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Applying Psychology We would like to dedicate this course to the memory of Brenda Smith, Psychology Staff Tutor and member of the course team, who died during the final year of the course’s production. She had been a Psychology Staff Tutor since 1995, first in Scotland and then most recently in Ireland, but her close association with the Open University stretches back much further than this. She was an Open University student herself and then later returned to teach and was a tutor who enthused and supported very many students throughout their social science studies. At her funeral one of these students spoke very movingly of her warmth and energy and of the fact that she had really ‘made a difference’ to their lives. She certainly also made a difference to our DSE212 course team, where her commitment to education for mature students was clear in everything that she said and did, and her immensely hard work influenced many of our plans for the teaching and learning strategy of the course and the content of the texts. She contributed enormously at both a professional and personal level, particularly to theearlyworkofthecourseteam,andwehopethatherinfluenceonthecourse will shine through, helping it in turn to ‘make a difference’ to the lives of all the students who will study it in the coming years. Applying Psychology Edited by Nicky Brace and Helen Westcott c The Open University Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA First published 2002 First published as an e-book 2002 Copyright © 2002 The Open University All rights, including copyright, in the content of this e-book are owned or controlled for these purposes by The Open University. In accessing this e-book, you agree that you may only download the content for your own personal non-commercial use. You are not permitted to copy, broadcast, download, store (in any medium), transmit, show or play in public, adapt or change in any way the content of this e-book for any other purpose whatsoever without the prior written permission of The Open University. Edited, designed and typeset by The Open University. Cover image: Guillem Ramos-Poqui This publication forms part of an Open University course DSE212 Exploring Psychology. Details of this and other Open University courses can be obtained from the Call Centre, PO Box 724, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6ZS, United Kingdom: tel. +44 (0)1908 653231, email [email protected] Alternatively, you may visit the Open University website at http://www.open.ac.uk where you can learn more about the wide range of courses and packs offered at all levels by the Open University. To purchase this publication or other components of Open University courses, contact Open University Worldwide Ltd, The Berrill Building, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, United Kingdom: tel. +44 (0)1908 858785; fax +44 (0)1908 858787; email [email protected]; website http://www.ouw.co.uk SUP-71678-3 1.1 Contents Introduction vii Helen Westcott and Nicky Brace CHAPTER 1 Stress 1 Mary Hanley CHAPTER 2 Post-traumatic stress disorder 57 Tim Dalgleish CHAPTER 3 Psychological factors in witness evidence and identification 117 Helen Westcott and Nicola Brace CHAPTER 4 Telling and detecting lies 179 Aldert Vrij CHAPTER 5 The autistic spectrum: from theory to practice 243 Ilona Roth CHAPTER 6 Computer-mediated communication: living, learning and working with computers 315 AdamJoinsonandKarenLittleton CHAPTER 7 Relationships at work 371 Rebecca Lawthom Index 427 Acknowledgements 442 DSE212 course team Open University staff Dr Frederick Toates, Reader in Psychobiology, Faculty of Science Dr Dorothy Miell, Senior Lecturer in Psychology, Faculty of Social Jenny Walker, Production Director, BBC/OU Sciences (Course Team Chair) Dr Helen Westcott, Lecturer in Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences Dr Clare Wood, Lecturer in Centre for Childhood, Development and Dr Paul Anand, Lecturer in Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences Learning, Faculty of Education and Language Studies Peter Barnes, Senior Lecturer in Centre for Childhood, Development Christopher Wooldridge, Editor and Learning, Faculty of Education and Language Studies Pam Berry, Key Compositor External authors and critical readers Dr Nicola Brace, Lecturer in Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences Dr Koula Asimakopoulou, Tutor Panel Dr Nick Braisby, Lecturer in Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences Debbie Balchin, Tutor Panel MauriceBrown,SoftwareDesigner Dr Peter Banister, Head of Psychology and Speech Pathology Sue Carter, Staff Tutor, Faculty of Social Sciences Department, Manchester Metropolitan University Annabel Caulfield, Course Manager, Faculty of Social Sciences Clive Barrett, Tutor Panel Lydia Chant, Course Manager, Faculty of Social Sciences Dr Kevin Buchanan, Senior Lecturer in