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Liberia: Van Vrijheidsideaal Naar Verloren Paradijs Liberia: van vrijheidsideaal naar verloren paradijs Liberia: van vrijheidsideaal naar verloren paradijs Fred van der Kraaij Gepubliceerd door: Afrika-Studiecentrum Postbus 9555 2300 RB Leiden [email protected] www.ascleiden.nl Kaftfoto: Bord in dorp in River Gee County, 2008 [MPEA, Republiek Liberia] Verantwoording foto’s: Allen Konrad: 10a, 29b; Annelies Smit-Kloet: 11d; Belga-ANP/Fred van der Kraaij: 2; David McClellan: 25b, 27b, 28c, 28e, 30a; Facebook Mano River Group: 11b; Fred van der Kraaij: 1, 3, 4, 5, 8b, 8c, 8d, 9d, 10c, 11a, 11c, 12a, 12b, 12c, 12d, 13a, 13b, 13c, 14, 15, 16, 18a, 22, 27c, 27d, 28a, 28d, 31; Howard R. Alcock: 9a, 10b, 29a; Jeanne Miller: 6a, 6b; Leo Platvoet: 8a, 25a, 26a; Marcus Jones: 21; Martin Waalboer: 26b, 26c, 26d, 28f, 30b, 30c, 30d; Matthias Lampe: 6c, 7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 9b, 9c; Rosemarie Donkersloot: 24; Stephen Ellis/Gregory Stemn: 17, 18b, 19, 20; Thomas van Putten: 27a, 28b, 29c. Kaarten: Nel de Vink (DeVink Mapdesign) Gedrukt door Ipskamp Drukkers, Enschede ISBN: 978-90-5448-130-0 © Fred van der Kraaij, 2013 Inhoud Lijst van kaarten, foto’s en boxen vi Lijst van afkortingen viii Voorwoord xix 1 ‘The love of liberty brought us here’ 1 ‘De liefde voor de vrijheid bracht ons hier’ 1 Monrovia, 1975 7 De Universiteit van Liberia 16 De moderne economie 19 ‘The day Monrovia stood still’ – de dag dat Monrovia stilstond 27 De Maryland moorden en hun politieke context 33 ‘Oog om oog, tand om tand’ 37 De staatsgreep 41 Na de staatsgreep 44 2 ‘Paradise lost’ 53 ‘Het verloren paradijs’ 53 De burgeroorlogen 58 Wat aan de eerste burgeroorlog voorafging 59 De eerste burgeroorlog, 1989–1997 61 De tweede burgeroorlog, 1999–2003 71 De rol van Burkina Faso 78 De Verenigde Naties en Liberia 78 Het Speciale Gerechtshof voor Sierra Leone 83 De Waarheids- en Verzoeningscommissie 88 3 Vallen en opstaan 97 President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf 97 Toenemende kritiek op president Sirleaf 113 Nawoord 123 Bronnen 127 Leessuggesties 132 Index 137 v Lijst van kaarten, foto’s en boxen Kaarten 1 Liberia, West-Afrika, Afrika xi 2 Politieke/administratieve indeling (counties) xii 3 Taal- en etnische groepen (stammen) xiii 4 Infrastructuur xvi 5 Monrovia, 1960 en 2013 14 6 Detailkaart Monrovia, 2013 15 7 De moderne economie 104 Foto’s 1 Wapen van Liberia met nationaal motto xxii 2 President Tubman met zijn gezin op paleis Soestdijk, 1956 2 3 President Joseph Jenkins Roberts, 1854 6 4 Liberia Kolonie, met Amerikaanse kolonisatiemaatschappijen, 1839 9 5 Monrovia, de hoofdstad van Liberia, 1888 10 6 Pioniers-, kolonisten- of Americo-Liberiaanse huizen 20 7 De vier zuilen van de macht in Liberia 21 8 Universiteit van Liberia 22 9 Monrovia, stadsimpressies, 1975 23 10 De drie pijlers van de moderne economie, 1975 26 11 President William R. Tolbert, Jr. 29 12 Selectie van kranten over rituele moorden in Liberia, 1976-1980 37 13 Selectie van kranten over rituele moorden in Maryland County, 1977-1979 39 14 Openbare uitvoering doodstraf ‘Harper Seven’, Harper, februari 1979 40 15 Militairen arresteren de Americo-Liberiaanse familie S., Monrovia, 12 april 1980 46 16 Het nieuwe kabinet, april 