DOCSLIB.ORG

Fragile States and Development in West Africa West in Development and States Fragile

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Fragile States and Development in West Africa West in Development and States Fragile Fragile States and Development in West Africa Economic Commission for Africa Fragile States and Development in West Africa Printed by the UNECA Documents Publishing Unit, Addis Ababa December 2012, 350 Economic Commission for Africa Fragile States and Development in West Africa February 2012 UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR AFRICA Sub-Regional Office for West Africa (ECA/SRO-WA) Design, layout and production by Phoenix Design Aid A/S, Denmark. ISO 14001/ISO 9000 certified and approved CO2 neutral company – www.phoenixdesignaid.com. Printed on environmentally friendly paper (without chlorine) with vegetable-based inks. The printed matter is recyclable. Contents Foreword 6 Acknowledgements 8 Introduction 9 Chapter 1 The Definition, Causes and Measurement of Fragility and the Development Challenges Faced by Fragile States: An Overview 14 Chapter 2 Post Conflict Reconstruction and Development in Africa: Challenges and Opportunities 45 Chapter 3 Supporting Recovery and Development in Fragile States in West Africa: The Ecowas Experience 65 Chapter 4 Supporting Development in Fragile States in West Africa: The African Development Bank Framework 76 Chapter 5 Fragility and Development in Guinea 89 Chapter 6 Fragility and Development in Liberia 149 Chapter 7 Fragility and Development in Niger 196 Chapter 8 State Fragility in Nigeria: Causes and Possible Solutions 219 Chapter 9 From Fragility to Sustainable Peace and Development in Sierra Leone 242 Chapter 10 Strengthening Stability for Development in West Africa: Conclusions and Recommendations 272 Abbreviations and Acronyms ACBF African Capacity Building Foundation ADB African Development Bank AFD Aide Française au Développement (French Development Agency) BCEAO Banque Centrale des Etats d’Afrique de l’Ouest (Central Bank of West African States BEAC Banque des Etats d’Afrique Centrale (Bank of Central African States) CET Common External Tariff CILSS Comité permanent Inter-Etats de lutte contre la sécheresse au Sahel (Inter-State Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel) CNDD National Council for Democracy and Development (Conseil national pour la dé- mocratie et le développement) DAC Development Assistance Committee ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States EU European Union FAO United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation FCFA Franc de la Communauté Financière Africaine (African Financial Community Franc) FDI Foreign Direct Investment FSF Fragile States Facility (FSF) FSI Failed State Index GDP Gross Domestic Product IAG Index for African Governance ICT Information and Communication Technology IMF International Monetary Fund LICUS Low Income Countries under Stress MDGs Millennium Development Goals NEPAD New Partnership for Africa’s Development OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development PRSF Poverty Reduction Strategic Framework PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper SSA Sub- Saharan Africa UA Unit of Account (used by ADB) UEMOA Union Economique Monétaire Ouest Africaine (West African Economic and Mon- etary Union) UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNDP United Nations Development Programme 4 Fragile States and Development in West Africa UNHCR United Nations High Commission for Refugees UNO United Nations Organization USD United States Dollars WAEMU West African Economic and Monetary Union WAMZ West African Monetary Zone WB The World Bank Group Abbreviations and Acronyms 5 FOREWORD The African continent faces many socio-economic development challenges. Among them is the high level of political instability and fragility in many countries, and the displacement and impoverishment this causes on the citizenry. Yet, Africa is not alone in this predicament. The World Development Re- port (World Bank, 2011) states that an estimated one and a half billion people around the world live in areas affected by fragility, conflict and large scale organized criminal violence. Many countries in West Africa can be classified as fragile using the commonly indicators of fragility. For example, the Failed State Index for 2008 shows West African countries are either in the alert or warning category with a majority being in the former (Rice and Patrick, 2008). Similarly, the Ibrahim Index of African Governance (Mo, 2010) also shows that most countries in West Africa were in the bottom 25 on