of citizens. alike for all? Shall it be an America in for freedom on the streets of Boston to this One of the crying evils in America today which freedom shall flourish, freedom of good hour. Of bourse, the Republican Party is the broad shift from statutory to admin- speech; freedom of radio; freedom of press? intends to aid the colored people in attaining istrative regulations which are given the Shall we continue to have the two most complete freedom of opportunity. They are force of law. So long as the laws for the precious freedoms of all-freedom of reli- entitled to the right to work as is every other. government of the people are made by Con- gion and freedom of education? Shall this American, without being blocked by any arti- gress the people's liberties are safe. When be our beloved America of the future? Or ficial barriers. They have won that right by bureaucrats, never standing for election to will we live in an America in which we shall their loyalty and service to their country. office, but hiding far back in the recesses of be regimented: an America controlled by Freedom to work must be preserved as the government, can issue administrative orders Federal bureaucrats from Washington: an right of every American, be he white, colored, having 'he force of law, then the people's America In which individual - opportunity be he Protestant, Catholic, or Jew. There liberties are in danger. Government under shall have vanished; an America bound in must be no privileged groups in America If laws enacted by the people's Representatives the chains of some form of communism, fas- we are to achieve the full promise of our in Congress assembled Is a government of, cism, or state socialism? These questions, destiny. by, and for the people. A government op. my friends, concern every man, woman, and Freedom is the concern of the big man erated by administrative orders where bu- child on this continent. They concern, also. and the little man; it is the concern of the reaus and commissions can be prosecutor, the peoples of other nations who look to rich and the poorr it is the concern of the judge, and jury, is government of, by, and America as their torch of life and guidance to powerful and the weak. Lincoln wisely said for the bureaucrats and their privileged a better day and a better life. Those ques- that America cannot long endure half slave friends. tions will be answered in the elections next and half free, and such slavery can just as The Republican Party today needs 27 ad- November. surely wreck America if it is political slavery ditional Members to control the House of The pattern is already set. We know pre- as it can if it is economic slavery. Representatives. We ask the people of cisely what kind of administration we will While the New Deal political monopoly America to send us these reinforcements. have if the New Deal persists In control of throttles big business, it at the same time is If they do, we guarantee that the way of life the Congress of the United States. We will suffocating little business. which has made this Nation the greatest eco- have the same crushing bureaucracy, arro- Make no mistake, my fellow Republicans, nomic power of all time shall be preserved. gance, and waste; the same deceit and double the very foundation of American business is If they do, we guarantee to the people of talk; the same weasel words and trick in the small community industries locally America that communism, fascism, or any phrases; the same distortion and weird con- owned, locally managed, employing home other form of state socialism will not flourish structions of law; the same kind of secret people. Yet thousands of these small com- here. government at home and secret diplomacy munity ' usinesses have withered and died We ask the American people to guarantee abroad that we have suffered under for these under the New Deal, and thousands more of the continuance of American principles 12 and more long years. them are threatened with strangulatlor to- through the election of a Republican Con. As Lincoln had a supreme faith in the day. They have su.iered mo:e under the gress. Ii the people give that guaranty, wisdom and common sense of an informed New Deal regulations than the big industries. we will then enter upon an era of progress, people, so do I have supreme faith in the I warn you that you can no more wipe out prosperity, and hope that will bring a better wisdom and common sense of an informed or impair the Nation's small business with- and happier life to all Americans every- electorate: but the very first requirement for out wrecking our economy and bringing ruin where. The great American ideal-govern- an informed electorate is an honest, candid, upon us than you could wipe out the farm- ment by consent of the governed-shall once frank administration that is willing to tell ers of America and find food and fiber for more light the way of men, and direct the the people the truth, and the whole truth, our necessities in untilled acres given over genius of a great people to a rich and en- about their domestic affairs and their for- to weeds and desolation. There is a liberty during peace. eign commitments. I believe the American that is necessary to business and to agricul- people know now that the only way to get at ture just as surely as there is a liberty that that truth is to open the dark halls of this is necessary to the happiness of individu- administration, to let the light into the nooks als. And the price of that liberty for busl- Demobilization of the Armed Forces and crannies of bureaucratic intrigue and ress and for farm is, as the price of indi- manipulations, to turn the wholesome light vidual liberty, eternal vigilance. The por- of publicity upon the New Deal in its con- tents before us today are too pla.n and too EXTENSION OF REMARKS duct of our foreign relations. The only hope strong to be ignored. ThL. trend toward OF is to elect an honest, courageous, and intel- communism on the one hand and fascism ligent Republican Congress. on the other must be met and turned back, HON. CHARLES E. McKENZIE free econ- I pledge you this, if a Republican Congress The channels of free gover..ment, OF LOUISIANA is given the responsibility next November, omy, and free society must be reopened by a the American people will know the facts Republican Congress determined to clean out IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES about their Government at home and their the rubbish of regimentation and bureau- Friday, February 8, 1946 commitments abroad; they will know what cratic red tape. burdens we have assumed in world affairs, There is somethin, very significant about Mr. McKENZIE. Mr. Speaker, under what burdens we must assume, and what the fact that over the last 13 years of its leave to extend my remarks, I include a promises or contracts have been made in their domination of American government, the letter written to the editor of the Stars name without their knowledge or consent. New Deal has criticized large incomes, yet Heart wearers, has constantly and consistently beer gradu- and Stripes by two Purple It is eminently fitting that this fight to one of whom is a constituent of mine: preserve American freedom should be turned ating its bureaucrats into twenty-five, fifty, over to the Republican Party, because our and seventy-five thousand dollar-a-year JANUARY7, 1946. party was born to fight for freedom. It has jobs. There is always a New Dealer around To the EDITOR: In your paper, dated Janu- always been the party of freedom. Today, as when the plums fall. Curious, isn't it, that ary 6, the editorial gave Lt. Gen. Lawton Col- we honor the memory of our immortal a party which says it is for the common man lins' statement concerning the slowdown of founder, let us take new resolve to rededicate should find so many favors in the group it demobilization. According to him, "troop our party to the fight for freedom, not only was supposed to fight. requirements overseas during the first half of for the people of our own land but for the In this forthcoming campaign we will see 1946 will exceed the rate at which the Army people of every land. tempting subsidies and handouts, which is capable of maintaining troops through re- How can anyone think of Lincoln without have to be paid for by the peopla in heavy placements." This is, In our opinion, a fee- naturally thinking of the Negro race which taxes, offered to maintain bureaucratic con- ble excuse for the number of men being sent he liberated. More than 15,000,000 people trol of the Government. We must all be on overseas to relieve veterans. During the in our population are of the colored race. guard against the wiles of the bureaucrat course of the war the draft boards managed In the struggle to maintain free American who would buy continuance of office by to keep the "repple depples" well stocked government, we know the colored race will handouts of the taxpayers' money. with men to fill the gaps left by our wounded prove its courage, its valor, and its patriotism. The cornerstone of freedom is equal jus- and killed. Perhaps you at home have the Some of the outstanding heroes of our wars tice. If equal justice under the law is re- idea that since hostilities have ceased, there against aggression and oppression are men established in America it will be done only is no longer any necessity for speeding the of the colored race. We have not forgotten by the Republican Party through a Repub- return of the men who were sent over to rep- such heroic deeds as that of Mess Attendant lican Congress. If we are to have officials resent the United States in total war. In APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD A619 other words, since we are already here, it's We have approached the problem of effec- profits earned by the manufacturers as a not going to hurt us to remain a little longer tive price control with the idea in mind that group. than was at first thought necessary. this agency has two responsibilities to the The industry people have advanced, as an- To go further, General Collins stated that people of America: other argument in favor of this price increase. the number of men still overseas who heard 1. To hold down the cost of living. the fact that they are now going to be able a short fired in this war is not very great. 2. To maintain those price and cost rela- to resume the use of the higher quality ma- In our company at present-a line com- tionships which will be conducive to prosper- terials which were denied them during the pany-there are 130 men; of these only six ity and full employment when the war and war. These higher quality materials cost have not seen combat. Perhaps the general the reconversion period are over. more, they contend, and therefore the price had better go further than the Pentagon BUSINESSCHARGES AGAINST OPA should be raised now that they are again his data before making state- available. Building for We ments to the press. have observed the clamor from business The fact that these higher quality materials and industry groups against of the undersigned have been in the price control as are available is absolutely no guaranty that Both such, and against specific 15 of which have, and actions taken by they will be used. The deterioration in shoe Almy for 31 months, OPA. Most of these groups have declared are being, served overseas in the Infantry. quality during the war has been notorious. to determine the that OPA regulations were hampering or I see no reason for assuming that the shoe It is simple mathematics wrecking business because of months combat each of us saw. they either limit industry will hasten to replace the low- number profits drastically, or eliminate them alto- This is not an isolated case; at least 10 per- quality materials with higher-quality mate- over- gether. There may have been some few in- rials without some pressure from Govern- cent of the men in infantry companies stances where with us. OPA regulations were unneces- ment. Where this pressure is to come from seas are in the proverbial rowboat sarily severe on business. in college But in most cases, I am unable to see. Both of the undersigned were the reports of industry earnings in fact we which are However, the whole argument over the cost at the time our greetings came, issued by governmental agencies, as well as by had only turned 18, 3 months previous to of materials falls of its own weight when it private research organizations, completely is remembered that OPA raised the ceiling our induction. We both went into ASTP refute these charges. until the Army broke on shoes when the industry began sub:titut- where we remained The figures show that under price control the promises made us. At this time, March ing the low quality materials on the grounds there has been very generous profits both for th't these were more expensive than the 4. 1914, ASTP closed its doors on 90,000 of us, big and little business, and From then for practically usual materials used by the industry. It and we went into the Infantry. every type of business operation. on it has been one hard road for which we seems queer price control to raise the ceiling I am at a loss to know how much time to complaints-we had company. when the Industry goes to wartime materials. have no give to these figures in this statement because Let it be understood that this letter is not and to raise it again when the industry re- they have been presented to Congress on so turns to its original materials. intended to bring sympathy. We are both many occasions, and they have been public- proud of the fact that we shared in the glory Business Week of December 8, 1945, reports ized widely. However, they are actually not that manufacturers of low-priced shoes felt of the Queen of Battle. Rather, let it be common knowledge, primarily because of the understood that the vicious propaganda be- glum about the 4.5 percent increase that determination of business groups to discredit OPA has announced because they feel they ing fed to you-the public-by the War De- the figures and to becloud the issues. as was the lit- need a 10-percent increase instead of the 4.5 partment is as much a crime Last June, the CIO discussed these figures people percent given them. But, the magazine con- erary food fed by Goebbles, Inc., to the with the Banking and Currency Committee of of Germany. tinues, privately they admit they have cause both the House and the Senate. At about for satisfaction we want to say that it is our In closing the same time, Mr. Bowles released some It cannot be that OPA doesn't know these fervent hope that you at home will bring of these figures to the public and commented. things about this price action. As a matter it will help most. pressure to bear where as follows: "Average profits, industry by in- of fact, representatives of the CIO spread when it Stop believing the War Department dustry, range from earnings, by a bare hand- these facts before the OPA price people, and says that there are no more combat troops ful, only slightly in excess of industries' pre- the decision to make the increase was made over here. It's all unmitigated lies. war profits to earnings 10 and 12 times what in full knowledge of the facts. Why then Two PURPLE HEART WEARERS, was realized by the Industries before the war. was the increase made? Company C, Forty-seventh Infantry. "For corporations of all sizes in all fields, I am not in the confidence of the OPA, so D.CHAU, GERMANY. Department of Commerce studies show profits I cannot tell why the increase was actually before taxes in 1943 were about two and one- made. However, it is told about that the in- half times greater than in prewar 1939. dustry threatened to come up here on the Even after the payment of high wartime Hill and get 15 percent increase in prices if Effective Price Control taxes, 1943 earnings were more than double OPA didn't agree to a reasonable increase on earnings after. taxes in 1939. its own initiative. "In 1944, profits before taxes continued to Perhaps I should emphasize that I have EXTENSION OF REMARKS rise above the record-breaking 1943 level. selected this price action only as an example oF And earnings after taxes in 1944 were about to indicate the kind of pricing being done the same as in 1943, despite the increased currently. It is not the only one being made HON. FRANK E.HOOK tax rates." today, nor is it typical of OPA's procedures OF aICHIGAN I want to emphasize that these high profits at this time. industry One of the most effective ways of increasing IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES have prevailed in industry after which have, nevertheless, appeared before profits has been to lower the quality of the Friday, February 8, 1946 OPA and before Congress to shed the bitter commodity at the same, or even higher, tears of poverty and plead for even higher prices. This practice may be called quality Mr. HOOK. Mr. Speaker, under leave profits. deterioration or up-grading depending on the to extend my remarks in the RECORD, I Now that the war is over, the story has circumstances in which it occurs. It could include the following testimony of Leo changed a little bit. The plea for price in- manifest itself in the sale of lower quality Goodman, secretary, CIO cost-of-living creases is being made now, not so much on goods at each of the current price lines, while committee before House Postwar Plan- the basis that present prices are too low the price tags remained unchanged, or, as happened so dramatically in clothing, it ning Committee, December 14, 1945, and for present costs. Instead, industries are arguing that prices must be increased to could manifest itself in the complete disap- Senate Small Business Committee, De- anticipate cost increases which may take pearance of the low end price tags, while the cember 19, 1945: place in the future. quality of the goods sold at the remaining FoR EFFECTIVEPRICE CONTROL An example of this kind of an increase is price levels became lower and lower. Since ever set real qual- glad to have this chance to the one currently being made for shoes at neither OPA nor the WPB The CIO is very the manufacturers and appear before your committee to urge the the manufacturing level. A survey made by ity specifications, maintenance of price control and to point the OPA in response to a request by shoe sellers both have had a practically free hand Sout some of the things that must be done if manufacturers showed that the 1945 rate in this respect. price control is to be of maximum service to of profit on civilian shoe sales is 8.16 percent. It must be pointed out that OPA did try this country. The rate of profit which would be needed in to regulate price on the basis of quality It is generally known that labor is very 1946 to satisfy the industry earnings stand- standards in a number of fields, until Con- much concerned about price control. It is ard would be only 2.9 percent. Nevertheless, gress ordered OPA to stop it. In the food not generally known that the CIO has had OPA has already announced that the shoe industry, the result was that consumers paid a committee working on price control since industry will be given a price increase, ef- grade A prices for large quantities of canned the middle of June 1943. This committee, of fective around the first of the year, of 4.5 foods which were undoubtedly of grade B which I have the privilige of being Secretary, percent. or even grade C quality. That this was consists of six representatives of CIO inter- This increase to an admittedly highly prof- bound to happen with the Army buying national unions In the last three and a half itable industry was made because the in- practically all the high quality pack was years, we have participated in frequent dis- dustry may make certain changes in styling clear even at the time Congress forbade the cussion of OPA price and rationing policies, in the months ahead and may incur certain use of grade labeling. and have studied carefully the regulations costs in making those changes, and these Canned foods were not the only foods in issued by OPA, costs may reduce profits below the prewar which the up-grading took place. Butter A620 APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD

and meat were other foods which were sold only must this situation be taken into ac- the community has become almost convinced count when analyzing the complaints at tor price.. regardless of whether the sales of of the salutary effect of our actions here and were actually top quality. The cost to the manufacturers and sellers; I urge that this expects us to continue to hold the famous consumer was undoubtedly terrific. The committee give positive consideration to line so long as the need is evident." windfall to the packers and sellers was un- making recommendations for plugging this The opinion expressed in this statement, doubtedly also very large tremendous leak in the price-control dam. and the description of the inflationary tend. In clothing, the disappearance from the DECONTROL encies inherent in the situation, apply to market of the low end items from each line Hawaii. Just as we have However, experience and opinions of been very dramatic, and very expensive advised with the OPA other price has about policies executives showed that the same to the consumer. In women's dresses, for during the war, we have made tendencies eflorts to consult with OPA officials each existed in this country as well. example, the $1.59 house dress early disap- For example, in time a August of 1945, the San peared from the market. Or perhaps it change in the war situation has re- Francisco office quired a rethinking of price-control of OPA commented as fol- would be better to say that the $1.59 price poli- lows: cies. Each time tag disappeared and that the dress stayed on the program has been re- "'We have recently developed, we have pointed learned that decontrol the market bearing a $2.75 price tag instead. out and argued actions are of against the inflationary two types-avowed and con. Who was to know the difference, or be able aspects of the poli- cealed. The avowed cies being adopted. actions, are, of course, to prove that the difference existed? After Time and time again, the exemptions and we have repeated President Roosevelt's suspensions. There are all, there was no standard by which to meas- ad- also, however, actions monition that the way to hold the line in the other forms, ure the quality of either price line. was which look like regular to hold it, not to find reasons for raising price actions, but are, Month after month during 1943 and 1944, in fact, actuated by a decontrol motive. The the BLS reported that clothing prices were things a little here and a little more there. outstanding example The to date is the automatic going up, at least in part because of the com- latest of these price-control develop- pricing formula under reconversion ments is the decontrol program. for man- plete disappearance of the low cost items. This is the ufacturers having a program, outlined in a directive issued volume (annually of) Perusal of the BLS monthly reports shows by under $50.000. It was Economic Stabilizer Will H. Davis on July a relief to us to learn warnings on: recently that this action was 13, 1945, for removing ceilings from items a concealed ex- DATE AND ITEMS emption, and was taken for valid reasons with now under price control. full knowledge June 1943: Cotton underwear, pajamas. Incidentally, that this would be its effect. we first learned about the One practical problem July 1943: Women's percale house dresses, proposed decontrol program by reading the emerges, however. It is apparent that some orders and amend- men's business shirts, chambray work shirts. Journal of Commerce, not from the OPA. ments will in the future be issued September 1943: Women's fur-trimmed It is noteworthy that consultation by OPA on a liberal coats, women's wool coats, children's shoes. basis with the real intention of effecting ex- with the groups which benefit from its price emptions; others January 1944: Cotton and rayon dresses, increase will be formulated under has been fulsome, while consulta- ordinary price-control standards. girdles. tion with the It Is vi- representatives of those who tally important for the field February 1944: Men's work shoes, men's have to pay the price increases to know which is has been which, as we should obviously and women's felt hats, women's rayon under- haphazard and infrequent. take a different wear, girdles. approach when we are administering a 'we On July 27, 1945, after studying OPA's don't really care' ceiling rather than March 1944: Work clothes, men's felt hats, decontrol proposal a ceiling and the directive issued intended to effect tight price control. men's shirts, men's shorts, men's pajamas, by the OES, labor If the protested both the an- national office is scrupulous in giving us these women s underwear, women's cotton night nouncement of a decontrol plan at that time explanations, it will be possible for clothes. and the specific provisions of us in the the plan which field to appreciate and evaluate April 1944: Women's inexpensive rayon had been developed. national pol- icy correctly. Otherwise, these looser pricing dresses, girdles, women's percale dresses, We pointed out that publication of a de- men's and women's felt hats, business shirts. actions, which may be genuinely motivated control plan at that time would encourage by sound policy considerations, will look like May 1944: Girdles. all the anti-price-control forces in the coun- August 1944: Fur-trimmed coats, untrim- mere surrender in the face of pressure. tr" to press for the end of price control on "It is easy to recognize at this point med sport coats. specific items as well as for the end of the price vital importance of price control in the fu- September 1944: Children's clothes, under- control in general. wear. house dresses. ture, particularly in such fields asafood, cloth We pointed out, too, that the directive ing, consumer durable goods, consumer October 1944: Women's cotton house would permit the decontrol of items which dresses. services, building materials, and construction are significant in the cost of living if, at services. We must also be prepared to face November 1944: Cotton house dresses, the time of exemption, these items were An OPA statement made in February of greater difficulties as a result of the removal selling below ceiling prices. However, if of other controls which formerly helped us. 1945 stated that five-sixths of the increase these prices did later rise, ceilings would be in clothing prices was due to the disappear- As rationing dwindles, it becomes that much restored only with difficulty, and at levels harder to hold the price line. The same is ance of these low end price tags. higher than those of the previous ceilings. As an example of what this could mean in true of controls being dropped by other agen- Under the plan, also, exemption is per- cles such as WLB, WPB, ODT, and WMC. just one item, I quote from a trade publica- mitted for items which were not regarded tion for shoe distributors, Hides and Leather It is obvious that it will not be sufficient to as significant in the cost of living even if a relieve the pressures by decontrol In less Shoes, which reported on April 15, 1944, that, future price Increase was regarded as pos- "Footwear quality has declined under war- essential fields; we shall also have to do a sible. However, no practicable definition better Job affirmatively in the fields which time pressure by an average of 29.4 percent, was given to indicate which commodities, according to 440 shoe distributors who set remain." or how many of them taken together, sig- Now, as to direct operation of decontrol: the percentage of decline at levels varying nificantly affect the cost of living. from 5 to 77 percent." In August, food still needed price control: Later events showed how sound our posi- the public still wanted it. However, OPA The influence of this situation, profitwise, tion actually was. However, immediate con- can be seen In the following figures: The was already in the decontrol business. The firmation came in the form of the expressed effects of its decontrol orders began to be cotton textile industry earned $28,000,000 opinions of OPA's own field people. For ex- per year before the war; at the beginning of felt immediately. For example, on August ample, on August 14, 1945, a price executive 1, 1945, one of the price executives out in 1945, the industry was earning profits at the operating in the outlying possessions wrote rate of 8365,000,000 per year. the field reported to Washington as follows: to the national office as follows: The shoe industry earned 4.8 percent on "The suspension of ceiling on several fresh- sales before "A large number of merchants here have vegetable items resulted in increased prices the war; during the first half started licking their chops in anticipation of 1945 the industry was earning 8.1 percent and widespread consumer complaints. This of the widely heralded intention of the na- on sales of civilian shoes; (Figures derived was particularly true of snap beans, where tional office to exempt a considerable number prices advanced from a community ceiling from sample study by OPA of firms making so-called luxury goods from price control. over one-half of all shoes.) o. of 17 cents to as high as 60 cents per pound. We have thought the problem through very The apparel industry reported to OPA that Lack of demand and increased supplies have between 1939 and 1944 sales increased 65 carefully for the past month, as I Indicated now reduced this item to a price range of in my last progress report, and have come 19 to 35 cents per pound. Lack of more percent. Profits, however, increased 282 up with at least a dozen arguments both percent. pro and con for local exemptions. After specific control on tomatoes continue to bring Over the same period of time, retail sales considering all these arguments and after in consumer complaints against 4 to 43 cents of apparel went up 93 percent by OPA's fig- obtaining the best possible sample of com- per pound prices." ures. The increase in profits on these sales, munity sentiment, I have decided as a mat- The administrative burden of decontrol and ' by OPA's conservative figures, was 360 per- ter of general policy that we will not fall its effect on prices is serious. The effect of cent. into line as a matter of course with the the decontrol policy, which may or may not This disappearance of low end lines, and exemption orders to be issued by the na- have been anticipated by OPA, is best de- deterioration in quality so that high prices tional office for the mainland. Atomic bombs scribed in the words of the Deputy Admin- were charged for lower quality than usual, and Moscow notwithstanding, this area is ibtrator for Price, Mr. Jerome Ney: with consequent penalty to the consumer and will remain a tremendous inflationary "In recent weeks much time has been and profit to industry, has taken place in bubble for a long time. After 3 years of spent in discussing the advisability of tak- practically all fields under price control. Not listening to us talk about holding the line ing decontrol action in specific instances APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD A621