Psychology, University Dr Troy Cooper, Staff Tutor, Faculty of Social Sciences College, Northampton CrystalCunningham,Researcher,BBC/OU Dr Richard Cains, Tutor Panel Shanti Dass, Editor Professor Stephen Clift, Tutor Panel Sue Dobson, Graphic Artist Linda Corlett, Associate Lecturer, Faculty of Social Sciences Alison Edwards, Editor Victoria Culpin, Tutor Panel Marion Edwards, Software Designer Dr Tim Dalgleish, Research Clinical Psychologist, Brain Sciences Jayne Ellery, Production Assistant, BBC/OU Unit, Cambridge Dr Linda Finlay, Associate Lecturer, Faculty of Social Sciences, Dr Graham Edgar, Tutor Panel, Research Scientist, BAE SYSTEMS co-opted member of course team Patricia Fisher, Equal Opportunities critical reader Alison Goslin, Designer David Goddard, Tutor Panel Professor Judith Greene, Professor of Psychology (retired), Faculty Dr Dan Goodley, Lecturer in Inclusive Education, University of of Social Sciences Sheffield Celia Hart, Picture Researcher Victoria Green, Student Panel Professor Wendy Hollway, Professor of Psychology, Faculty of Dr Mary Hanley, Senior Lecturer in Psychology, University College, Socia Sciences Northampton Silvana Ioannou, Researcher, BBC/OU Dr Jarrod Hollis, Associate Lecturer, Faculty of Social Sciences Dr Amy Johnston, Lecturer in Behavioural Neuroscience, Faculty Rob Jarman, Tutor Panel of Science Dr He´le`ne Joffe, Lecturer in Psychology, University College London Dr Adam Joinson, Lecturer in Educational Technology, Institute Dr Helen Kaye, Associate Lecturer, Faculty of Social Sciences of Educational Technology Professor Matt Lambon-Ralph, Professor of Cognitive Neuroscience, Sally Kynan, Research Associate in Psychology University of Manchester Andrew Law, Executive Producer, BBC/OU Rebecca Lawthom, Senior Lecturer in Psychology, Manchester Dr Martin Le Voi, Senior Lecturer in Psychology, Faculty of Social Metropolitan University Sciences Kim Lock, Student Panel Dr Karen Littleton, Senior Lecturer in Centre for Childhood, Patricia Matthews, Tutor Panel Development and Learning, Faculty of Education and Language Studies Dr Elizabeth Ockleford, Tutor Panel Dr Bundy Mackintosh, Lecturer in Psychology, Faculty of Social Penelope Quest, Student Panel Sciences Susan Ram, Student Panel Marie Morris, Course Secretary Dr Alex Richardson, Senior Research Fellow in Psychology and Dr Peter Naish, Lecturer in Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences Neuroscience, Imperial College of Medicine, London, also Research Daniel Nettle, Lecturer in Biological Psychology, Departments of Affiliate, University Laboratory of Physiology, Oxford Biological Sciences and Psychology Dr Carol Sweeney, Tutor Panel John Oates, Senior Lecturer in Centre for Childhood, Development Dr Annette Thomson, Associate Lecturer, Faculty of Social Sciences and Learning, Faculty of Education and Language Studies Dr Stella Tickle, Tutor Panel Michael Peet, Producer, BBC/OU Carol Tindall, Senior Lecturer in Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan Dr Ann Phoenix, Senior Lecturer in Psychology, Faculty of Social University Sciences Jane Tobbell, Senior Lecturer in Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan Dr Graham Pike, Lecturer in Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences University Dr Ilona Roth, Senior Lecturer in Psychology, Faculty of Social Martin Treacy, Associate Lecturer, Faculty of Social Sciences Sciences Professor Aldert Vrij, Professor in Applied Social Psychology, Brenda Smith, Staff Tutor, Faculty of Social Sciences University of Portsmouth Dr Richard Stevens, Senior Lecturer in Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences External assessors Colin Thomas, Lead Software Designer Professor Martin Conway, Professor of Psychology, Durham University Dr Kerry Thomas, Senior Lecturer in Psychology, Faculty of Social Professor Anne Woollet, Professor of Psychology, University of East Sciences London INTRODUCTION vii Introduction Helen Westcott and Nicky Brace Why do some individuals experience stress when others in the same circumstances do not? How has learning theory been applied to treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)? What are the psychological explanations for autism? Are police officers better at detecting lies than the rest of us? How is social cognition and memory research relevant to interviewing witnesses to crime? What social psychological theories can explain computer-mediated communication? Does psychoanalysis inform our understanding of how we relate to others at work? You will find the answers to these questions and a multitude of others in Book 3, Applying Psychology, which is your final study block of the course. Soon you will need to decide which questions you are most interested in, as you are required to read only two of the seven chapters. To help you make that decision, we would here like to introduce you to the different
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