the governance ranking. Further, the Index of State Weakness in the Developing World for 2009 shows that eight countries in West Africa were in the top thirty weakest countries in the world. This is the bottom quintile of this fragility ranking. A global analysis of worldwide fragility in 2009 using a group of nine commonly used indicators showed that, with the exception of the Global Peace Index, at least 50% of the world’s ten worst performers are African countries. These data show that there is at least one West African country in each of these top ten states (worst performers). Thus, given the link between political stability and development, these classifications demonstrate that fragility is indeed a major development challenge in the sub-region. This publication, “Fragile States and Development in West Africa”, is a synthesis of the empirical ex- periences and lessons learnt from five member States of the sub-region on strategies to address fragil- ity and post-conflict challenges. The experiences illustrate the diverse nature of the sources of fragility, the manifestations of fragility and the range of strategies at both national and sub-regional levels to create a peaceful environment and pursue socio-economic development objectives. The publication emphasizes the importance of good governance (including strengthening of public institutions) in creating a platform on which the social contract between the state and its citizen remains cardinal and stability is upheld. The importance of a fully inclusive approach in dealing with manifestations of fragility to build lasting peace and security are emphasized in the national analyses. This message is carried out throughout the report. Addressing the three pillars, peace, state capacity and economic re- construction, is presented as imperative to a holistic approach to overcome fragility and post conflict challenges. Importantly, the publication emphasizes the significance of preventing conflict through addressing the potential causes in a timely manner. The publication further re-emphasizes the im- portance of peace, stability and security to the attainment of development objectives including the Millennium Development Goals. 6 Fragile States and Development in West Africa I strongly believe that the recommendations in this publication will help strengthen the policy envi- ronment on addressing fragility to ensure that the sub-region takes necessary steps towards maintain- ing peace and security as a pre-condition to facilitating socio-economic development. The experi- ences provide comfort in the demonstrated commitment by all countries to address the individual challenges through assistance from development partners and the support which sub-regional organi- zations are willing to lend to member States facing challenges. The United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, Sub-Regional Office for West Africa is com- mitted to collaborating with the ECOWAS Commission and its member States in order to collectively address the socio-economic development challenges in the sub-region. This publication is a demon- stration of that commitment. The Commission will continue to engage with the member States of the sub-region to help tackle impediments to sustainable development and work tirelessly towards the enhancement of the livelihoods of citizens. This publication was made possible through collaboration with the ECOWAS Commission under the multi-year programme of cooperation, and the input from member States of the sub-region through active participation in the meeting that reviewed the draft reports and developed the sub-regional recommendations. The Government of Sierra Leone, through the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development, provided logistical support during the review meeting. Fatoumata Sy Ba Director ECA Sub-Regional Office for West Africa Foreword 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This publication was prepared by Dr. Oliver Maponga and Engr. Joseph Foumbi under the overall supervision of the Director of the Economic Commission for Africa Sub-Regional Office for West Africa, Mrs. Fatoumata Sy Ba. The comments from colleagues in ECA/SRO-WA enriched this report. The publication benefited from five national reports on Guinea, Liberia, Niger, Nigeria and Sierra Leone that provided detailed and consolidated experiences in fragility and the strategies employed to address the challenges. The Economic Commission for Africa is indebted to the authors of the national reports in this pub- lication. These national reports complimented the analyses by the ECOWAS Commission