principles going beyond the provisions be hard put to find the words to describe ade- Radio set manufacturers have been given upon quately Directive 68. As a result a heavy work- the irresponsibility, the sheer eco- a price increase of 12 percent. of nomic criminality load has developed in a number of the involved in the proposals Radio parts manufacturers have been given branches and this workload threatens to now being put forth and actually before price increases which will bring in approxi- continue and even increase to the point Congress at this time, that price control be mately $100,000,000 per year. where it may interfere seriously with day-to- abolished in tote, or that the decontrol of Fractional horsepower motor manufactur- day work to the deteriment of over-all price OPA be extended at this time. ers may raise prices 9 percent. control and to the disadvantage of industry RECONVERSION 'RICING Automobile manufacturers are being in general." treated on an individual basis. Two of them In the field of reconversion prices, as well have already received their increase factors: EFFECTS OF DECONTROLLING as in its going price-control program, OPA Ford, for whom increases will average about I have already shown the direct results has proceeded as though the poverty claims 6 percent, and Studebaker, for whom they of this policy as far as snap beans are con- of industry were correct, and its own knowl- run around 12 percent. However, there is cerned. You may recall that after the re- edge of the situation could not be relied on. already evidence to show that manufacturers moval of ceilings the price of beans went The Labor Policy Committee of the OPA who receive no increase factors, or whose from 17 to 60 cents per pound. Even after entered Into the discussion of reconversion factors may be low, willreap their windfalls an increase in supply, the price, although it pricing in July of 1944. In September of through price increases for specification declined, remained higher than the previous 1944, after some discussion with the OPA changes, rather than through admitted re- ceiling, with some people still being required of the reconversion price policy that it was conversion increases. to pay more than two times the previous already drafting, the CIO Cost of Livipg Com- In all of these reconversion industries, ceiling price. mittee recommended to OPA that reconver- production will be far higher than it was In the case of citrus fruits, OPA removed sion prices be set at no higher than the in 1941. The profits of these higher prices ceilings on Nov.mber 19; the following day 1941-42 level. We declared that it was the plus those resulting from increased levels prices began to jump. OPA's field offices re- responsibility of OPA in this tremendously of output, and from increases in productivity ported increases ranging as high as 100 per- Important area to protect the standard of which will soon be felt, will yield profits so cent. on the same qualities and sizes. For living of the American people against fur- high that depression and unemployment are instance, the Chicago regional office an- ther increases in the cost of living, and to inevitable in the near future. nounced that, "large California oranges long provide a postwar price level conducive to Most of the industries involved complain held to the OPA ceiling of $5.28 were sold full employment. to tnt world in general and to Congress in for $9.95 per case on the first day following We urged that increases from these 1941-42 particular that OPA is "ruining them." If suspension of ceiling prices, by today were prices be permitted only after a manufac- there is any validity to that charge, it is that down to $8.20." turer had operated under his old price for OPA's generosity in making price increases, Spokane, Wash., reported on November 27 a period long enough so that reliable operat- rather than its ungenerosity in refusing that Texas pink grapefruit has gone up 58 ing data could be obtained. Of course, our them, may ruin American industry. recommendations provided for exceptions to percent; in Seattle increases ranged to 68 BASIS FOR PRICE ACTIONS percent. Similar increases were reported this policy where circumstances clearly re- from all over the country on all citrus fruits. quired an Immediate price increase. A. Secrecy of negotiations On November 28, OPA turned down labor's We believed then, as we believe now, that It has been our position that fewer of request to reinstitute the price ceilings, pre- industry would be well protected by the 1941- these harmful increases would be made if fering to "watch the prices" for another 42 level, by the reserves amassed during the OPA were required to reveal to the public the week. At the end of that week-that is, on war, and by tax and other governmental facts on which the decision to make a price December 5--OPA was sufficently Impressed guaranties against hardship during the re- increase is arrived at. Labor's repeated re- with the seriousness of the situation to rec- conversion period. We believe that after re- quests for public information have been just ommend to the Office of Stabilization Ad- conversion is over, the profits that would as repeatedly denied by OPA. Labor has ministration that the ceilings be reimposed. have resulted from production at 1942 prices, been told that individual firms would feel The Department of Agriculture and the cit- especially as they would be affected by opera- aggrieved if OPA revealed its data to its rus growers objected to this action, so It was tion at high levels of output and increased competitors. And then we have been told decided to again postpone the decision an- productivity, would have been at least ample that there would be objections from an in- other week. The result is that citrus fruits for industry. They might even be so great dustry as a whole when we have asked for remain without price control during the pre- as to threaten the stability of the entire data which did not reveal facts about indi- Christmas buying season-the period during Nation. vidual firms. So the negotiations between which control was most needed and the peo- The recommendations we made on OPA OPA and the industry asking for a price in- ple will pay a large sum of money because reconversion pricing were not adopted. crease is carried on in secrecy, with no chance of the Government's eagerness to remove However, since we made those recommenda- for the public to get the real facts. economic controls. tions, reports have been issued by the War B. Insufficiency of data The newspapers told the story of what Production Board, the Department of Com- This extreme solicitude for those wanting happened to the price of coconut when price merce, and the Office of War Mobilization price increases has been shown by OPA ceilings were in removed. This item sold be- which have at various points supported the many other ways. Let me cite an example. fore the war, according to newspaper reports, validity of our position. President Truman In the case of radio parts, price increases for $15 per thousand pounds; during the war evidenced the same kind of thinking which ranging from 9.5 percent through 26.3 per- the ceiling was maintained at $65 per thou- we had done when he suggested that indus- cent were made after OPA had had the fol- sand pounds. Recently the ceiling was re- try make voluntary wage increases and then lowing experience moved with the parts manufac- and the price shot to well over $200 wait 6 months before asking for considera- turers. (The quote is from OPA's press re- per thousand pounds. Candy manufactur- tion from OPA of price relief. lease of October 11, 1945.) ers have found themselves unable to buy OPA, too, has since admitted the validity "Despite repeated requests by the Office of an item which is very important in their position by pointing out, in its press Price Administration for the business. At the of our submission of same time the people who release of November 18, 1945, that its recon- cost data for use in computing the increase held stocks of coconuts at the time of decon- the 1941 levels of trol version policy is based on factors for radio parts, and despite assur- have cleaned up some very tidy wind- pro- ances falls. production, and that 1946 levels should of representatives of the industry that for higher profits than such cost data would be supplied, cost data Some of you may vide the opportunity recall what happened to in 1941. Let me point were not submitted to OPA as promised, OPA the price of Alaskan those which prevailed seal fur when, on August out that even 1941 profits were higher than said." 15, 1945, OPA removed the price ceilings. profits which OPA is required by As I pointed out above, the price increases The price had been held at the prewar a ceiling of ap- protect. A recent study of 2,085 man- (made after this refusal by the manufac- proximately $45 per skin; when law to the ceiling companies made by OPA showed turers to supply data) are expected to yield was removed prices shot up. ufacturing Recently sales profits were 2.7 times as high in the manufacturers approximately $100,000,- were being made at $110 that their per skin. 1941 as in 1938-39. 000 per year. I have dwelt at length on the decontrol In spite of this high-profit situation, aris- In our discussions with OPA, we have been problem because even after all that has al- where OPA's ac- ready ing out of postwar production prospects at told repeatedly of cases happened there seems to be no inclina- countants had to be sent from the Wash- tion to greater even prewar prices, OPA has made price in- caution. Even the strictures ington office to go over the books of an indi- of Mr. Ney, creases for the manufacturers of practically which I quoted above, are confined vidual firm in order to get the data upon to decontrols every reconversion commodity. beyond the provisions of the which a price increase was to be based. decontrol directive, No. 68. Decontrol under Washing machine manufacturers have the terms of the directive proceed as before, been given a price increase of 7.7 percent. C. Unverified data even though it has been under these terms Vacuum cleaner manufacturers have been OPA's decision involves the transfer of so much damage has already been done. given a price increase of 5.5 percent. large sums of money from the pockets of I could go on with many other examples Lawn mower manufacturers have been the buying public Into the treasuries of the to show what the effect of the removal of given a price increase of 17 percent. sellers. The business which is asking for price ceilings has been. I think that the Metal toy manufacturers have been given an increase might be expected to prove its case is already clear. I think that one would a price increase of 14 percent. case up to the hilt, before the regulatory A622 APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD agency, even if not before the public as we the automobile increases are being made on Strike Control have asked. Quite the reverse Is true. Fig- exactly this basis. ures submitted by manufacturers who are Frequently, however, the decision to make asking for price increases are accepted by a price increase seems to be made with no EXTENSION OF REMARKS OPA without further review or verification. relationship to what the figures show about or How many millions of dollars have been the profits of the manufacturer. Let me added to Industry prices in this manner can- quote from a series of OPA truck price in- HON. HOMER D. ANGELL not be estimated. I do know, however, that creases, made during 1944 and 1915. OF OREGON IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Corporation Date rcen t Reason Friday,February 8, 1946 ------Mr. ANGELL. Mr. Speaker, pursuant Diveo Corp.. Detroit, ilich...... Oct. 18,1144 16 It appears that the applicant's over-all profit to authority heretofore granted Iinclude posioin is "unfavorable." the following Chrysler C(;rp ...... -...... - May 5,1945 9 Tli applicant's current over-all profits have a editorials with respect to "normal relationship" to its over-all profits dur- recent strike legislation, one of which ing the base period, 1936-39. appeared in the Oregon Journal, Port- DiamonndT Motor Car C(o ...... Nov. 3.1045 0,11,23 It appears that the applicant's over-nll profits posi- tion is "very favorable." land, under date of February 2, 1946, and General Motors Corp...... May I,145 27 No description in O'A's statement cf considers the other in the Portland Oregonian on tion as to what theiprofit situation was the same date: 1 t, otatious ours. [From the Oregon Journal of February 2, 1916J D. Net worth adjustments and again to pressure for price increases from A 2 TO 1 VOTECAN OVERRIDEA VETO industries and business groups which could A type of statistical legerdemain which un- E. T. Marr, secretary show no economic justification whatsoever of the Oregon Feder- derlies all OPA's price determination is known ation of Labor, A. r'. of L., has for the price increases. The evidence for formally pro- as the adjustment for increase in net worth. tested the strike-control bill introduced by this lack of need for price increases is con- That is, in judging the fairness of a particular Representative FRANCIS CASE, of Sauth Da- price OPA inspects the return on the net tained in the financial statistics of every gov- kota, calling it a threat to all liberties in- worth of the industry which results from that ernmental agency which collects such figures. cluding freedom of speech and of the press. price, as compared with the return on net These increases-were made at the expense By a vote of more than 2 to 1, the House worth earned by that industry before the of consumers who were caught by war short- has indicated its preference for consideration war. If the net worth of an industry has in- ages and by the necessity of adjusting, to of the Case bill as substitute fo fact-finding creased during the war, a price increase may other wartime conditions. They are made at legislation asked by President Truman and have to be made in order to protect the rate the expense of the veterans and of every other subsequently weakened by the House. of return. group in the national economy whose living The Case bill is directed against all labor However, the net worth increases which depends on full employment and prosperity, groups. It is inspired by a growing public have taken place have in large measure been rather than on unemployment and depres- resentment against creeping economic paral- the result of the accumulation by industry sion. ysis. The bill would establish a national of large cash and bond holdings. These have We have often congratulated ourselves on labor-management board to help, settle la- resulted from large profits earned by an in- the fact that the cost of living in this war has bor disputes construed to be contrary to dustr} and become part of the new base; and risen less than during World War I. There public interest. It also would outlaw violent the reason for additional price increases may be some cause for satisfaction in this picketing and boycotts, provide for civil which contribute further to the profits of comparison. However, this is indeed a weak suits against violation of labor contracts, and the industry. test of the effectiveness of this crucial eco- make unions subject to injunction. predicted that the Case nomic operation. We had as much right It is commonly E. General rescue to bill or one sir "a' to it will pass the House. expect victory In presenting to Congress and to congres- on the economic front as on The practicality of the situation indicates a the military front. sional committees their allegations about We have the right to compromise to "turn off the heat." Politi- test the increases in the cost of living by OPA's pricing cruelties, industry pressure cally, the Case bill is a "hot potato." the necessity there may have been for mak- groups generally have omitted any reference ing them. The evidence shows that the peo- to the special price increasing mechanism [From the Portland Oregonian of February ple of this country could have been which OPA has provided for those individual saved 2, 1946] billions of dollars in their own purchases firm- or groups of firms which are not satis- THE STRIKE CONTROL BILL and in the expenditures of the Government fled with the specific regulations themselves. if price increases had been made only on the The Case strike control bill may never be- Among these special mechanisms there is basis of need. come law in its present form, but the 258- one referred to in OPA as the general rescue to-114 vote by which the House of Repre- We are conscious of the fact that OPA regulation. This regulation- provides relief sentatives substituted it for President Tru- made some of these whenever a current price threatens to put increases only as the man's fact-finding legislation is indication result of great outside pressure. We are con- any manufacturer out of business. Such a that Congress finally is ready to do some- scious, too, that the pressure manufacturer may apply to the OPA regional often came from thing about the national headache. The individual Congressmen and and district offices for a price increase, which groups of Con- vote was a threat to union labor and an ex- gressmen, and that OPA at times yielded will assure him of recovery of the total cost pression of lack of confidence in the Tru- reluctantly because of producing an item. it could not stand up man administration. to the pressure exerted on it. It is neither If the bill ever becomes law it will have In our judgment, the regulation is so our duty nor our responsibility to apportion loosely drawn as to remove from to be over the veto of President Truman. under price the blame for pressure-made price increases control the products of any manufacturer There is no possibility that he would with- as between OPA and some Members of Con- stand the pressure who feels that his activities are not signifi- of organized labor and gress. This committee is in a far better po- the New Deal residue of the Democratic cant enough to invite careful OPA review of sition than we are to do that job. Party, without whose support he could not his pricing methods. It removes a large share We do request, however, that this com- hope to win in 1948, whether or not he be- of the economic pressure on an inefficient mittee use its influence on behalf of price lieves the Case bill good legislation. Yet, if manufacturer to become more efficient. It control, conceived in the terms in which this vote is a true test, Congress is sufficiently underwrites a plant which is producing at price control was originally adopted; that is, aroused to force through some measure which less than capacity, when capacity production the protection of the consumer, the protec- will greatly restrict the power of the unions. might be necessary for economic production. tion of the economy of the Nation as a whole, Marquis Childs, in a column on this page, It provides for price control on the basis of the protection of Government expenditures. Interprets the vote as the political reflection self-regulation with only the most perfunc- While OPA cannot undo much of the harm of a plot by organized industry to break tory and rubber stamp type of review by organized labor. Unquestionably, Congress that has been done, we insist that OPA be OPA. It is a surrender to a kind of price con- is in the mood to restrict, if not to punish, permitted and required to maintain its spe- trol which OPA had resisted in the past as the unions. But this is not an attitude born cific price controls until there is clear evi- being inflationary, and as price overnight as the sole result of Industry's escallation dence that price control is no longer needed, rather than price control. efforts to lay all the blame on labor. It is and to administer its price controls on the the cumulative result of many labor excesses, SUMMARY basis of protection for the country as a whole of demonstrated impotency of the executive In summary, we have seen for a period of instead of a segment thereof, and prevent branch to meet the crisis strongly and im- 3 or 4 years the price-control agency, which further damage to the consumer and to the partially, of conviction no longer to be denied was set up to hold the price line, yield again Nation as a whole. that America is on the brink of an economic APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD A623 debacle which, if It occurs, will pull the who are trying to do right get caught with creameries close? The answer is that whole world structure down with it and en- unfair competition who are in the black the creamery industry is the only market, with the result that they are taking dairy danger the peace. producers' industry which was forced by For many years Congress has been passing our customers away. It just isn't right. and advance the Government controls to go through all legislation to protect Mr. Speaker, I call attention to the claimed rights of organized labor. If the of the war with less than normal total pendulum swings the other way, labor can- charge that this OPA is responsible for volume. The creameries were compelled not hold itself entirely blameless. Too often a black market condition referred to by a to cease operation or face financial dis- 'n the struggle between unions and manage- man who knows just what the situation aster because of a condition created by ment the interests of the public have been is because he is confronted with it every the Government. sacrificed. day. The time has come for Congress to Mr. Speaker, this is a matter which The Case bill would require unions to be take some action. and It would demands attention and the time has responsible for their actions, Mr. Speaker, authorize civil suits for damages against I call attention to the came for OPA to change its pricing poli- either employer or employees for violation of fact that butter production and hold- cies regarding this important agricul- a labor contract. It would prohibit violent ings have decreased to the lowest point tural industry. It is one of the most im- picketing and organized boycott, and subject on record. Obviously some action must porta::t foods we have today, and it unions to the liability of injunction. It be taken to correct this situation. We should be accorded every consideration would establish a national labor-manage- are confronted with a situation where by the governmental agencies which ex- ment mediation board and require unions to consumers face an ercise jurisdiction striking. exceedingly low sup- over it at the present give 30 days' notice before ply for several months time. Some of these provisions adapt themselves to come and unless to abuse, and safeguards should be erected. OPA corrects its policies many creameries Fair-minded persons do not wish to see the which produced butter will go out of busi- unions destroyed, nor do thoughtful persons ness. When these creameries shut down believe that they can be destroyed by this it will mean that hundreds of thousands The Order of St. Augustine or any other legislation In our time. But of dairy farmers will find no market for with 1,200,000 workers already on strike, can their milk. It is well to remember in EXTENSION OF REMARKS anyone wish to continue to drift into OF disaster? The unions should have equal re- this connection that in 1941, 115,500,000,- sponsibility with management.. 000 pounds of milk were produced. In HON. THOMAS 1945 it appears that the total production J. LANE reached about 123,000,000,000 pounds. OF MASSACHUSETTS Notwithstanding this increased milk pro- IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Butter Situation Critical duction the butter manufactured in 1945 Friday, February 8, 1946 was some 471,000,000 pounds less than in Mr. LANE. Mr. Speaker, under leave EXTENSION OF REMARKS 1941. This represents a loss in butter to extend my remarks in the RECORD, I production of about 25 percent and when OF wish to include herein an address which Army needs were met civilians had 43 was delivered by Rev. Charles F. Hart, HON. LAWRENCE H. SMITH percent less butter last year as compared O. S. A., of St. Mary's Parish, Lawrence, OF WISCONSIN to 1941. Mass., over a local radio station: I call attention to a further pertinent IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES THE ORDER OF ST. AUGUSTINE-CONTRIBUTION fact. namely: that the production of but- TO THE RELIGIOUS. EDUCATIONAL, AND CUL- Friday, February 8, 1946 ter during December of 1945 was 50 per- TURAL LIFE OF THE COUNTRY DISCUSSED BY Mr. SMITH of Wisconsin. Mr. Speak- cent less than the corresponding month REV. CHARLES F. HART, O. S. A., SUB-PRIOR OF er, so many of us have taken the floor of.1941. This is indeed an alarming sit- ST. MARY'S PARISH, IN A RECENT RADIO ADDRESS to protest critical shortages that have uation. Not only are the consumers short The contribution of the glorious Order of of this important food item but the mar- St. Augustine to the religious, educational, existed for some time in the hope that and cultural l'fe the situation would be corrected. I rise kets for the farmers are steadily de- of this country, including creasing also and ultimately we will be the Greater Lawrence area which it has served again to protest and call attention to the for almost 100 years was discussed by Rev. situation existing with one of our most faced with a critical condition on the Charles F. Hart, O. S. A., of St. Mary's important foods, namely butter. Appar- farms and in the cities. Parish for a radio audience recently when ently all I can do is raise my voice in During the war emergency, specific he was guest speaker on the Catholic Truth protest against those policies which have price formulas were issued by Govern- period. been established by the OPA and which ment agencies that were intended to di- His address which contains many facts of particular interest in this community fol- today are responsible for existing condi- vert production from butter to'cheese, lows: whole mil' powder, evaporated milk, and tions. The name "Augustinian" is one which is I have a letter from a most prominent so forth. Restriction orders were placed familiar to most of the faithful of the arch- constituent who is a retail merchant. It on the sale of whipping cream, fluid milk diocese of Boston. In Lawrence and Au- is couched in strong language and I set it and coffee cream, ice cream, and the dover, of course, they know this order be- out solely for the purpose of bringing to manufacture of certain cheeses other cause Augustinians have for almost a cen- the attention of this House the attitude than cheddar, to insure the production tury been their parish priests. Others know the order throuZh its of men in businest toward the OPA and of sufficient butter and other dairy prod- mission band which forces, lend-lease, and has for the past 50 years been preaching re- its pricing policies. Mr. Speaker, we can ucts for the armed treats, missions, and novenas in their trace all of these shortages to OPA. I civilians. These limitation orders were churches. There are some, too, in the submit herewith a copy of a letter and terminated September 1, 1945, and a tre- archdiocese who know the order of St. Au- have purposely omitted his name, so that rr :ndous demand has developed for fluid gustine because their sons or cousins or the Government "gestapo" will not re- milk and sweet cream. With prices of nephews have entered the order as priests taliate and attempt to put him out of sweet cream at 80 cents to $1 per pound or brothers. But, no matter how well people of butterfat, the butter manufacturer know individual Augustinians, It seems that business. The letter follows: they know little about the order, its history. FEBBUARY 4, 1946. cannot compete with those prices when its characteristic spirit, its numbers. They DE.R LARRY:The enclosed booklet was of his product is fixed by the 1942 ceiling also know very little about the story of the great interest to us fellows who are trying to of 46 cents per pound of butter whole- Augustinians in the Boston area, how they serve the public. When you have people com- sale, Chicago. came to make their foundations here, how ing in offering to pay any reasonable price It is interesting to note that approxi- long they have been here ministering in our lor butter and we have to refuse, it just isn't mately 850 creameries have ceased to op- midst. lair. People who work must have butter. erate since 1941. This represents about The Order of St. Augustine is one of the The past 2 weeks have seen the biggest black so-called mendicant orders. Such orders market that I have ever seen in all of my one-fifth of the creameries operating in are called mendicant because originally they years of business. It stinks. Why In h- the prewar period, and is evidence of a supported themselves by begging. Only four don't they allow the law of competition to serious casualty in an important segment such orders exist in the church; the others control the price and quantity of foods. For of the Nation's small businesses. It is a are the Franciscans, the Dominicans, and 100 years that law has worked. We fellows fair question to ask: Why did those the Carmelites. As the name "Augustinian" A624 APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD would indicate the order traces its founda- It was from Ireland that the first Augus- brothers, nine of whom now teach the older tion to St. Augustine. Doubtless there is no tinians came to this country. In 1794, just boys in our schools. one who does not know something about St. 5 years after George Washington was elected Rev. James T. O'Rilly, O. S. A., came to Augustine. He was so versatile a saint and first President of the United States, Father Lawrence in 1886. During his long pas. excelled in so many things that almost every- John Rosseter came to Philadelphia from torate of 39 years much was accomplished for one reveres him for a different reason. For Dublin. Seven years later in 1801, the first Catholicity in the city. some he is the great sinner who became a Augustinian church, that of St. Augustine, The oldest Augustinian in the United great saint; he is for them the humble author was erected a few blocks from the Islaware States, and the second oldest priest in the of the Confessions. Others think of him as River in Philadelphia. During the first 50 archdioceses of Boston is the Reverend the majestic doctor of the church, the bril- years of our existence in the United States, Daniel J. O'Mahoney who has spent 65 years liant thinker who, because of his untiring Saint Augustine's, Philadelphia, was the in the priesthood and having passed his 4 labor in defense of the church, became known cradle and mother-house of the province. score and 10 years is still active at St. Mary's. as the hammer of the heretics. Others still This latter title it had to eventually relin- On the occasion of his sixtieth anniversary think of him as the great preacher, the quish to Villanova. From this foundation of his ordination Cardinal Dougherty of ;indly, lovable, simple man of God who missioners went forth through Pennsylvania, Philadelphia wrote the following: taught them the truths of their religion in New Jersey, New York and into New England. "Upon my arrival in Manila in 1903, it was a language which everybody could under- There are at the present time over 50 Au- a happiness to meet yourself and the late be- stand. One could indefinitely relate the gustinian foundations in this country. There loved Father McErlain, your companion, and many-sided genius which he was; one would are houses of the order in the archdioceses to learn from you, who had already la- have to mention his fame as a philosopher, of Philadelphia, New York, Chicago, Detroit, bored in that difficult field, the state of af- a psychologist, a man who penetrated the Milwaukee, Los Angeles, Boston and Havana, fairs in that country and especially the dif- mysteries of religion, a theologian who is Cuba: and in the dioceses of Brooklyn, Cam- ficulties which confronted all of us because regarded as one of the world's great stylists. den, Ogdenburg, Albany, Lansing, San Diego, of a schism and the effects of the insurrection Few people, however, seem to be aware that Rockford and Tulsa. In addition to its first against Spain and then against the St. Augustine was also one of the founders parishes and mission band, the order con- United States. of the monastic life. When he was 33 years ducts many. high schools. "It was due in no small measure to your- of age, by the grace of God working through Villanova College, located a few miles from self and Father McErlain that the interests the wise counsels of St. Ambrose and through Philadelphia, was founded in 1842. It is the of the Catholicity in that country is in a the prayers and good example of his mother, oldest Catholic college in Pennsylvania and flourishing condition." St. Monica, he returned to the faith of his the leading Catholic engineering school of The Very Reverend Mortimer A. Sullivan, childhood. He went back then from Italy to the East. serving his third term as provincial of the his home In north Africa. There he was The Preparatory Seminary is at Staten Province of St. Thomas of Villanova, is a joined by friends and disciples and with Island, N. Y., the Novitiate at New Hamburg, native of Lawrence There are 35 parishes in them he began to live the life of a monk. His N. Y., the Collegiate at Villanova, and the the province. Two hundred and fifty-four sister imitated his example and founded a School of Theology at Washington, D. C. priests in the province devote themselves to similar group for women. For all of these The second apostolic delegate in the United educational missionary, and parochial du- he wrote his rule. This rule of St. Augustine, States was Msgr. Sebastian Martinelli. ties. one of the earliest In the church, shares with He was an Augustinian and at the time of Loyalty to the church, to its teaching, and the rule of St. Benedict and that of St. Basil his assignment he was also created arch- to its head and confidence in supernatural the honor of antiquity and venerability bishop of Epheus in August of 1896. At this strength, gained through the sacraments, es- amnong all the various rules which have been time he was serving his second term as prior pecially the blessed eucharist, are the sov- composed for the guidance of monks and general of the Augustinian order. He was ereign remedies which the Augustinian nuns. Some hundreds of other institutes made cardinal on April 15, 1901. Fathers of this archdiocese have ever recom- have chosen it for their religious guidance, As long ago as 1818 an Augustinian, Father mended to the faithful. So great was Augustine's love for the com- Philip Larisey, labored in this archdiocese. They have always considered it a great mon life that he continued in it even after He came first to New Bedford, where he built privilege to be able to share in the good he had become a bishop After the death a small church. Then for a few years he en- work of this outstanding center of religious of the saint, many monasteries were found- gaged in missionary work in Boston, where faith. A manifestation of religious faith ed in Africa, Europe, and Asia which followed he built a small chapel which he named St. was exemplified, under the leadership of His his rule. These monks were called frequent- Augustine's of South Boston. Previous to Excellency Archbishop Richard J. Cushing, ly the Hermits of St. Augustine, though they 1818 he had done missionary work in New- in the recent campaign for a Catholic hos- never united into one order. As a matter of foundland. He was the first to preach in pital in Greater Lawrence. The present vital fact, before the thirteenth century, there Irish in Boston. It is recorded that Bishop need of such an institution was realized by were no orders in the sense we know them- de Cheverus, of Boston, kept in his desk a a doctor. who is an alumnus of Villanova as great unions of religious-all living under document appointing Father Larisey, vicar College, and by Augustinian Fathers. the same constitutions and obedient to the general and administrator of the diocese, in Archbishop Cushing, an apostle of charity same general superior. It was not until case of the bishop's death. to this . ty. promised, at the solemn pontifi- 1256 that Pope Alexander, desirous of ob- Later on the Augustinians established par- cal Mass of thanksgiving, in St. Mary's taining unity among the various independ- ishes in Lawrence, Andover, Methuen, Bal- Church on Saturday, September 22, 1945, a ent Augustinian monasteries, brought them lardvale, and Wilmington. At the present refuge for the old folks in appreciation of together under one name and decreed that time they have seven churches in Lawrence, the cooperation and generosity of the people their organization was to be similar to that of which St. Mary's is the largest and most of Grepter Lawrence. of the recently founded mendicant orders. beautiful in all New England with the excep- The Augustinians remember with great The history of the Order'of Saint Augus- tion of the cathedral in Boston. They also pride the contributions which have been tine during the Middle Ages was a glorious have the Immaculate Conception Church in made by their brethren who have gone be- one. There were at one time in Europe Lawrence, which will celebrate its one-hun- fore them and who now enjoy the reward 30.000 Augustinians in 25 provinces. Au- dredth anniversary this year. of their labors. They have confidence that gustinian scholars taught at Paris and Ox- In the fall of 1848, the Reverend James the Augustinians of the future will continue ford. Augustinian missioners sailed with O'Donnell, O. S. A., built St. Mary's Chapel to bring to the faithful, whose servants they the first Spanish explorers to the New World. on Oak Street, Lawrence. The holy sacrifice are, the good tidings of the Gospel and the There was an Augustinian on the first ship of the Mass was first offered there in January spirit of their illustrious founder, who said that reached the Philippines. It was an Au- of 1849. The cornerstone of the present mag- "Thou has made us for Thyself, O God. and gustinian who foundei the first university nificent edifice was laid on August 19, 1866. our heart is restless until it rests in Thee." on the North American continent, that of The present church was completed under Mexico. There were Augustinian missioners the direction of Father Galberry and was in Japan as early as the sixteenth century. dedicated on September 3, 1871. Father Gal- Father Gregory Mendel, the world renowned berry, 0. S. A., became the fourth Bishop of Fifteen Billion Dollars More? discoverer of the laws of heredity, was an Hartford, Conn., in 1875. Augustinian. Unfortunately, the growth In August of 1859, Father O'Donnell intro- and expansion of the order was interrupted duced the Sisters of Notre Dame, who es- EXTENSION OF REMARKS by the religious revolution of the sixteenth tablished the parochial school that has de- OF century and very many of the flourishing veloped to such great proportions. These provinces of Europe were destroyed. It was sisters, at the present time, administer to the HON. HOMER D. ANGELL only in the countries which remained com- spiritual education of the children of the OF OREGON pletely Catholic that the order continued in four Augustinian parishes of Lawrence as HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES its previous happy state, that is, in Italy, well as to the children of St. Augustine's IN THE Ireland and Spain. The monastery, college, parish in Andover. Friday, February8, 1946 and university of the Escorial are conducted The Xaverlan Brothers were invited in the pursuant by the Augustinian Fathers. One hundred year 1889 to teach the boys of St. Mary's Mr. ANGELL. Mr. Speaker, and seven Augustinian Fathers of the Escor- parish. It would be impossible to compute to leave heretofore granted, I include in ial Monastery were murdered in the recent the good that has been accomplished in St. my remarks the following article by Spanish Civil War. Mary's parish under the guidance of these Frank C. Waldrop, which appeared in a APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD A625 In all, we are asked to make recent issue of the Washington .Times- direct loans We observe that the ultraconservatism of of not less than $15,000,000,000 abroad to your division engineer has Herald: precluded his use finance countries which publicly and of- of some of the factors. He has based his en- srFTEENBILLION DOLLARS MORE? ficially denounce capitalism and the dollar tire report, as applied to this project, upon (By Frank C. Waldrop) sign. the first and fourth of these steps, leaving Money. Money. Money. Everybody cusses Over and above that we are asked to be the out entirely the undeveloped tonnage and fu- it, yet everybody collects it If he can. No- principal underwriter of the international ture growth of the area. We believe these, body knows who invented it and very few bank designed at Bretton Woods. too, should be considered by this Board when people even claim to understand it. So you can see that the much-abused making your recommendations. These we And though practically everybody knows United States dollar is somewhat in demand' shall discuss later. how to get rid of it, not so many know how abroad. And very popular, too. But the Your engineers selected the year 1939 as to hold onto it. Strange stuff. United States taxpayer who will have to the base year for your study-this is under- Through a great deal of luck, energized by finance all these glamorous enterprises-Oh, standable though we believe it to be a com- brains and work, we Americans of the pres- well! He's very rich, very generous. And he paratively light year. We can find no fault doesn't ent day have inherited the greatest power of need it, anyhow. for your having accepted it as the basic year wealth ever known to man. and, since it was so selected by the engineers, Our natural wealth is converted and made we believe that it should be adhered to quite effective through the medium of money. rigidly all the way across the board in the And it could not be made effective in any Red River Lateral Canal course of your study. We emphasize this other known way. No other invention has point because the opponents of this project have proposed that this Board consider the ever been brought forth for measuring and EXTENSION OF REMARKS of recent closing of one industry as a basis for trading in values as efficiently as in terms or money. refusing the acceptance of the division engi- It is also true that nothing can get away HON. OVERTON BROOKS neer's recommendations. We maintain this from you quicker than this same money if should not be done because: you don't have sense in using it. OF LOUISIANA 1. Some base year has to be accepted. Let's do a little figuring and see how our IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 2. If decreases are accepted, then increases of Americans are han- would have to be accepted and a whole new present generation Friday, February 8, 1946 dling their money. We have just come out study would evolve; and we all agree that this of a world war with a public debt now rising Mr. BROOKS. Mr. Speaker, under project has been in the hands of the engi- past $275,000,000,000. leave to extend my remarks in the REC- neers long enough. Therefore, we believe 1939 should be adhered to as rigidly Whether this capital debt will ever be ORD,I include the following arguments in as pos- knows. But one fact we sible. paid off, nobody favor of the Red River lateral canal by can all take . look at now: It costs us in It shall be pointed out later today that the neighborhood of $5,500,000,000 a year just Ed C. Burris, general manager, Shreve- percentage-wise, the over-all tonnage ship- to pay the interest and service charges. port Chamber of Commerce, secretary- ped into and out of the area has increased The war has produced some very inter- manager Red River Valley Improvement tremendously during the past 5 years and, ac- esting developments on United States money Association: cordingly, any decrease made possible by vir- one of those people tue of one industry abroad in case you are It is gratifying indeed to have the privilege having shut down would well, after all we only owe have been more than who says, "Oh, of coming before this Board in support of offset by increases in the debt to ourselves. We spent it all right other industries, were a later year accepted. here at home so no harm is done to the a project that means so much economically to the community in which Even so, I should like to place before your total national wealth." I live and to the area that constitutes its trade territory. honorable body some information relative to The latest figures show that between I first appeared before this Board approxi- the petroleum industry in our area A lo- March 1941 and October 1945 we spent $46.- mately 5 years ago in support of this project. cality that has produced oil since 1906 and 040,054,000 on the lend-lease program. This has for many years produced some 28,000.000 represents a considerable amount of wealth Since that time, world-wide event have pre- cluded your honorable body from devoting tons of petroleum annually, has seen within of the United States distributed through the Louisiana any time or energy to civil projects except section, to sat nothing of lend-lease agreements with the following the east Texas area, some 33 different re- countries: those of primary concern to our military program. fineries since 1927, the earliest available rec- Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Can- It ords. Now. as a matter of fact. there has ada, Chile, China, Columbia, Costa Rica, is gratifying indeed that we can now once again turn our attention to those proj- not been 33 differently constructed refineries. Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Dominican Republic, The one that recently ects that have for their prime purpose the announced that it Ecuador, El Salvador, Ethiopia, France, would be closed down has been reorganizedr Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Ice- building and strengthening of the economy of our great Nation. three times previously and we have reasons land, Iraq, Liberia, Mexico, Netherlands, New to believe this may happen again. It has Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Paraguay, Peru, The Army engineers have been most con- servative in their studies of navigation to not been dismantled or destroyed Poland, South Africa, Turkey, United King- Then, too, new oil fields are being discov- dom, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Shreveport, La. They are to be congratu- lated for their conservatism, even though ered at frequent intervals, the latest having Uruguay, Venezuela, and Yugoslavia. been announced on January 6 of this year in The foregoing is just a list of nations with those of us who reside in communities, the fortune of which are at stake, would have Natchitoches Parish. La., adjacent to Red which we had formal agreements. It does River. New oil fields are contributory to new not by any means signify that we didn't send you be a little more lenient in your analysis. We are proud, however, to observe that navi- refineries and increased refining capacity, lend-lease anywhere else in the world, or once shipping mediums are provided that otherwise spent money abroad. gation to Shreveport has stood the acid test of your conservatism and has met with the will enable refineries to operate economically We also developed Army and Navy Estab- approval of your district and division en- and ship their products.to markets through- lishments throughout something like 45 ma- gineers. out the Nation on a competitive basis, the jor depots around the world outside of our We observe the Army engineers have se- refining industry in the Red River area will own borders and spent as yet incompletely lected the year 1939 as the basic year for become more stabilized and will undoubtedly totaled billions to maintain and supply their study. Each intervening year since increase in capacity. them. that time has had more tonnage originate Even though there have been 33 refineries And of the billions of dollars worth of and terminate in the Southwest than was since 1927, there never have been more than United States goods exported abroad for the evident in that year. 10 or less than 5 at any one time. The dailt maintenance of our fighting forces, by far A study of reports made by the engineers crude capacity has never exceeded 70,000 the most will stay wherever it now is. on navigation projects discloses that in past barrels and never less than 44.000 barrels. So chalk up X billions in United States years four major factors were considered The average for period was 53.000 barrels and wealth abroad over and above lend-lease yet in arriving at the total benefits to be in- for 1945, 5C 530 barrels. Thus, the refining to be totaled. curred. First, the tonnage available for capacity has remained rather constant, de- Even that isn't all. For now that the shipment by water as of fixed year upon spite periodic reorganization of various re" shooting is over, in come our handsome allies which the study was based. Second, unde- fineries. with their hands out again. Our Socialist veloped tonnage, that is, tonnage that the We were most interested when analyzing British Allies are asking $4,400,000,000 and are survey could not establish because of the the reports prepared by the Corps of Engi- grouching because they don't get more. inadequate opportunity of making proper neers comparatively with that prepared by Communist-tinged China wants $2,100,000,- contacts and proper analysis. Third, the the Department of Public Works of the State 000 minimum. Socialist-Communist France future growth of the area. Fourth, other of Louisiana. We were first impressed by the is talking about $2,500,000,000 minimum. benefits such as drainage, recreation, and relative closeness of their estimate in arriv- Communist Russia has suggested that she indirect savings; and, of course, balanced ing at tonnage and savings to be incurred. won't take less than $6,000,600,000. There against these was the cost factor of construc- On the other hand, we were equally as im- are other countries lined up behind with tion, maintenance, operation, and amortiza- pressed with the differences that existed in hands out, too. tion. the reports. XCII-App.- 40 A626 APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD

It is easily understandable that there would priately clear through these river points were ing the decade of 1930 to 1940, the last avail. be discrepancies between the two reports water navigation available, although it does able census report, was 13 percent gain for because the studies were approached quite not clear through these points at this time. the period. I do not know what it has been differently. There was available to the Army Therefore, any study confined to river points since that time as we have no accurate esti- rnglneers information that was not available cannot possibly include the total possible mate. There is no reason why this increase to the department of public works. On the savings. will not continue under any normal condi- other hand, the department of public works, At best, such studies are merely indicators. tions and there is every reason to believe that with the aid of specialists secured from the They are not claimed by those Who compiled the construction of this proposed canal University of Louisiana, together with the them to be absolutely correct since many and would substantially augment this increase voluntary assistance secured up and down varied forms of transportation by which ton- since it would make possible the erection the river, were able to make a more detailed nage is shipped makes it impossible to make and successful operation of business enter- study in some directions than was possible a complete study, hence the variances in the prises that, at the present time, must seek for the representatives of this board during two reports. location elsewhere because of advantages the brief period of time they had to devote The engineers' report does not include un- made possible to them by transportation to the project. developed tonnage-we believe it should. channels constructed at the Government's * So we observe that the Army engineers Undeveloped tonnage might better be re- expense. have submitted approximately 300,000 tons ferred to as undiscovered tonnage-much of In our opinion, one of the prime factors per annum that does not appear at all in it was in existence at the time of survey, but deserving of consideration the report of the department of public works. when approach- was not discovered by those doing the re- ing a project of this kind, is what effect will On the other hand, the department of public search. It has been the previous practice it have upon the economy works, on several different commodities, have of the area and of of Army engineers in their analysis of every the Nation. For this reason, we believe that shown an appreciably greater tonnage than project that it has been my privilege to consideration of was shown by the Army engineers. This, too, the future effect of this analyze, to give percentagewise, an allowance project upon the area tributary to Red River is understandable, if the approach to the for undeveloped tonnage. In the reports we is of prime problem is taken into consideration. The importance. The possible future have studied this has varied from 15 to 25 tonnage should Army engineers analyzed waybills which be given every consideration percent. We are not disposed to indicate by the Army engineers in their study. were mostly, if not all, the waybills of rail what allowances should be made relative to carriers. Consequently, they could not indi- With each increase in population, existing this project, but it does seem that in all avenues of distribution will handle more cate tonnage hauled by contract carriers and fairness a similar, proportional, percentage- shippers who hauled their own products be- merchandise and new avenues will be estab- wise allowance for undeveloped tonnage on lished, if the population is to be adequately cause they could do so more cheaply than this project would be sound. The experience served-hence more tonnage will be shipped. v:as possible under existing shipping condi- of the engineers we believe has, with very tions. few If any exceptions, justified For example, nearly 2,000,000 people reside such allow- within the Shreveport trade area. an area As a result,, the department of public ances. The tonnage on projects upon which that can best be served by Shreveport under works report shows some 90,000 more tons they have made estimates has, after a short present conditions, as against competitive of cotton will be shipped by this medium period, increased substantially beyond their distribution points. This population, than does the Army engineers. Their esti- estimate, the most glaring illustration per- of centagewise, is showing a substantial growth mate on iron pipe and steel products is ap- which is the intercoastal canal. Most inland from year to year. This natural growth will proximately 266,000 tons greater than was waterways are carrying more tonnage than call for increased tonnage by itself, but on the estimate of the Army engineers. The was estimated by the Army engineers during department of public works shows 122,000 the course of their study the other hand, when a lower cost shipping and most of these medium is made available, i that in-bound more tons of beverage than does the survey studies included a percentage for undevel- freight can be brought of the Army engineers and approximately oped tonnage. into the communities 21,600 more tons of canned products and along-Red River at a lower cost than at pres- The trade territory of Shreveport includes ent, corresponding proportional increase in other a radius of approximately the trade area will be extended. Fur- 100 miles, consist- thermore, a greater percentage products. These estimates have to do with ing of 25 parishes in northwest of the mate- Louisiana, rials necessary to supply these people will be shipments both north and south bound. some 20 counties in east Texas, and 5 counties shipped through these river ports, thus add- If these two studies were combined and if in southwest Arkansas. This is the area that ing to the future growth of the top figures were accepted in each of the can best be served from Shreveport the tonnage to be as com- carried by the proposed canal. studles, there would be added to a gross pared to any other major distributing point. There overall tonnage available some 597,000 more The city of Alexandria, farther downstream, is within the Red River area vast tons than now exist in the present engineers' can best serve the whole of central basic undeveloped or only partially developed Louisiana natural report, or a grand total of 1.789,000 tons. on products of which the cost of shipping resources that will provide much The figures are quite impressive, but. even constitutes a major portion of the selling tonnage for this proposed canal. Chief more impressive are the savings. The 597,000 price. A tremendous tonnage for that whole among these, perhaps, is the vast Iron ore tons additional represent a savings of area would be developed were navigation pos- deposits near the head of the proposed navi- gation canal. A large $24,000,000 blast fur- $1,866,000 which, when added to the esti- sible. More especially would this be of value mates of the Army engineers, brings the to the Federal Government in connection nace was built by the Government during grand total to $5,061,000. Should not this with maneuvers and the operation of Camp the course of the war, near these deposits. time, private capital is mak- Board accept this tonnage? It was arrived Polk, in central Louisiana, the last camp hav- At the present ing arrangements to construct auxiliary at honest men, experts in their field, after a ing been recently declared by the Army to be plants that.will careful survey. one of their permanent installations. use pig iron from these great furnaces, thus The department of public works will jus- The Corps of Engineers, in developing and assuring the making this enterprise. Once it gets under- tify their own estimates, but I should like to study, made no allowance for future growth future of this way, large quantities of these products will point out a few factors of interest. They of contributory areas, although this has been were a little too conservative to satisfy many. previously practiced by the engineers be shipped via this proposed canal. Then, in con- too, economic studies have indicated that The economic specialists working for that nection with such studies. It is fully realized coal from either the Alabama, Tennessee, or body went to rather extended lengths in their that any projection of estimates into the West Virginia areas will efforts to find every possible cost that could future may prove a harzardous fallacy. Even be shipped by barge into the area to blend with existing coal be deducted from potential savings. Take so, the steady growth of the area in the past make a better coking coal. petroleum as an illustration: During the indicates continued growth in supply so as to the future and This is all future tonnage, but it is real. course of their analysis of shipping cost of points to an expansion over the life of this tonnage that such canals will petroleum products by barge as compared to project that deserves It's the type of consideration. aid in developing and, by doing so, aid the other carriers, the construction, liquidation, Such growth in tonnage may be influenced great steel industry of America to further and amortization, and operation of terminal by several different factors: First, popula- decentralize so as to be less vulnerable to facilities both at the point of origin and the tion; second, industrial expansion; third, dis- attack in event of future wars. point of destination, were included by the tribution development; and then, of course, There is an evident tendency to further de- economists. An analysis of their work sheet the discovery of new basic resources. We will convince any individual that there is no shall deal with each of these briefly. centralize industry throughout the United padding in their potential tonnage or in To increase the number of people does States. This trend will undoubtedly gain their potential savings. not necessarily indicate a proportional In- momentum during the years immediately It Is realized, however, by all, that during crease in tonnage available for the proposed ahead. The construction of this canal will the short period available to them for their canal. On the other hand, one can scarcely serve to bring into the area adjacent to Red study, it was impossible for them to study all deny that people do serve as an index for River many of the heavier industries that commodities and, consequently, only selected estimating tonnage. Therefore, the popula- look to water transportation as their prime products were analyzed. This study was also tion growth of the area might prove of in- medium of shipping. These new industries, confined almost exclusively to river points, terest during the course of your deliberation many of which are making inquiry now as to rather than points of origin, 15, 20, or more relative to this project. From 1910 through localities throughout the area, plus expansion miles from the stream, even though this 1930, over a period of 20 years, the increase in the existing pulp and paper industry, plus would appropriately come within the terri- of population in area tributary to Red River the developing of the iron industry and steel- tory involved. Much of the tonnage shipped was 22.8 percent or slightly more than 1 per- fabricating industry, as well as industries that to other cities within the area could appro- cent per annum. Whereas, the growth dur- will utilize other basic resources of the area, APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD A627 give substantial assurance of a more than greatly enhanced by the approval of this when Congress acted upon the Surplus average growth over the life of this project. loan; and Property bill. Congress was urged to The engineers have allowed on other proj- Whereas in the present demoralized condi- rush the legislation. established Whenever the ects as much as 25 percent of the tion of the world, we believe it highly essen- Congress is forced into a position where tonnage as of the date of the survey for fu- tial to the restoration of all the nations that ture growth and development. Therefore we we do everything possible to preserve Great the battle cry is "Rush the legislation- believe you would be justified in allowing 25 Britain as a first-class power, not only be- don't read it," the legislation usually re- percent additional tonnage for future growth cause they are our natural allies but more sults in the creation of a bureau and a on this project. This would be in keeping especially in this work of restoration and re- vast delegation of authority to that bu- with previous practices of the engineers, and habilitation our nation can not do all the reau, instead of the Congress approach- would, we believe, prove extremely sound in- things needed by itself. We believe also that ing the subject and writing a law con- enlightened self-interest dictates the neces- the years ahead. cerning it. This is not an accident, it is There is one other factor that we would sity of aiding this country so that they in like .to call to the attention of this honorable turn may contribute to this great work which exactly what the New Deal bureaucrats board. That is, the cost of financing this is so vital. There is no question but what want. It gives the bureaus power to reg- program. It is estimated by the engineers this loan will be of enormous benefit in ulate and control. It makes it possible that this project would cost approximately opening to us the export and import markets for a bureaucrat to say to his stenogra- $42,000,000 and that the annual cost of in- of all nations; and the consequent prosperity pher, "Miss Jones, take a law." terest on this project based at 3 percent derived from this more than justifies the risk A returned veteran, who wished to which is involved: Therefore be it would be $1,355,000. You will observe that again take up farming in Nebraska and Resolved, That the board of directors of the riteis 3 percent. Under current condi- who was unable to buy any farm ma- tions, we believe this project could readily be the Houston Cotton Exchange and Board of financed with bonds bearing 2 percent or less. Trade wishes to go on record as unanimously chinery from dealers, because of the This would make possible an annual savings approving the ratification of this loan. strike and other work stoppages, writes of approximately $150,000 or a sum equiva- as follows: lent to approximately 14 percent of the full I've also tried to buy from the Office of estimated savings in the engineers' report. Surplus Property which is a total flop as We would recommend that the Board of Engi- The Disposal of Surplus Property Should far as benefiting the veteran, then I find neers for Rivers and Harbors reanalyze the in the paper where the recent sale at Fort cost of financing since a substantial savings Be Investigated Thoroughly Crook, Nebr., brought in the most money of might be possible and thus provide a broader its kind in the United States, which alone margin in the economic justification of this proves little benefit do we get out of it, project. EXTENSION OF REMARKS and anyone should understand that a vet- We assure you that we offer no criticism OF eran's financial standing isn't very high in of the conservative methods used by the di- comparison to the public who has benefited vision engineer in arriving at his recomen- HON. CARL T. CURTIS from the high wages and prices. dation, but we do believe that this honor- OF NEBRASKA able body would be justified in adjusting An enterprising business concern in this estimate of the cost of financing so IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Nebraska set out to create a new industry that the project may have the full benefit to employ veterans. Those gentlemen Thursday, February 7, 1946 of Its sound economic position. needed certain equipment and they pro- In conclusion, we respectfully recommend: Mr. CURTIS. Mr. Speaker, if there is ceeded to Omaha, Neb., to contact those First, that the Army engineers adhere to the anyone that contends that the disposal agencies handling surplus property. I year, a basic year, in the course of fixed of surplus property is being handled ef- their study so as to avoid the necessity of wish to quote a portion from that letter further survey. Second, that you allow a ficiently and in accordance with the in- leaving out, of course, the names: minimum of 15 percent of the established tent of Congress, I have been unable to We are attempting to set up a small fac- tonnage for undeveloped or undisclosed ton- locate such an individual. Reasonable tory to employ returning veterans. We have nage. Third, that you make a similar allow- people are finding just cause for com- already rented a building, hired one veteran ance of at least 20 percent of established plaint when they attempt to buy any of as foreman and have several other veterans tonnage for future growth. Fourth, that you the surplus property offered for sale by ready to go to work. Our factory is going reanalyze the interest rate, that is the cost to be utilized in building not only our own of financing, and adjust your cost of amorti- the Government. store fixtures but various related items. We is wrong with this zation accordingly and; fifth, that this hon- Certainly something need a complete set of shop equipment in- orable board increase the benefits allowed entire set-up. What conniving is going cluding lathes, table saws, band saw, jig saw, to the valley by this canal as a drainage on back of the scene in connection with sander, etc. measure (see Department of Public Works the disposal of surplus property that The first of this week we made a trip to report) and that recreation and natural de- makes it impossible for a veteran, a Omaha to attempt to buy equipment. While fense be considered during the course of farmer, a small-business man, or an edu- there, we contacted the Reconstruction Fi- deliberation. cational institution to secure what they nance Corporation located at 601 Woodmen In presenting this paper, I have dealt pri- need. Why was it, that the Honorable of the World Building, Omaha, Neb. The marily in broad, though factual principles. first individual we contacted informed us Senator from the I have left for presentation by the paper Guy Gillette, a former that he had nothing and we passed to an- that is to follow, much detail that will sub- State of Iowa, resigned after wrestling other individual who likewise had nothing stantiate these principles. with this problem for some time. Mr. and we were taken to a third individual who Gillette's honesty and integrity is unques- also had nothing but who referred us over to tioned, and the question has been asked another branch of the Reconstruction Fi- Why would not he go on with the han- nance Corporation located next to the Town Loan to Great Britain was re- dling of surplus property? Great hope Hall Theater and the same procedure peated with the exception that they re- was placed in Mr. Stuart Symington, who ferred us back over to a fourth person at EXTENSION OF REMARKS was made Surplus Property Administra- or 601 WOW Building where we again met with- tor. It was predicted that he would dis- out success. In both of these places there HON. ALBERT THOMAS play great organizational ability and were a lot of high-priced RFC employees and dis- stenographers, apparently doing very little, OF TEXAS would set up an efficient program of posal. Now Mr. Symington is leaving. if anything. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES I think that it is time to ask the ques- All this happened on January 14. On Friday,February 8, 1946 tion, what is wrong? January 16 the following ad appeared in the World Herald and I suppose in every other Mr. THOMAS of Texas. Mr. Speaker, It might be well to recall the circum- paper in the country. This is the identical under leave to extend my remarks in the stances concerning the passage of the office that we attempted to buy this scarce RECORD, I include the following resolu- original Surplus Property Act. It was equipment from. They were listing exact:y tions of the Houston Cotton Exchange late in the summer of 1944. The Con- the items that we attempted to buy. Now obviously, either they don't know what'they and Board of Trade submitted January gress was in recess and a call was sent out to hurry to Washington and enact are doing in the office, they don't know what 30, 1946: have on hand, or they are a Surplus Property Disposal Act right merchandise they Whereas there is before the Congress of just wasting a lot of the Government's money of the New Deal legislation the United States a proposed long-term loan now. Most running these ads. to Great Britain involving substantially over is put through at the last minute, and four billions of dollars, and we believe that under the threat and plea that a crisis In the State of Nebraska most cf our the economic welfare of this country is to be or emergency exists. That was true counties have a veterans' service office. A628 APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD This was set up by the Legislature of 1. Congress take such steps as are necessary changing rules, and a good old run- Nebraska and it is not financed by Fed- to insure that a continuous and vigorous around. He would have every reason to eral funds, but local funds. The situa- procedure of declaring property surplus be believe immediately instituted by the armed services. that it was never intended that tion in respect to the disposition of sur- 2. Congress designate one agency to be he should have any of this surplus prop- plus property of veterans is so bad that charged with the disposal of war goods in erty. It looks like the game is to v.ear one of our outstanding service officers, quantities suitable for individual purchase. a potential purchaser out, to the end from a Nebraska county, recently wrote That a streamlined procedure be established that he becomes disgusted and quits try- the Surplus Property Division of the Re- to the end that veterans may acquire surplus ing'to buy any surplus property. The construction Finance Corporation at war goods with a minimum of effort, travel, small businessmen, as well as the farm- Omaha, as follows: and cost. ers, veterans, and colleges, are 3. Congress provide that veterans be given not get- ting I have this morning received your circular a preference over all other, including gov- the surplus property that Congress designated as OM List No. C-3, Januay 21, ernmental units; and be it further intended that they should get. 1946. containing 16 pages of surplus steel, Resolved, That the Retraining and Reem- Mr. Speaker, an appropriate commit- aluminum and brass in bars, sheets, and ployment Administration be requested to tee should at once conduct a searching tubing, being offered for sale. bring this matter to the attention of Con- Although we were promised on October and fearless investigation of the entire gress and take any steps within its power program for disposing of surplus prop- 29, and thereafter by letters from your office, to effect the provisions of this resolution. that we would receive listings of all surplus erty. The responsibility for efficient and property being offered for sale through your Under the provisions of the GI bill of honest administration in the sale of sur- office, yet this far, the listings which I have rights, which this Congress has passed, plus property is something that cannot received have all been of the nature of the the colleges and universities of the coun- be escaped by this administration. Is one above referred to-namely, property in try are playing a very important role. the majority trying to permit this whole which no one in 1,000 veterans in this vicinity program to be cleaned up, is at all interested. This is particularly irk- They are unable to get the surplus prop- or are they some in view of the fact that in the Omaha erty that they need to better serve the going to let a huge scandal break? World Herald of January 22. 1946, you ran veterans. The colleges do find out that a large paid advertisement, listing many there is much inefficiency, blundering, articles of surplus property now available and incompetency, and negligence in the for sale, including such items as paint, and handling of surplus property. The The Future of Alaska similar commodities in which the veterans in department of one this State are interested. Is there any reason head of the physics why you can send circulars on nonwantcd of our fine midwestern colleges, in a EXTENSION OF REMARKS letter to the president of the board of material, and not give us information on the oF items in which veterans are interested? Thus trustees, which was passed on to me, far the circulars I have received describing said: HON. HOMER D. ANGELL surplus property available have been limited We have been supplied with a property list, OTOBEGOw to such items as steel sheeting, bulk plumb- issued from the RFC, coming from the Office ing supplies (in quantities much too large of Surplus Property, Aircraft Division, Edu- IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES for veterans to handle), oil dealers' supplies, cational Disposal Section, which gives spe- Friday, February 8, 1946 and horses in Wyoming. cific names and catalog numbers of Items The service officers of this State are fa- that are now available. Mr. ANGELL. Mr. Speaker, pursuant miliar with the property needed by the vet- You will be Interested in some of the facts heretofore granted, I include in erans in their community, and if we could be to leave concerning the above property lists which advised of the sale of such commodities as my remarks the following editorial which are of great concern to a college science de- you listed in the World Herald yesterday, appeared in the Portland Oregonian we which is supposed to be working could get the information out to the veteran partment January 28, 1946: with basic science and not with trade-school through our local papers, and by other means THE FUTOREOF ALASKA available. problems. In the first place, this list, which Nothing is accomplished, however, In his annual message on the State of by your circulars advertising for sal- surplus Is identified as exhibit A by the RFC, carries such things as brake assembly, bulb, air filter. the Union the President proposed that property in which not one in a thousand of Alaska be granted statehood as soon as the the veterans can possibly ignition harness, etc., the whole being useful be interested, and people of the Territory express such a desire. withholding from us information on those only as museum pieces now and are of little A few days before Mr. Truman's message items in which the veteran is vitally in- value for instruction in a physics class. The terested. whole list contains only seven items which reached Congress news dispatches from are of any practical use in science work, Seattle told of hundreds of ex-servicemen The disposal of surplus property is namely, some of the gyrolnstruments. It booking passage to Alaska in search of new such a disgraceful failure that many peo- Sseems that the colleges may become places economic opportunity. ple are alarmed about it. Only this last for dumping scrap iron from the Air Forces. These events are closely related. They also week in a conference sponsored by the The most significant thing about the list, are of great importance to the Pacific North- exhibit A, is the type of material not listed west. Alaska Is, in effect, a continuation of Labor Department the following resolu- thereon. There are no pieces of electrical this region. The Northwest is the gateway tion was passed: equipment of any kind listed-such things as to Alaska. Alaskan prosperity will help the Whereas the administration of the Surplus radio sets, radio components or repair parts, Northwest. With the new land of conti- Property Act has operated to the disadvan- cricuit-building materials, electric meters, nental United States now greatly restricted, tage of veterans of World War II, and to the radio tubes-all of which are essential in Alaska stands as one of the last vast fron- advantage of larger business firms; and teaching electronics. There are no optical tiers under American sovereignty. Whereas the military services have failed units listed; such items as discarded lenses, Yet our treatment of Alaska is not some- to act as expeditiously as possible in declar- sighting telescopes, sextants for teaching thing of which we can be proud. The na- ing property surplus; and navigation are all desirable items in class tives of the Territory are the victims of the Whereas in actual practice the process of and laboratory work. highest tubercular rate in the world; there obtaining surplus goods is so onerous, com- I have talked recently with many ex-serv- are fewer natives in Alaska now than when plicated, and involved that it is practically icemen, both offcers and enlisted personnel, we acquired the Territory from Russia in an impossibility for the individual veteran to and they tell of seeing large quantities of 1867. Alaska has neither economic nor po- make purchases; and such things as the above articles being de- litical independence. The Territory is ad- Whereas in the disposal of surplus prop- stroyed. They tell of large piles of optical, ministered from the Department of the In- erty no actual preference has been given to electrical, and mechanical equipment which terior in Washington, D. C., 5,500 miles away. the veteran; and are found around any of the airfields, but MIost of its resources are held in absentee Whereas it is essential to the economic which are not made available to anyone. I ownership, either in Seattle or in Wall Street. well-being of millions of veterans that they do not see any reason why such material In August of 1944 the late President Roose- be afforded a real opportunity to make pur- cannot be passed on to the colleges for they velt returned from Alaska and said he had chases of such surplus war goods: Now, there- will not be able to get such practical equip- met many soldiers there who hoped to settle fore, be it ment in any other way for a long time to in the Territory after the war. He announced Resblved by this conference of representa- come. an intention of setting up aids to help these tives of the Governors of the States and Ter- men get started. Yet nothing has happened. ritories called by the Retraining and Reem- It appears to me that if a small busi- Secretary Ickes submitted an inadequate ployment Administration and assembled in nessman wants to secure some surplus plan to Congress, which consisted of nothing Washington this 5th day of February 1946, property to retail to his customers, that more than an expansion of the old-line bu- That- he is faced with passing the buck, reaus under his aegis. It offered no tangible APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD A629

assistance to veterans, and Congress wisely Food Production in North Dakota Led the Nation in the production of barley. rejected it. Was second In the production of wheat. on our northern rampart, Was fourth in the production of potatoes. In a new book EXTENSION OF Opportunity in Alaska, published by the REMARKS Was third in the production of rye. Macmillan Co., George Sundborg points out OF Was third in the production of wild hay. that "had the Nation been settled at the Ranks among the leading buttermaking leisurely pace which has prevailed in Alaska, HON. CHARLES R. ROBERTSON States. we would not yet have reached the Alle- OF NORTHDAKOTA Is one of the high meat producing States. Time-not just the clock and the Ranks high in the production of poultry ghenles. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES calendar, but the time that measures ages- and eggs. has been standing still in the North." Friday, February 8, 1946 That is a remarkable record, but the cumu- Mr. Sundborg, a veteran Alaska newspaper- lative record of the last 5 years-the critical man now living in Portland, Joes on to in- Mr. ROBERTSON of North Dakota. years of the war when an all-out production sist that soldiers going to Alaska need genu- Mr. Speaker, yesterday this House of of foodstuffs was of vital concern to the Na- ine guidance and help lest they lose their Representatives passed an appropriation tion-will go down in the books as something savings. He adds that this guidance and help of $3,000,000 for a part of the Missouri phenomenal. are not now in prospect. River program which is located in North North Dakota never, previous to 1941, had compared two truly bumper crops in a row. Each of In 1944 President Roosevelt Dakota. This is the beginning of a He pointed out the last 5 years has produced superlative re- Alaska and Scandinavia. great irrigation program that will finally that Alaska is a land of vaster distances and sults in yields and quality. greater natural wealth than the Scandinavian lend stability to this northern and west- The gross cash wealth produced in the last peninsula. Yet Scandinavia has 12,000,000 ern country. 5 years amounts to $2,046,812,000. Here is inhabitants, Alaska fewer than 75,000. Why There have been drought periods when the record by years: is this? One definite reason, according to the lands of the West and North, as well 1941----...------. $248,559,000 Mr. Sundborg, is the lack of either political as the South, failed miserably to pro- 1942------. 353.035,000 or economic sovereignty in Alaska. duce their share in the Nation's food sup- 1943------.. ..------449,230,000 Tie salmon pack constitutes the Terri- ply, and consequently the people in these 1944------. 483,174.000 single most valuable resource. Yet of 1945------...-. 512,814,000 tory's areas were obliged to call upon the na- Alaska's 434 fish traps, 396 are owned by peo- ple who are not residents of Alaska. This tional treasury for assistance. Total ------.----- 2,046,812,000 means that the wealth of the Territory is There have been other seasons when In those 5 years North Dakota contributed sluiced off; it does not permanently benefit the productive capacity of North Dakota to the national supply 1.736.328,000 bushels the people who live in Alaska. In addition, has rivaled any state in the Union. The of wheat, corn. oats, barley, flax, rye, and the canneries bring up thousands of nonresi- history of North Dakota in the purchase potatoes dents to butcher the fish and can them. of bonds during the war is one of the It produced 3.653,000,000 pounds of beef, Most of these men receive their wages in pork, brilliant records among the many States mutton, and lamb-live marketable Seattle. None of the money which they earn weight; 85,000,000 pounds of turkeys; 242,- is spent in Alaska. of the Union. This brilliant record was 843,000 pounds of chickens; 2,907.000,000 dozen Mr. Sundborg has pointed out, too, that made possible because it has been favored eggs and 11,156.000,000 pounds (about 5,500,- Alaska has the highest chipping rates in the by abundant rainfall for the past few 000.000 quarts) of milk. world. The average family in Juneau, one years. It will not always be so favored- The following tabulation shows the 5-year of the southernmost cities in the Territory, the law of averages works against us. record: pays $250 a year In ocean freight rates on its With the beginning of the great water B ishels food alone. Mr. Ickes, despite many pro- program, made possible by the appro- Wheat------. 774, 890, 000 testations of liberalism, has not moved to Corn------114,724.000 yesterday, it will be only a ques- end the economic monopolies which have re- priation Oats .----. ------370, 08,000 garded Alaska as sort of a private colonial tion of years until this country will utilize Barley------. 283, 349. 000 empire. the waters of the great Missouri River to Flax------..--- - 49,967.000 In October of 1946 the residents of Alaska make it self-secure against these recur- Rye------37,725,000 will vote on statehood. This may well be the ring drought periods. Potatoes------. 9.C05.030 decisive moment in the Territory's modern Those of you who so graciously sup- history. Some elements in Alaska are oppos- Total--.------.. 1,.736.328000 ing the referendum. Today Alaska, according ported the program yesterday, which in- cluded the Garrison Dam and its reser- Livestock produced: Pounds to Gov. Ernest H. Gruening, is "the most Cattle------2,048, 000,000 lightly taxed entity under the American flag." voir, might be interested to read the Sheep------334,000,000 The Territory has no sales tax, income tax, or record of North Dakota's production last Hogs--.------. 1,281,000, C00 property tax. The opponents of statehood year. Under unanimous consent, I in- The following table shows the gross value fear that status as a State would force the clude herewith compiled figures which of North Dakota farm crops for 1945 and levying of local taxes. Advocates of statehood tell this interesting story of food produc- 1944, based on the assumption that one- reply that as long as Alaska is held in political tion in North Dakota at a time when the quarter of the oats, one-half the barley, one- serfdom by the Interior Department, It will tenth of the corn grown for grain, and one- be treated as a colonial empire-"our India," Nation was so badly in need of it: tenth of the loose hay is sold for cash, the as one young Alaskan put it. NORTH DAKOTA FARMEPS GROSS $533.814,000- remainder being fed to livestock. We cannot regard with pride our PAYMENTS record EACH AVERAGES $7,600 AS CROPS, The to date in the North. The death rate from crop figures are based on the Gov- SHATTER ALL RECORDS ernment's final estimates tuberculosis among Alaska's Indians and on production for (By Lorne Wilde) 1945 (with the foregoing exceptions) Eskimos is 650 per 100,000 population annu- times ally; this contrasts with 45 in the United North Dakota did it again in 1945. the average price for each item-to the States. The white man took to Alaska germs For the fifth consecutive year, farmers farmers-as of November 15. The livestock to which the natives had no hereditary im- of this State came through with production figures are for the amounts and values of munity. Our duty to provide adequate hos- of "bumper" proportions, smashed record livestock marketed or to be marketed in pitalization and treatment has not been ful- after record, established another all-time 1945, as estimated by Ben Kicnholz, United filled, claims Washington's Senator WARREN high in the gross value of the foods and fibers States Federal statistician for North Da- G. MAGNUSON. taken from the soil. kota. Foreign Service, publication of the Veterans North Dakota's 69,649 farms this year pro- The prices used were: Wheat. $1.52; oats, of Foreign Wars, states that thousands of vet- duced gross wealth from the soil of the State 60 cents; barley, $1.04; corn, 95 cents; rye, erans of World War II plan to settle in Alaska. amounting to $512,814,000. In addition Gov- $1.63; potatoes, 80 cents; hay, $6.60. So long as we continue to hold our vast do- ernment conservation payments, flax incen- 1945 1944 main in the North in political and economic tive payments, and subsidies paid to pro- Wheat-----.. $246,070,000 $224,666,000 vassalage, we are not fulfilling our obligation ducers of milk, beef, and lambs received by Corn------. 903,000 1,726,000 to these soldiers who have such high hopes. the farmers exceeded $21,000,000, for a grand Oats------. 12,373,000 10,870.000 It is desirable that President Truman begin total of $533,814,000. Barley ..-----. 27,955,000 29,531,000 at once studies of the transportation facili- That is an average of more than $7,600 Flax.------. 37,908,000 21,670,000 ties, communications, and similar services a farm. Rye------3.941,000 2,000.000 necessary to make colonization in Alaska a That's the highest gross ever received by Potatoes-----. 18,928,000 18.788,000 genuine possibility. North Dakota farmers, comparing with $483,- Hay--- .------1,036,000 2,228,000 The Nation should not let soldiers lose their 174,000 in 1941, the previous high record. Other crops .--- 5,000,000 5,000,000 stakes in Alaska. The day when cheechakos In 1945, North Dakota farmers produced could be allowed to rush headlong into the the State's greatest wheat crop and the Total crops-- 354,114,000 316,479,000 Northland is gone. And we have a special State's greatest potato crop. obligation to settlers who have served their In addition, the State: Cattle------. 48,000,000 42, 137,000 country on the field of battle. Led the Nation in the production of flax. Hogs------.. 21,200,000 42,252,000 A630 APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD

1945 1944 in Texas, just throwing it out on the table of justice which litigants in that court are Sheep-.------... ,,500,000 $6,742,000 with the cards up. I have seen the President entitled to receive. Dairy.....-----. 30, 00,000 40,427,000 grasp the issues involved. I have seen him As you know, my office is a pretty big Turkeys--.----. 5,800,000 4,970,000 probe the facts in order that he might see office. It has 27,000 people. Down In Texas Chickens-..---- 11,500, 000 10,544,000 both sides. I have seen him understand the we'd call it like being in the tall cotton. Eggs------16,600,000 15,382,000 problem. I have seen him decide the issues, It's sort of ornate when you come into it, Wool------. 6,500,000 3,259,000 and decide.them with that rare judgment, You walk in and you have this reception OCher with that uncanny accuracy that comes from room, and then you have another room where products'---- 1,000,000 982,000 one who, like you and me, is of the people, the secretaries stay, and then you have a Total live- - a great Missourian who has that common, room as large as this room here where there stock--.-.. 148, 700, 000 16, 695,000 ordinary horse sense that today leads us to is a private office, and behind it you have victory in the peace. I think that today we a little office where you do your work. Of Grand total.- 512, 814,000 483,174,000 should thank God that in the White House course, Charlie knows that the Attorney Gen- we have Harry S. Truman. IApplause.] eral does very little work; he depends on ' Other crops include sugar beets, grass and his assistants to do that. soybeans, buckwheat, peas, Tonight I thought I might tell you just Then behind that clover seeds, little office you beans, millet, and truck crops. a few things about the Attorney General. have a small library room. you know; I haven't Next to that you have a sitting room. And SOther products include horses sold for I'm just brand new there, been there long. I started out in the De- I'm going to let you in on a secret; up above cash, honey, hides, and other items. the sitting room there is a little bedroom. 1944 livestock figures are the revised partment in 1937. I think I met Charlie The Now that bedroom has created a story. figures of the United States Department of McCarthy in 1938. Back there then, we had to room two or three of us to an office. When Bob Jackson was appointed Attorney Agriculture. I remember many times when Charlie left General, after he was confirmed he took a town, he'd come back and his office would be little vacation. After you get confirmed by moved, and I remember many times when the Senate you are entitled to a vacation. Address by Attorney General Clark at mine was moved while I was out of town, [Laughter.] I have been through that two and we would have to scramble around and or three times, and I. know. Well, just be- Meeting of Tennessee State Bar As- try to find the files that we had been work- fore Bob was there, Mr. Justice Murphy was sociation ing on. That's how crowded your Depart- the Attorney General, and Mr. Murphy had ment of Justice was. just gone on the Supreme Court of the You know the Attorney General has many United States. Well, two ladies came in to EXTENSION OF REMARKS problems. He has many petitions that are see the Attorney General while Bob was gone. or presented to him; he has many pleas that One was a very charming movie actress and are made in behalf of persons; and he has the other was the beautiful wife of a HON. TOM STEWART many that are made against persons. One Georgia politician who was very prominent OF TENNESSEE of his most arduous tasks is the selection. in party circles. Of course, the office was a of judges. There are some people who think bit flabbergasted because of these beautiful IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES that the Attorney General, in selecting a ladies calling on the Attorney General, and Saturday, February 9 (legislative day of person to recommend to the President for a also because the Attorney General was out Friday, January 18), 1946 judgeship, just reaches his hand down in a of town. hat and kind of shuffles the cards and comes Now Hugo, the executive assistant to the Mr. STEWART. Mr. President, I ask up with a name. That Is far from the truth. Attorney General, is the man who handles unanimous consent to have printed in the We watch the districts very closely. We the hot problems that the Attorney General Appendix of the RECORD an address de- have a department that does nothing but wants to pass on to somebody else. He saw livered by our very able Attorney General, watch the districts with reference to judges, these ladies and he was a little bit perturbed, Hon. Tom Clark, on the 1st of Novem- the circuits with reference to circuit judges, but he was showing them through the offices, the Justices of the Supreme Court, and the thinking that perhaps he might satisfy them. ber 1945, at Knoxville, Tenn., at a ses- United States attorneys. Of course many He got back to this little library I was tell- sion of the Tennessee State Bar Asso- times we do not know, we can't foresee that ing you about, after leading them through ciation. The remarks of the Attorney a vacancy will occur. For example, a vacancy the various offices, and they didn't seem to General are very enlightening and in- might be caused by a death. But many times be very well satisfied. So he decided to do teresting, and I hope they will be widely we can foresee those things, and long before something that had never been done before, read. that vacancy might occur we have already and that was to show these two ladies this There being no objection, the address been canvassing the field to see just who little bedroom. As he came Into the sitting might be fitted for that type of work. room he said, "You know, there is.another was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, While I am your Attorney General, it shall room to this suite of offices that the Attorney as follows: be my purpose to recommend to the Presi- General never uses. It's a room that was it has been my good fortune to serve in the dent for the trial bench those who have had just sort of an architect's dream. The At- Cabinet of the President of the United trial experience, those who have had the torney General never has any time to use it, States for some 4 or 5 months. You know hard knocks in the courtroom, those who but you ladies have been so nice and you the Cabinet room is a very historic room. have learned, as the Saturday Evening Post have been so considerate because the Attor- When you walk into the west entrance there, said, to wrestle with juries, those who have ney General is out of town that I want to you see before you a rectangular room with a had the practical experience. In addition to show you this room." So he took them up the fireplace at the end, with a mantel over the that, we shall look into the background, into staircase of 10 or 12 steps. This room is very fireplace, and above the mantel is a por- the education, into the home life, into the secluded and 'as no telephone, and that is trait of one of the great Presidents of the social aspects of each of the various persons one of the best things about it. As they United States, Woodrow Wilson. [Applause.] who might be recommended for positions. walked in he was showing them the room. He seems to look down on the deliberations And when we come to the conclusion that a There was a couch and the blankets were in of the Cabinet and see put into effect the certain person has those attributes, those order and the sheet was turned back sort of great policies and principles for which he qualifications that in our opinion will permit like they turn them back in the Waldorf- stood twenty-odd years ago. And on the left him, in fact will demand from him, that he Astoria and the ladies looked around the side of this portrait is a portrait of Madison, allow that simple, everyday, ordinary jus- room. Miss de Havilland was the movie star and next to that is a portrait of Jefferson, tice that the litigants in that court deserve, and she has a very discerning eye. She was the founder of democracy. And the Cabinet that is the person whom we will recommend looking around and she walked over to the table is a very interesting table. It is made to the President of the United States to be couch and looked at it. Then she looked at out of pure mahogany, a table some 80 feet made a trial judge. Hugo and said, "You say the Attorney General long, some 6 feet wide, tapering down to Now as to the circuit bench. We intend' never uses this room?" He said, "Yes; never souare corners at the end. and by the center to recommend for that bench those who have uses it." She said, "Well, how did this hair- of that table sits the President of the United had experience in court, those who have pre- pin get here?" [Laughter.] States. On his right sits the Secretary of sided in the court. I don't mean by that A few days later the Attorney General State, and next to the Secretary of State sits particularly the Federal court; I don't mean came back to town, as Attorneys General will the Secretary of War, and next to him sits to say that we are going to elevate only trial do, much to the consternation of some of the the Postmaster General, and next sits the judges from the Federal bench, although I help. Hugo was going over the long list of Secretary of the Interior. On the President's do believe in promotions. But we shall go things that had happened. You can't imag- left sits the Secretary of the Treasury, and into the State benches, as we did in Nevada ine what a long list it is until you happen to next to him the Attorney General, and then not long ago when we took the Chief Justice be there some day. When I get there In the the Secretary of the Navy, and the Secretary of the Supreme Court and put him on the morning, although I have only been gone of Agriculture, and last the Secretary of ninth circuit out in California. And as to this one day, I'll venture to say the list will Labor. the Supreme Court. As we did In the case be 8 or 10 pages long. As I said before, I have been there and have seen the prob- of Mr. Justice Burton, we shall seek out that Hugo was going down that list, and he came lems that have faced the Cabinet. I have type of man who has had the experience to the notation he had made about the two heard them discussed there, as we say down that will enable him to deal out that type beautiful ladies calling on the Attorney Gen- A632 APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD

don't know why they gave It to me. I was to them, a monument to the citizenship of get a fair deal, your client will get a square talking to Edgar one day about it and I said, tomorrow, because these boys and girls are deal, and the people will be dealt with as "I suppose you thought I was hotter than going to be the men and women who run they should be. you were, and that's why you gave me the the country tomorrow. We must help them. It Is a great personal privilege to be here car." I asked Mrs. Truman about the watch Some of them are not as fortunate as your today and tonight. It's always good to meet and she took out of her purse one that was boy or my boy, or your girl or my girl. I hope with lawyers You know we get our heads exactly like mine. That night I gave mine that this bar association will appoint a com- so far in the public trough sometimes that to Mary. (Laughter.l I follow the steps of mittee to look Into this deplorable situation. we lose our perspective. When we get out my boss. Edgar Hoover and I will be glad to give you and meet with folks such as you, we get When I came into the Department, I didn't every cooperation. In these percentages, I our outlook back, we get to seeing things as realize that the juvenile delinquency in the am not speaking of Federal crimes. I am we should, and for that reason I deem it a United States had Increased so much in re- speaking of all crimes, including State crimes. particular privilege to be here and to meet cent months. One day a man came into the We have a lot of problems in Washington with you. So I bid you goodnight. 1Ap- office from a Midwest city, and he told me besides cooking pancakes and one thing and plause.] about an indictment that had been returned another, and we need a lot of good sugges- against his boy, 17 years old, who had been tions in the Department of Justice. We are paroled by the Army to go to school. He was trying to run a law office. It's a pretty big going to school, and his daddy was a very one. I'm just a small-town lawyer. I need The Case Bill fine man. But this boy got in with an ex- the help of the lawyers all over the country. convict and was induced to join in on a When I first came into the Department, EXTENSION OF REMARKS scheme to sell airplane tickets. I was a little bit scared to talk to the Attor- OF The third man in the scheme was an em- ney General. Not that I was afraid of him, ployee of one of the air lines. This employee but I just was a little bashful about talking HON. CLARE E. HOFFMAN would issue these tickets-of course they were to him. When I became Attorney General, or MIoCIGAN not paid for-and give them to the ex-con- I set up outside of my office what we call vict, and the ex-convict would give them to a suggestion box, and I wrote a little note to IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the boy and the boy would cash them at an all the employees of the Department of Jus- Friday, February8, 1946 air-lines office. Of course he couldn't go back tice and had it mimeographed. I told them to the same air-lines office twice, because he that I was setting out this suggestion box Mr. HOFFMAN. Mr. Speaker, the would be caught up with pretty quickly, so and that I had the key to it and nobody else New York Times editorial of February 8 they suggested that he go over into another would have it, and that I hoped they would points very mildly to the futility of snap- State, which he did, and then into a third give me their suggestions for the betterment blanket legislation. That editorial reads State. The FBI caught him after he had of the Department. If they could sign them, as follows: cashed some twelve or fourteen hundred dol- fine, because I knew then that they meant lars' worth of these tickets. So he stood in- what they raid; if they couldn't sign them, THE NEW LABOR BILL dicted for this felony in the United States they should send them in anonymously and Wholly apart from the merits or the con- District Court. His daddy sat there and told I would consider them anyway. tents of the Case bill, the most significant me. "You know, I've been busy in war work, One night I went out and scooped up these thing about it is that the House, for the first I've been trying to help get the war won, and suggestions and took them home with me, time in several years, has passed by a large I've lost my boy. If anyone should be pun- and I was looking over them along with some majority a measure to which the spokes- ished, it should be me, because he didn't other stuff that was official business. About men for organized labor were known to be know what he was doing. I've neglected him midnight I came across this letter, written opposed. The House has done this only during the last 3 or 4 or 6 years. I didn't on the typewriter. It said: two or three times since the passage of the know just what was going on." I picked up "DEAR MR. AT'rRNEY GENERAL: YOU shouid Wagner Act, more than 10 years ago. In the phone and called the United States At- not wear bow ties. Besides, the bow ties June of 1940 it passed, by a vote of 258 to torney in that district and asked him to look that you wear are too loud. 129, sweeping amendments to the Wagner into the case and see just what the condi- "Your wife does not have the proper hairdo. Act. In December 1941, just a few days be- tions were and just what type of person this The wife of the Attorney General should have fore Pearl Harbor, it passed by a vote of 252 boy was and what his daddy was and the rest a very dignified hairdo, and I would suggest to 136, the Smith strike-control bill. In June of the family. I found out that the boy had that she go to the beauty parlor and have of 1943 it passed the Connally-Smith bill. never been in trouble before. I found out her hair done over." The first two bills were buried in commit- that, in all probability, if he got over this Well, Mary had gone to bed and I didn't tee in the Senate and never came before hump he would be a law-abiding citizen. want to show that to her and disturb her that body for action. The Connally-Smith So today that boy is not in the penitentiary, rest the remainder of the night, so I waited bill originated in the Senate and so became and he's not in a reformatory. Today he is till the next morning. She was very much law. The action of the House in passing the on probation, and he is serving in the active interested in that last paragraph. I decided Case bill yesterday by a vote of 258 to 155 Army of the United States. He is not in I would check up on this note, so I called means that the present wave of strikes has school but in the active Army. I hope and I the FBI around and they checked into it. once more stung Congress into action. am sure that he will be a good citizen. The next morning Edgar came around. He Wholly apart from its contents, however, There are thousands of boys like that, and had the letter with him, and he said, "Well, the Case bill is one more illustration of how there are thousands of girls. I asked Edgar we've checked the typewriters and we have not to legislate. It was put before the whole Hocvcr to get me up some figures about it. pinned it down to four or five typewriters, House without study or hearings by any com- Much to my surprise, I found that in one but there are about 10 or 15 lawyers that mittee. Drastic amendments to It were made offense by girls 16 years of age and under, the use those typewriters, through their secre- on the floor. In this respect it was not percentage had increased 357 percent for the taries, and we don't know just whether it unique. The Smith strike-control bill of first 6 months of 1945. Another offense, is the lawyers or the secretaries. So," he 1941 was slapped together and passed with- larceny, by girls 16 and under, had increased said, "I sent it over to the fingerprint section out so much as a week's study or debate. 105 percent. I found out that for the first 6 and I've found out who it was." The Connally-Smith law, still on the books, months of 1945 of all crimes of all types, by "Who in the world was it, Edgar?" I asked. was also largely written on the floor. all persons. 54 percent were by boys and girls He said, "Well, I'll tell you. It was your Yet most of the very people who criticize under 21 years of age. So I thought it was boy, Ramsey." [Laughter.] the new bill on this ground, as they criticized time for somebody to do something. Now the reason that I am wearing a bow its predecessors, fail to recognize or to ac- I think it would be a great idea if the bar tie tonight is that Ramsey is in the marines. knowledge that the trouble goes much associations of the United States could get He's about 3 inches taller than I am, and deeper. Congress and the administration together and have a program that might help I am no person to cope with him, but I do have had more than 10 years in which to in saving these boys and girls. I don't have want to have your suggestions. If you can't appoint an authoritative and impartial com- anything concrete to suggest, other than come to Washington and come to see me mission to recommend a rounded program of that perhaps you might establish some youth when you are there, I hope you will write labor legislation. Neither of them has ever center, sort of like the USO. I suggested this me. Of course, if you can come there and done so. The members of the Labor Com- to some New York lawyers and radio execu- bring a little bit of Tennessee like I saw mittees of the House and Senate, respectively, tives, and they now have several youth cen- today, it would really make my heart glad are usually placed on those committees be- ters in New York where these boys and girls to see you and to get your suggestions. But cause they are "pro labor"-that is, because can go and kick up their heels rather than if you can't, write me. I want to hear about they want only the legislation that the unions doing it in the back seat of a stolen auto- it If you have any suggestions to offer for ask for. They do not represent the opinion mobile as they do now. I think that you the good of the Department of Justice. I of either the House or Senate as a whole on could do something that would be of great intend to carry on the Department just like what labor legislation is desirable. For more benefit to your country if you would look you would want your law office run. It's than 10 years they have systematically op- into this situation. Perhaps the youth cen- your law office. I'm just your leader there. posed every bill, regardless of its merits, to ters are not the answer. But figure out some I want you to feel that it's your law office. which organized labor raised the slightest answer, something that the lawyers can de- I don't want you to think by that that you objection. The Senate Labor Committee has vote themselves to that will be a monument can run it, because you can't, but you will made it its business to see that even labor APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD A633 bills approved by more than a two-thirds management. In our opinion, the mediation Farmers Condemn Strikes in Essential majority of the House never see the light of agency should be composed of the country's leading day again and never come to a vote in the experts in the settlement of industrial Industries Senate. This is not a picture of majority disputes, and they should represent only democratic process. public authority. What the House proposes rule or of proper EXTENSION OF REMARKS As to the merits of the Case bill, they are, is a peacetime WLB. At best the WLB was as one m'ght expect in the circumstances, only a makeshift war agency. We think the OF mixed. On the one hand it proposes some problems now confronting the country call reforms that are long overdue. Surely it is for an agency to guide the collective-bargain- HON. E. H. MOORE ing process on a peacetime basis and solely time that some Federal legislation spoke out OF OKLAHOMA against the use of force, violence, or intimi- from the public point of view. ldation by either side in a labor dispute; or No less serious is the mistake of backing IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES the unlawful destruction or seizure of prop- up this board by force. The courts w' uld be erty; or the violation of labor contracts. This authorized to enforce its orders by means ot Saturday, February 9 (legislative day of the Case bill does. Surely unions that are injunctions for the maintenance of existing Friday, January 18), 1946 of such practices should be deprived working conditions 3r the postponement ct guilty Mr. MOORE. Mr. President, I ask of the special protections of the Wagner Act, strikes for a period cf 30 days. That is in whether or not any positive penalties are deference to the absurd notion that a "cool- unanimous consent to have printed in imposed on them. Insofar as the Case bill ing off" period may somehow prevent em- the Appendix of the RECORD an editorial directs the Nqtional Labor Relations Board ployees from striking. What is desired, of entitled "Grady County Farm Revolt," to take cognizance of such conditions it does course, is merely time for a governmental dealing with the action of approximately what the Wagner Act should have done from agency to step in and use its good offices to 300 Grady County farmers at Chickasha, before the beginning. Similar comment may be adjust employer-employee differences Okla., who met in protest against strikes regarding the Case bill's provisions a strike occurs. This obviously cannot be made in essential industries which work hard- against boycotts, and its more specific re- obtained by force. A mediation board which moval of foremen and other supervisory em- started out by using force would end its use- ships on them. The editorial was pub- ployees from the provisions of the Wagner fulness forthwith. All it can do is to direct lished in the Daily Oklahoman of Jan- Act (though the language of the original employees not to strike or employers not ro uary 29, 1946. act in this last respect is plain enough if change working conditions while negotia- There being no objection, the editorial the NLRB had been content to interpret it tions are going forward. Since the board was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, sensibly.) public support would unquest!onatly have as follows: Other provisions of the bill are more du- in such undertakings, any party refusing to bious. It is uncertain whether some of its cooperate would bring automatic punish- GRADY COUNTY FARM REVOLT provisions could be enforced. It sets up ma- ment upon itself-perhaps the penalty of About 300 Grady County farmers met at chinery in some respects modeled on the losing its case. But, in any event, a media- Chickasha Saturday to voice indignation War Labor Board and in some respects on tion board cannot start out by using force. against strikes in essential industries that the Railway Labor Act. A realistic appraisal We have previously expressed the opinion work hardships on them. A resolution was of the record of WLB and a study of the Su- that some provisions of the bil are desirable passed warning Congressmen that the farm- preme Court decision against the Toledo, and constructive. The bill would authorize ers will vote against those who do not "act Peoria & Western Railroad raise serious suits for breach of contract. It would out- at once to protect our Nation, by forcing labor doubts whether this machinery would work law violence and threats of violence in con- and management to live up to their written as its sponsors intend. nection with hiring and firing and picketing. contracts." The bill declares that the term "employee" It would penalize the destruction of prop- Since management has not been accused of shall have the same meaning as in the Wag- erty in strikes and use of the bcycott to in- living up to its contracts, the shoe seems to ner Act-almost immediately alter it has duce recognition of a union or compliance fit the steelworkers' union, which had a given it a different meaning from that in the with its demands. Likewise it would remove wage contract extending to October 15, 1946, Wagner Act. One of the greatest mistakes "supervisory employees" from the groups one provision barring strikes during that of all is the failure not only to guard against whose bargaining rights are protected by the period. jurisdictional disputes between the new Na- National Labor Relations Act. United States Steel had offered the workers tional Mediation Board and the NLRB, but Taken as a whole, however, the bill is a an average wage of $51.60, besides overtime the failure to repeal the Smith-Connally Act, patchwork. Baing an illegitimate offspring for a 40-hour week, or $2,683.20 a year. The as part of the new measure, though the Case of the Rules Committee, sent to the floor union leaders turned down this cffer. The bill both duplicates and contradicts the without the approval of any legislative com- workers had already had more than 33-per- Smith-Connally Act. mittee, it is by no means finished legislation. cent increase in wages since 1941-more than The Case bill has, however, some good pro- For that the Labor Committee is perhaps as offsetting any increase in cost of living. visions to build on. Let us hope that it is much to blame as any other group because It is safe to say that no Grady County not buried, like its predecessors, in a Senate of its failure over many years to report out farmer wolks an average of less than 60 hours committee, but is made the basis for sincere constructive labor-disputes legislation. In a week, and $2,603.20 a year looks like pretty study and considered amendment in such a effect the action of the House is a rebuke to big income, even though living costs may be committee and that the result, without too of duty. slightly higher in the big cities. much its Labor Committee for dereliction delay, is allowed to come before the The situation at General Motors, General full Senate. The Senate Committee on Education and Labor is likewise notorious as a graveyard Electric, International Harvester, and other In the Washington Post of February for legislation dealing with labor disputes. struck plants is much tie same. General 9 is the following: Will it now continue to keep its head in the Electric had experienced no real labor trouble sand until the Senate finds it necessary in 24 years. Wages are now 51 percent higher MORE BOLD THAN WISE hastily to patch together a labor-disputes than in 1935. But CIO moved in, and now The 258-to-155 vote of the House for the bill, as the House has done? The committee there is a strike. Case strike-control bill is more important has a chance to render a great national serv- At the International Harvester Co. there than the bill itself. We hope that the bill ice by rewriting the House bill in line with had been a period of 22 years without strikes. There were works councils in which labor will not become law in its present form. But sound principles of mediation and fair play we welcome this evidence of determination and management sat down around a table in collective bargaining. But there is no in- in the good old American way and tal!ed in Congress to provide more effective govern- dication that the Sonate or the public will mental machinery things over when trouble threatened. But for dealing with strikes wait indefinitely. The committee has the and for enforcement of fair play in the col- the Wagner Labor Act forbids this method lective-bargaining alternative of bringing out a reasonable and of talking things over, and now the workers process. We think that the courageous bill or of risking, because of its House membership of the UFE union of CIO are on strike, has accurately reflected own inactivity, the enactment of rash and the temper of the country in speaking though the average wage was boosted from out undigested legislation. 85!/, cents an hour in 1941 to $1.16 an hour, boldly and resolutely on this controversial excluding overtime. They have made 42 dif- issue. Its salutary action would have aroused Mr. Speaker, the House has no excuse far more enthusiasm, ferent demands, including a 3 weeks' vaca- however, if the wisdom for not considering amendment of the tion each year on in the bill had matched pay, eight holidays, closed the determination basic law, NLRA. shop, guaranteed behind it. annual wage, and other In March of 1940 and on February 1, things. The result is that 10 factories are While the measure starts with the key 1946, there was printed in the CONGRES- closed, and not even repairs are available. problem of effective mediation, it would turn Steel, of course, is the key industry, and this task over to an independent board com- SIONAL RECORD the National Labor Rela- if the steel strike is continued long, this will posed of labor and employer representatives tions Act and proposed amendments. close down all farm-implement factories- as v:ell as public members. Mediation is The House just will not take time to give in fact, most of the important industry in the task of Government, not of unions and study to much-needed legislation. the country. APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD A655 Dental defects are the most common of cannot believe that the Congress will re- It must therefore be considered with the ever- all physical ailments. At one time or fuse to face its primary duty to .the present idea of a great, powerful, growing people. organization with world-wide jurisdiction another all of us, as has nearly everyone . and control. alive, have suffered pain, discomfort, and With these introductory ideas in mind we direct or indirect impairment to our to- take our first step in reasoning on the sub- tal health, as a result of dental troubles. ject of where the permanent headquarters In many sections of our co'mntry dental Governors of South Dakota, Wyoming, ought to be. manpower is shockingly inadequate. and Nebraska File Brief With United WHAT IS THE WORLD ENTITLED TO FROM THE Many Americans cannot pay the price Nations Organization on Subject of VIEWPOINTOF TRAVELDISTANCE TO AND FROM of dental health. Such things must be ITS PERMANENT HEADQUARTERS? remedied. Locating the World Capital If a spot could be found which by mathe- The prevention and control of dental matical computation could be determined as perfecting. This depends being more equally convenient from travel- disease needs EXTENSION OF REMARKS on research. It came as a surprise to me distance standpoint to all the nations of the to find out that we actually know rela- OF Organization than any other spot on the of decay of globe, it would have to be accepted as the tively little about the causes HON. KARL E. MUNDT proper spot if this one factor alone were in- the teeth and diseases of their support- volved. This spot exists in the midcontinent ing structures, though many tooth-paste OF SOUTH DAKOTA area of the United States of America, accord- ads have tried to convince me that my IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ing to the world map which we heretofore cavities resulted from a failure to use submitted to the Preparatory Commission of that particular product. Friday,February 8, 1946 the United Nations Organization as a part now before the Sen- of our invitation to locate the headquarters There are two bills Mr. MUNDT. Mr. Speaker, in view of in the beautiful Black Hills mountain coun- ate Committee on Education and Labor the great wave of protests which has de- try. (See world map and array of arguments which would immeasurably aid dental veloped over the recommendations of the on file with the United Nations Organization health in this country. If the Senate UNO site committee that the new world Secretariat.) would act, these bills will eventually come capital be located in an area taken from It must be assumed that all the nations of to us in the House of Representatives Connecticut and New York after uproot- the world will travel to and from their head- for consideration. ing the residents and business establish- quarters. In years to come some nations now Federal appro- weak will grow in strength and power; some S. 190 provides for a ments from that historic and densely now strong will decline; changes will occur priation to equip a National Institute of populated area, I believe the Congress in these factors but changes will not occur Dental Research in the United States and the country will be interested in in the land mass or distances between land Public Health Service. This institute reading the following brief, which is now areas on the globe. Therefore, a location would seek every means to promote and on file with the United Nations Organ- having the indisputable permanent factor of stimulate research and would itself work ization in London: being the most equally accessible to all the on the causes, diagnosis, and treatment member nations should be one of the first BRIEF ON THE SUBJECT OF LOCATIONOF THE and continuing considerations of those vested of dental diseases. The institute would PERMANIENT HEADQUARTERS OF THE UNITED other research so with the power of deciding this important endeavor to coordinate NATIONS ORGANIZATION question for all time to come. The mldcontl- that its results could be used most effec- (Submitted in behalf of the beautiful Black nent area of the United States of America tively. Hills mountain country of South Dakota, holds this indisputable permanent factor. Additional appropriations are author- Wyoming, and Nebraska-Presented to and The map proves it. It exists that way because ized, in this measure, to foster dental filed with Dr. Stoyan Gravilovic, chairman of the shape of the land mass of the world research in other public and private of Interim Site Committee of United Na- and the way such land mass is divided into agencies, and to provide grants-in-aid to tions Organization, at New York, N. Y., nations. and laboratories. January 31, 1946, by M. Q. Sharpe, Gov- The beautiful Black Hills mountain coun- universities, hospitals, ernor of South Dakota, for the States of try is almost in the center of mid-continent S. 1099 authorizes appropriations to South Dakota, Nebraska, and Wyoming in North America. A headquarters there would enable both the Surgeon General of the which States is the beautiful Black Hills be within two or three hundred miles of United States and State and municipal mountain country) British-Canadian territory: within a few health authorities to engage in an active INTRODUCTORY hundred miles of Russian territory; close to campaign of dental-health education, to all South American countries; more con- None of the committees or subcommittees veniently located to all the nations of the institute and maintain dental-health has yet discovered children. of the United Nations world considered in the aggregate than any programs, and to care for school the location which the United Nations need other spot that has been investigated for the This also is of major importance for past for their permanent headquarters. In the location. Move to any other location and research has demonstrated that dental northeastern part of the United States of you are penalizing some country of the world defects in later life will be much less America to which their. investigation has with extra travel, for the benefit of some prevalent if the individual has had su- been limited they can only take the best they other country. You are the trustees of this perior treatment as a child. can get; they are unable to get what the important decision now and for the future. Nations need. The reason for this is Dr. Harry R. United Recognizing this self-evident factor of the One of my constituents, that what the United Nations need for a per- decision and giving it due consideration and Hancock, of Santa Barbara, Calif., an manent headquarters does not exist in the weight hereafter is one of the duties with outstanding dentist and a member of the northeastern United States. It does not exist which the people of the world have entrusted California Dental Association, wrote the along either of the coasts of the United States you. following in a letter to me regarding the nor within the range of influence of any single great city of the United States. This IN ADDITIONTO ITS FAVORABLEGEOGRAPHICAL need for the passage of S. 1099 and S. 190: brief will show that it does exist within the LOCATIONTHE BEAUTIFULBLACK HILLS MOUN- Dental decay is not as spectacular as some beautiful Black Hills mountain country of TAIN COUNTRY HAS CLIMATIC AND HEALTH- of the diseases for which we spend huge sums South Dakota, Wyoming, and Nebraska. FUL LIVING CONDITIONS UNEXCELLED ANY- on research, but certainly It is more uni- Keep in mind that we are going to speak WHERE IN THE WORLD versal and economically it is much more cost- of what the United Nations need; not what The most favorable location from view- ly to our people. We cannot afford, it seems is the best they can get in some restricted point of geography may not alone control the to me, to pass up any chance at controlling area. decision. Other factors must coexist with it. this health menace. In formulating this brief we shall assume Those who will attend at the world head- that the United Nations Organization will quarters permanently or transiently should Health is as necessary to us as the food succeed and will be a permanent world gov- have good climatic conditions and healthful we eat or the air we breathe. If there are ernment growing in its importance and do- living conditions. Few places on earth equal human beings who cannot secure health minion as the nations commence to expe- and none surpass the beautiful Black Hills because they cannot afford it, if health rience the benefits of centralized world con- mountain country in the possession of both can be supplied to all our people more trol. We shall assume that the United Na- of these. Their climate is a Temperate Zone tions Organization is destined to be a great, climate. It has all the distinctive seasons efficiently with the Government's aid, continuing, growing influence for good of spring, summer, fall, and winter. You then it is one of the first responsibilities throughout the world and throughout the can choose your own altitude from the sur- of the Government to do all in its power future. The steps that it takes now and rounding grassy plains at an elevation of to make a healthy Nation possible. I the direction which those in charge now give 2,400 feet to the tip of Mount Harney, 7,242 A656 APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD feet.' The country is one of varied terrain, The beautiful Black Hills mountain coun- miles which would be ceded to it and be from level plains to rolling hills, to mountain try has an individuality and a unique set- internationalized so that it would have com- country, with long flat valleys, mountain ting in midcontinent America, which for plete authority and control without restric. plateaus, abundantly covered with forests years has made it the wonder and delight tion from any nation in the world. It should of giant ponderosa pine and other forest of all who see and experience its many at- have an independent site, of at least this size, trees. Rivers, lakes, and mountain streams tractive, pleasant, and interesting features. and with all the other factors heretofore furnish the finest of pure water. This It is cosmopolitan in its physical content specified in this brief. It should own this variety of elevation, terrain, and land cover- and environment, containing mining, lum- site. age by great forests modifies any extremes bering, agriculture, herding, milling, manu- In the beautiful Black Hills mountain of heat or cold so that the beautiful Black facturing, processing, transportation, and country are many such sites which can be Hill' mountain country possesses one of the communication facilities of modern kinds. ceded to the United Nations in short time most equable, salubrious, and energizing cli- All the great occupations and professions of together with unrestricted access to the site. mates to be found any place on earth. man are active within the area. It is re- There are many such sites with such sparse The statistical arguments as to health show puted to contain the richest 100 square miles permanent settlement that the few people South Dakota as number one State of the of territory on earth. occupying them can easily be persuaded to Union. Its soldiers and sailors in the recent Location of the permanent headquarters exchange them for other locations or to sell war were the healthiest of all furnished by in this beautiful Black Hills mountain coun- them so that complete possession can be this country for the war. There has never try will afford all the attractive interesting given to the United Nations Organization been an epidemic wholesome rec- of any kind in the beau- scenery and all the pleasant as rapidly as it is ready to make use of tiful Black Hills mountain country. reational opportunity which any normal them. Very little inconvenience will be As you proceed with your investigation and person should desire. The ever growing caused to anyone. analysis of the important subject of location tourist traffic and vacation enterprises It is reasonably certain that if the United of permanent headquarters, note those two throughout the area prove this with increas- Nations Organization selects one important factors for the beautiful Black Hills ing certainty each year. of those sites in the beautiful Black Hills mountain mountain country: 1. Most favorable location THE WORLD HEADQUARTERS SHOULD BE IN AN from viewpoint country and desires cession of complete of equality of travel distance; ENVIRONMENTWHERE THE NATIVEPEOPLE ARE 2. Unexcelled climatic and health conditions. sovereignty over it that the Congress of the AGREEABLETO THE GRANDOBJECTIVES OF THE United States and the Legislature of South SHOULDHAVE AT- . THE NATIONSOF THE WORLD UNITED NATIONS Dakota will immediate, give favorable con- TRACTIVEINTERESTING SCENERY AND RECREA- The midcontinent area of the United States sideration to the request with TIONALFEATURES AT THEIR PERMANENTHEAD- possibly one is the last great empire building operation of reservation. That reservation would no QUARTERS the world at large. Into this area during doubt be that if the United Nations Organ- In the last normal year of tourist travel the past 100 years have poured many thou- ization abandons use of the site as a perma- before the war more than one million tourists sands of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Belgians, nent headquarters for a period of 5 years or visited the beautiful Black Hills mountain Dutch, Spanish, Germans, Scandinavians, more the site will then revert to the Nation country. These came from all over the United Russians, Italians, Greeks, Austrians, Yugo- and State with the same sovereignty as be- States, from Canada, Mexico, South America, slavians, Czechs, Chinese, Japanese, Ethio- fore the cession to the United Nations. Honolulu, and to some extent from the world plans; in fact, all the great blood strains at large. The reason they came is that they of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Here are found WHAT ARE THE OBJECTIONS TO LOCATING THE had learned of the attractive, interesting numerous nationals of the white, yellow, WORLD HEADQUARTERSIN THE BEAUTIFUL scenery and the pleasant living and travel brown, black, and red races of the world. BLACK HILLS MOUNTAIN COUNTRY? conditions. Tourist travel to the beautiful We have a population of conglomerate It appears from the foregoing pages of Black Hills mountain country has been grow- origin. Throughout the years they have de- this brief that the beautiful Black Hills ing greatly each year as the knowledge of its veloped this great midcontinent area with mountain country does hold within it all the content and environment spreads. the newest of culture, science, invention, really important physical features of an Generally the scenery can be described as education, commerce, and industry known ideal location for . permanent headquarters. grand, majestic, colossal, towering, impres- to the world. They have done this working sive. The things that produce these reac- The only objections ever expressed against together as equals under the constitutions the site, we think, are trivial and no august tions upon you are: long flat valleys girdled and laws of the country. They have all had body, charged with the future success of this with pine, birch, aspen, cedar, oak and nu- a voice and a hand in shaping its direction organization will ever be much influ- merous other beautiful trees; towering moun- and accomplishment. As citizens they have world we shall state tain peaks of gray granite whose jagged out- been equal in fact as well as in legal rights. enced by them. Nevertheless, lines stick up into the sky through belts of This great fusion of the blood strains of them and show their triviality and inapplica- deep green ponderosa pine forests; forest the world has laid the foundation here for bility, and how easily time will obliterate floors like a Brussels carpet from the ac- a "world race" which is certainly one of them. cumulation of ages of the annual shedding of the objectives of the United Nations Organi- If any of the cities of New York, Boston, needles and bark by the forest trees; beauti- zation looming up majestically for future Philadelphia, or Chicago were located within ful crystal mountain streams and lakes, with attainment. How appropriate a location for 50 miles from the beautiful Black Hills their fishing, boating, surf riding, and ele- the permanent headquarters of the United mountain country there is little doubt that it gant resorts, hotels and cabins rapidly grow- Nations. would now be the selected site for permanent ing to meet the ever-increasing tourist travel; In this area there is now and always has headquarters. It has everything else in the ski ways for winter sports; granite natural been a complete freedom of religious belief criteria of the United Nations Organization statuary resembling castles, towers, pinna- and practice. There is a complete separa- except a large city. Is the proximity of a cles and pillars of heroic size; the beautiful tion of the church and the state. Although large city an essential? Would it add any- and interesting Mount Rushmore statuary of the region is predominantly Christian in thing to the abilities of those who will be the faces of Washington, Lincoln, Jefferson religion, only a few years ago the South Da- the duties of world organiza- and Roosevelt carved out of the mountain charged with kota Supreme Court held that a statute pro- to do the Important side to the scale of men 460 feet tall; beauti- tion and administration, viding for reading of the Bible in the public work entrusted to them? Will it add to their ful and interesting underground caves of schools was unconstitutional and prohibited limestone, exposing crystals, prisms, and thinking or working ability in any way? The the attempt, because of a constitution which answer is plain. It will not. On the con- colors of rare and interesting beauty, many and guarantees complete freedom of religion trary it will detract from them; it will be a of these developed with lighting and path- separation of church and state. ways for miles underground. Here are found continuing invitation to distractions from Equality of race, religion, and opportunity what ought to be gold,. silver, tin, manganese, mica, agate, is an established them; it will overshadow fact and not merely an the world, beryl, bentonite, feldspar, and other precious ideal in this area. the most important center of and useful substances. Herds of buffalo, deer, No more appropriate spot will ever be lo- with its own already established importance, proves elk, antelope, big horn sheep, and flocks of cated by any committee of the United Na- world connections, and size. History pheasants, ducks and partridge are a part of tions, so far as equality of race, religion, and this beyond dcubt. Few of the great move- this area which is, literally, 5,000 square miles nationality are concerned. It is an inviting ments in racial progress or development have of country filled with all the interesting speci- prospect for the permanent headquarters. originated from the great cities. mens of the animal, mineral, and vegetable It presages harmonious relations with the When Buddha was assembling the beauti- kingdoms, and within easy travel distances of entire area and success for United Nations ful principles announced in his eight-fold cities like Denver, Omaha, Cheyenne, Min- objectives from the beginning. path to righteousness, which are still the neapolis, Chicago. Located within the area THE UNITEDNATIONS CAN HAVEIN THIS BEAU- delight and solace of more people than fol- itself are many thriving, growing cities and low any other religion, he sought the se- towns of smaller size. All these, together TIFUL BLACKHILLS MOUNTAIN COUNTRYCER- of the countryside and abandoned with the numerous resorts, camping, boating, TAIN CONDITIONSWHICH IT NEEDSAND WHICH clusion of his empire. Under the bathing, and recreational sites, are connected IT WILL HAVEMUCH DIFFICULTYIN FINDING the great cities by a fine system of State highways open for ANYWHERE ELSEIN THE UNITED STATES quiet of the Bo tree he announced them. travel and kept in good travel condition the The United Nations needs and ought to When Mohammed was evolving the mild, year around. have a zone containing at least 100 square dignified philosophy of Islamism, those ideals APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD A657 which presage general peace and quiet and tant questions in the formative period of the Tennessee Valley Authority Electric Light the recognition of equality of all persons Organization's existence. The United Na- according to their own personal merits, he tions Organization, or its members, is in and Power Rates frequently retired to a small cave in the charge of the world. The enemies of its ideas foothills to contemplate. There from 611 to are under- complete restraint. Therefore, REMARKS why not give to these important questions evolved those great principles which 622 he the research, analysis, and time for decision OF still direct the conduct of a large portion population. to which they are most certainly entitled. of the world's We suggest that the Organization did very HON. JOHN E. RANKIN the When Jesus was slowly assembling well at San Francisco during its stay there. OF MISSISSIPPI majestic concepts of the kingdom of heaven It has been doing very well at London and IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES and the principles of conduct leading to it, could continue there temporarily until its he went about the humble homes of ordinary facilities at the new site were made to its Thursday, February 7, 1946 people, he frequented the lonely areas by the own order and convenience. It could move Sea of Galilee away from the distractions and Mr. RANKIN. Mr. Speaker, 12 years to Stalingrad for a temporary stay, then to ago today the Tennessee Valley Author- turmoil of the world. Peiping, then to Paris. Maybe it would be a The treaty of Westphalia (1644-48) was great thing for the various nations of the ity entered upon its first contract to dis- formulated at two small towns, Munster and world to see their capital and government in tribute power generated on the Tennes- Osnabruck, not only as a treaty of peace but actual operation in their midst for a short see River to the people of that area. to end an era of religious warfare and in- time. Maybe it would show them that it was That great organization has grown until augurate a world-wide attempt at tolerance. theirs; that they were a component part of it is capable of generating 12,000,000,000 The Council of Trent (1545-63) met in a it; that its capital and government could kilowatt-hours of electricity a year. mountain country 44 miles northeast of operate in their midst successfully. Grad- As coauthor of the bill creating the Verona (at that time a greater distance-than ually the Organization can be assembling its personnel, composing its procedure, and ac- TVA, and one who has fought its battles two or three hundred miles is today) and in Congress from that day to this, I am there accomplished the chief definitive work cumulating the experience which will enable of Catholic reform. it to go ahead methodically and efficiently proud of the wonderful record it is In this country we early passed by New when it occupies its permanent headquarters. making. We did this in the original York and Philadelphia to select an isolated establishment of It has proved to be the greatest de- permanent capital of the United States and site on virgin territory for our permanent velopment of ancient or modern times. it proved both practicable and successful. Capital at Washington, D. C. It has done more for the power consum- We respectfully submit, therefore, our an- In fact all great cities were wilderness swer to the objection of no facilities for im- ers of America than anything else that originally. History proves definitely that mediate use, as follows: (1) We can provide this Government has ever undertaken, proximity to a large city is not an essential them if early occupation is an essential; (2) in supplying a yardstick to show the or even a favorable element for production it would be better to construct them to your American people what electricity is of great ideals requiring thinking, study, own order and design from the start and grad- worth and what it should cost the ulti- analysis and courageous pioneering work. ually occupy them as you developed the in- mate consumer in every section of this We might just as well face the real facts ternational zone of 100 square miles of terri- country. and they are that the only reason for wanting tory. Before the creation of the TVA, the proximity to a large city is for the purpose WOULDTHE UNITED NATIONS ORGANIZATIONBE of social life, entertainment and fun. It is private power companies were buying WELCOME TO THE BEAUTIFUL BLACK HILLS power from the Government at Muscle the age-old temptation to follow the flesh MOUNTAIN COUNTRY? pots and wine casks of riotous living which Shoals at a little less than 2 mills a kilo- detract from, rather than add to, our ability We have heretofore advised the United Na- watt-hour and selling it to the residential to think, work, and act accurately and tions Organization of the signing of a joint consumers at an average of more than courageously. declaration by the governors of 10 sovereign 9 cents a kilowatt-hour. The average States of midcontinent North America, specif- Those in charge of United Nations destinies ically asking the Organization to establish residential consumer in that area used should put the location of their permanent headquarters in the midcontinent area and from 30 to 40 kilowatt-hours a month. headquarters on a higher plane than this. pointing out the many advantages of doing so The average commercial consumer used In the beautiful Black Hills mountain from the viewpoint of United Nations success. less than 100 kilowatt-hours a month country they can find the natural grandeur This is the largest block of official influence and paid about the same rates for it as and majesty appropriate to the headquarters that has so far issued from the United States did the residential consumers. of a world organization which we hope will of America on the regional location of the be the salvation of the world and its con- The farmers got no electricity at all. permanent headquarters. Today the average residential con- tinuing advance along the line of racial One of the first invitations to be lodged sumer in that area is using 156 kilowatt- equality, development, and civilization. We with the United Nations Organization was submit that a decision to that effect would that of the beautiful Black Hills mountain hours a month and paying an average of at once radiate throughout the world the country signed jointly by the Governors of 1.81 cents a kilowatt-hour, and the com- idea that the United Nations Organization is South Dakota, Wyoming, and Nebraska in mercial consumers are using an average approaching and making its important de- which sovereign States the region lies. Dur- of 392 kilowatt-hours a month and pay- cisions with sincerity and singleness of pur- ing all the time the matter has been consid- ing an average of 2.01 cents a kilowatt- pose; that purpose being always at every ered we have in various ways shown our de- hour. step to do the sire very best thing to attain the to have the permanent headquarters lo- Tens of thousands of miles of rural great objectives expressed In the Charter. cated in this area. power lines have been built in the TVA The only other objection we have ever Therefore, there is no doubt on the ques- every one of the 10 heard against the beautiful Black Hills tion: The United Nations Organization would area, which includes mountain country is to the effect that there not only be welcome, but we are anxious to counties I represent. Hundreds of thou- are no facilities there ready for immediate have you locate your permanent headquarters sands of farmers throughout the area are occupation and operation of the general in the beautiful Black Hills mountain coun- being served with TVA power at TVA headquarters. While this is not a correct try. rates, bringing to them light, hope, in- statement of fact, and while we can furnish We respectfully submit, therefore, that this spiration, and relief from drudgery. It ample facilities for temporary use, we pro- brief establishes the fact that the most ap- brings them everything the man in the pose to answer the objection in a way more propriate and the best decision which the city has-except the noise and city taxes. beneficial to United Nations operations. United Nations Organization could make for the permanent benefit of the Organization Again I say it is the greatest single de- It seems to us that there is a present tend- velopment of ancient or modern times. ency in United Nations operation to proceed and the successful attainment of its ma- of its At this point I am inserting a table of with too much haste. There seems to be a jestic objectives, so far as selection is concerned, is to the TVA propensity to try permanent headquarters electricity sales, statistics of to hurry everything along select the beautiful Black Hills mountain the lines of setting up some new business for the month of November 1945. country, which always welcomes you here. Please study it carefully and compare corporation or some new industrial organi- Dated January 30, 1946. zation. We respectfully submit that there is its figures with the electricity consumed DWIGHT GRISWOLD, the people you repre- no need for haste and that too much haste Governor of Nebraska. and rates paid by may preed distrust among the members, may M. Q. SHARPE, sent. preclude smaller nations from asserting their Governor of South Dakota. Then you will begin to understand various interests, and may prevent aCtaln- LESTER C. HUNT, what the TVA really means. nmcnt of the right decision on many impor- Governor of Wyoming. (The matter referred to follows:) XCII-App.- -42 A662 APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD

Let me implore you, therefore, to give seri- Exinmr A mands of, or employ members of, any labor ous consideration to the required legisla- H. R. 5114 organization; or tion to carry this proposal into effect. (2) to induce or require employees of such can offer any A bill to aid in maintaining essential public Neither labor nor management services by public utilities by requiring col- other person to become or remain members objection to a plan which has for its ulti- lective bargaining contracts to include pro- of any labor organization; mate objective the stabilization of financial vision for adequate notice of in any case In which the conditions in the country whereby both the Intention to property to be strike transported is to be transported In Interstate and the employee can plan for the employer or foreign commerce, or In which such future. In this way, the general welfare of Be it enacted, etc., That when used in this con- act- certed refusal directly affects Interstate or all the people of our country will be served. foreign commerce. (1) The term "public utility" includes Very sincerely yours, SEC. 2. It shall be R. M. DAVIs. only a public utility which is engaged in unlawful, by means of a strike against any person, P. S.-A "opy of this letter has been sent commerce or whose operations are such that or by means of a a slow-down or stoppage thereof would bur- concerted refusal to work on, handle, or to each Member of Congress. otherwise den or obstruct commerce or the free flow deal with articles or materials be. of commerce. longing to any person, to induce or require, or to attempt (2) to induce or require, another The terms "employee", "representa- person to recognize, tives", "labor organization", and "commerce", deal with, comply with the demands of, or employ Labor Legislation shall have the meaning assigned to them in members of, any labor organization, in any case in which such section 2 of the National Labor Relations strike or concerted Act. refusal directly affects EXTENSION OF REMARKS interstate or foreign commerce. (3) The term "strike" includes any con- SEc. 3. It shall be unlawful certed action which results for any labor OF in a slow-down organization, or for any officer or stoppage of work. of any labor organization, to induce or require, or to at- HON. CLARE E. HOFFMAN SEC. 2. After the date of the enactment of tempt to Induce or require, any of the mem- this act, no public utility shall enter into OF MICHIGAN bers of such organization to perform any act any contract with any labor organization which constitutes a violation of section 1 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES concerning the wages, hours, or other terms or 2. or. condition of employment of any of the Friday, February 8, 1946 Sac. 4. Whoever violates any of the pro- employees of such public utility, unless such visions of sections 1, 2, or 3- Mr. HOFFMAN. Mr. Speaker, the contract provides that such employees will (1) shall upon conviction thereof be not engage in any strike until after the ex- House February 7, passed what it calls punished by a fine of iiot less than $100 nor piration of 80 days from the date on which more than $1.000,' ' by imprisonment for a labor bill, but in one respect it was they or their representatives give to such just as unfair to labor as the Wagner not less than 30 days, nor more than 1 year, public utility written notice of their Interi- or both; and Act is unfair to employers. If it is passed tion to strike together with a statement of (2) In case such violation their reasons for such Intended strike. is by a labor by the Senate and enforced, it will de- organization, shall upon conviction thereof stroy unions, but in my judgment it will SEc. 3. If any employees of a public utility cease to have and cease to be entitled to the not pass in its present form. I voted engage in any strike which continues for status of a representative or labor organiza- against it. I will vote for and will con- more than 24 hours, in violation of a pro- tion under the National Labor Relations Act, tinue to advocate legislation regulating vision required by section 2 of this act to be for a period of not less than 90 days, nor included in the contract with respect to such more than 6 months. unions. employees, whether or not such provision Am printing herewith copies of two is included in the contract, or in violation bills I introduced, dealing with public of a provision in a contract with respect to ExHIIrr C strikes and interference with interstate such employees, entered into before, on, or H. R. 5202 and foreign commerce. after the date of the enactment of this act, A bill to protect employees and employers February 7, the House passed the Case which prohibits a strike or requires the giv- engaged in interstate and foreign com- bill, designed primarily, it was said, to ing of notice before engaging in a strike, then, merce the time of the beginning of such strike from Be lessen the causes of labor disputes and until the expiration of 12 months after the it enacted, etc.- to minimize strikes, the injurious and termination of such strike- FINDINGS AND POLICY economic results thereof. The sponsors (1) the employees who engage in such SECTION 1. The Congress hereby declarer of the bill and the Committee of the strike shall not be entitled to any rights, that- Whole refused to accept an amendment privileges, or benefits under the National (a) It is the policy of the United States adding a new section designed to pre- Labor Relations Act, with respect to their to foster free competitive enterprise, the in- vent strikes, affecting public-service cor- employment by such public utility; vestment and the protection of private capi- porations, which supply some of the ne- (2) the labor organization with which tal in trade and commerce, and in the de- such contract was entered into by such pub- velopment of the natural resources of the cessities of life, such as power, light, United States. electricity, transportation, and commu- lic utility shall not be recognized as a labor organization, or as a representative of em- (b) All Americans able to work, seeking nications. The amendment which was ployees, under the National Labor Relations and finding work, shall be protected in the rejected by the proponents of the bill Act insofar as any matter relating to the em- exercise of their right to work.. and the committee is carried in H. R. ployees of such public utility is concerned; (c) All individuals, copartnerships, corpo- 5114 printed herewith and marked ex- and rations, associations, and organizations cre- hibit A. (3) the National Labor Relations Board ating and maintaining jobs shall be protected Proponents and the committee also shall not require such public utility to bar- in the right to hire and give employment rejected an amendment drawn to limit gain with such labor organization as the to any individual without interference representative of any of the employees of through force or violence by any individual the penalty imposed by the Case bifl for or organization of any kind. violations of sections 11 and 13. The such public utility. SEC. 4. If such strike continues for more SEc. 2. Whenever any act mentioned in penalty imposed for violation of those than 24 hours, the employees engaged in this or any subsequent section shall obstruct two sections deprives an employee such strike shall cease to be considered em- or interfere with interstate or foreign com- throughout his life of the right to join ployees of the public utility. merce- a union, to bargain collectively, to be (a) It shall be unlawful for any person, a union. Such a penalty alone or acting with another or others, di- represented by EXHIBIT B by force, coercion, in- forbidden by the eighth rectly or indirectly, is expressly H. R. 4951 timidation, or by show or threat of force, amendment to the Constitution of the attempt to make certain labor practices and or attempt to use force, to force or United States, which prohibits cruel and A bill to become, be, or remain boycotts unlawful to force any person unusual punishment. a member of any labor organization; or, by Such a limitation was embodied in Be it enacted, etc., That it shall be unlaw- force, coercion, intimidation, or threat of bills H. R. 4951 and H. R. 5202 offered ful for employees of any person who Is en- force, or attempt to use force, to force or gaged in business as a carrier of property attempt to force, any person to refrain from some time ago and which, had they been for hire, to attempt, by means of a concerted engaging in or remaining in employment, enacted, would have accomplished the refusal to transport the property of, or to or, by force, coercion, intimidation, or by same result. They will be marked ex- transport property to, another person- show or threat of force, or attempt to use hibit B and exhibit C and printed here- (1) to induce or require such other person force, to interfere or attempt to Interfere with. to recognize, deal with, comply with the de- with any employee or other person on his APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD A663 or her way to or from employment, or while shorthand and typing and look after been theoretically abolished. Of course, seeking employment, which in any way con- business matters and is on the pay roll its name has been changed but every- which tributes to the production of anything for only $3,000 in New Deal money. I thing else remains the same. This story article of interstate or for- may become an quote this party: in the Houston Chronicle just shows how eign commerce. (b) It shall be unlawful for any labor or- My job is all right and I have no kick the bureaucrats who work under Henry ganization or the officers thereof, or for any about the pay, but it is in one of those Wallace are bigger than their boss, be- other organization or the officers thereof, to reconversion bureaus where I have abso- cause a.man of his progressive and lib- commit any of the acts herein made un- lutely nothing to do. There are a lot of other eral tendencies, if left to his own inclina- lawful when committed by a person or a people who are also on the pay roll, and they tions would never be guilty of the have nothing to do. My, but group of persons. time hangs charges made in the Houston Chronicle. SEC. 3. Interference in the manner pre- heavy on our hands, and we think it a there is that outstanding and scribed in section 1 with each employee or crime to take our pay checks when we don't Then other person is hereby made a separate and give the Government value received. distinguished Secretary of the Depart- offense. ment of the Interior the Honorable Har- distinct This is a true story SEC. 4. In addition to any other penalty and illustrates old Ickes, "Honest Harold" for short. Imposed by this act, every person or organi- just what is going on under the New The Houston Chronicle relates that Mr. zation violating the terms hereof shall be Dealers down here at Washington. Ickes' Department picked up $212,000,000 liable to every employee or person deprived It is unpleasant for me to tell these more for the fiscal year of 1947. This is of employment by violation of section 1 for facts Mr. Speaker, but people are entitled double the amount of damage suffered by just another case where a God-fearing to know them. They are evidence of man like Secretary Ickes has become such employee or other person, which said what a man said the other day, namely S'mages shall be not less than the sum of submerged and is likely to become a vic- the bureaus and departments have got- $50, together with the costs of such suit, tim of a watery grave of bureaucracy. including an attorney fee of $25, which said ten so big here that they not only sun This is the time and place Mr. Speaker, damages shall be recoverable in any Federal Congress, but they also run their own when both of these distinguished gentle- court sitting in the State where such viola- bosses. men, Henry Wallace and Harold Ickes, tion may occur, and jurisdiction of such I quote from a statement furnished me need the protection of Congress. actions and of the persons and organizations by our colleague the Honorable JOHN Lest I do anyone an injustice, I quote involved therein is hereby conferred upon TABER, of New York, in which he says: such courts. from the Houston Chronicle, of Houston, SEC. 5. Any person violating any provision I wish to call your attention to a table Tex., January 27, 1946, as follows: be subject which I placed in the RECORDof February 7, of this act shall, for each act, HENRY AND HAROLD SCORE HIGH IN BUDGET $1,000 and im- 1916, on page 1111, indicating an increase of to a fine of not more than BATTLE prisonment of not more than 1 year. 116,982 man-years, or 125,000 new jobs in civil SEC. 6. If any provision of this act, or the agencies of the Government, excluding the (By Norman W. Baxter) application of any provision, to any person Army and the Navy, as proposed in the Presi- WASHINGTON, January 26.-There are broad or circumstances shall be held invalid, the dent's 1947 Budget estimates. smiles these days in the Department of Com- remainder of the act, or the application of These positions would require an In- merce and the Department of Interior and a such provision, to any person or circum- creased pay roll of $232,000,0lO and seem to few sly grins in the Bureau of the Budget. stances other than those as to which it is me to indicate better than anything else For the three uppercrust survivors of the held invalid shall not be affected thereby. the attitude of the administration toward Roosevelt administration-Henry Wallace, spending. Harold Ickes, and Director of the Budget Now, Congressman TALER is recoglized Harold Smith-have succeeded in playing a tune on the first Truman peacetime budget Peacetime Sabotage as one of the outstanding men in the that has all other Washington bureaucrats United States who believes in fair deal- slighty dizzy and entirely envious. ing, stating the facts correctly and pro- There is no question as to who gained the EXTENSION OF REMARKS tecting the American people against all most ground. Honest Harold has picked up OF irregularities and misdeeds. He is $212,000,000, or 140 percent, in funds allotted HON. WILLIAM A. PITTENGER pointing out what amounts to 125,000 to his Department from VJ-day through fis- new jobs when the war is over, and we cal year 1947, the budget for which has just OF MINNESOTA ought to be decreasing these plum trees been announced. Mr. Wallace, who got a IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES slower start, has managed to boost his bud- and replanting the orchards with wheat get estimate approximately $77,000,000, or Monday, February 11, 1946 and corn and other productive incre- 89 percent, as between the fiscal years 1940 ments. M'. PITTENGER. Mr. Speaker, from Mark you, he says that he has and 1947. The answer may lie in the fact uninterrupted prac- time to time some administration not even gotten to the Army and the that Mr. Ickes has had Navy which notoriously waste the tax- tice, while Mr. Wallace has only come back to spokesman talks about economy and the the budgetary orchestra in the last year. taxpayer and he usually indicates that payers' money at every opportunity. In wartime we called their expenditure There is, however, no denying the fact that he is for both at the same time. Obser- they are both good-good at raiding the vation leads us to note, however, that necessary, and no one questioned them. Treasury. particularly with the help of social- neither economy in public expenditures In peacetime I feel they will find out too minded Budget Director Smith. Any other nor the taxpayer amount to very much late that a different yardstick is in ex- member of the President's Cabinet or agency istence. in the eyes of the average New Dealer. head will admit this ruefully. In many re- HENRY WALLACE AND HAROLD ICKES spacts Mr. Wallace's accomplishment is the To use the old phrase, "They aren't more remarkable, since some of the budgetary worth a continental." This does not It made me feel sad yesterday, Mr. gains that he has registered run into several refer to their intrinsic worth or value Speaker, when I read an article from the hundred percent. Here are some shining which is indispensable to any New Deal Houston Chronicle of Houston, Tex., examples: program which always includes more under date of January 27, 1946. This THREE HUNDRED PERCENT INCREASE jobs, bigger jobs, and in the language of referred to the fact that the Department The funds allotted to the office of the sec- one of the late New Dealers, "Spend and of Commerce has boosted its budget esti- retary in the Department of Commerce a'e spend and tax and tax." In other mate $77,000,000 as between the fiscal 300 percent above any previous year in the words, there must necessarily be a waste years of 1946 and 1947. Now the Secre- last two decades. The most money the of public funds, or else there is no fun. tary of Commerce is the Honorable Budget Bureau ever allowed for this purpose We have pointed out on many occa- Henry Wallace, long recognized as a heretofore was $2,467,000, when Herbert sions that this reckless and irresponsible God-fearing son of Iowa, than whom Hoover was President. Mr. Wallace has been authorized to seek congressional sanction for policy of wasting funds is going to ruin there are none greater in their love for the Government, $7,685,000 for his own secretarial force. but administration the common people and their desire to In its heyday, when the Bureau of Foreign leaders do not seem to pay any atten- benefit all of our neighbors. I was sur- and Domestic Commerce had agents all over tion to it, I was talking the other day prised to learn that Mr. Wallace's budget the world-as it now no longer has-it was with a high grade, competent person in estimates for peacetime purposes had never permitted to ask for more than $5,334,- one of the newly created Government been boosted. He surely ought to be able 000. Mr. Wallace has been given the green Departments. This party is rated as a to borrow a few thousand employees from light on $11.670,000 for fiscal year 1947. which Person of executive capacity, able to take one of those wartime agencies which has is more than 400 percent above the amount A692 APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD American-Born Wives Denied Com- ance, their request has been denied. At the pendents at Government expense * * * same time, enlisted men of the same grades is authorized." missary Rights in Canada (sergeants, corporals, privates first class, and These men of genius reason that because privates) who married Newfoundland girls of AR 55-120, paragraph 8 (see exhibit G) (foreigners) receive without hesitation or and AR 35-4880, paragraph REMARKS 1 (see exhibit question, commissary privileges and authority H) only dependents of enlisted men above OF to ration separately (a money allowance). the fourth grade-fourth grade meaning the (See exhibit D.) equivalent of the grade of sergeant-and de- HON. ALVIN F. WEICHEL In addition, while these enlisted men with pendents of commissioned officers are entitled OF OHIO American wives (sergeants, corporals, pri- to transportation at Government expense by vates first class, and privates) are prohibited reason of the language "when IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES any officer, from getting family quarters and living on warrant officer, or enlisted man above the Friday, February 8, 1946 the post (military reservation) at Fort Pep- fourth grade * * * the United States perrell by authority of the above-cited daily will furnish transportation in kind from Mr. WEICHEL. Mr. Speaker, enlisted bulletin (see exhibit D), they are prohibited funds appropriated for his dependents." men have bitterly complained of unjust by the same daily bulletin, paragraph 6 there- And so the similar language used in circu- treatment and also of discrimination of, from living In town off the post (St. lar 252 (exhibit A) is such that only de- against their dependents. They com- John's is one-half mile away). And, further, pendents of staff sergeants or higher or of plain that the Army discriminates the daily bulletin indicates that these men commissioned officers are permitted to leave not living on the post at Fort Pepperrell will continental United States. Wives against their American-born wives in of enlisted not get commissary privileges for their fami- men of the grade of sergeant or less are by Canada. They claim their American- lies. Is not the Federal law on Government these regulations prohibited from coming to born wives are denied the right to pur- housing (see exhibit D, p. 6) authorizing Newfoundland at their own expense or even chase food and necessaries in the Ameri- tenancy for all ranks a higher authority than of leaving continental United States for any can Army commissary in Canada. But Army restrictive measures? place outside thereof where any other Amer- Canadian-born wives can purchase at This obvious arbitrary, unreasonable dis- ican citizen is entitled to go. (For equal will. I believe a thorough investigation crimination in favor of enlisted men with stupidity refer to exhibit M which quotes foreign wives (Newfoundlanders) General Eichelberger as should be made and the people given the and against desiring the same dis- men of the same grades who have married crimination for the occupation troops in facts. loyal American citizens is really unbeliev- Japan.) I an including a statement of more able, except that it is so typical of the stu- Since when does the War Department or than 17,000 words from these men in pidity in high ranks in the War Department the Army in peacetime have jurisdiction to Canada covering this denial of food and and in local Army commands. Or is this prohibit an American citizen, who is not in necessaries to their American-born wives, policy part of the inducement to have men the armed forces, from traveling outside the and I ask unanimous consent to include who have married loyal American girls to United States? Is not such travel by such reenlist in the Army? Perhaps to save the citizens the sole province of the State De- this in the RECORD, showing discrimina- country and its material bounty for the com- partment? Especially when the State De- tion by the Army against American-born fort of foreigners while denying the same partment has passed rules or orders allowing wives of enlisted men in Canada. comforts to Americans? any American to travel to Newfoundland The SPEAKER. Is there objection to This policy shows even more contempt for without even a passport? the request of the gentleman from Ohio? these enlisted men (sergeants, corporals, pri- Not only are wives of officers and of the first There was no objection. vates first class, and privates) with American three enlisted grades permitted to come to wives when it is set beside the lavish quar- Newfoundland but by AR 35-4880 paragraph MEMORANDUM:ARMY ABUSE AND CONTEMPT ters furnished at and on Fort Pepperrell for la (see exhibit H) they are authorized to re- FOR ENLISTED MEN BELOW THE GRADEOF families of officers and the first three grades imbursement'from the Government for their STAFF SERGEANTWHO HAVEAMERICAN WIVEs of enlisted men (staff sergeants, technical expenses of travel, and are entitled to the IN NEWFOUNDLAND sergeants, and master sergeants) as author- expense of transportation back to the United Recently a brilliant piece of policy was es- ized by congressional law and Army regula- States by reason of War Department Circular tablished by the commanding officer in charge tions (see AR 35-4520, exhibit I; AR 35-4220, 287, section X (see exhibit I), which removed of Fort Pepperrell, Newfoundland, as evi- exhibit I; AR 210-10, change. 13. exhibit K), the previous restriction of one movement of denced by exhibit D, an exact copy of the and this is true for this privileged class (offi- dependents at Government expense for those Daily Bulletin, of Headquarters, Newfound- cers and the first three enlisted grades) re- dependents of officers and the first three en- land, dated November 16, 1945. In it will gardless of how good, bad, or indifferent a listed grades (staff sergeant or higher) which appear that men below the first three en- foreigner the wife might be or If she is Amer- restriction of one movement was originally listed grades (below the grade of staff ser- ican or not. In addition to family quarters, imposed by AR 35-4880 paragraph 9 (see ex- geant, that is) who have married Newfound- these wives, foreigners or Americans. of offi- hibit H). In fact the above-cited Circular land girls (foreigners) will be furnished fam- cers and the first three grades of enlisted 287 (exhibit I, p. 1) has maue it permissible ily quarters at Fort Pepperrell, Newfoundland, men get other luxuries such as deliveries of for wives of all men above the grade of ser- while enlisted men of the same ranks (ser- food from the Army commissary store by geant to be transported at Government ex- geants, corporals, privates first class, and pri- means of Army transportation (see exhibit pense any number of times indefinitely, vates) whose American wives have come to C), rental allowances for officers of sums whereas wives of men below the grade of staff Newfoundland with the United States State greater than the actual rent (see AR 35-4220, sergeant are not permitted by the War De- Department permission and permission of the par. 5, exhibit I), subsistence allowances for partment or Army to even come to New- Newfoundland immigration authorities but officers (AR 35-4220, par. 1, exhibit I), and foundland or anywhere else outside the without a permit from the War Department for enlisted men of the first three grades United States (however they do come any- or local Army commander are denied the (see AR 35-4520, par. 1 and par 13, exhibit I) way becaure the State Department in fact right, even though request has been submit- and family quarters for enlisted men of the permits them). Perhaps this principle of ted to local Army headquarters, to have fam- first three grades (exhibit I). The list of discrimination and inverted, perverted de- ily quarters on the military reservation of other special privileges for this class could mocracy practiced by the War Department Fort Pepperrell. (See pars. 1 and 2, exhibit perhaps be lengthened ad infinitum. and Army is what we enlisted men below the D.) Now of course the ridiculous reason the grade of staff sergeart with American wives Although to some extent enlisted men local staff of officers give for refusing to en- have been sacrificing time, money, separa- whose American wives are here without Army listed men below the first three grades-be- tion, and effort to preserve? Or would not permits receive commissary privileges (right low staff sergeant-who have American wives Hitler's democracy be just about as good as to buy groceries, etc., at the Army store) tem- the privileges of buying food at the Army this type set up by the Army? porarily, and, as the staff of the command- commissary store; and of living in apart- In short, because of all these conflicting ing officer makes plain, only at the whim or ments at Fort Pepperrell; and of receiving ra- and confused Army regulations and orders discretion of the commander, it would appear to tion allowance is that the War Department- devoted to help the privileged few and that unless the commander and his staff of of men below the and consequently its counterpart, the Army destroy the family life officers receive instructions from Washington married before the locally-has forbidden wives of enlisted men grade of staff sergeants to correct their stupidity, they will, after Jan- American girls, the local "om- below the grade of staff war to good nary 1, 1946, deny commissary privileges to sergeant to leave their justifica- continental mander and hi. mistakes find these enlisted men with American wives. (See United States by virtue of War tion to enact equally ridiculous Army orders par. 6 as related to par. 4, exhibit D, the Daily Department Circular 125 dated April 25, 1945, here in Newfoundland, supplementing the Bulletin.) In addition it is plain in para- section II, paragraph ld, as amended by War perverted restrictions of Circular 125 as graph 6 of exhibit D that authority to ration Department Circular 252 dated August 20, amended by Circular 252, thus permitting separately (a money allowance) will be de- 1945, section V (see exhibit A), wherein only wives of men above the grade of ser- nied these men (sergeants, corporals, privates the following undemocratic class distinction geant and of officers to come to Newfound- first class, and privates) with American wives verbiage is used: "Travel to Newfoundland land (see Newfoundlan( Base Command after January 1, 1946, and in fact although by dependents of United States Army and Memorandum No. 63, par. 2, dated August 27, several men with American wives have applied Navy personnel whose grade, rank, or rating 1945, and par. ; of Adjutant General's letter in the past months for separate ration allow- entitles them to transportation of their de- attached thereto; exhibit B). 'APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD A693

It is no secret that the War Department the travel restriction of wives of enlisted men our United States Government through the made the order contained in circular 252 (see as contained in Circular 125 as amended by State Department but contrary to the Army's exhibit A), allowing wives of the higher ranks Circular 252 (exhibit A) as justification for ridiculous verbiage in circulars 125 and 252 to travel to Newfoundland because of specific this refusal of family quarters? Especially (see exhibit A), the Army having no jurisdic- request to that effect by the local Army com- is it sensible when Army regulations impose tion in peace at least to restrict travel of mander suggesting the language: "by de- no such restriction upon the commander on civilians? Army * * pendents of United States the subject of assignment of family quar- Furthermore, is not the War Department, personnel whose grade, rank, or rating entitle ters, and instead expressly exhort the com- General Marshall, and the Army required- them to the transportation of their depend- mander to make assignments for the best in- like any other citizen-to obey Federal laws ents at Government expense." Why was no terests of the service? (See AR 210-10 and enacted by our United States Congress, and request made for the same privileges for men change 13 thereof; exhibit K.) Is it for specifically the Federal law known as the of all grades and ranks, in view of the fact the best interests of the service for any Army Military Appropriations Act, 1946 (see ex- that many apartments at Fort Pepperrell still commander to assign all enlisted men with hibit E), and are they not required, if they remain vacant? And when ample accommo- foreign wives to quarters while enlisted men issue Army regulations on a subject covered dations can be obtained in the town of St. of the same grades with American wives are in this law such as transportation of de- John's (and have been obtained-at high denied family apartments or quarters; and, pendents, to follow the Federal law? Is not rents, of course-by many privates whose furthermore, when the quarters available the Federal law a higher authority than the wives came without Army permission but are numerous enough to house all married War Department. General Marshall, and with State Department permission and per- men and families no matter how foreign or Army? It will be noted that the Federal law au- mission of Newfoundland immigration American the wives are? A commander who expressly says that dependents of such mili- thorities)? The answer is plain: Arrogance, knows as little as some in the field would tary personnel without regard to rank or conceit, stupidity, and selfishness of those perhaps answer "Yes" to this question. In grade may be moved, and shows no intention Army officers in Newfoundland who control fact, the local commander is giving corporals that foreign wives shall alone be a privileged this policy prevented it. The size of these (and in some cases privates) with New- class to the exclusion of good, loyal American attributes rivals those in the Adjutant Gen- foundland (foreign) wives reenlisting in the wives. And if the law is interpreted to per- eral's Office in Washington, where these in- Regular Army permanent quarters, which mit such exclusion of American wives, what sipid policies are finally determined. quarters are in as excellent condition as offi- principle of American democracy justifies So the local United States Army officers go cers' quarters (see exhibit D) and designed the transport at Government expense of mil- from this War Department-Army policy of for use by officers and the first three grades of lions of dollars 100.000 or more British. Ger- prohibition of travel to Newfoundland for enlisted men. And is all this sensible when man. French. and a varied assortment of all wives of men less than staff sergeant in grade a Federal law authorizes renting Govern- colors and nationalities of foreign wives back to their asinine :onclusion that no other ment housing to all ranks? (See exhibit D.) to the United States while at the same time privileges normally given other men of the As for the separate rations allowance, the denying the small expense of transporting same grade can be granted these dastardly travel restrictions of Circulars 125 and 252 the relatively few American wives back to men who brought their loyal and true Ameri- (exhibit A) are again used by the local com- the United States? In addition., can wives other Amer- from the United States, while the mander for justification in denying separate ican wives and foreign wives of enlisted same privileges woule' men, be granted to any sol- rations allowance to enlisted men below the staff sergeant or higher, and of commissioned dier who picked up with any sort of foreign grade of staff sergeant with American wives officers get free rides at Government-tax- woman, good or bad, as a wife. in Newfoundland, while granting them to payers' expense back to the United States: Furthermore, is not the denial of com- enlisted men of the same grade who have and as mentioned before, no longer are they missary privileges to any enlisted men of married Newfoundlanders (foreigners) (see restricted to one move at Government ex- any grade a violation of the will of the exhibit D). Is this good judgment or ob- pense because of circular 287, section X. Sep- people of the United States as expressed in servance of the express direction of the War tember 20. 1945 (see exhibit I, p. 1). In fact, Federal law, Title 10, United States Code, Sec- Department as contained in Circular 134 one staff sergeant, a bigamist, in Newfound- tion 1237, enacted by our United States Con- dated April 8, 1944. paragraph 1 thereof (see land took his second illegal foreign wife gress and which is just as binding upon our exhibit J) where it is stated: "The post which he married in Newfoundland back to Secretary of War or local Army commanders commander * * * may in his discretion the United States at Government expense: as upon any other citizen? (See sec. 1237, and with due regard for the best interests of and had such authority by the above Army exhibit BB.) This law definitely specifies the service * authorize individual regulations regardless of how many times his "the officers of the Quartermaster Corps shall men to mess separately"? This item thus lawful American wife might have traveled prccure and keep for sale to officers and en- falls in the same category of customary mili- at Government expense. listed men at cost price * * * for cash tary stupidity as the denial of family quar- The apex of the ridiculous was reached or on creditr such articles." Is it not plain ters to men with American wives residing lately when a staff sergeant recently so pro- that the Federal law uses the word "shall" with them in Newfoundland. moted here in Newfoundland was threatened which is a command or mandate to do a Even foreign domestic servants and maids with denial of benefits, such as family quar- thing, and that it specifies sale to "officers of officers get better consideration than the ters on the post. etc., to which other staff and enlisted men" without making any dis- American wives of enlisted men below the sergeants married are entitled. because his tinction as to rank or grade? When the Fed- grade of staff sergeant with regard to re- wife was brought here without an Army per- eral law gives no authority to create a class ceiving family quarters at Fort Pepperrell by mit at a time when he was only a corporal distinction as to rank and grade, how can the in grade His wife came from the United War Department virtue of the authority of AR 210-10, Change staff or local commanders 13 dated January 8, 1944, paragraph 13e. States. Yes, circular 125, as amended, was and staff be arrogant enough to create classes (See exhibit K.) given as the reason for this foolish attitude. in open defiance of Federal law, an authority The last straw to all this discrimination By way of contrast, the Canadian Army in greater than theirs? Also, does not the War Newfoundland all during the war by its Department's pronouncement against enlisted men below staff sergeant on this sub- with American wives is that the local com- quota system permitted in practical effect all ject of enlisted men buying food at the Army mander has urged the equally perverted Ad- its personnel of any raik or grade to bring store as contained in AR 30-2290, dated Au- and the War Depart- their wives from Canada to live with them. gust 10. 1938, paragraphs 1 and 2 (see jutant General's Office exhibit ment to back up his decision in denying And hat was true also of the Canadian Navy BB), also clearly state that sales shall be transportation at Government expense back stationed in Newfoundland. The Canadian made (par. 2a (1) (a)) to "officers, war- Army and Navy treated none of its person- rant oflcers, and enlisted men of to the United States from Newfoundland for the those American wives of such enlisted men nels' wives, no matter what grade the service- Army" without specifying any right of local below staff sergeant, which wives have come man held, as an outlaw. Certainly, the commanders to withhold privileges from men Canadians would not have been so stupid of any grade or rank? Just where to Newfoundland with State Department do despotic, permission but without Army permits. Sev- as to give privileges to Newfoundland wives dictator-minded commanding officers get eral such enlisted men have made requests marrying Canadians which they would deny their authority to withhold privileges from their own Canadian wives married to Cana- enlisted men of lower grades who have and have been refused orders allowing trans- good portation of their dependents back to the dians. So one can see that Canada follows American wives in direct violation of both United States by Government conveyance or a Christian policy of fortcring family life Federal law and War Department order? where it does not interfere with military This the local com- Does any officer's twisted mind sincerely be- at Government expense. activity, in complete contrast to what we in lieve the restriction on travel of dependents mander is doing although the War Depart- America consider as sensible, but which is to Newfoundland as contained in Circular ment over General Marshall's signature has really a pagan, immoral policy. However, 125 as amended by Circular 252 (exhibit A) stated, contrary to that decision, in circular one must admit the greater democracy in is sound basis for such stupid refusal of com- 245 dated August 11, 1945, paragraph 3 and Canada, and must also admit that Canada missary privileges to men with American 3a that transportation at Government ex- probably has a greater proportion of people wives? pense will be furnished to dependents of all with sound religious principles controlling With reference to the Newfoundland com- military personnel (regardless of rank or their Government and the armed services manding officer's refusal of family quarters to grade) on duty at stations outside continen- tl.an the proportion of the same controlling enlisted men below the third enlisted grade tal United States (see exhibit F). How can the United States Government and Armv. with American wives (see Daily Bulletin, any intelligent person read an exception into Even the people living in Newfoundland November 16, 1945, pars, 1 and 2; exhibit D), this so as to exclude American wives who think the American policy is stupid and anti- is it plain, grade-school common sense to use came to Newfoundland with permission of religious. (See exhibit L.) APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD

Are these the Intelligent principles, Gov- able and who voluntarily applies in writing others to proceed will be made solely on the ernment and country for which all enlisted to his immediate commanding officer for a basis of military necessity and without re- men fought? It might be if the War De- discharge, will be sent to a separation center, gard to the personal relationships involved. partment and Army were cleaned of Its as provided in current instructions, for dis- 3. Section IV, Circular No. 228, War De- stupid characters and parasites whose un- charge under the provisions of AR 615-365 partment. 1944, pertaining to the foregoing earned portions of their pay coming from (Convenience of the Government) and this subject, is rescinded. the United States Treasury far exceeds the circular. Such applicants overseas will be re- [AG 510 (17 April 45)] Government cost of transporting a few turned to the appropriate separation center By order of the Secretary of War: American wives to the United States and the in the United States in excess of rotation G. C. MARSHALL, cost of other benefits (commissary benefits, quotas. Military necessity or other require- Chief of Staff. rations allowance, and :amily quarters) un- ments or limitations will not be a bar to dis- Official: justly denied them In violation of Federal charge; however, this authority will not be J. A. ULIO, law or Army regulations, or common sense. used in lieu of disciplinary action, nor when Major General, The Adjutant General. Do these local drains on the Federal discharge under other Army regulations is ap- propriate, nor when the Individual concerned Treasury wearing uniforms have the same CmrCULAR197 Intense desire to stop Government costs or is under medical or surgical treatment. The jill the Federal Treasury when they take, as provisions of this circular do not apply to WAR DEPARTMENT, they have, ten 1942 Army staff cars in ex- enlisted women of the Women's Army Corps. •Washington, D. C., June 30, 1945. cellent condition, declare them surplus prop- [AG 220.8 (17 April 45) IV. Travel: The last sentence of paragraph erty, have the Army recondition and paint II. Travel: 1. Civilian dependents of mili- 2, section II, WD, Circular 125,1945, is changed them, put on new tires, and sell them to the tary personnel and of War Department civil- as follows: officers only of highest :ank (themselves) at ian employees may enjoy the same travel Assignments of personnel under military less than one-third or one-half their market privileges accorded to other civilians but they control to duty overseas and authorization value (about $450 in United States money)? may not proceed to a theater, base, or com- for others to proceed will be made solely on All these matters might be good advertise- mand outside the continental United States the basis of military necessity and without ment for the current Army enlistment drive, in which military or civilian personnel upon regard to the personal relationships involved, e:;pecially the prospective soldiers who have whom they are dependent are stationed ex- except as provided in section V, WD, Circu- American wives. cept- lar 47, 1945. a. When they are bona fide members of- By order of the Secretary of War: LIST OF EXHIBITS (1) Army Nurse Corps. G. C. MARSHALL, (2) Women's Army Corps. EXHIBITA Chief of Staff. (3) American Red Cross. Official: Circular 125: Travel of dependents. (4) United Service Organizations. J. A. ULIO, Circulars 197 and 203: Travel. b. When they are dependents of bona fide Major General, The Adjutant General. Circular 252: Travel to Newfoundland. members of military attache staffs or offices EXHIBIT B and military commissions or missions in CIRCULAR203 Latin America, provided such travel is appro- Memo 63 (Newfoundland headquarters): WARDEPARTMENT, priately authorized in War Department or- Travel to Newfoundland. ders. Washington, r. C., July 6, 1945. EXHIBIT BB c. Upon specific request of a theater or base VI. Travel: Paragraph le, section II, WD. is added as follows: 39-2290 and U. S. C. 1237: Commissary. commander for their employment In a capac- Circular 125, 1945, AR e. Travel to Bermuda by dependents of EXHIBIT C ity necessary to the war effort. d. With respect to the Bahamas, the Carib- United States Army and Navy personnel store, Fort Pep- Price list of commissary bean Defense Command, and Brazil, In ac- whose grade, rank, or rating entitles them to perrell. cordance with Joint Army and Navy policy, the transportation of their dependents at EXHIBIT D travel by dependents of United States Army Government expense, and by dependents of Daily Bulletin (Newfoundland headquar- and Navy personnel, whose grade, rank, or War and Navy Department civilian employees ters), November 16. 1945. rating entitles them to the transportation of on permanent duty in Bermuda, is authorized Special Order 172: Public quarters for pri- their dependents at Government expense, and subject to the conditions enumerated under vate with Newfoundland wife. by dependents of War and Navy Department d above. Special Order 168: Family quarters for cor- civilian employees on permanent duty in By order of the Secretary of War: poral and sergeant married to foreigners. these areas, is authorized subject to the fol- G. C. MARSHALL, Special Order 170: Separate rations to pri- lowing conditions: Chief of Staff. vate married to Newfoundlander. (1) That the travel is for the purpose of Official: Authority to ration separately for private establishing residence with (not visiting) the J. A. ULo, married in Newfoundland to foreigner. personnel concerned: Major General, The Adjutant General. EXHIBIT E (2) That in each area the appropriate Army and Navy commanders CIRCULAR252 Federal law: Transportation at Govern- will coordinate local implementation which will be governed ment expense of all dependents to United WAR DEPARTMENT, by availability and suitability of housing, the Washington, D. C., August 20, 1945. States. availability of medical EXHIBIT F supplies, and other V. Travel: Section II, WD. Circular 125. pertineiit local conditions; 1945, as amended by section IV. WD. Circu- of dependents Circular 245: Transportation (3) That in each area the appropriate lar 197, and section VI, WD, Circular 203. from overseas. Army and Navy commanders, respectively, 1945, is further amended by adding para- G EXHIBIT will determine the order in which applica- graph If, as follows: AR 55-120: Transfer of dependents at Gov- tions for authorization for dependent's travel f. Travel to Newfoundland by dependents ernment expense. will be granted; of United States Army and Navy personnel EXHIBIT H (4) That no Government transportation whose grade, rank, or rating entitles them to will be furnished except as may transpor- become avail- the transportation of their dependents at AR 35-4880: Reimbursement for able as surplus; tation of dependents. Government expense, and by dependents of (5) That reimbursement for transporta- War and Navy Department civilian employees EXHIBIT I tion of dependents will be effected in ac- on permanent duty in Newfoundland, is au- Circular 287: Transportation, and AR 35- cordance with existing law; thorized subject to the conditions enumcr- 4520, quarters and subsistence for third- (6) That no household goods or private ated under d above. grade men. automobiles will be transported via Govern- By order of the Secretary of War: AR 35-4220: Subsistence and rental allow- ment transportation or at Government ex- G. C. MARSHALL. ance for officers. pense; Chief of Staff. EXHIBIT J (7) That no increase in Army or Navy Official: personnel assigned to the above areas will Circular 134 and Army Regulations re en- EDWARD F. WITSELL, result. listed men mess separately. Major General, 2. The fact that a member of the Army Acting The Adjutant General. EXHIBIT K Nurse Corps, Women's Army Corps, Ameri- Authority for assigning quarters. can Red Cross, United Service Organizations, EXHIBIT B or a civilian is a blood relative of, or marries, MEMOr.ANDUM No. 63, TRAVELOF DEPENDENTS ExHIBrr A a member of the armed forces or a War De- TO NEWFOUNDLAND CIRCULAR125 partment civilian employee in an oversea theater, base, or command, will not be al- HEADQUARTERS, WAs DEPARTMENT, to effect an advantage or disadvantage NEWFOUNDLAND BASECOMMAND, Washington, D. C., April 25, 1945. lowed in the assignment or duty of either person, UNITED STATES AI-MY, (Effective until October 25, 1946, unless sooner nor will it be allowed to preclude the privi- APO 862. CAREOF POSTMASTER, rescinded or superseded) leges normally allowed to such persons. As- New York, N. Y., August 27, 1945. I. Enlisted men: Every enlisted man 42 signments of personnel under military con- 1. Attention of all concerned (only officers years of age or over, whose service is honor- trol to duty overseas and authorization for and first three grades) is directed to con- APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD fidential letter AGO, subject, Travel of De- for presentation to military authorities when mand for the travel of dependents will be pendents of Military Personnel to Newfound- required (AG-10).) forwarded in triplicate by air pouch to The land, dated August 17, 1945 (classification re- By command of Brigadier General Connell: Adjutant General (attention: Operations duced to "Restricted"), copy of which is A. H. WARREN, Branch, AGO), War Department, Washing- appended hereto as enclosure No. 1. Colonel, G. S. C., Chief of Staff. ton 25, D. C., and in quadruplicate to the 2. All United States military personnel or Official : commanding general, Army Service Forces War Department civilian employees coming [SEAL] F. J. MATTHEWS, (attention chief of transportation), Wash- within the purview of paragraph 2, enclosure Captain, A. G. D., Adjutant General. ington 25, D. C. Lists should contain the No. 1 (see AG letter, next sheet), who desire following information: to have their dependents establish residence WAR DEPARTMENT, (a) Christian name, sex, ages, addresses of with them in Newfoundland will make appli- THE ADJUTANT GENERAL'S OFFICE, dependents, and names, ranks, and Army cation, through post commanders, for per- Washington, D. C., August 17, 1945. serial numbers of individuals upon whom mission therefor to the commanding gen- Subject: Travel of dependents of military they are dependent. eral, Newfoundland Base Command. Appli- personnel to Newfoundland. (b) Method (air or water) and approxi- cation forms for this purpose may be pro- To: Commanding Generals, Eastern Defense mate date of travel desired. cured from the Adjutant General, Newfound- Command, Governors Island, N. Y.: New- (c) Order of precedence of movement land Base Command, or from post adjutants. foundland Base Command, APO 862, care within both the air and water categories. 3. Before request is approved, applicants of Postmaster, New York, N. Y. (d) A class IV air priority designator for will be required to show that suitable hous- 1. War and Navy Departments have agreed those personnel for whom air transportation ing is available for their dependents, either to the following provisions governing travel to is desired. on or off the post. Post commanders in their Newfoundland by dependents of United States The applications that will be considered by forwarding endorsements will indicate either Army and Navy personnel and dependents of the commanding general, Newfoundland (1) that suitable quarters are available on War and Navy Departments civilian em- Base Command, will include requests of all military personnel wherever stationed with- the post or (2) that the individual has pro- ployees stationed in Newfoundland: cured suitable housing in the neighboring 2. Travel to Newfoundland by the depend- in the territorial limits of Newfoundland. community. ents of United States Army and Navy person- 7. Dependents of Government civilian em- 4. If no Government transportation is re- nel, whose grade, rank (nobody below staff ployees, traveling under provisions of War quested: When application is approved, the sergeant), or rating entitle them to the trans- Department Circular 125, may travel by sur- plus air transport but at their own expense, commanding general, Newfoundland Base portation of their dependents at Government Command, will issue to the applicant a let- expense, and by dependents of War and Navy unless such dependents are traveling to ac- of authorization for the travel of de- Departments civilian employees on perma- cept Government employment in Newfound- ter may This letter must be sent to the nent duty in Newfoundland is authorized land Base Command, in which case they pendents. subject to the following conditions: travel at Government expense. dependents concerned, and will be used in lieu of a passport. It must be in the posses- (a) That the travel is for the purpose of Dependents of military personnel may sion of dependents at all times while travel establishing residence with (not visiting) the travel by surplus transportation available to to Newfoundland is being performed. personnel concerned. the War Department, either air or water, at 5. If Government transportation is re- (b) That the commanding general, New- Government expense. The authority for quested. Lists of dependents approved by foundland base command, will coordinate travel will be contained in War Department the commanding general, Newfoundland with the commandant, United States naval invitational travel olders issued at the re- operating base, Newfoundland, upon local Base Command, for travel to Newfoundland quest of the commanding general, Newfound- will be forwarded in accordance with para- implementation, which will be governed by land Base Command. graphs 6 and 7, enclosure No. 1, to The Ad- availability and suitability of housing, the 8. Personnel under Newfoundland Base availability jutant General, and the commanding gen- of medical supplies, and other Command will be instructed to inform their eral, Army Service Forces. Persons request- pertinent local conditions. dependents to take no action in connection ing Government transportation for their (c) That in each area the appropriate Army with travel on Government-provided trans- dependents will Instruct such dependents to and Navy commanders, respectively, will de- portation prior to receipt of instructions and take no action in connection with Govern- termine the order in which application for invitational travel orders issued by The Ad- authorization ment-provided transportation prior to receipt for dependents' travel will be jutant General. of instructions and invitational travel orders granted. 9. For your information, copies of instruc- issued by The Adjutant General. (d) That no Government transportation tions for procedure involving either air or 6. Medical care for dependents. Due to will be furnished except as may become avail- water transportation as issued by The Ad- the limited Medical Department personnel to able as surplus. jutant General to the dependents for whom be stationed in Newfoundland, it will be nec- (e) That reimbursement for transportation transportation is requested by overseas com- essary, initially, to restrict medical care for of dependents will be effected in accordance mands are attached hereto as enclosures 1 dependents as follows: with existing law. and 2. (a) Only out-patient ýreatment and emer- (f) That no household goods or private 10. Copies of local implementation plans gency care, which in civilian practice is equiv- automobile will be transported via Govern- based on the policy set forth above will be alent to office calls and residence calls, will be ment transportation or at Government ex- furnished to the War Department at the provided for dependents of United States penses. earliest practicable date. Army personnel at post hospitals in New- (g) That no increase in Army or Navy per- 11. The commanding general, Newfound- foundland. sonnel assigned to the above areas will result. land Base Command, is authorized to reduce (b) A baby clinic will be operated one 3. Action is being taken by the War Depart- the classification of this communication afternoon each week for the purpose of rou- ment to amend section II of Circular 125 so when deemed advisable and is directed to tine physical examinations and immuniza- as to include Newfoundland among the ex- advise the War Department when reduction tions for children of preschool age. cepted stations mentioned in subparagraph has been accomplished. (c) Hospitalization of cases of any type, d. Attention is invited to the fact that Cir- By order of the Secretary of War: dental treatment, and maternity service (in- cular 125 is not applicable to the transpor- EDWARDF. WITSELL, cluding prenatal care) will not be provided. tation of dependents from overseas stations BrigadierGeneral, 7. Immunization: The following immuni- to the United States. The Adjutant General. zations are required prior to departure from 4. There is at the present time no surplus Certified a true copy: the United States. space on Government transportation to F. J. MATHEWS, (a) Smallpox vaccination unless immu- Newfoundland. However, in the event that Captain AGD, Adjutant General. nized within the past year. Waiver of small- surplus space should become available in the future, instructions relating to the ap- pox vaccination in the case of infants under EXHIBIT BB 3 months is authorized. plication for and the use of such space is (b) Typhoidc and paratyphoid (triple ty- included herein. CoMMIssARY SALES (FOODAND PROVISIONS) phoid vaccine) unless immunized within the 5. Dependents will be required to complete The people of the United States have ex- past year. This immunization consists of the inoculations prescribed for Army per- pressed their will, through their duly elected three inoculations administered at weekly sonnel assigned from the United States to Representatives in Congress, on the subject intervals which will require a total of 2 Newfoundland. Dependents will be required of commissary provisions for members of the weeks. Waiver of the requirements for triple to make their own arrangements for trans- Army by means of the Federal law embodied typhoid vaccine for infants under 1 year of portation to the port of embarkation when in title 10, United States Code, section 1237, age is authorized. notified by The Adjutant General that they as follows: (NoTE.-In this connection, it is suggested are to travel via Government transportation "1237. Sale at cost prices of articles desig- that dependents contact the commanding of- to overseas station. When dependents elect nated by officers of Inspector General's De- ficer of a general hospital, general dispen- to travel via commercial transportation (rail, partment; accounting: sary, Army airfield, or Army camp, post, or water, or air) at their own expense, they will "The officers of the Quartermaster Corps station nearest their homes who will be in be required to make their own arrangements shall procure and keep for sale to officers and a position to administer the necessary im- for transportation to final destination. enlisted men at cost price (except that over- munizations. A private physician may ad- 6. Lists of requests for surplus Govern- head costs shall be charged, as prescribed in minister immunization inoculations, but if ment transportation approved by the com- sec. 1231 of this title, in the case of arti- so, a certificate for same must be obtained manding general, Newfoundland Base Com- cles of clothing and equipage) for cash or on A696' APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD

credit, such articles as may, from time to can be provided permanent quarters nor- Command, dated September 25, 1945. Et- time, be designated by the officers of the In- mally assigned to men of the first three fective January 1, 1946, married enlisted men spector General's Department of the Army. grades. Upon occupying these quarters men who do not live on the Fort Pepperrell reser- An account of sales on credit shall be kept, having class F allotments will have 90 cents vation will not be granted authority to ration and the amount due for same shall be re- per day deducted from their pay for family separately or to be quartered outside the ported to the Chief of Finance. (R. S. par. quarters furnished them as outlined by reservation when not on duty. 1144; Aug. 24, 1912, ch. 391, par. 3, 37 Stat. 591, change 5, paragraph 29-c, AR 35-4520, dated By order of Colonel Warren: June 3, 1916, ch. 134, par. 7, 39 Stat. 169; June January 21, 1944. F. J. MATHEWS, 3, 1916. ch. 134, par. 9a, as added June 4, 1920, PAR. 2. Married privates, first-class, and Major, AGD, Adjutant General. ch. 227, par. 9, 41 Stat. 766.)" other enlisted men below the first three Necessarily subordinate to the will of the grades who have married in Newfoundland, SPECIALORDEB No. 172 people of the United States as expressed in who do not elect to reenlist In the Regular the above Federal law are the Army regula- Army, will be assigned family quarters at HEADQUARTERS, tions propounded by order of the Secretary Fort Pepperrell for their dependents. These NEWFOUNDLAND BASE COMMAND AND of War, as follows: quarters are located in buildings T-265 to FORT PEPPERBELL, NEWFOUNDLAND, UNITED STATES "ARMY REGULATIONSNo. 30-2290 T-273, above and slightly west of the West ARMY, Side Gas Station. Deduction for quarters APO 862, CaRE oF POSTMASTER, "WAR DEPARTMENT, will be made wherever class F allotments New York, N. Y., December 7,1945. "Washington, August 10, 1938. exist. 4. Under the provisions of AR 210-10, Pvt. "QUARTERMASTERCORPS: SALE OF SUPPLIESAND PAR. 3. It is planned to have an apartment Daniel B. Turner (married to Newfound- SERVICE in building T-269, west side, and an apart- lander; reenlisted in Regular Army), 34427450 "SECTION 1. Sale of subsistence articles: ment in the east side NCO quarters 709 (605), 8294, Quartermaster Carrier Detach- "1. General: a. Such authorized articles of available for inspection of prospective occu- ment, Fort Pepperrell, Newfoundland, APO subsistence supplies as it may be practicable pants Sunday afternoon, November 18, 1945, 862, is assigned public quarters, apartment to keep and as are required from time to time from 1300 NT to 1700 NT, at which time there 410-C (permanent quarters built for officers will be kept by sales commissaries in reason- will 'e displayed in each quarters the furni- and first three enlisted grades; quarters built able quantities for sale to those entitled to ture and equipment now available for issue with funds appropriated by Congress solely purchase the articles. to married enlisted men on memorandum for such ranks), effective December 10, 1945. "b, c. d, e. * * * receipt. By command of Brigadier General Connell: "2. Kinds of sales and to whom made: PAR. 4. Enlisted men taking advantage of A. H. WARREN, a. Cash sales. this opportunity can be provided telephone Colonel, GSC, C. of S. "(1) Definition: Cash sales are those paid service at the rate of 75 cents per month and Official: for at the time of purchase, and will be re- will not be required to sleep and live in bar- - F. J. MATHEWS, corded on W. D., Q. M. C. Form No. 386 (cash racks. Commissary privileges will be extend- Major, AGD, Adjutant General. sales slip), or as provided in paragraph 10a ed to these enlisted men on the same basis (5), AR 35-6660. and conditions provided for other military SPECIAL ORDER No. 168 "(2) To whom made: Cash sales are author- personnel living at Fort Pepperrell with their HEADQUARTERS, ized to be made to the following for their own families. NEWFOUNDLAND BASE COMMAND AND use or for the use of dependent members of PAR. 5. Enlisted men who have married FORT PEPPERRELL, NEWFOUNDLAND, their families: wit!-out permission will not be permitted to UNITED STATES ARMY, "(a) Officers, warrant officers, and enlisted occupy family quarters at Fort Pepperrell APO 862, CARE OF POSTMASTER, men of the Army. Navy, Marine Corps, and until disciplinary action imposed by a court- New York, N. Y. Coast Guard on the active or retired list. martial or otherwise has been adjudged and 1. Under the provisions of AR 210-10, the * * * •* * after termination of punishment. following-named enlisted men (with depend- "(j) Civilians employed with the Army, PAR. 6. Garage space is available for mar- ents), Headquarters Company, Newfoundland Including duly accredited representatives of ried military personnel living at Fort Pep- Base Command, and Fort Pepperrell, New- nationally recognized welfare organizations, perrell. In this connection, attention is foundland, APO 862, are assigned quarters in- at stations so located as to make the pur- called to Circular 50. Newfoundland Base dicated, effective dates indicated: chases from civilian agencies In.practicable, upon written authority of the post com- mander." SRankRank Name11am4 ArmyNo. serial MOS ApartmentNo. Effective dale

PRICE LIST, COMMISSARY SALES STORE, NOVEM------....-. 8 4...... 1015 BER 1945, FORT PEPPERRELL, NEWFOUND- Tech. Sgt-...... Albert Domalavage ..-- 897883 2011 707-D fee. I. T4g J...... Ralph T. Martiluo .----..- 12041381 CA 705-A 4...... Nov. 26,1t-15 LAND T5R ---..-----...... Ialph F. Maurslad ...... 32256446 319 701-A 4.... Do. 1. Deliveries will be made to family quar- ters at Fort Pepperrell. I Sergeant. ' Corporal. SMalrried Newfoundlander and reenlisted in Regular Army. Sales are made to the following: 4 Permanent quarters built by funds appropriated to provide quarters for officers and first 3 enlisted grades. (a) All members of the United States armed forces. 2. * * * SPECIAL ORDERS, NO. 171 Enlisted men living (enlisted men below By order of Colonel Warren: HEADQUARTERS,NEWFOUND- staff sergeant with American wives, because F. J. MATHEWS, LANDBASE COMMANDAND Major, by local Army order they are not permitted AGD, Adjutant General. FT. PEPPERRBBELL,NEWFOUNDLAND, to live outside their barracks (see Daily Bulle- United States Army, APO 862, tin, November 16, 1945; exhibit D, par. 6)) Care of Postmaster, New York, N. Y., SPECIAL ORDERS No. 170 in barracks will not be sold fresh meat or December 6, 1945 1. * * dry and canned goods, except personnel on HEADQUARTERS, NEWFOUND- 2. * * etc. authorized reconnaissance and recreation. LAND, BASE COMMAND AND FT. PEPPERRELL, NEWFOUNDLAND, 4. Pvt. Carl F. Haught 42240166 (745), United States Army, APO 862, Headquarters Company, Newfoundland Base ExHImrr D Care of Postmaster, New York, N. Y., Command and Fort Pepperrell, Newfound- DAILYBULLETIN December 4, 1945. land, APO 862, is granted authority to ration separately effective this date. Authority: HEADQUARTERS,NEWFOUNDLAND 7. Pvt. Ellis M. Caraway, 38739423 (590), Circular 134, WD 44. BASE COMMAND AND FORT Headquarters Company, Newfoundland Base By command of Brigadier General Connell: PEPPERRELL, NEWFOUNDLAND, Command and Fort Pepperrell, New- A. H. WARREN, New York, N. Y., November 16, 1945. foundland, APO 862, is granted authority to Colonel, GSC, CofS. Paragraph 1. All concerned: Enlisted men ration separately (ration money allowance) Official: below the first three grades who Dec. 5, 1945. Authority: Circular have married effective F. J. MATHEWS, In Newfoundland (married foreigners), will 194, WD 44. Major, AGD, Adjutant General. be furnished family quarters for their de- By command of Brigadier General Connell: pendents at Fort Pepperrell, provided they A. H. WARREN, BULLETIN NO. 12 submit an application therefor through their Colonel, GSC, CofS. WAR DEPARTMENT, organization commanders to this headquar- Official: Washington, D. C., July 16, 1945. ters. Personnel of the Regular Army who F. J. MATHEWS, IV. Government housing: The following held the grade of T5g (corporal) or higher Major, AGD, Adjutant General, act of Congress (Public Law 120, 79th Cong.) APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD A697 is published for the information and guid- EXHIBIT E (2) Dependents of employees of the Amer- ance of all concerned: BULLETIN No. 13 ican Red Cross (for whom water transporta- only is authorized under these instruc- "An act to permit members of the Army, Navy, WAR DEPARTMENT, tion Marine Corps, Coast Guard, Coast and Geo- Washington, D. C., June 17, 1945. tions) and of full-time civilian employees detic Survey, Public Health Service, and Appropriation, Military Appropriation Act, directly employed by the War Department or their dependents, to occupy certain Gov- 1946: The following act of Congress (Public the Army. ernment housing facilities on a rental Law 126, 79th Cong.) is published for the (3) Dependents of military and civilian basis without loss of rental allowances information and guidance of all concerned: personnel who are not themselves entitled to transportation to the United States or its "Be it enacted, etc., That notwithstanding "An act making appropriations for the Mili- Territories or possessions by reasor of the the provisions of any other law (including tary Establishment for the fiscal year end- of their separation from the occupancy of hous- circumstances any laws restricting the ing June 30, 1946, and for other purposes service or termination of employment over- ing facilities under the jurisdiction of Gov- "Be it enacted, etc., That the following or agencies by per- seas are specifically excluded from the pro- ernment departments sums are appropriated, out of any money in visions of this circular. sonnel, and dependents of personnel, of the the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, for (4) Fiancees of military person.,el are spe- Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard the Military Establishment for the fiscal year above specified ranks, or by personnel, and cifically excluded from the provisions of these ending June 30, 1946, and for other purposes, instructions. They must provide for their dependents of personnel, of the Coast and namely: Geodetic Survey and the Public Health own transportation and travel as commercial personnel of any of the services passengers at their own expense. Theater Service), "During the fiscal year 1946 the depend- mentioned herein and their dependents may corlmanders may. however, render such as- in and may occupy ents and household effects of such military sistance as may be practicable to fiancees in be accepted as tenants and civilian personnel (without any such housing facilities regard to arrangirg for transportation, upon the re- on a rental basis rank or grade) in and under the as to rank or grade mentioned Military quest of the service personnel concerned. (no distinction Establishment on duty at stations outside Federal law. No distinction against (5) Dependents of deceased personnel are in this the continental limits of the United States, American wives or in favor of foreign wives also excluded from the provisions of these quarters or in Alaska, as may be determined upon by instructions. Transportation of these indi- mentioned either) other than public the Secretary of War, may prior or subse- constructed or designated for assignment to viduals is governed by the provisions of sec- such per- quent to the issuance of orders for the relief tion XIV, WD, Circular 140. 1945. and occupancy without charge by of such personnel from their stations, or if any, and such (b) Transportation to be provided: sonnel and their dependents subsequent to the discharge or release of personnel shall not be deprived by reason of (1) It all cases the transportation of de- to which such military personnel from active military pendents will depend upon the military sit- such occupancy of money allowances service, be moved (including packing and un- they are otherwise entitled for rental of uation, the amount of surface shipping avail- packing of household effects) from such sta- able. and current instructions of the War quarters." tions outside the continental limits of the Approved July 2, 1945. Department. Transportation of dependents United States, or In Alaska, to such locations by air at Government expense or by military as may be designated by such personnel, by is not authorized without the ex- BULLETIN No. 12 the use of either Government or commercial aircraft approval of the War Department. WAR DEPARTMENT, means of transportation, and later from such pressed Washington, D. C., July 6, 1944. locations to the duty stations to which such (2) Vessels available will be used in the Appropriation for military establishments, personnel may be ordered, and current ap- following order of precedence: fiscal year 1945, and other purposes: The fol- propriations of the Military Establishment (a) Army transports (i. e. vessels owned by lowing act of Congress (Public Law 374, available for travel and transportation may or bare-boated to the Army and manned and 78th Cong.) is published for the information be used for this purpose, the decision of operatcr by the Army) or Navy transports. and guidance of all concerned (helpful in the Secretary of War to he final as to the (b) Other vessels of American registry. interpreting terms of Government housing dependency of any individual sought to be (3) Dependents, if embarked by the Army law (see exhibit D, p. 6)): affected by this provision except as to travel on a War Shipping Administration vessel will "An act making appropriations for the Mili- performed subsequent to arrival in the United be given a copy of the letter of authority tary Establishment for the fiscal year end- States: * * *." covering their transportation as required by ing June 30, 1945, and for other purposes paragraph 13, WD Memorandum 55-44, Sep- EXHIBIT F tember 29, 1944. subject, Transactions Be- "Be it enacted, etc., That the following War Department and War Shipping CIRCULAR 245 tween sums are appropriated, cut of any money In Administration. the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, for WAR DEPARTMENT, (4) Transportation to be provided under the Military Establishment for the fiscal year Washington, D. C., August 11, 1945. the provisions of these instructions will be ending June 30, 1945, and for other purposes, (Effective until February 11, 1947. unless effected from an oversea port to a location namely: sooner rescinded or superseded) in the United States or its Territories o- pos- TRANSPORTATION OF DEPENDENTS FROM sessions. Port transportation officers will "SEC. 21. During the fiscal year 1945 cc- OVERSEAS furnish transportation only from ports of cupancy of Government facilities under the inland points in the United 1. Purpose: The purpose of these instruc- debarkation to jurisdiction of the Military Establishment in the travel orders of the tions is to clarify War Department policy con- States designated o. a rental basis by personnel of the services individuals, or to an appropriate United mentioned in the title of the Pay Adjust- cerning the movement of dependents at Gov- ernment expense from overseas to the United States port of embarkation in connection ment Act of 1942 or by their dependents shall which may be nec- or possessions, with further ocean travel not deprive such personnel of money allow- States and to its territories the for the guidance of oversea and United essary under ruch orders, except that ances for rental of quarters." (Personnel port transportation officer may amend orders mentioned in Pay Readjustment Act of 1942 States port commanders. 2. Definitions: (a) The word "dependents" of dependents to authorize travel to another are all grades and ranks.) of as used herein refers only to wives, (all wives) point in the United States, upon request (NOTE.-For the personnel of the services the military or civilian personnel upon whom mentioned in the title of the Pay Readjust- husbands, and children of military person- nel and of that civilian personnel defined in they are dependent, when in his opinion such ment Act of 1942. see Bull. 28, War Depart- action appears justifiable. ment, June 25. 1942, as set forth below:) paragraph 3a(2). (b) The term "Government expense" shall (c) Charges for subsistence: Charges for BULLETIN NO. 28 include transportation of dependents in subsistence will be made in accordance with WAR DEPARTMENT, kind. or reimbursement of expenditures ac- the following: Washington, June 25, 1942. tually incurred not to exceed the cost of (1) On Army transports, in accordance I. Act of Congress. Pay Readjustment Act transportation if same had been provided in with paragraph 20b, WD Memorandum 55-44, of 1942: The following act of Congress (Pub- kind by the Government. December 22, 1944. subject, Transactions Be- lic Law 607, 77th Cong.) is published for 3. Policy: The Secretary of War has deter- tween War Department and War Shipping the information and guidance of all con- mined that, effective July 1, 1945, the trans- Administration. cerned: portation at Government expense of the per- (2) On Navy transports-as prescribed by "An act to readjust the pay and allowances sonnel enumerated below is warranted and the Navy Department. of personnel of the Army, Navy, Marine directs that transportation be furnished, (3) On War Shipping Administration ves- Corps, Coast Guard, Coast and Geodetic when available, in accordance with the poli- sels-as prescribed by paragraph 17, WD Survey, and Public Health Service cies outlined herein: Memorandum 55-44, September 29, 1944, (a) cited above. "Be it enacted, Personnel to be affected: etc., (1) Dependents of all military personnel, (d) Authority and priority: "SEC. 2. The base pay of any enlisted man. * * * regardless of rank or grade, (including those (1) The movement of dependents will be who have been separated from the service by the theater commander * strictly controlled S * * under honorable conditions) who are, or or his duly authorized representative, who "SEC.9. The monthly base pay of enlisted have been, on duty at stations outside the shall furnish the dependent with appropriate men of the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and continental limits of the United States, or in travel orders, citing this circular, and stating Coast Guard shall be as follows * * *." Alaska, at any time since September 8, 1939. the inland destination in the United States, A698 APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD individual its Territory, or possession, of the and after September 1, 1942. Present regula- for which transportation in kind is not fur- Such orders will be issued only tions governing concerned. the movement of depend- nished when such travel shall have been upon written request to the oversea theater ents of military personnel returned to civil completed. (See Executive Order 9222, Au- or base commander by the military or ci- life through retirement, discharge, or relief gust 15, 1942 (sec. IV, Bull. 45, WD, 1942).) vilian personnel for whose dependents trans- from active duty remain in effect and are not 2. Dependent defined: (a) General: The portation is authorized. This request will modified by the foregoing limitations. term "dependent" as used in these regula- include the location to which transportation (c) Permanent change of station defined: tions, except in section IV. shall include a of dependents is desired. The words "permanent change of station" as lawful wife and unmarried children under 21 (2) Space priorities for dependents referred used in (a) and (b) above include the years of age. It shall also include the father to herein will be as determined by the the- change from home to first station when an or mother of the person concerned provided ater commander under the provisions of WD officer, warrant officer, or enlisted man, in- he or she is in fact dependent on such person letter (AG 510 (19 Apr. 45) OB-S-E-SPTOM- cluding retired personnel and members of for his or her chief support: Provided, That M). May 8, 1945, subject. Priorities for Per- the Reserve components of the Army, is or- the term "children" shall be held to include sonnel Returning to the United States by dered to active duty other than training duty stepchildren and adopted children when such Other Than Air. and the change from the last station to stepchildren or adopted children are in fact 4. Relation to other regulations: These in- home in connection with retirement, relief dependent upon the person claiming de- structions are not intended to, and do not in from active duty, or transfer to a Reserve pendency allowance. (See seo. 4, act June any way, affect regulations or requirements component. See section 12. act June 16, 16, 1942 (56 Stat. 361. 37 U. S. C. 104; M. L. of the Immigration and Naturalization Serv- 1942 (sec. I, Bull. 28, WD, 1942). An en- 1939, Supp. II, sec. 1371c-4; sec. I, Bull. 28, ice of the Department of Justice. and of the listed man discharged in order to enable WD, 1942).) Department of State, nor do they in any way him to accept an appointment as an officer affect such restrictive measures as may be and ordered as such to proceed to another 9. (Rescinded by circular taken by competent authority relative to 287.) (See ex- station for duty is an officer ordered to make hibit I.) Reimbursement for only travel to or through restricted areas. Fur- a permanent one move- change of station within the ment: (a) General: For military reasons, thermore, these instructions in no way af- meaning of this paragraph. for the duration of the present war, only fect transportation of dependents of mill- (2) Army one of the United States personnel: movement of dependents, as distinguished tary personnel from the United States to On and after September 8, 1939, and until 6 from a movement in connection with evacu- oversea commands. months after termination of the war or such ation or relief from active duty, is authorized 5. Restriction: These instructions are not earlier time as the Congress by concurrent on and after September the rights of 1,'1942. (See AR 55- intended to limi. or restrict resolution or the President by proclamation 120.) Where claim for transportation may be otherwise entitled 1 y of de- personnel who may designate, dependents of personnel of pendents has been filed by the or regulations to transportation of de- the Army of the United individual Icw States will be fur- concerned and payment has been Where dependents ar trans- nished transportation made pendents. in kind, under the thereof by the issuance of a check to Inland destinations In the United covering ported same rules and regulations that govern the cost of travel in question, said claim may not States under the provisions of this circular, issuance of transportation in kind for de- be withdrawn and check canceled in order authorized will consti- the transportation pendents of Regular Army personnel. (See that transportation for a subsequent move tute the "one such movement" contemplated sec. 4 (a), act June 5, 1942 (Bull, 27, WD, may be claimed. under existing instructions. 1942).) 6. Shipmen' of household effects: Trans- portation of household effects under the pro- EXHIBIT H ExHBsrr I visions of this circular will be limited to ARMY REGULATIONS NO. 35-4880 CIRaCULANo. 287 those of military or civilian personnel who WAR DEPARTMENT, overseas WAR DEPARTMENT, v'ere living with their dependents Washington, D. C., September 20, 1945. induction or employment Washington, D. C., April 19, 1945. at the time of their X. Transportation.-l. Dependents: The of FINANCE DEPARTMENT-REIMBURSEMENT FOR by the Government, and by the amount one-move restriction on the transportation provisions TRANSPORTATION OF DEPENDENTS surface shipping available. The of dependents of military personnel (depend- will be of paragraphs 12 and 34, AR 55-160, 1. Authorization of reimbursement for ents of soldiers above staff sergeant can now waived in the case of household effects trans- transportation of dependents: (a) Reim- ride at iovernment expense any number of ported under the provisions of this circular. bursement equal to commercial cost author- times), which has been in effect since Sep- 7. Rescission: WD letter (AG 510 (23 Oct. ized: When any officer, warrant officer, or en- tember 1942, Is removed. The lifting of this 44) OB-S-E-M). November 23, 1944, subject, listed man above the fourth grade (above restriction is applicable, under the provisions Return of Dependents from Overseas, is re- sergeant), having dependents as defined in of AR 55-120 as modified below, to- scinded. paragraph 2, is ordered to make a permanent (a) Dependents of personnel on orders di- By order of the Secretary of War: change of station, the United States shall recting permanent change of station issued G. C. MARSHALL, furnish transportation in kind from funds on or after November 1, 1945. Chief of Staff. appropriated for the transportation of the (b) Dependents of personnel on orders di- Official: Army to his new station for such depend- EDWARDF. WrrSELL, recting permanent change of station subse- ents: Provided further. That if the cost of quent to September 1, 1942, from the last Major General, Acting The Adjutant such transportation exceeds that for trans- permanent duty station to present permanent General. portation from the old to the new station, duty station only. This travel is authorized the excess costs shall be paid to the United only in cases wherein dependents have not ExHIBIT G States by the officer, warrant officer, or en- previously joined personnel upon whom they AurY REGULATIONS No. 55-120 listed man concerned: Provided further, are dependent at their present permanent WAR DEPARTMENT, That transportation supplied the dependents station and where travel is commenced on or Washington, April 26, 1943. of such officer, warrant officer, or enlisted after November 1, 1945. man, to or from stations beyond the con- OF By order of the Secretary of War: TRANSPORTATION CORPS-TRANSPORTATION tinental limits of the United States, shall INDIVIDUALS G. C. MARSHALL. not be other than by Government transport, Chief of Staf. if such transportation is available as may Official: 8. Dependents: be determined by the Secretary of War: And EDWARD F. WITSELL, (a) To whom transportation furnished: provided further, That in lieu of transporta- Major General, Acting the Adjutant (1) Military personnel, permanent change tion in kind authorized by this section for General. of station: dependents, the President may authorize the (a) When authorized: Subject to (b) be- payment in money of amounts equal to such ARMY REGULATIONS NO. 35-4520 low, and also (4) below, effective June 1, 1942, commercial transportation costs for the when any officer, warrant officer, or enlisted whole or such part of the travel for which WAR DEPARTMENT, man above the fourth grade (above sergeant) transportation in kind is not furnished when Washington, D. C., April 19, 1945. is ordered to make a permanent change of Ssuch travel shall have been completed. (See FINANCE DEPARTMENT-MONETARY ALLOWANCES station, the United States will furnish trans- sec. 12, act June 16, 1942 (56 Stat. 364; 37 FOR QUARTERS AND SUBSISTENCE FOR ENLISTED portation in kind from funds appropriated U. S. C. 112, M. L. 1939, Supp. II, sec. 1371c-12 PERSONNEL IN A NONTRAVEL STATUS AND FOR for his dependents, provided that if the costs (6); sec. 1, Bull. 28 WD, 1942).) QUARTERS FOR DEPENDENTS OF ENLISTED PER- of such transportation exceed that for trans- (b) Delegation of authority to Secretary of SONNEL OF FIRST, SECOND, OR THIRD GRADE portation from the old to the new station, War to make payments: The Secretary of 1. Authorization of allowances.-a. To each the excess costs will be paid to the United War is authorized, in lieu of transportation enlisted man not furnished quarters or ra- States by the officer, warrant officer, or en- In kind for travel of dependents of officers, tions in kind there shall be granted, under listed man concerned. See section 12, act warrant officers, and enlisted men above the such regulations as the President may pre- June 16, 1942 (sec. I, Bull. 28, WD, 1942). fourth grade authorized by (a) above upon scribe, an allowance for quarters and subsist- 'b) Restriction changed by Circular 287 permanent change of station, to make pay- ence, the value of which shall depend on the (see Exhibit I) : For military reasons, for the ment in money of amounts equal to com- conditions under which the duty of the man duration of the present war, only one such mercial transportation costs for the whole or is being performed, and shall not exceed $5 movement of dependents is authorized on such part of the travel of such dependents per day. See section 10, act of June 16, 1942 APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD A699