1980 48 17 President Samuel Doe, 1990 63 18 Alhaji Kromah 66 19 Zes militieleiders 68 20 Charles Taylor, president, 1997-2003 70 21 Voormalig president Taylor geboeid, op weg naar ‘Den Haag’, 2006 81 22 Interim-President Amos Sawyer en de auteur in Den Haag, 1995 96 23 Ellen Johnson Sirleaf’s autobiografie This child will be great, 2009 99 24 President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf ontvangt eredoctoraat in Tilburg, 2012 101 25 Liberia: 80 jaar grondstoffenleverancier 108 26 Rechtsstaat, persvrijheid, vrij van angst 2013 114 27 Monrovia, straatbeelden, 2012 120 28 Zichtbaar oorlogsgeweld 121 29 Reizen in het binnenland, 1973, 1980, 2012 122 30 Onderwijs 124 31 Afgestudeerde met getinte brillenglazen: Alhaji Kromah 125 vi Boxen 1 De buitenlandse handelshuizen in Libera 10 2 De oudste Nederlandse handelscontacten met West-Afrika: de West-Indische Compagnie 11 3 Bloedige staatsgrepen in Afrika 45 4 Herman ‘Hank’ Cohen: diplomaat en lobbyist 62 5 Samuel Dokie 65 6 Het Revolutionary United Front in Sierra Leone 69 7 Ivoorkust 74 8 VN-embargo’s en sancties 79 9 De verspreiding van Liberianen over de wereld 111 10 Liberianen in Nederland 113 vii Lijst van afkortingen ACDL Association for Constitutional Democracy in Liberia ACS American Colonization Society AFL Armed Forces of Liberia AFRC Armed Forces Revolutionary Council AL Americo-Liberiaan ALIMUSA Association of Liberian Ministers in the USA ALLA Association of Liberian Lawyers in the Americas ASC Afrika-Studiecentrum ATU Anti-Terrorist Unit AU Afrikaanse Unie BBP bruto binnenlands product BDF Bong Defense Front Bengoma Liberian Mandingo Association in the Netherlands BMC Bong Mining Company BTC Barclay Training Center CIA Central Intelligence Agency CIJ Coalition for International Justice COLIDAP Citizens of Liberia in Defense of Albert Porte CPA Comprehensive Peace Agreement CRC Central Revolutionary Council DRC Democratische Republiek Congo ECOMIL ECOWAS Mission in Liberia ECOMOG ECOWAS Cease-fire Monitoring Group ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States / Economische Gemeenschap van West-Afrikaanse Staten EFLA European Federation of Liberian Associations EU Europese Unie FDA Forestry Development Authority FELMAUSA Federation of Liberian Mandingo Associations in the USA GC Governance Commission GCA Global Coalition for Africa GEMAP Governance and Economic Management Assistance Programme GSA General Services Administration GVL Golden Veroleum Liberia viii HIPC Heavily Indebted Poor Countries HMC Hendrik Muller & Co. ICC International Criminal Court / Internationaal Strafhof IMF International Monetary Fund / Internationaal Monetair Fonds INPFL Independent National Patriotic Front of Liberia ISS Institute of Social Studies KLM Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij LAH Liberian Association Holland LAMCO Liberian-American-Swedish Minerals Company LBDI Liberian Bank for Development and Investment LDF Lofa Defense Force LECUSA Liberian Episcopalian Community in the USA LMC Liberia Mining Company LP Liberian Perspectives LPN Liberian Professional Network LPC Liberia Peace Council LPP Liberia Past and Present LPP Liberian People’s Party LURD Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy MODEL Movement for Democracy in Liberia MOJA Movement