and the African Development Bank on sub-regional mechanisms addressing fragility. The comments and rec- ommendations by experts who participated in an ad hoc experts group meeting organized by the ECA Sub-Regional Office for West Africa in Freetown, Sierra Leone, in March 2011 further strengthened and enhanced the content and focus of this publication. The ECA/SRO-WA is indebted to the Fragile States Unit of the African Development Bank and to all experts and reviewers who contributed to the focus of this publication. The ECA/SRO-WA acknowledges the contribution of the editor, Dr. Yves Ekoué Amaïzo. The collaboration with the ECOWAS Commission and the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • SCSL Press Clippings
    SPECIAL COURT FOR SIERRA LEONE OUTREACH AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS OFFICE A little boy at Talia Yawbeko looking into his future. PRESS CLIPPINGS Enclosed are clippings of local and international press on the Special Court and related issues obtained by the Outreach and Public Affairs Office as at: Tuesday, 30 March 2010 Press clips are produced Monday through Friday. Any omission, comment or suggestion, please contact Martin Royston-Wright Ext 7217 2 Local News Restoring Women’s Dignity…/Awoko Page 3 Professor Joko Smart Damns ICC Court / Awoko Online Page 4 International News Prosecution Witness?s Testimony Was Untrue…/ Charlestaylortrial.org Page 5 ICC Has no Time to try Charles Taylor / Radio Netherlands Worldwide Page 6 I Received No Bribe to Testify / Daily Observer Page 7 RUF Trained At Camp Nama in Liberia…/ Charlestaylortrial.org Pages 8-9 UNMIL Public Information Office Media Summary / UNMIL Pages 10-14 Hague Court Report on Kenya to be Made Public / Daily Nation Page 15 Serbia Debates Srebrenica Massacre Apology / BBC Online Page 16 ICC to Decide Kenya Fate on Wednesday / Capital News Page 17 ICC to Redefine State Aggression / Daily Monitor Page 18 3 Awoko Tuesday, 30 March 2010 4 Awoko Online Friday, 26 March 2010 Professor Joko Smart damns ICC Court Professor Henry Joko Smart has criticized the International Criminal Court for the action of a state in allowing its territory which it has placed at the disposal of another state to be used by that other state for perpetrating an act of aggression. Professor Henry Joko Smart damned the ICC at a symposium organized by the Sierra Leone Institute of International Law held at the British Council Auditorium with funds provided by the Justice Sector of the United Nations Development Pogramme.
    [Show full text]
  • An Epic 35 Day Trip Between Freetown, Sierra Leone and Accra, Ghana
    An epic 35 day trip between Freetown, Sierra Leone and Accra, Ghana. Experience the best of West African culture, music & dance ceremonies, vine bridges, wildlife, pristine beaches and traditional architecture on this off the beaten track adventure! Trip: Freetown to Accra (FTN-ACC) Start Date: 29 November 2021 (at 09:00 am) Finish Date: 03 January 2022 (at 08:00 am) Joining Instructions: Meet at 09:00 am on 29 November 2021 NB: All trip itineraries are subject to change! Summary & Key Highlights Visit to Tiwai Island Wildlife Sanctuary, home to the rare and elusive pygmy hippo Witness a stilt dancer in action at a beautiful traditional village in Ivory Coast Free time for trekking in the beautiful Mount Nimba nature reserve in Liberia Visit the slave forts along the Ghanaian coastline Trek to see wild chimpanzees in Guinea Forestiere (optional extra) Hike to a vine bridge in Guinee Forestiere - walking on it is at your own discretion! Camp at the beautiful Kpatawee waterfalls in northern Liberia Visit the surreal capital of Ivory Coast - Yamoussoukro - and marvel at the basilica! Overnight in a village in eastern Sierra Leone learning about the peoples culture, traditions and everyday life, topped off with story telling from the village elders and music and dance performances! Soak up the beaches, nightlife and music of Freetown, the buzzing atmospheric capital of 'Sweet Salone'! Free time for optional visits to Tacaguma Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Charlotte Falls or Banana Island whilst in Freetown Explore the crumbling grandeur of Monrovia Marvel at the modern architecture, skyline and museums of Abidjan, and party until dawn to coupé-décalé or Ivorian reggae! See artisans at work and wander amongst the colonial buildings in Grand Bassam Learn about the rain-forest ecosystem in Ankassa National Park, Ghana Walk high above the rain forest on the walkways at Kakum National Park, Ghana Explore the Ashanti stronghold of Kumasi, Ghana and the vast Kejeita market.