(56 Stat. 363; 37 U. S. C. 110; M. L. 1939, Sup. pay of the fourth period the amount of this assignment of available quarters as he deems II, sec. 1371c-10 (1); sec. 1,Bul. 28, W. D., allowance shall be $105 per month, and to for the best interests of the service. 1942). such an officer receiving the base pay of the (2) Due consideration should be given to * * * * fifth or sixth period the amount of this al- the fact that certain quarters have been con- lowance shall be $120 per month. (Same Personnel entitled to allowance: Each structed from funds appropriated by Con- 13. statutes as quoted in paragraph 1 above.) gress for quarters for a specified class of non- man of the first, second, or third enlisted By order of the Secretary of War: commissioned officers, such as those of the in the active military service of the grade, Medical Department. States having a dependent as defined G. C. MARSHALL, United Chief of Staff. By order of the Secretary of War: in paragraph 14 shall, under such regulations may prescribe, be entitled to Official; G. C. MARSHALL, as the President J. A. ULIo, for any period during which public Chief of Staff. receive, Major General,The Adjutant General. Official: quarters are not provided and available for his dependent, the monthly allowance for E. S. ADAMS, quarters authorized by law to be granted to EXHIBIT J Major General, The Adjutant General. each enlisted man not furnished quarters in CIRCULARNo. 134 kind: Provided, That such enlisted man shall AR 210-10-CHANGES No. 13 continue to be entitled to this allowance al- WAR DEPARTMENT, Washington, D. C., April 8, 1944. POSTS, CAMPS,AND STATIONSADMINISTRATION though receiving the allowance provided in reason of orders of compe- III. Enlisted men: Pending revision of AR WAR DEPARTMENT, paragraph 1 if by the printing tent authority his dependent is prevented 210-10, December 20, 1940, and Washington, D. C., January 8, 1944. of changes in AR 30-2210, March 15,1940, the from dwelling with him. See section 10, act AR 210-10, December 20, 1940, is changed as June 16,1942 (56 Stat. 363); 37 U. S. C. 110; following changes in those regulations are follows: M L. 1939. supp. II, sec. 1371c-10 (2); sec. I, published: 13. Quarters: (a) General: The post com- Bull. 28, W. D. 1942). 1. AR 210.10: Paragraph llb is rescinded mander will make all assignments of quar- 14. Dependent defined: The term "depend- and the following substituted therefor: ters, except that if the quarters for assign- ent" as used in these regulations shall in- llb. The post commander, or in the case ment to him personally are considered by clude at all times and in all places a lawful of class II installations, the commander sub- him to be inadequate the facts will be re- wife and unmarried children under 21 years mitting consolidated ration requests, may ported to the next superior commander for of age. It shall also include the father or in his discretion and with due regard for the final determination and assignment. At mother of the person concerned provided he best interests of the service, authorize indi- posts, camps, and stations where no quar- or she is in fact dependent on such person for vidual men to mess separately. See para- ters for officers are maintained, the com- his or her chief support: Provided, That the graph 13b (6), AR 30-2210, and sections IV manding officer thereof will so advise th: term "children" shall be held to include and V, AR 345-400. Office of the Fiscal Director, Army Service stepchildren and adopted children when such 2. AR 30-2210: Paragraph 13a (6) is re- Forces, attention: Receipts and Disburse- stepchildren or adopted children are in fact scinded and the following substituted there- ments Division, the Pentagon, Washington dependent upon the person claiming depend- for: 25, D. C. (see AR 35-4220). Amendatory ency allowance. Section 4, act June 16, 1942 13a(6) Rations due for individual enlisted report will be immediately furnished in cases (56 Stat. 361; 37 U. S. C. 104; M. L. 1939, persons authorized to mess separately will not where changing conditions render original supp. II, sec. 1371c-4; sec. I, Bull. 28, WD, be included in the ration return. report inaccurate. 1942). By order of the Secretary of War: (b) For officers: By order of the Secretary of War: G. C. MARSHALL, G. C. MARSHALL, Chief of Staff. (d) For noncommissioned officers: Chief of Staff. Official: (1) Noncommissioned officers entitled to Official: ROBERT H. DUNLOP, quarters are not entitled to make selection J. A. ULIO, Brigadier General, Acting the thereof in accordance with their grade. Sub- Major General, The Adjutant General. Adjutant General. ject to the restriction contained in (2) below, the post commander should make such as- ARMYREGULATIONS No. 35-4220 ARMY REGULATIONS No. 35-4520 signment of available quarters as he deems MONEY ALLOWANCE for the best interests of the service. When WAR DEPARTMENT, noncommissioned officers are assigned to oc- Washington, D. C., November 17, 1945. WAR DEPARTMENT, cupy any public quarters with their depend- FINANCE DEPARTMENT-SUBSISTENCE AND RENTAL Washington. D. C., April 19, 1945. ent, the monetary allowance in lieu of quar- ALLOWANCES FOR COMMISSIONED OFFICERS AND 9. Separate rations: Enlisted men who are ters (AR 35-4520) on account of such de- OTHERS ENTITLED TO SIMILAR ALLOWANCES authorized by competent authority to mess pendent will cease on the day of such assign- separately 1. Statutory are entitled to the commutation ment. provisions: (a) Commis- value of the ration, as announced in current sioned officers below grade of brigadier gen- (e) For civilians (more than American eral.-Each War Department circulars, which will be paid commissioned officer on the active on regular monthly wives of enlisted men below staff sergeant list, pay rolls or supplemen- or on active duty, below the grade of tal pay rolls. The period for get): The post commander may grant per- brigadier general or its equivalent * * which due will mission to servants and civilian employees be shown in the remarks under the name to occupy such quarters as are available. shall be entitled at all times, in addition to of the individual concerned. See TM 14-502. responsible that his pay, to a money allowance for subsistence. By order of the The post commander will be Secretary of War: payment for or reduction from salary of the The value of one subsistence allowance is G. C. MARSHALL, hereby fixed at 70 cents per day. To each value of such quarters is effected as pre- Chief of Staff. scribed in AR 35-3840. officer * * receiving the base pay of Official : the first, By order of the Secretary of War: second, third, or sixth period the J. A. ULIO, G. C. MARSHALL, amount of this allowance shall be equal to Major General, The Adjutant General. two subsistence allowances, and to each of- Chief of Sta +. ficer receiving the base pay of the fourth or Official: fifth period the amount of this allowance EXHIBIT K J. A. ULIo, shall be equal to three subsistence allow- ARZIY REGULATIONS No. 210-10 Major General, The Adjutant General. ances: * * * Section 5, act June 16, 1942 WAR DEPARTMENT, (56 State. 361; 37 U. S. C., Supp. III, 105; M. L. Washington, December 20, 1940. EXHIBIT L 1939. sup. II, sec. 1371c-5). POSTS, CAMPS, AND STATIONS ADMINISTRATION By way of further contrast between the 13. Quarters: (a) General.-The post com- Canadian armed setl,ices and the American 5. Statutory provisions: (a) Commissioned armed services, Canada again shows more officers below the grade of brigadier general.- mander will make all assignments of quar- ters, except that if the quarters for assign- equitable and Christian concern for the Except as otherwise provided in this section, family unit, fostering and encouraging it, in each commissioned officer below the grade of ment to him personally are considered by him to be inadequate, the facts will be contrast with the American policy which brigadier general or its equivalent * re- shows no interest in the sacred relationship while either on active duty or entitled to ported to the next superior commander for final determination and assignment. except for an overexaggerated, sentimental active-duty pay shall be entitled at all times concern for those men who have two or three to a money allowance for rental of quarters. (b) For officers. (1) children and are in service, by way of the de- To an officer having a dependent, receiving Assignment. mobilization regulations. It is true that in the base pay of the first period the amount of * * * * America each child counts 12 points up to 3 said allowance shall be $60 per month, to (d) For noncommissioned officers (corpo- children; but the married man who through such an officer receiving the base pay of the rals or higher). no fault of his own has no children, regard- second period the amount of this allowance (1) Noncommissioned officers entitled to less of how long married, receives no points shall be $75 per month, to such an officer re- quarters are not entitled to make selection toward the total required for discharge, and ceiving the base pay of the third period the thereof in accordance with their grade. Sub- so is in no different position than a single amount of this allowance shall be $90 per ject to the restriction contained in (2) be- man no matter 'aow long the married man month, to such an officer receiving the base low, the post commander should make such has been married. A700 "APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD

However, in Canada, every married man as cation section of the law; increase in the over the country and Macy's in New York of March 31, '945, regardless of children or Government loan guaranty from $2,000 to reported its highest single day's sales in his- no children, receives a grant of 20 percent of $4,000. tory as well as the $3,000,000 sales day this his total discharge points to add onto his WAsmHINToN.-President Truman yesterday season-only once before has the store ever total points and so arriving at a grand total nominated five delegates and five alternates sold over $1,000,000 worth of goods in 1 day. in determining his eligibilit;for discharge. to the United Nations first General Assembly An exclusive fur shop reported a great de- But in America a narried man married on in London next month. mand for mink coats from $6,000 up. Eve- March 31,1945, would get no extra points to Heading the list is Edward Stettinlus, who ning gowns costing $150 and more are so add to his score for discharge purposes, un- was named chief United States delegate and popular that some stores cannot supply less he were blessed with children. America's representative on the powerful enough of them. By way of further contrast, the American World Security Council. Other delegates are Rio de Janeiro: American sailors on a good- Army gives an unmarried man who has an Secretary of State James Byrnes, Senator will tour of South America were ordered to illegitimate child which he has by approved ToM CONNALLY, Texas Democrat, Senator remain aboard the United States cruiser agreement, for as low a sum of $500 for a ARTHUR H. VANDENBERG, Michigan Republican, Little Rock at Santos as police investigated period of several years, agreed to support, a and Mrs. Eleanor Roosevelt. clashes between some 350 seamen and angry grant of 12 points toward discharge. Yes, Plans call for the President to exercise Brazilians Wednesday night at Sao Paulo. this Is understandable, for it fits into the rest power to direct the votes of the United States Police said rioting began when some sailor of the pattern of discouraging normal family delegates, invoke economic sanctions against who had been drinking began lifting the lif- and rewarding immoral conduct, which aggressors, and use American troops within skirt of a young woman standing in a bus seems to be the policy of the American Army quota limits to back up the decisions of the line. Six Brazilians and several sailors were and Government. Security Council. injured in the fighting in which firemen Question: Does America still think it is WASHINGTON.-The Senate unanimously brought hoses into play to hold back the the moral leader of the world? The people approved a measure yesterday to cut red tape crowds. of Newfoundland, who know of the reward for the entry into the United States of wives New York: More than 50,000 troops at three for illegitimate children and no reward for whom servicemen married abroad. East coast ports during November in the marriage even ,long standing, hardly admit Washington: Eligible Army officers who world's greatest transoceanic movement in it. The: put America just one small step have watched promotion pass them by now history, the American Merchant Marine In- ahead of atheistic Russia. can make the grade before leaving the stitute reported yesterday. Twelve GI's a service. minute went down the gangplanks at New The War Department announced yester- EXHIBIT M York, Boston, and Hampton Roads during day that officers up through lieutenant col- the month. TODAY'SWAR NEWS onel who have served long periods in grade 1. PACIFIC THEATER and meet the requirements will be promoted NEW Yosc.-Optimistic over the current on the first day of their terminal leave. state of the Jap occupation, Lt. Gen. Robert The provision applies to lieutenants who Editorial by Hon. Kenneth Romney L. Elchelberger (what a super an American have been in grade 18 months, captains and general can be), commander of the Eighth majors for 24 months, and lieutenant col- Army, reiterated yesterday his proposal that onels for 30 months. Fifty percent addi- EXTENSION OF REMARKS the wives of officers and first three graders tional credit is given for time overseas. To or (staff sergeant or above) be permitted to receive this promotion officers must have an join their husbands in Nippon. efficiency index of not less than 40. HON. CLARENCE CANNON In explanation of his arbitrary limitations, Washington: Government fact-finding to OF MISSOURI settle labor disputes met crucial tests yes- he said that most enlisted men in the lower IN THE HOUSE OP REPRESENTATIVES grades were too young to have wives (married te-day in three far-reaching wage contro- men up to 38 years old were drafted without versies-tests that may have an important Tuesday, February 12, 1946 mar- bearing on legislation now before the Con- any hesitation. Is that too young to be Mr. CANNON of Missouri. Mr. ried? And are all married officers older than gress. that?) Fact-finding boards in the General Motors Speaker, under leave to extend my re- 2. ASIATIC THEATER and oil industry controversies face decisions marks, I include an editorial written 20 which are fundamental, whether to consider Shanghai: General Marshall, new Ameri- years ago by Hon. Kenneth Romney, Ser- a company's profits in recommending pos- can envoy to China, stepped briskly from his geant a: Arms of the House of Repre- transport plane at Shanghai's air- sible wage increases. silver C-54 One sentatives for the Seventy-second, Sev- ready to begin his of the chief provisions of the proposal field yesterday afternoon submitted to the Congress by President Tru- enty-third, Seventy-fourth, Seventy- admittedly difficult assignment--bringing man is to empower Government fact-finding fifth, Seventy-sixth, Seventy-seventh, and unity to China. peace boards to subpena company's and Seventy-ninth Con- General Marshall about books in labor Seventy-eighth, Washington: With disputes. hand at settling the problem of gresses. It is as applicable today as to try his Detroit: As the Ford Motor Co. again unity, the State Department aired sat when published two decades ago. SChinese down at the bargaining America's views on two other Asiatic trouble table to discuss wage The editorial is as follows: demands of more than spots. 100,000 Ford workers In the United States with the United Auto THE SHRINE OP A NATION by the Department ex- Statements Issued Workers Union, the strike across the The log-cabin birthplace of Abraham Lin- and hope that river at pressed concern over Indonesia the Ford plant in Windsor, Ont., ended after coln, a shrine at which democracy will ever Indonesian leaders soon could Dutch and 99 days-the longest walkout in Canadian kneel and weep, is now the property of the disclosed that the United make peace and labor history. The union members voted to United States Government. President Wil- asked Britain not to States has several times return to work under the Government pro- son, speaking for the Government, accepted a peace treaty with Siam until British- sign posal to negotiate and if necessary arbitrate the magnificent memorial housing it in a American discussions on Siam are concluded. the dispute. speech of fine felicity and noble sentiment. Tientsin: Six heavily bearded marines, who Miami Beach: The International Ladles There is nothing in America so filled with armed said they had been guests-under Garment Workers Union executive board ap- inspiration as the Lincoln cabin. It is ten- guard-of Chinese Communists for 38 days proved a resolution instructing all locals to anted with associations that overwhelm the in and once clashed with rifle-firing soldiers extend their aid to war veterans in entering senses, with thoughts that buoy the spirit, to a frustrated escape, returned Wednesday the trade whether prewar union members or with sentiment that soothes the soul. It Is this marine headquarters. They were given not and to accept them as members without a place of brooding reverence. food parachuted by their buddies and were the payment of fees any time within 6 Abraham Lincoln is the ripest fruit that reported In good condition when they re- months of discharge. the American democracy has borne. The turned. Washington: Selective service halted the genius of free government flowered fullest in 3. OTHER NEWS drafting of fathers Wednesday night. It also him. He was the disciplined, tempered WasHINGTON.-Congress passed a broad re- instructed local boards not to accept as product of a people that is striving painfully vision of the GI bill of rights on Wednesday, volunteers fathers with three or more chil- to achieve the ideals of democracy, ideals liberalizing the rules on loans and education dren. that have their abode among the stars. for veterans. Washington: The Navy joined the Army in Probably he was the best that human gov- The most important changes made in the liberalizing its discharge procedure with cuts ernment can develop. original law were removal of the requirement in point requirements for discharges for all A keen current philosopher, Winston that tuition fees, unemployment compensa- personnel ranging from one to eight points Churchill, in his recent book, A Far Coun- tion, and defaults on loans be deducted from effective January 1, January 15, and Febru- try, declared that democracy is the great a future Federal bonus; increase in the sub- ary 2. adventure of mankind. The truth of this is sistence allowance for GI students from $50 New York: The buying public, apparently written across the history of the world. to $65 monthly to individuals without de- convinced that the best is none too good Democracy is indeed adventure, attended by pendents, and from $75 to $90 monthly to for the first peacetime Christmas in 5 years, all its trials, all its high fervors, all its individuals having one or more dependents; is boosting gift buying to the highest levels anguish. And Abraham Lincoln was the removal of the age requirement on the edu- in history, Sales records are being set al great adventurer, who knew the pain, the A900 APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD these big crops, other obstacles such as short- Government planners tell us there will be ready started in the deep South. This is ages of labor and canning materials have plenty of food next winter. But experience the time to start preparations for making made it difficult for the canners of the Nation is a better guide than prophecy. Prudent the home garden more productive than ever to carry on to their utmost efficiency. consumers will be well advised to assure their before. POSSIBILITY OF SHORTAGE own families of adequate fruit and vegetable supplies by producing and canning as much The following table shows Government "There is no assurance that these condi- as they are able to at home. estimates of carry-over stocks of canned tions will improve this year. If they do not, The time for planting victory gardens will goods for this year, last year, and 1940, and if we should have a poor crop, we will soon be here. The planting season has al- sure;y have a shortage of canned foods next with percentage comparisons: winter. "Government planners tell us there will Carry-over stolcs of fruit and vegetable products estimated by Department of Commerce be plenty of food next winter. But experi- ence Is a better guide than prophecy. Pru- IBasis: Cases ol 24 No. 2.5 cans) dent consumers will be well advised to assure their own families of adequate fruit and vege- Percentage ofchange table supplies by producing and canning as Carry- Carry-over Carry-over Carry-over of 1945carry-over over at begin- at begin- at begin- from years- much as they are able to at home. date ning of ning of ning of "The time for planting victory gardens will e 1946packs 1945packs 1940packs soon be here. The planting season has al- 1945 1E40 ready started in the deep South. This is the time to start preparations for making the SEASONAL FRUITS home garden more productive than ever be- Apples -...... Sept. 1 50,000 152,000 1,000,000 -67.1 -94.8 fore." Applesauce...... do.... 100,00 237.000 1,000,000 -57.8 -90.0 Apricots--.... -...... June 1 300,000 1,167,000 1,300, 000 -74.3 -76.9 Berries...... ------...... 02,000 500,000 ...... The .Latement which brought forth the Cherries: newspaper comment to which I have re- ted pitted-...... July 1 - 49,000 80G00,0 ...... ferred is as follows: Other...... Jun 1 100,000 118,000o co,000 -15.3 -83.3 Cranberries--- ..---.. ------... Sept. 1 100, 00 7,1000 600,000 +1,328.6 -83.3 Stocks of canned fruits and vegetables are Figs...... -.....--..-..-- ...... ---- -... Aug. 1 10,000C 120,000 100,000 -20.6 0 approaching an all-time low in the United Grapefruit----...-.....-...--...... ---- ... Nov. 1 50,000 -..-...--- . 700,000 ...... -92.9 Victory gardens and home canning Mixedfruits.....-...... Juno 1 500,000 1,083,000 2,000,000 -53.8 -75.0 States Peaches ...... -- - do-. 1.000.(0 3,773,0(10 0,200,000 -73.5 -83.9 will therefore be more important than ever Pears...... do.... 500,000 769,000 1,300.0100 -35.0 -61.5 this coming spring and summer. Pineapple-...... - do.... 'O0. 000 1, .30, 000 4,100, 000 --. 9 -85.4 The quantity of food produced by victory Plums and prines.....-...... --- ...- ...... Sept. 1 00.COO 215.CO0 800o. 0 -7.0 -75.0 garcens has been tremendous. It is estimated Grapes .....----. ...------...... --- - . June1 -..... to amount to many thousands of tons a year. Total------...... 3,600,C000 9,295,000 21,00,00 -1.3 -83.3 If that production were to stop, it would have a serious effect on commercial food sup- FRUITSAND VEGETABLEJUICES plies. Total fruits and vegetable juices ...... 12,700,000 12,07,000 12,800,000 There are two reasons why it must not -2.7 -0.8 be abandoned this year. First, the fact that SEAFONALVEGETARLES our stocks of commercially canned goods will Asparagus-...... Apr. 1 200,100 462,000 1,COO,COO -56.7 -80.0 Beans, green, rnd Swax---.-.--..-.-. .------May 1 4,200,C006 ,C02,CO0 3,400,100 -16.0 +23.5 be less than 50 percent of normal by the time Beans, lima...... Aug. 1 100,r.,0 135,000 1,200,000 -25.9 -91.7 this year's canning starts; second, the des- Reets.--....- .....------...-- July 1 3,000,100 2.052,000 1,.00.. +46.2 +130. perate need of hungry people in other coun- Carrots...... Aug. 1 .500,000 725,000 800,000 -31.0 -37.5 tries for all the food we can send them. Corn-...... -....-....-...... do.... 2,200,0CO 2,418, CO 7,100,0CO -9.0 -69.0 The modern American family has come to Greens, leafy--.....-...... -..-- ...... ---- Apr. 1 1,OO, CCO 291,011CO 00.00f +4155 +650.0 Mixed vegetabls-...... July 1 300,000C 342,000COO OO,COO -12.3 -62.5 depend heavily on canned fruits and vege- Peas...... -...... June 1 ,00OOO,0 • ,2,.,000 8,700,000 +70.9 -42.5 tables for food. This is also the only form Pumpkin and sqnr.sh.....------...... --- Sept. 1 . 200,C00 442,C00 1,200,C00 -54.8 -83.3 in which many food products can be shipped Spinach-...... Mar. 1 800,000 1,904,C00 1,800.CO. -58.0 -55.6 abroad. Tomatoes ------~~...... July 1 500,f000 2,585,000 10,000,000 -80.7 -95.0 In the face of the great need in other coun- Total...... _ ...... 18,500,000 19,283,000 37,500,000 -4.1 -50.7 tries, we have now the comfortless knowledge that our commercial supplies of canned goods Grand total, all fruit and vegetable prod- remaining at the end of the current winter ucts...--...... - ...... 34,800,000 41,65,000 71,00, 00( -16.4 -51.G season will be the lowest at any time since the Department of Commerce started keeping such figures 12 years ago. Sea Power and Its Meaning It is a pleasure for me to talk to you about According to estimates recently made by an area of the world which is, I know, of the Department of Commerce, the carry- particular interest to the members of the over of commercially canned seasonal fruits EXTENSION OF REMARKS National Geographic Society. It is an area and vegetables will be 16 percent smaller this OF with which I have been rather intimately year than it was in 1945. and 51 percent associated for the last 4 years. So, too, were smaller than it was in 1940-the last year of HON. DAVID I. WALSH many thousands of other Americans. What- normal supply. The carry-over is the quan- OFMASSACHUSETTS ever else war may be, from a great crusade tity remaining in the hands of packers and down to Sherman's definition, it is also a distrtbutprs at the time the canning of the IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES great teacher of geography. new crop begins. Friday, February 8 (legislative day of Tonight, therefore, it is not inappropriate The shortage will be most acute in canned for me to review the recent events in the January 18), 1946 fruits, with a carry-over 61 percent less than Friday, Pacific Ocean areas. That term embraces a 1945. and 83 percent below 1940. great deal of ocean. It also includes a great Canned Mr. WALSH. Mr. President, I ask fruit and vegetable juices will be deal of land. The Pacific is not a lonely of to have inserted in the Appendix of the only slightly below last year. But stocks ocean, as is the Atlantic. It is studded with seasonal vegetables will be about 4 percent CONGRESSIONAL RECORD an address re- below last year and more than 50 percent cently delivered by Fleet Adm. Chester constellations of islands. As we shall see, less than a normal supply. that was an important factor in carrying the W. Nimitz, United States Navy, before American flag across the Pacific to Tokyo. This means we will have to depend for the National Geographic Society, in fall and winter almost When Japan touched off its major war canned goods next The address is a very ef- entirely on the crop we expect to produce Washington. plans on December 7, 1941, it set forces in this year. fective summation of sea power and its motion that spread northward to the Aleu- Providence has blessed us for eight suc- meaning. tians, eastward to Hawaii, to the south and cessive years with bountiful crops. Even An estimate from the Government southwest throughout Malaysia. For the with these big crops, other obstacles such Printing Office indicates that the manu- first 6 months of the war the United Nations as shortages of labor and canning materials script of Admiral Nimitz' address will had to fight a retreating battle, until the have made it difficult for the canners of the exceed by two-thirds of a page the two perimeter of Japanese expansion was estab- lished at the battles of the Coral Sea and Nation to carry on to their utmost efficiency. printed pages allowed under the rule and There is no assurance that these condi- Midway. Thereafter the pattern of warfare tions will improve this year. If they do that the cost will be $138.80. saw the Japanese effort radiating outward not, and if we should have a poor crop There being no objection, the address from the home Islands, while curs was a year. we will surely have a shortage of was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, converging fight inward upon Japan In ever- canned foods next winter. as follows: concentrating strength. APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD A901