for Justice in Africa MPEA Ministry of Planning and Economic Affairs NACMA National Association of Cape Mountainians in the Americas NIOC National Iron Ore Company NKAA National Krao (Kru) Association in the Americas NPFL National Patriotic Front of Liberia OAC Oost-Afrikaanse Compagnie OAE Organisatie van Afrikaanse Eenheid ODA Official Development Assistance OFPP Office of Fiscal Policy and Planning OLM Organization of Liberians in Minnesota OSJI Open Society Justice Initiative OTC Oriental Timber Company PAL Progressive Alliance of Liberia PPP Progressive People’s Party PRC People’s Redemption Council / Raad voor de Verlossing van het Volk RIA Robertsfield International Airport RTC Royal Timber Corporation RUF Revolutionary United Front SCSL Special Court for Sierra Leone / Speciale Gerechtshof voor Sierra Leone ix SPA Special Programme for Africa SSA Sub-Sahara Afrika TI Transparency International TRC Truth and Reconciliation Commission / Waarheids- en Verzoeningscommissie TWP True Whig Party UL University of Liberia / Universiteit van Liberia ULAA Union of Liberian Associations in the Americas / Unie van Liberiaanse Organisaties in de Amerika’s ULIMO United Liberation Movement for Democracy ULIMO-J United Liberation Movement for Democracy – Johnson groep ULIMO-K United Liberation Movement for Democracy – Kromah groep UNDP United Nations Development Programme / Ontwikkelingsprogramma van de Verenigde Naties UNIBOA United Bassa Organization in the Americas UNMIL United Nations Mission in Liberia UNOMIL United Nations Observer Mission in Liberia USAA United Sarpo Association in the Americas VK Verenigd Koninkrijk VN Verenigde Naties VOC Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie VRVN Veiligheidsraad van de Verenigde Naties VS Verenigde Staten van Noord-Amerika WIC West-Indische Compagnie WTC World Trade Center x Kaart 1 Liberia, West-Afrika, Afrika xi Kaart 2 Politieke/administratieve indeling (counties) xii Kaart 3 Taal- en etnische groepen (stammen) Toelichting bij Kaart 3 De kaart toont het officiële aantal van zestien ‘stammen’, zoals in Liberia naar ‘etnische groepen’ wordt gerefereerd. Dit valt deels samen maar is niet helemaal xiii hetzelfde als de in het land gesproken talen. Dat zijn er meer.1 Globaal onderscheiden we in Liberia drie taalgroepen: de Kru-sprekenden, de Mande groep en de Mel of Westatlantische taalgroep. Verder wordt in Liberia Engels gesproken en een lokale variant, het Liberiaanse pidgin Engels, dat nagenoeg altijd een tweede taal is, naast de moedertaal. De tien meest gesproken Afrikaanse talen zijn (tussen haakjes een grove schatting van het aantal sprekers anno 2012 – schattingen van de schrijver): 1) Kpelle (500.000 – 600.000) 2) Bassa (400.000 – 450.000) 3) Grebo (400.000 – 425.000) 4) Kru (250.000 – 275.000) 5) Mano (200.000 – 250.000) 6) Gio (175.000 – 200.000) 7) Loma (175.000 – 200.000) 8) Kissi (125.000 – 150.000) 9) Vai (100.000 – 150.000) 10) Gola (100.000) Tien talen worden door naar schatting minder dan 100.000 Liberianen gesproken. Meer dan de helft hiervan kent slechts maximaal 15.000 sprekers. Het meest ge- sproken zijn het Gbande (oorspronkelijk ongeveer 100.000, maar tijdens de burger- oorlogen is naar schatting de helft naar buurland
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