    [Show full text]
  • Women and Their Human Security in the Post-Conflict Setting of Liberia
    Women and their human security in the post-conflict setting of Liberia Niké Buijze WAGENINGEN UNIVERSITY Women and their human security in post-conflict Liberia September 2014 Niké Buijze Studentnumber: 890827152020 Supervisors: Dr. Margreet van der Burg (SCH) Dr. Gemma van der Haar (RDS) Disaster Studies Chair Group Wageningen Univerity Course code: RDS-80733 Cover photo was taken by the author: Overview of the West Point slum community, seen from the top of the deserted Ducor Hotel in Central Monrovia, Liberia Abstract When talking about women in conflict and post-conflict situations, they are often referred to as victims instead of agents. This perception of women as the protected instead of the protector denies women any form of agency they have on their own security situation in conflict and post-conflict settings. This research tries to highlight women’s agency over their own physical security by centralising women’s experiences of their own security and that of other women and the strategies they use to organise security. This is done in the setting of post-conflict Liberia by presenting a case study of the West Point slum community in Monrovia. The research is framed within the broader human security debate. It tries to show how the notion of human security from below, a situation where the individuals who are faced with a security dilemma are also the ones who provide security, can contribute to a more holistic view on organising human security. The concept of human security from below is combined with a feminist approach, which highlights the patriarchal character of security thinking.
    [Show full text]
  • An Introduction to Liberian English
    DOCUMENT RESUME FL 013 561 ED 226 617 AUTHOR Singler, John Victor; AndOthers An Introduction toLiberian English. TITLE Lansing. African Studies INSTITUTION Michigan State Univ.', East Center.; Peace Corps,Washington, D.C. PUB DATE 81 , NOTE 253p. 1 PUB TYPE Guides - Classroom Use -Materials (For Learner) (051) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC11 Plus Postage. Education; Dialogs DESCRIPTORS African Languages; *Cultural (Language); Grammar; LanguageVariation; *Listening Comprehension; *NonstandardDialects; *Second Language,Instruction; Standard SpokenUsage; Vocabulary IDENTIFIERS *English (Liberian); *Liberia ABSTRACT The aim of this text is tointroduce Liberian English, which includes the manyvarieties of English spoken by Liberians, to Peace Corps volunteers.The text is dividedinto two sections. The first part talksabout Liberian English,while the sedond part uses LiberianEnglish to describe aspectsof contemporary --------Li-berfairdiature. Part one containsdiscussions of the histories, varieties, pronunciation, and grammarof Liberian English. Where possible, differences fromvariety to variety of LiberianEnglish and grammar are noted.1Parttwo of the with regard to pronunciation i(referred to as text concentrates on"mainstream" Liberian English vernacular Liberian English),particularly as it is spokenin Monrovia. Emphasis is onunderstanding the type of Englishwidely by people who have gone toWestern schools. used in informal contexts understanding of the The aim of the text is tofacilitate volunteers' language; there is no emphasison learning to speak the language because of the Liberianattitudes toward varieties ofLiberian English other than LiberianStandard English. (NCR) **********************************************************.************* the best that can be made * * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are * * from the original document. *********************************************************************** is Jr) VC) C\I CD 1.1.1 AN INTRODUCTION TO LIBERIAN ENGLISH BY JOHN VICTOR S I NGLER wi th J.