Remember, the Pacific is so large an ocean how good we were. Perhaps it was only sound bombers of the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps that it. could engulf all the land masses of caution. Anyhow, the central fact of Janu- shuttled in and out on daily schedules. And the world and still leave a lot of water. It ary's operations was the invasion of Luzon, somewhere off Iwo Jima, within aerial strik- was necessary to place segments of the great, major Philippine island, by the combined ing distance, escort carriers of the Pacific fan--haped battle front under different, but forces under General MacArthur. The Pa- Fleet were assembling. coordinated, commands, according to the cific Fleet was heavily committed either in All this activity burst upon the Japanese nature of the territory to be recaptured. My combat or transport, or as covering forces. on February 16. On that date the fast command was the Pacific Ocean areas, in In the latter function the fast carrier task carrier task force of the Fifth Fleet sent its which naval operations had to predominate. force of the Third.Fleet not only neutral- aircraft against the mainland of Japan to The operations under my command, how- ized-and kept neutralized-enemy air destroy more than 500 enemy planes in 2 ever, were always strategically, and often strength in Formosa and northern Luzon but days of offensive action. Simultaneously, tactically, related to those in the adjoining also made a sweep of the South China Sea. battleships, cruisers, ani lesser units of the Southwest Pacific theater commanded by This sweep resulted in the sinking of 40 Pacific Fleet brought Iwo Jima under a Gen. Douglas MacArthur, the China-Burma enemy ships totaling 127,000 tons and dam- bombardment which was not to cease until theater, and the East Indies station of the age to 22 ships displacing 70,000 tons. One there were no targets left. And naval air- Royal Navy. hundred and eleven enemy planes were de- craft from the escort carriers, with land- I shall not attempt to review all these op- stroyed. The Third Fleet forces then demon- based Army, Navy, and Marine planes, raked erations. They are generally familiar to you strated the impunity with which American Iwo Jima fore and aft, day after day. all. I shall confine myself, rather, to some sea power could operate by transiting the On February 19 began the land action details of the final course of the war in my narrow straits between the Philippines and which will be remembered as long as the war area of command. Formosa to attack Formosa, Hainan Island, is remembered. The Fourth and Fifth Ma- You will remember that early in the last and Hong Kong on January 15-16. The total rine Divisions invaded the island, to be fol- quarter of 1944 the converging forces under damage done the enemy by these Third Fleet lowed by elements of the Third Marine Divi- General MacArthur's and my own command operations was 91 ships, totaling 293,900 tons sion. It was a battle which lasted until the were approaching the junction point at sunk, 99 ships totaling 323,100 tons damaged, latter half of March. When Iwo Jima was Leyte, in the southeast Philippines. In both and 615 aircraft destroyed. won it gave the United States forces in the theaters, large concentrations of Japanese But there was more achieved than this ma- Pacific safety from air attacks on Marianas forces had been isolated and neutralized on terial damage. From this time on no area bases, an advance base and emergency land- scores of islands by what has been described outside of the Immediate Japanese homeland ing field for heavy bombers and fighters as leap-frog tactics. That Is a picturesque and northern China was safe from assault by operating against Japan, and a base to se- if inexact description of the strategy of en- our carrier force. Even Japan itself was to cure the flank of our routes westward. gulfment, of going over and around Japanese feel the weight of carrier raids during the While this operation was proceeding, our strongholds to pinch them off and let them next month. The weakness of enemy air fast carrier task forces performed the dual wither on the broken vine of communica- reaction in the entire region of the China function of immobilizing enemy air strength tions. Sea demonstrated that the area was wide and preparing the way for the attack on the In the beginning of 1945, just about a year open for future attack. Further, these suc- Okinawa group. Planes of the force struck ago, we were in a position where we could cesses were achieved in almost continuous the Tokyo area on February 25 and ranged choose both the time and place of attack. bad weather. Once more our seagoing men southward to strike Okinawa and other Your naval forces had brought about the had shown they could remain at sea and islands of the Ryukyus on March 1. In the capture of Guam, Saipan, and Tinian in the fight under the most adverse conditions. meantime, the B-29's of the Twentieth Air Mariana Islands. They had also acquired How they were able to do this is a thrilling Force were making their devastating raids on bases in Ulithi and the western Carolinas story in itself, and presently, I shall relate it. Japanese cities. which neutralized such Japanese strong- These operations could not be without cost This was truly the rolling offensive which holds as Truk. We could base, stage, or sup- to ourselves. The U. S. S. Ticonderoga took we had begun in the Gilbert Islands in No- port forces to strike in any direction, includ- heavy damage from suicide attacks southeast vember 1943. Now it was about to reach its ing the Japanese homeland. American sea- of Formosa, and other ships suffered minor phase of greatest effect. power had won control of the Pacific to damage. On March 18 and 19 our carrier task forces within 500 miles of the Japanese In January land-based coast and aircraft from the Kyushu airfields and inland sea bases, was struck beginning to penetrate the China Seas. Marianas continued heavy assaults on Iwo including the large naval establishment at Indeed, our submarines were virtually in Jima and irregular and smaller attacks on the Its 2-day strike cost the enemy more control of those latter waters. The shipping Bonin Islands. Kure. Likewise our surface forces than 550 aircraft and resulted in sufficient lanes upon which Japan depended to feed twice bombarded Iwo Jima and the Bonins. remnants of the Japanese Fleet her war machine with the loot of Asia were Submarine interdiction damage to the continued at its suc- the possibility of serious surface constantly patrolled by our submarines. cessful high level. to reduce Our underwater forces interference in the impending Okinawa oper- Japanese tankers, troop ships, and merchant- sank 193,300 tons and damaged 95,850 tons On March 24 the fast battleships men were being decimated. of enemy shipping during this month. ations. bombarded the coastlines of the Ryukyus and Japan, in consequence, was on short ra- In the latter part of January land-based 2 days later Army troops began to make the tions. Human beings can accommodate aircraft began to operate effectively in the landings in Kerama Retto. And themselves to a starvation diet for a long Philippines and the forces preliminary of the Pacific Fleet that forces while, but they can't put ships and guns and were freed for use in on that date the Japanese learned operations which had with airplanes on short rations. Here then is long been delayed. Heavy strikes on of the British Pacific Fleet, operating a the were in action. British planes historic demonstration of sea power. Every- main islands of Japan had the Fifth Fleet, been scheduled group in the Ryu- where the enemy fleet dared expose itself, it in the latter part of 1944 but had been post- attacked the Sakishima met superior forces and was driven farther poned to support the Philippines situation. kyus. back with irreparable losses. Our carrier- These plans were now put back into a place On March 28 the old battleships, which had borne aircraft, and now from captured terri- of first priority. long served so usefully in preinvasion bom- tory the big Army bombers, were searching From this point forward until July, the bardment, appeared off the coast of Okinawa out the enemy's ships and raining fire on his fast carrier task force and related units and the enemy knew that his time there had industry. His pipe lines of raw materials gave a seagoing performance which, for en- come. going into Japan, and processed materials durance, ability to absorb punishment with- On April 1 the largest amphibious opera- outward bound, were punctured and soon to out deflection from the goal, and damage tion of the Pacific war began when the be cut. done to the enemy has no parallel in naval Tenth Army, composed of the Twenty-fourth We know now, from interviews with high- history. These operations came in three Army Corps (Seventh, Twenty-seventh, Sav- ranking Japanese officers and captured docu- phases: enty-seventh, and Ninety-sixth Infantry Di- ments, that Japan had lost all hope of vic- 1. Support of the invasion of Iwo Jima. visions) and the Marine Third Amphibious tory by the dawn of 1945, The most they 2. Support of the invasion of Okinawa. Corps (First Marine Division, Sixth Marine could hope for was a stalemate. They over- 3. Preparation for final operations against Division, and elements of the Second Marine optimistically based that hope on the fact Japan. Division) struck the western beaches of that they had a large reserve of aircraft and Being the largest ocean area over which Okinawa. From this day until June 21, when that their ground armies were largely intact, single actions have ever been fought, the organized resistance was broken, all opera- well-armed, and of high morale. The war scope of this battle zone is difficult to appre- tions in the Pacific Ocean areas centered on ended with those armies still intact, stunned ciate without having been in it. It is hard the Okinawa operation. by the Emperor's surrender. You see, they to explain the difficulties involved in a battle The battle was costly both to ourselves and did not comprehend sea power. They had whose interdependent movements take place the enemy. When it was over, the Japanese airplanes by the thousands, but no fuel to simultaneously hundreds of miles apart. Yet had lost about 4,000 aircraft. We had lost raise them from the ground because your that is precisely what occurred in each of 36 ships sunk and 368 damaged, all of the Navy had severed Japan's oil lines. The re- the actions in 1945. ships sunk being light units. They had lost maining warships bad not enough fuel to Early in February, heavy fleet forces began their most powerful battleship and most of make a last desperate sortie. to bear down upon Iwo Jima. A group of the escorting force with it had been sunk or But in January of 1945 we did not know heavy warships moved toward Iwo Jima to damaged. They had lost their 32d Army that the war would be over before the middle concentrate their huge firing power on the and more than 100,000 men. They had lost of August. Maybe we did not ourselves know island. From the Marianas the heavy and we had won an island base large enough A902 APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD to support large forces of Army, Navy, and tion of productivity at home and its expen- with an Army deputy and a marine and an Marine fighters, medium bombers, and heavy diture on the enemy. But in the final appli- Army Air Forces representative respectively bombers. An island which provided seaplane cation of organized American power, sea and in line. Chief of my intelligence was an bases for our search aircraft. An island land and air power, industrial and military, Army officer, with a Navy man next in com- whose harbors provided a repair base for our it was the strategy of duplicate command and mand. Operations was under a Navy officer, ships, a major staging base. A base which servicing at sea that concentrated the whole whose deputy was an Army officer, with the neutralized Formosa and nearby China, and effort. Duplicate command and servicing at marines and Army Air to assist. Logistics, put us on the threshold of Japan's front sea brought to naval warfare in effect the which is actually the science of the procure- door. principles of industrial mass production, the ment of supplies, was under an Army officer, The naval power of the United States had industrial production fine. with Navy and marine assistants. All com- made good its promise to drive right through Here is how they worked. Servicing at sea munications were under a naval officer, dep- the central Pacific. meant that our warships were physically able utized by a marine and an Army man. Army, . When land-based air on Okinawa became to operate continuously away from base- Navy, and marines, Air Forces and Coast sufficiently strong in late June to protect our continuously. From all quarters of the coun- Guard, they all not only worked together but establishments, our task forces withdrew for try the railroads brought to the docksides of they ate together and slept together. rest and repair. Then began the memorable California, Oregon, and Washington the prod- Together we went to work to translate the operations against the main islands of Japan ucts of America's farms, factories, and oil directives from Washington into a battle by the Third Fleet, culminating in our battle- fields. plan, preparing an estimate of all possibili- ships, cruisers, and destroyers shelling the There the materiel wad loaded on ships ties, completing virtually all the intelligence coastlines of Honshu at Hokkaido at will. which steamed in continuous procession to work and most of the logistics. Then the I am convinced that the complete impunity the forward combat areas of the Pacific. plans were turned over to the alternate com- with which the Pacific Fleet pounded Japan They met our fighting, ships at sea and mander of the Third or Fifth Fleet for com- at pointblank range was the decisive factor pumped them full of fuel oil, replenished pletion, discussion, and execution. Their ex- in forcing the Japanese to ask the Russians their lockers with food and ammunition. ecution is a matter of record. With.boldness to approach us for peace proposals in July, The mail was delivered at sea. Mobile repair of .planning, went boldness of execution. It Meanwhile, aircraft from our new fields in units patched up our damaged ships at sea, was teamwork such as has never before . the Okinawa group were daily shuttling back .or in the lagoons of captured. islands. The existed. and forth over Kyushu and Shokoku, and sick and,wounded were transferred at sea The enemy hai no such teamwork; Ger- B-29's of the Twentieth Air Force were fire to home-bound ships. Thus. the maximum Smany, without concept of sea power, let the Sbombing major Japanese cities. use of every ship and airplane was employed. SWehrmacht dominate. .Admiral Doenitztells The pace and the fury were mounting and They could be kept going on the only spot - us now that the German Navy had plans for the Government of Japan, as its official where fighting equipment is any good-where supersubmarines before the war which could spokesmen have now admitted,.were looking . the fighting is. Servicing at sea doubled and fight.submerged for 70 days and cruise around for a way to end the war. At this point the tripled the effectiveness of your fleet. the world, but the Army would not grant Potsdam ultimatum was delivered and the It was a pace, however, that only inanimate priorities for their building. We asked the Japanese knew their choice. machines could endure. The hands and SJapanese why they did not use their subma- They were debating that choice when the brains that employed the machines had to rines against our supply lines. Their chief of atomic bomb fell on Hiroshima; they were have rest-a little rest-and time to study naval operations replies that the Army in- debating that choice when the Soviet Union and plan new operations. That is where the sisted the submarines be used to carry sup- entered the war; they were debating that principle of duplicate commands enters. plies to the Army garrisons who were being choice when our ships shelled installations Now, you cannot plan an operation while starved by our own submarine warfare against within less than 100 miles of Tokyo. conducting one, any more than you can the Jap surface ships. And the nation which had been so arrogant whistle while eating soda crackers. And so But on our fighting teams, General Eisen- asked for peace. Japan accepted our sur- we had one fleet commander and his staff hower and General MacArthur sought the render terms and laid down her arms on at sea conducting an operation while another counsel and advice of naval subordinates, August 15. commander and his staff were ashore plan- even as I had Army and Army Air Force men Symbolically, the planes of our fleet were ning the next battle in which the identical on my team. The Joint Chiefs of Staff was a Halsey over Japan at the hour the surrender was ships would be employed. Admiral team of equals, where Army, Navy, and Air the ships while Admiral Our carrier pilots who had looked would be fighting Forces met, planned, discussed, weighed, and accepted. Harbor or Guam work- through the air sights at targets from Tarawa Spruance was at Pearl made decisions based on teamwork, free from ing on plans. When Halsey came back, his domination of any one service. And of the to Tokyo leveled off upon orders of the Third mission accomplished, Spruance sailed forth. Fleet commander and flew back to the force. teamwork that existed on the home front, You see, we reversed the old stage-coach pro- It was the only time the officers and men of I have profound admiration and gratitude. cedure and instead of changing horses we the Pacific Fleet and Pacific Ocean areas The war ended only 5 months ago. It al- changed drivers.. It had the Japanese crazy. ready seems remote to most of us. But in failed to complete an assigned mission. They thought we had two identical fleets The atomic bomb merely hastened a proc- that short time the demobilization program alternating at sea. What we had were alter- has reduced our victorious fleet almost to ess already reaching an inevitable conclusion, nating commands and an unbroken line of impotency. Only the fact that nobody but I would have you remember that even constant supply. That, ladies and gentle- that bomb was delivered by sea power to an threatens our security today allows me to men, is sea power in the application. contemplate the state of our Navy with some airplane on an island captured by sea power, Those sources of supply were not exclus- degree of equanimity. Inspired by the rec- which flew with fuel supplied by sea power. ively material and physical. They were also keeping war from America So, you may ask, What is sea power? ord of that Navy in We intellectual. The all-over planning for the know how it works, what it is. and making it possible to defeat our enemies coordination of warfare on a global scale was The factors in successful sea power are on their own soil, I hope our present weak- the responsibility of will never varied and complex. They arise the Joint Chiefs of ness is but transitory. I hope it from the Staff and the Combined Chiefs of Staff, who become a habit. A few days ago I de- fundamentals of our national strength. again represented in the degree of their interest scribed to the managing editors of the Asso- They include not only the weapons them- the ideas of the several members of the selves, the ships and guns and airplanes, but ciated Press newspapers my concept of a United Nations. the training and the talents to employ them sturdy, independent American sea power as a for the successfully. As I never tire of pointing out, The whole war had to be fought as a whole. guarantor of peace-not only peace States but for the world. If I can because I realize so few understand it, sea The effect of an operation in Europe or Africa United power has its roots deep in the core of our had to be weighed in terms of effect upon sum up that speech for you in one sentence, country. They draw nourishment from the the forces engaged in the Pacific. The direc- I believe that no second Tojo or imitator of of world conquest farms and ranches that feed our men. They tives I received from the Joint Chiefs were Hitler will start a new war derive from our mines, our logging camps, necessarily and pointedly brief. In other if he must confront an already prepared our mills and factories. There is scarcely a words, the directives gave the broad descrip- United States, and for a maritime nation village in the geographical center of the con- tion of the strategy. The refinement and there is no defense superior to an efficient tinent which does not contribute in some details of strategy and of tactics were of local combination of sea and air power. way to American sea power. This resource responsibility. My attempt tonight has been to give you of strength was demonstrated by the man- Here the joint staff of the Pacific Fleet and both perspective and focus on the achieve- power and industrial power which enabled the Pacific Ocean areas began to function. ment of our victory, particularly in the Pa- your Navy to drive the enemy back upon his The boldness and imagination shown by this cific. I have tried to give you a look at the own shores, to throttle him, starve him, and staff in execution of broad directives of progress and the effect of combat as I saw literally to pin him to the shelltorn soil. strategy drove the war ahead at swift pace. it myself. And now I invite you actually The way we used that productive strength Now, joint staff work means just that-the to look upon some of the scenes of the war was as vital as the fact of production. P'es- joint workings of all fighting elements. On at sea, in motion pictures. I am most grate- ident Roosevelt, the two Secretaries of War my staff I had not only Navy men and ma- ful to the National Geographic Society for and the Navy, and the Joint Chiefs of Staff rines, but soldiers and Army airmen. The this opportunity to report to you all, "Mis- must be given prime credit for the coordlna- chief of my planning section was a Navy man, sion accomplished." A1798 APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD already proposed a uniform limitation on made illegal, that will go far toward stopping breach of contract, unlawful damage to prop- the use of wheat for flour and cereals. Their the tie-ups we now have." erty, and if picketing could be peaceful." proposal would save far more than the Pasadena: IDAHO 25,000,000 bushels to be gained from dark "We need a fair-labor policy based on Jus- Coeur d'Alene: bread. tice for all of our people * * * and it "America's prosperity awaits the enactment A basic reason for the wheat shortage is should insure full and uninterrupted pro- of a law equal in its control of labor and the large amount being used for animal duction all of the time." management." feed-300 to 400 percent more than prewar. Covina: ILLINOIS Let the Government reexamine the present "I am sure the public commends your Evanston: controlled relationship between wheat and action * * * looking toward curbing "It is unfortunate that newspapers have meat prices. strikes that are crippling greatly needed pro- termed your bill an 'antistrike' bill. Ac- It is most important that our relief pro- duction." tually, it seems to me there is nothing in it gram bring about the restoration of Euro- Los Angeles: * * * which would abridge the right of pean agriculture. We should send all we can "I wish to express my earnest approval labor to strike." of seed, fertilizer, farm machinery, locomo- of your bill to require fair and equal treat- Chicago: tives, railroad cars, and trucks. One good ment for management and labor." "I have long felt that if two parties con- crop year will make Europe generally self- San Francisco: tracted, both should be held equally respon- sufficient. "I do hope your bill will come to a favor- sible." Our Government should make every effort able vote as conditions are very bad here Chicago: to get other food surplus areas back into pro- on the Pacific coast; there is violence on the "There is no reason why labor should not duction. We are still shipping sugar to the picket line nearly every day." be bound by the same rules as other law- Philippines, normally a large exporter. Alameda: abiding people. They should be obliged to Let the administration decide on an in- "We do not want our country to condone live up to contracts, avoid violence, and, in dustrial policy which promotes maximum in- current picketing practices. * * * It is general, conduct themselves as the rest of us dustrial production instead of strife. This not pleasant, even after going through the are obliged to do." will have two effects. It will help the Ameri- war, to witness in this town, to read in the Morton Grove: can as well as the European farmer to get press, and to see in the news reels, the cur- "There are three parties to every labor dis- much needed agricultural equipment. It rent scenes of violent picketing." pute. All have rights to be considered: La- will encourage the American farmer to pro- Concord: bor, management, and the public; and ad- duce more by assuring him a steady and "Let us be fair with all classes of society. justments must be founded on the principle large domestic market. The same laws and regulations should ap- that if it's right for one it must be right for My final suggestion concerns the children ply to labor as are now imposed upon in- all. Labor should be equally responsible with of Europe. In the name of all that this coun- dustry." industry for any violation of contract en- try stands for, let's provide food for those Hollywood: tered into via collective bargaining." children. In some parts of Europe infant "Have been a union man for the last 20 Chicago: mortality is running as high as 50 percent. years, and I am with you 100 percent." "Industrial warfare * * * has now If necessary, give the food outright. Let's COLORADO reached the point where the Government not haggle about methods when children's Denver: must step in, in the interest of all people, lives hang in the balance. For them we must "I wish to record approval of the general and enact such legislation as will put labor ship now and save later. principles of the Case bill * * * in order to and management on an equal basis. Too balance responsibility of labor and manage- little emphasis these days is being put on the ment to the end that fullest national pro- rights of the public." duction may be obtained." Malta: "The people are feeling tired of strikes. Public Wants Labor Legislation CONNECTICUT Labor is not suffering; management is not Bridgeport: suffering; but the American people are suf- EXTENSION OF REMARKS "I was released from the Marine Corps fering." ,OF after 41/2 years this fall and have since Chicago: been employed by General Electric Co. as "There can be no further argument against HON. FRANCIS CASE an accountant. This plant is shut down the fact that unions should be made re- by strike and, regardless of the illegality of OF SOUTH DAKOTA sponsible, just the same as management, for mass picketing which prevents entry into the carrying out contracts and promises. Cer- IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES plant, the local union effectively kept all office tainly all violence should be eliminated." personnel out of the offices. This clearly in- Friday, February 8, 1946 INDIANA dicates the need for adding legal responsi- Terre Haute: Mr. CASE of South Dakota. Mr. bility to the right to strike." "The bill as you proposed is not 'too Speaker, under permission heretofore Lime Rock: stringent.' It makes both labor and capital granted, I desire to place in the Appendix "Sympathetic work stoppage should be responsible and * * * would insure penalized." of the RECORD the following excerpts from speedy action to curb and help settle in- DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA correspondence which I have received dustrial strife." on the subject of labor legislation re- "The members of this organization are the IOWA victims of the truck-pilot racket in New Council Eluffs: cently introduced by myself: York, which the Supreme Court has said only "When a minority group can grab what it EXCERPTS FROM LETTERS SUPPORTINGTHE CASE Congress can correct; a 6-week strike which wants regardless of its needs and regardless BILL closed the wholesale produce market in Pitts- of justice to the rest of the people who really ALABAMA burgh on the demand of union leaders that pay the bill in the long run, we have taken Veterans' hospital, Montgomery: dealers sign an agreement to refuse to sell or a long step toward dictatorship by a minority "Servicemen that were over and those that deliver perishable merchandise to any but group. This must stop." didn't want your antistrike bill passed. persons holding union cards." Cedar Palls: * * * Strikes, strikes, strikes. It must be FLORIDA "I think a new law should be enacted that stopped or else we lose all trade with other would be fair to everybody. Letting a few Orlando: radicals take the affairs in hand isn't right." countries." "Appoint a board of, say, five to handle Montgomery: Perry: all labor disputes, whose decision will be "For 25 years I have been a member of a "We really need a bill such as you have for final. * * * Let the board represent the making unions responsible for their actions." labor organization affiliated with the AFL, public only." and I approve of laboring men organizing ARIZONA Lakeland: but I do believe there is a limit and that McNary: "All agree that * * * unions should limit has been grossly exceeded." "I am firmly convinced after my 25 years be responsible * * * and that violent Carroll: of contact with labor of all kinds and classes picketing and threats of violence should be "Recently I have heard a great deal of dis- that the laboring men themselves will be made illegal." cussion in regard to your proposed legisla- most benefited by your bill and that most GEORGIA tion on strikes and I wish to advise that of them know their leaders are as much in Fort Benning: from reports I have heard of it, I heartily need of control as the old-fashioned 'public- "I could never understand why the 'peace- endorse and favor some legislation that be-damned' generation of business leaders." ful picketing' authorized by the Wagner Act would defriitely fix responsibility upon irre- CALIFORNIA is allowed to mean armed guards with clubs sponsible labor leaders for strikes." Berkeley: and brickbats. I have always contended that Des Moines: "If strikes can, be confined to the imme- the bulk of labor troubles would cease if "So long as the leaders can assemble what diate business involved and sympathy strikes unions could be held responsible in-court for amounts to an army to back them, and so APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD A1799 take possession of a business, nothing can MICHIGAN MISSOURI be done to stop it. It is disgraceful to this Ann Arbor: Kansas City: Nation that such conduct is permitted." "I am in favor of your bill to put proper "I was * * * much elated to note that Sioux City: control on labor unions. Millions of persons you introduced a bill to regulate the unions- "Webelieve it is high time that some such who do not write you are in favor of balanc- to make them a party responsible to the bill as you propose is made a law, for we are ing up the laws governing capital and labor." public as much as capital and industry." tired of the labor troubles springing up all Detroit: Springfield: over. Until our Congress makes a bill with "If your bill will make the unions respon- "Checking the sentiment of the patrons teeth in it we will see the trouble continue." sible and law-abiding, then, I am sure, it has of my office, the big majority is in favor of KANSAS the support of the majority of nonunion such legislation, and I do hope that your bill Americans as well as a good portion of the has the support from our legislators that it Salina: deserves." in your anti- thinking union men." "You are right 'on the beam' St. Louis: with the Kansas Indus- "Senator FERGUSON,of Michigan, has for- strike bill-it checks "The bill which you now have under con- on the statutes of warded a copy of your timely bill and it has trial Court Law, still sideration is a sincere effort to develop a Kansas." met the wholehearted approval of my neigh- bors and fellow workers. * * * The bill sound approach toward a solution of our Wichita: labor-management difficulties." "Urge prompt passage of Case bill or simi- shows a keen analysis of the faults of the laws are enacted making situation." Savannah: lar measure. If "Congratulations on acceptance of your their officers and members, Flint: labor unions, be a popular for contract violations "Between November 15 and January 15, bill by the House. Could there legally responsible vote, I'm confident the measure would be and outlawing violence, intimidation, and some 4,970 of this area's servicemen have management and been demobilized and job opportunities for approved, but I am much afraid that the Sen- coercion in labor disputes, ate will vote it down or so amend the bill and will settle own problems on these men are very limited as a result of labor can it will be toothless." to all and in the public interest strikes." basis fair East St. Louis: without other Government controls." Grand Rapids: re labor problems is just what Arkansas City: "The great majority of voters in the Middle "Your bill "You have the only constructive anti- West are in favor of a bill such as the Case the country must have. However, please add strikes." strike legislation offered." bill. * * * By all means make unions a provision outlawing sympathy equally responsible with corporations St. Louis: KENTUCKY * * * but go easy on the use of injunc- "Industry is not asking for favors, but it Louisville:- tions and compulsory arbitration." objects to having to operate under a law, my approval. "Please permit me to express Houghton: whereas labor, on the other hand, operates we enact some controlling It is imperative I do not know the full content of under a different law. I sincerely hope when legislation if our Nation is to be spared chaos "While your bill, we hope it * * * prohibits your bill gets before the Senate that body suffering." and from molesting workers and makes will have the same courage as shown by the Paducah: pickets labor unions subject to the same laws as House." "I want the unions to have their rights MONTANA business." and the industry to have their rights. Equal Miles City: Rochester: rights for both." "There is some thought to the effect that sincere appreciation of the Berea: "Accept the union labor has Senators and Representa- of the people of Michigan for "No person is more insistent upon the pro- great majority tives of Government 'buffaloed'-scared stiff. tection of labor and the rights of labor than your bill on labor legislation. Seventy-five will wel- I do not think so. Rather, I think those myself, but no person feels more strongly, on percent of the union membership gentlemen * * * are motivated by their the other hand, that labor must accept re- come such legislation." silly cupidity. Election time is the only day sponsibilities and impose self-restraint in MINNESOTA the subservient laborer feels that he is a return for rights. During the past months, Hutchinson: free man and can cast his ballot without labor has come more and more into the posi- "To the best of my knowledge and belief, censorship." tion of insisting on, and making the most of, 95 percent of this county (McLeod) favor this NEBRASKA its rights, while the responsibility to the bill, but would prefer a more stringent Lincoln: American economic system has been gener- measure." "The time has come, it seems to me, when ally overlooked or completely discarded." Minneapolis: labor must assume greater responsibilities to LOUISIANA "We think what is good for ianagement the public than they have ever conceded pos- New Orleans: is good for labor and vice versa; but let us sible." "Congress must see to it that all forms of have something that is going to be fair and Clay Center: interstate communication facilities are kept give both protection." "Labor, in seeking its rights, has reached a open as a public service." St. Paul: point where it is absorbing the rights of the public. There can be no sharing of profits MAINE "For too many years we have had the spec- tacle of irresponsible unions, bound by no without also sharing losses. What can a Bridgewater: country do with only laborers who do not "You have many followers of your bill in law, while the employer and public are rigidly controlled. Certainly there are laws which want to take responsibility?" the State of Maine." Omaha: must apply to them, but the same laws should MARYLAND "Your bill may have a few bugs in it, but to unions." Chevy Chase: apply that's a step in the right direction. Labor ' Labor unions should be responsible for MISSISSIPPI has to be made responsible so we, the public, tleir acts just like any other group and Aberdeen: aren't always getting slapped from both should not be exempted from racketeering, "We, the plain folks, approve your pro- sides." antitrust, income-tax, and injunction laws." posed bill to regulate labor. Some time ago NEW JERSEY Cockeysville: in a large city during a streetcar strike, I had Roselle: "Your bill seems to have sense and strength occasion to take a car to visit a nephew. "I feel that there is a definite need to bring and I hope it passes without too many * * * I was followed by a striker on a management and labor together on a com- amendments to sap its strength." bicycle and he attempted to beat me up for mon ground with a minimum use of the Havre de Grace: riding a struck car. Fortunately, I had a strike weapon. Whoever called this 30-day "You have the support of thousands such pistol. If I hadn't,I would have been mauled period a cooling-off period certainly chcse as I who are interested in wholesome, order- by two, who ganged up on me." the right word." ly labor relations." Biloxi: Seabright: MASSACHUSETrs "I have scrutinized the provisions and poli- "Despite the claims of organized labor, Cambridge: cies of your bill. * * * A great many there is nothing unfair in your bill just "I am in sympathy with your bill. I be- Americans, and veterans like myself, are very passed by the House. It is about time that lieve in unions. I also believe in industry appreciative and thankful for your efforts in labor unions are put on an equivalent foot- and would like to see fair play." ing with other groups of citizens in the devising this bill. We hope that It will be- Wellesley: United States." come a law without losing too much of its "Favoring one party to a controversy gains Jersey City: nothing-we wish each side to feel it is being power." "As industry is regulated by laws, so should fairly treated, even if it does not gain every- Jackson: unions be regulated. * * * I certainly thing at one blow. The public is the suf- "I hope your bill passes the House and think legislative action is needed when ferer, and we feel each side is somewhat in finally becomes law. * * * I think unions stage sympathy strikes, especially error, as is human. From what I hear of your unions should be required to incorporate and now, when the manufacture of goods which bill, I support it completely." become responsible under law for their acts." are so vitally needed is being held up because Milton: Jackson: of strikes." "We think your bill is splendid. There is "Your single bill is the most progressive Raritan: no reasbn why labor should not be as respon- piece of legislation proposed within the last "I favor your measure with its amend- sible as business." 75 to 100 years." ments. I feel it's time the Nation settle A1800 APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD

dbwn and get on with the serious things many years to check the 'public be damned' Maiden: before it." attitude on their part. * . * * What labor ,"My ancestors bled and died in vain unless NEW YORK wants is immunity, what I want is protection I can take a job and work without interfer- Ithaca: of my constitutional rights." ence from any man or group; unless I can "In behalf of myself and many of the other Forest Hills: work without joining a union; or unless I ' soldiers, thank you. We've had enough of "Queensboro Chamber of Commerce in am permitted to join a union without any those * * * strikes when in battle and behalf of the great majority of small and prejudice to my job." have even suffered from a lack of supplies. large business of Queens wish to record with Hickory: Now, in peace, find the strikes continuing in you our earnest hope for the passage of your "I have noted with considerable approval utter disregard of the welfare of the public. bill in the Senate." your measure for putting a little common Surely a strike is not the only way to get a sense and fairness into our present labor OKLAHOMIA laws. To my mind fair wage. You have our support on your Newkirk: these measures are not antilabor in any snse, as bill." "I want to cong-atulate you for having the I firmly believe labor as a whole will benefit Ithaca: courage to introduce a bill which is intended If strikes are "I have just listened to a discussion of controlled to the degree aimed at." to put an end to government by union labor Durham: your bill between you and Mr. DE LACY. I racketeers. We hope that you will succeed "I am at a loss to know wherein the brutal had already read the high points of the bill in getting it enacted into law." * * * and I am heartily in favor of it." mistreatment by picket-line hoodlums of Troy: OREGON those who, according to their constitutional "Your strike-control bill meets the ap- Klamath Falls: rights, try to go to their work, fits into any proval of myself, family, and friends. Most "Your labor bill has what we need to stop fair practice to any American citizen." of my friends belong to the union." industrial paralysis." NORTH DAKOTA Jamestown: Gladstone: Washburn: "This association of 65 members strongly "In 1937-38 the AFL carpenters' union "I do not believe some hard-headed union urges retention of injunction and antiboy- carried on a civil war against us loggers in executive should have the right to hold a cott provisions of Case bill." which armed 'goons' were employed against man off a job with threats of violence and Jamestown: us simply because we withdrew from them penalties." "We very much approve of the Case bill and formed our own union, when they re- OHIO or any legislation which will make unions fused to give us an independent union of Copley: legally responsible just as management now our own in the AFL. * * * The unions "Make unions liable for damage to health is responsible for violation of collective- themselves use the injunction whenever it and property." bargaining agreements." suits their purpose. They are not out to do Lisbon: New Rochelle: what is right, but to keep themselve' as free "We believe that labor unions should be "I am not in favor of destroying labor from restraint as possible while regulating the made responsible; that mutual observance of unions, but I am decidedly in favor of reg- employer by law, and coercing the nonunion contracts on the part of both employer and ulating them in the same manner and with worker, and disregarding the rights of the employees should be required; that there the same degree of strictness and fairness public." should be no employee rights to unions of that the Government uses in regulating the Albany: supervisory employees; and, finally, that due practice of corporations and individuals." "Your stand on demanding equal treat- consideration should be given the general Syracuse: ment and equal contractual obligations for public-especially in disputes involving pub- "The general public has suffered for a long management and organized labor Is highly lic utilities." time from labor controversies and needs the commended by this chamber of commerce." Bucyrus: protection of your bill." PENNSYLVANIA "Office workers and management were kept White Plains: Philadelphia: out 6 weeks by pickets who tried to choke "Congratulations on your bill to limit the "The present chaotic conditions in indus- one foreman, beat up another, and insulted violent tactics of organized labor. Labor try seems to be a case of 'the public be girls who went in." should be responsible for the damage it damned' with labor being chiefly to blame and Cincinnati: causes." the public as usual the innocent bystander. "The wave of strikes against the public in- New York City: * * * All we need is a set-up that is fair terest is Intolerable. Labor unions must "I am neither promanagement nor anti- to both labor and industry so that the spirit assume the same responsibility under the labor, but when a man can't drive his own law that has been imposed on other power- of free enterprise * * * will again have trucks, I don't see that there is much free- an opportunity to rule our destinies and in- ful groups." dom left. I think it is time Congress did cidentally liquidate the perils of inflation." Cincinnati: something about it." Cannonsburg: "There is a bakery in this city known as Rochester: "At last we have a bill before the legislature Pischer's. It is the policy of that establish- "A union can break its contract and noth- which, if put into effect, will protect all par- ment to bake goods and distribute them ing can be done about it, but let a corpora- ties, employees, employers and the public." from door to door through the use of con- tion break even a minor provision and what Elkins Park: veyances owned by individuals who have a howl and what a demand for retroactive "Put the responsibilities of unions on a their own little, privately owned bakery pay, etc. A union can make any sort of routes. par with other corporations and individuals. Each of these routes is the little statement about a corporation or its execu- Action now will prevent greater hardships individual's own private business. This tives without any penalty whatever." later." morning in one of our suburbs when one of Schenectady: Philadelphia: these little fellows were trying to deliver his "In this city there are 35,000 men out on men who * * * "In 1890 when big management stepped out bread, he was beset by 12 strike, and they are stopped by about one- of line, you in Congress righted the ship by turned his little delivery truck over and fifth of that number who * * * use force committeed assault and battery upon the to prevent passage of the Sherman Antitrust Act. Then the remaining four-fifths from the country returned little businessman. How long do the peo- entering the plants under to an era of relative threat of being labor has tem- ple of this country have to stand for this injured. * * * If the threat of bodily peace and quiet. Today porarily stepped out of line. It is our duty stuff?" harm did not exist here the plants would New Philadelphia: in no time." to put it back in line." be operating Sharon: "Labor must assume its share of respon- Pleasantville: sibility, and strikers who damage property "As a personnel manager, with the in- "I am a supervisor at the transformer di- vision of the Westinghouse are criminals, deserving punishment." terests of both labor and management at Electric Corp. and entrance to the plant since Dayton: heart, * * * I believe your labor bill to have been denied the beginning of the electrical strike. I feel "We now have a situation where foremen be the most constructive in over 5 years to- are being organized into a union which is a ward placing collective bargaining on a fair sure that the majority of the workers in this locality are opposed to the present strike, but part of the production workers' union. Un- and equitable basis." der such circumstances, foremen simply can- Hudson: because of orders from the big union bosses they walk the streets unemployed. May suc- not represent management in their daily con- "I do trust that your bill will pass the tacts with the worker at the bench and on House in its present consideration and there- cess crown your efforts and may the Case bill soon become law." the assembly line." after pass in the Senate. * * * There is need of a thorough reconsideration of indus- NORTH CAROLINA RHODE ISLAND trial legislation, especially the Wagner law Greensboro: Providence: and other laws setting the relative rights of "Reading of a case where the Teamsters "I am very much pleased that you are spon- one man's opportunity to work as against an- Union forced a small dairy out of business, soring a bill which will put all corporations, other man's opportunity to prevent the first demanding more than he made, and beat partnerships, and associations, and labor or- man's opportunity to work. We need to up an ex-lieutenant for even attempting to ganizations on the same basis." consider basic principles." drive his father's truck to make a living in SOUTH CAROLINA Forestport: the country he saved, is beyond human Hartsville: "Years ago I was a very strong advocate of Imagination in a country supposed to be "Congratulations on test vote strikg-con- laws to control big business and fought for democratic." trol bill. Urge you make every effort to see APPENDIX TO THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD A1801

its early passage. It is most constructive Electrical Engineers Union of Seattle, Wash. placate them with the words "Don't cry chil- legislation yet devised to put labor and in- We veterans are against organized labor's dren, everything will remain as it was," dustry on equal bargaining basis." present selfish leadership. They get theirs whereupon one of the mourners retorted: SOUTH DAKOTA no matter how many men are out of jobs, "That is precisely why we are crying." and they hold their jobs only by Sioux Falls: the con- The coffee trade has entertained hopes that "The teamsters' union has refused this tinuity of industrial strife. * * * I'm things would change materially after March like millions of other veterans. * * * We company a contract because we have refused 31, 1946, when the first subsidy plan was to to dismiss a lawsuit that we won in the lower want labor leaders shorn of their power and expire, but on March 20, 1946, Chester Bowles, courts and is now before the State supreme industry given a chance to go ahead and Economic Stabilization Director, issued his court on an illegal strike called in 1943. produce." long-awaited decision concerning the future Yesterday, the union employees of each and WIsCONsIN of the coffee market. Giving credit to the Milwaukee: every trucking company operating out of cooperation of the producing countries, which Sioux City, Iowa, refused to accept a 10,000- "The Franklin Association of Printers of made possible the success of the original pound shipment of hog serum from the Milwaukee heartily favor legislation for com- subsidy program under which the great bulk Sioux Falls Serum Co. destined to points in pulsory arbitration and for legal respon- of the 6,000,000 bags was purchased by Feb- * * * Iowa to protect the farmers from losing their. sibility of unions before the law ruary 1, and so as to permit further partici- hogs because of a cholera epidemic. It is The sooner the Case bill is passed the sooner pation by the producing countries in the high time that the people of this country we can get back to peaceful living, for now 3-cent-subsidy-while encouraging resump- take a firm hand in handling these strikes." 11,400 workers in Wisconsin alone are affected tion of large-scale imports into this country, Rapid City: by the one steel strike and a continuation it was decided to continue the 3-cent-lper- "It is my desire to be the first of the loyal can bring nothing but chaos. You have pound subsidy until June 30, 1946. supporters of the labor-union Idea to con- our entire support on legislation that will The new program is to cover 7,000,000 bags gratulate you on the wise and timely intro- bring violators of contracts to time." for a 3-month period; as compared with duction into the House of a measure designed Kenosha: 6,000,000 only for the 4,/2-month period- to properly proportion authority and re- "Recently I returned from overseas after November 17, 1945, to March 31, 1946. Its sponsibility of both labor and industry. * * * 22 months foreign service * * * before cost is estimated not to exceed $30,000,000 Ifthrough your efforts balance may be re- I was inducted I was employed at a machine and, as heretofore, while buying price ceil- stored you will deserve a vote of thanks from shop as a turret lathe operator. I began ings on green coffee purchased in foreign the thoughtful labor unionist, industry, and as an apprentice at 30 cents an hour and, countries by American importers will be con- the general public that falls in neither clas- the day I left, two and a half years later, tinued at 3 cents a pound above the levels sification." I was earning 72 cents per hour. * set by the OPA in December 1941, no increase Watertown: Such was my status as a skilled employee as will take place in either the green coffee or "The Case labor bill is constructive, the of January 1942. Therefore, upon my return, the roasted coffee ceilings in this country. large corporations and the powerful unions you can easily imagine how surprised I was A slightly different feature is the fact that must be constrained by law to treat the pub- to learn that $1.25-$1.40 was the prevail- the subsidy will be paid to importers on these lic fairly." ing hourly rate for work requiring skills com- additional 7,000.000 bags of coffee purchased Murdo: parable to mine prior to induction * * * and loaded In export carriers after November "Our Farmers Union Local, No. 469, wishes it is difficult for me t- understand the reasons 18, 1945 and landed in the United States not me to commend you for sponsoring that anti- behind the current plague of strikes in this later than June 30, 1946. It will be remem- strike bill which has by now become famous. country. * * * American workers are bered that the original plan provided only We believe the bill is not only for the best in- besieging their employers for higher wages that coffees, in order to be eligible to the terest of our farmers but is also to the inter- when they already draw the highest salaries subsidy plan, would have to be exported from est of the public at large and even to that of in the world." producing countries prior to March 31, 1946. labor unions and industry-at least in the Ripon: The message of Mr. Bowles also stressed the long run." "The production of completed washing hope that this measure would forestall any Hill City: machines in our factory has been held up necessity for restricting coffee consumption "There is no more reason why an organ- for 22 weeks as a result of a strike in the in this country. Importers, as heretofore ized group of labor should be immune from plant of the manufacturer of tubs and elec- also, may participate in the program in pro- all legal responsibilities than there is for, say tric motors. In order to overcome the tub to their import allocations under a college or a church." portion difficulty we have had to go to another manu- War Food Order 63, which imposes limitations TENNESSEE facturer and have a complete set of very based upon the importers' operations during Nashville: expensive dies made in order that our re- 1941. "We commend you for your forward step quirements can be obtained. The labor While the trade is familiarizing itself with toward prevention of discord and strife be- unions have even refused to allow us to the new situation, one conclusion seems self- is tween employers and employees." remove our dies from the plant which evident. Inasmuch as all coffees purchased tied up with the strike and the sheriff of must be imported into this country before TEXAS the county has refused to act on a replevin Kerrville: June 30, 1946, it stands to reason that the action because of the political complications bulk of the buying must take place very soon. "People in this section of Texas like the which would result." ideas introduced in your bill regarding labor, In other words, we shall probably witness a strikes, etc." mad scramble to obtain the 7,000,000 bags in- Dallas: volved. Some of our Latin American neigh- "Congratulations on the first really con- bors, such as Colombia, may still have sup- will structive and equitable labor legislation to Coffee plies available, but the Brazilian crop be in our legislative bodies." only start moving in at the end of June, pre- cisely when the extension of the subsidy plan VIRGINIA EXTENSION OF REMARKS will expire. Then, there is the question of richmond: OF quality-our market is well supplied with low "I wish to compliment you on the splendid grades and desperately in need of high grades. strike-control bill you have authored. Your HON. ROBERT HALE Producers, I. e., those who still own high proposed legislation is fair to both labor and OF MAINE grades, seem to be willing to take chance that management. After 3 years with the Army IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES things will improve in the second half of the Air Forces I have recently returned to my year, and are most reluctant to sell them home, and have been surprised to find that Monday, April 1, 1946 today. the citizens are really interested in their Mr. HALE. Mr. Speaker, under leave There can be no doubt that the trade has Government. There will be some rude politi- a very uneasy feeling about recent develop- cal awakenings to extend my remarks in the RECORD, I for some of our Congressmen ments. The question foremost in every- at the next election in which servicemen and include the following bulletin on coffee body's mind is, Have subsidy plans come to their families have an opportunity to vote published under date of March 26 last by stay? Is there not a possibility that if this for the first time in 4 years." Nortz & Co., 82 Wall Street, New York, second plan fares like the first, our officials WASHINGTON which gives further information on what may be led to believe that the success of Bothell: I regard as the outrageous coffee subsi- these measures warrants their perpetuation, "Not long ago a local man arranged to open dies upon which I have already twice and that possibly the trade could no longer a tinsmlthing shop, doing his own work. The addressed the House. do without them? union informed him that he would be per- Let us remember that early last Novem- mitted to lay out work but that he would COFFEE ber, prior to the announcement of the first have to employ a union workman to do the Emperor Francis of Austria died March 3, plan, a solution had been hoped for which work itself." 1835, and the news of his demise spread fast looked like a very satisfactory one to all Seattle: in Vienna. A throng immediately gathered concerned. At that time it was said that the "I happen to be a veteran of World War near the imperial palace, many women sob- Administration might raise the level of the II-just returned-and a member of the bing hysterically. A high official tried to ceilings for all coffees, while simultaneously