    [Show full text]
  • Politics and Popular Culture: the Renaissance in Liberian Music, 1970-89
    POLITICS AND POPULAR CULTURE: THE RENAISSANCE IN LIBERIAN MUSIC, 1970-89 By TIMOTHY D. NEVIN A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FUFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2010 1 © 2010 Timothy Nevin 2 To all the Liberian musicians who died during the war-- (Tecumsey Roberts, Robert Toe, Morris Dorley and many others) Rest in Peace 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my parents and my uncle Frank for encouraging me to pursue graduate studies. My father’s dedication to intellectual pursuits and his life-long love of teaching have been constant inspirations to me. I would like to thank my Liberian wife, Debra Doeway for her patience in attempting to answer my thousand and one questions about Liberian social life and the time period “before the war.” I would like to thank Dr. Luise White, my dissertation advisor, for her guidance and intellectual rigor as well as Dr. Sue O’Brien for reading my manuscript and offering helpful suggestions. I would like to thank others who also read portions of my rough draft including Marissa Moorman. I would like to thank University of Florida’s Africana librarians Dan Reboussin and Peter Malanchuk for their kind assistance and instruction during my first semester of graduate school. I would like to acknowledge the many university libraries and public archives that welcomed me during my cross-country research adventure during the summer of 2007. These include, but are not limited to; Verlon Stone and the Liberian Collections Project at Indiana University, John Collins and the University of Ghana at East Legon, Northwestern University, Emory University, Brown University, New York University, the National Archives of Liberia, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Arms Flows Liberia Bp 11.03
    November 3, 2003 Weapons Sanctions, Military Supplies, and Human Suffering: Illegal Arms Flows to Liberia and the June-July 2003 Shelling of Monrovia A Human Rights Watch Briefing Paper Introduction...................................................................................................................................................2 Arms, Abuses, and Liberia’s Warring Factions.............................................................................4 The Rebel Push on Monrovia ..................................................................................................................5 “World War III”: The Human Toll of Indiscriminate Shelling in Monrovia.....................7 Tracing the Mortar Rounds Used by the LURD Rebels ..............................................................14 Guinea’s history of support for LURD .........................................................................................15 The Caliber and Origin of Mortars, Munitions Used by LURD ..........................................17 Arms Procurement by Guinea ..........................................................................................................18 Flight of June 30, 2003....................................................................................................................22 Flight of August 5, 2003.................................................................................................................22 Transfer from Guinea and Use in Liberia.....................................................................................23
    [Show full text]
  • Liberia: a Case Study
    Liberia: A Case Study Prepared for the International Growth Center Workshop on Growth in Fragile States By * † ERIC WERKER AND JASMINA BEGANOVIC June 24, 2011 * Associate Professor, Harvard Business School; Fellow, Harvard Center for International Development; Economic Advisor to the President, Republic of Liberia. Corresponding author: [email protected]. † Liberia Research Fellow, Harvard Center for International Development. 1 Liberia has been a fragile state by most definitions since April 1979, when protests over a government decision to increase the price of rice resulted in widespread looting and a violent police crackdown in the capital, Monrovia. Within a year of the riots, Samuel Doe—a 28-year old master sergeant of the Liberian army—led a coup against the government of President William Tolbert, killing Tolbert in the Executive Mansion and publicly executing eleven members of his government. The subsequent decade under the leadership of Doe was marked by economic decline, instability, and increasing violence. In 1989 rebel warlord Charles Taylor mounted a counter-insurgency that dragged Liberia into intermittent, but widespread and brutal, conflict for the subsequent fourteen years. Since 2003, following U.S. and Nigerian intervention, Liberia has been a “post-conflict” fragile state, graduating from two years of transitional government to nearly six under the democratic reign of President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, albeit with continued support from a force of more than 10,000 United Nations peacekeepers. The President’s many pro-growth and conflict-resolving reforms since the peace have put the country on a positive trajectory, but fundamental challenges continue to exist and the stability of the reform consensus remains fragile.
    [Show full text]
  • Transcript of Press Conference by H.E
    TRANSCRIPT OF PRESS CONFERENCE BY H.E. PRESIDENT ELLEN JOHNSON SIRLEAF C. CECIL DENNIS AUDITORIUM, MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS THURSDAY, May 12, 2011 President Sirleaf: This is just an opportunity to meet with you once again. It’s been a while since we had one of these sessions, and provide an opportunity for an exchange, to reconnect, look you in the eye, and talk about some of those things that we all know that are topical. National Budget (2011/2012) We are very glad that we’ve met the requirement of the Public Financial Management Law in submitting our budget on time to the Legislature. We’re pleased that we are, for the first time, I think in many, many years – two decades – we are now in terms of our revenue level, close to the pre-war level. Before the war, the budget was somewhere around US$500 million; today, with a US$459 million budget, which is a conservative one, based upon the implementation of our Ministry of Finance to make sure that they do not get too aggressive. That budget is before the Legislature. We are pleased also that we’ve put emphasis on infrastructure to continue our roads, ports and power emphasis; that we’ve also put emphasis on education and we will be promoting many of the community colleges, as well as the universities; on health; and, of course, on security, given the fact that this year we are going to have to beef it up; and also agriculture. If you add those four major priority areas, that claims some 35 percent of the budget.
    [Show full text]
  • Monrovia Modern | Urban Form and Political Imagination in Liberia
    Danny Hoffman Monrovia Modern | Urban Form and Political Imagination in Liberia Danny Hoffman ii Chapter One Hoffman_ALL_FF.indd 2 7/10/17 2:24 PM Monrovia Modern Urban Form and Political Imagination in Liberia Danny Hoffman Duke University Press Durham and London 2017 Hoffman_ALL_FF.indd 3 7/10/17 2:24 PM © 2017 Duke University Press All rights reserved Printed in Korea on acid- free paper ∞ Designed by Heather Hensley Typeset in Minion Pro by Copperline Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the Library of Congress. isbn 978-0-8223-6357-6 (hardcover : alk. paper) isbn 978-0-8223-5884-8 (pbk. : alk. paper) isbn 978-0-8223-7308-7 (ebook) Cover art: E. J. Roye. Photo by Danny Hoffman. Duke University Press gratefully acknowledges the support of the University of Washington, Department of Anthropology, which provided funds toward the production of this book. Hoffman_ALL_FF.indd 4 7/10/17 2:24 PM Porte cochère, Liberia Broadcasting System Hoffman_ALL_FF.indd 5 7/10/17 2:24 PM Dedicated, as all things are, to Julie, Corey Rose, Lucy, and Eve. Hoffman_ALL_FF.indd 7 7/10/17 2:24 PM Modern architecture, and its extension into town planning, has above all this task . of making industrialism fit for human use; [making] buildings and larger aggregations in which life may know its bounds and flourish. — Maxwell Fry and Jane Drew, architects and advisors to the British colonies in West Africa, 1956 Hoffman_ALL_FF.indd 9 7/10/17 2:24 PM Contents xiii Illustrations xvii Preface xxiii Acknowledgments 1 Introduction 33 CHAPTER 1 Live Dangerously, My Brothers: Ex- Combatants and the Political Economy of Space 61 CHAPTER 2 The Ministry of Defense: Excessive Architecture 91 CHAPTER 3 E.
    [Show full text]
  • New Museum School Podcast Transcript– 2019/2020
    New Museum School Podcast Transcript– 2019/2020 PODCAST TITLE: The Hand Of Freedom NMS TRAINEE: Hermenia Powers NMS Placement Site: Art UK Section 1 Hello, My name is Hermenia Powers, and I am a trainee at the New Museum school, based at Art UK, Art UK is one of the most impressive organisations you may have never heard of. They are on a mission to digitise all of the UK’s public sculpture and showcase it online. The project will take an estimated three years to complete. But what's the point of it? Well, the sole purpose is to make art accessible for all to view and enjoy, the website artuk.org, will forever stand as a means to access the nations art, and means there’s a documented account of the artists and artworks that have left a legacy big or small; their contribution is not at risk of being forgotten. So with sculpture being a hot topic. I took it upon myself to take a trip across the Atlantic, to one of Africa’s smallest yet most fascinating countries, Liberia; to rediscover an African giant of contemporary art. Company registered in England and Wales Cultural Co-operation 2228599 Registered Charity 801111 trading as Culture& 1 Section 2 Our artist in focus is Richuline Vahnjah Richards. Richards’ ancestry can be traced back to an ‘Othello Richards’. Othello was a slave in Rockbridge County, Virginia and died a free man, a citizen of the Republic of Liberia after migrating there in the mid-nineteenth century. The Richards family would be fundamental in helping build the town of ‘Clay-Ashland’ located on the St Paul River, a ‘settler’ town, meaning it would become the home of freed slaves from the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Liberia: Van Vrijheidsideaal Naar Verloren Paradijs
    Liberia: van vrijheidsideaal naar verloren paradijs Liberia: van vrijheidsideaal naar verloren paradijs Fred van der Kraaij Gepubliceerd door: Afrika-Studiecentrum Postbus 9555 2300 RB Leiden [email protected] www.ascleiden.nl Kaftfoto: Bord in dorp in River Gee County, 2008 [MPEA, Republiek Liberia] Verantwoording foto’s: Allen Konrad: 10a, 29b; Annelies Smit-Kloet: 11d; Belga-ANP/Fred van der Kraaij: 2; David McClellan: 25b, 27b, 28c, 28e, 30a; Facebook Mano River Group: 11b; Fred van der Kraaij: 1, 3, 4, 5, 8b, 8c, 8d, 9d, 10c, 11a, 11c, 12a, 12b, 12c, 12d, 13a, 13b, 13c, 14, 15, 16, 18a, 22, 27c, 27d, 28a, 28d, 31; Howard R. Alcock: 9a, 10b, 29a; Jeanne Miller: 6a, 6b; Leo Platvoet: 8a, 25a, 26a; Marcus Jones: 21; Martin Waalboer: 26b, 26c, 26d, 28f, 30b, 30c, 30d; Matthias Lampe: 6c, 7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 9b, 9c; Rosemarie Donkersloot: 24; Stephen Ellis/Gregory Stemn: 17, 18b, 19, 20; Thomas van Putten: 27a, 28b, 29c. Kaarten: Nel de Vink (DeVink Mapdesign) Gedrukt door Ipskamp Drukkers, Enschede ISBN: 978-90-5448-130-0 © Fred van der Kraaij, 2013 Inhoud Lijst van kaarten, foto’s en boxen vi Lijst van afkortingen viii Voorwoord xix 1 ‘The love of liberty brought us here’ 1 ‘De liefde voor de vrijheid bracht ons hier’ 1 Monrovia, 1975 7 De Universiteit van Liberia 16 De moderne economie 19 ‘The day Monrovia stood still’ – de dag dat Monrovia stilstond 27 De Maryland moorden en hun politieke context 33 ‘Oog om oog, tand om tand’ 37 De staatsgreep 41 Na de staatsgreep 44 2 ‘Paradise lost’ 53 ‘Het verloren paradijs’ 53 De burgeroorlogen 58
    [Show full text]
  • Nimba: Page 30 the Unheard Story Young
    AT It’s a big world, experience it with us LIC IO B N U O P F A LIBERIA ExhibitJANUARY-JUNE 2019 ISSUE 1 Feature PAGE16 NIMBA: PAGE 30 THE UNHEARD STORY YOUNG ENTREPRENEURSOF LIBERIA Entrepreneursmaking a difference PAGE 28 BEYOND THE POMP AND PAGEANTRY OF CULTURE PAGE 31 MADE IN NIMBA Wokie Dolo, Miss Liberia & Bucky Raw, The Trapco Artist PAGE 35 NATURAL LUXURY Liberia At A Glance TOUR LIBERIA Ad JANUARY-JUNE 2019 Publisher ISSUE 1 Jos Travel & Tour Inc. Contents Ground floor Kaba Building Benson & Mechlin Streets Monrovia, Liberia Branch Office Ground floor, Royal Hotel Complex 15th Street Sinkor Monrovia, Liberia Phones +231 (0) 777 744 400 +231 (0) 888 240 240 +231 (0) 886 516 275 +231 (0) 886 518 861 +231 (0) 777 116 616 +231 (0) 777 516 275 Emails [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Website www.jos-travel.com 40. Sapo National Park – Design and layout of Liberia Exhibit COVER STORY Young Entrepreneurs Resource giant asleep Magazine by 8. Profile of Jos Travel & Tours of Liberia Inc. 41. Robertsport: A potential 30. Nulee Erika Enders imagination made possible surfing theatre 10. The Liberia That Exists New Matadi, adjacent the Dry Rice 31. Sheera Vambo 42. Tour Liberia - Pictorial Market, Monrovia, Liberia 12. Liberia’s Tourism Minister +231 (0) 770 799 018 Expounds Tourism Potential Made in Nimba +231 (0) 888 799 018 Sustainable Economic Historical Sites [email protected] Growth 33. Miss Wokie Dolo -A go 46. The historicity of Belle Yallah Staga Media getter 16.
    [Show full text]