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Fluoride in Taiz

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Fluoride in Taiz Republic of Yemen Ministry of Water & Environment National Water Resources Authority Study about the Fluorosis in Selected Villages of Ta'aiz Governorate Sana'a Juner 2009 Study about the Fluorosis in Selected Villages of Taiz Governorate Final Draft Mission Report prepared for NWRA by Dr. Abdulmohsen Saleh Alamry Assistant Professor & Water Resources Consultant 1 Contents Contents ................................................................................................................. 2 1. Introduction: ....................................................................................................... 4 1.2. Fluorosis in Yemen: ................................................................................................. 4 1.3 Objectives of Study: ................................................................................................. 5 1.4 Previous Work:......................................................................................................... 5 2. Fluorosis in Taiz Governorate: ............................................................................. 6 2.1 Overview of fluoride distribution of Taiz Districts:.................................................... 6 2.1.1‐ Al Wazeyah District:...............................................................................................................8 2.1.2‐ Mwoza District:...................................................................................................................... 8 2.1.3‐ Maqbanah District:................................................................................................................9 2.1.4‐ Mawyah District:....................................................................................................................9 2.1.5‐ Sharab As Salam District:.......................................................................................................9 2.1.6‐ Sharab Ar Rownah District:..................................................................................................10 2.1.7‐ Dimnat Khadeer District: .....................................................................................................10 2.1.8‐ Hayfan District: ....................................................................................................................11 2.1.9‐ Jabal Habashi District:..........................................................................................................11 2.1.10‐ Al Mawasit District:............................................................................................................12 2.1.11‐ Al Mukha District: ..............................................................................................................12 2.1.12‐As Salow District:................................................................................................................12 2.1.13‐Ash Shammayatain District: ...............................................................................................13 2.1.14‐ At Aaiziyah District:............................................................................................................13 2.2 Delineation of fluoride contamination areas: ......................................................... 15 2.3 Topography of the affected area: ........................................................................... 17 2.4 Climate:.................................................................................................................. 17 3. Fluoride Contamination in Groundwater of Al Howban Basin: .......................... 18 3.1 Geology of Al Howban Basin:.................................................................................. 18 3.2 Recharge and Groundwater Conditions: ................................................................. 21 3.3 Hydrochemistry of water:....................................................................................... 22 3.4 Geochemical modeling: .......................................................................................... 23 3.5 Special Variation in the Fluoride Concentration:..................................................... 24 3.6 Drinking Water Sources:......................................................................................... 25 4. Fluoride Contamination in Groundwater of Hidhran & Alburayhi Basin: ........... 28 4.1 Geology of Hidhran & Alburayhi Basin:................................................................... 28 4.2 Groundwater Conditions and Recharge Area: ......................................................... 29 4.3 Hydrochemistry of water:....................................................................................... 31 4.4 Geochemical modeling: .......................................................................................... 32 2 4.5 Special Variation in the Fluoride Concentration:..................................................... 33 4.6 Drinking Water Sources:......................................................................................... 36 5. Fluoride Contamination in Groundwater of Jabal Sabir Area:............................ 36 5.1 Geology of Jabal Sabir Area: ................................................................................... 37 5.2 Recharge and Groundwater Conditions: ................................................................. 39 5.3 Hydrochemistry of water:....................................................................................... 39 5.4 Geochemical modeling: .......................................................................................... 40 5.5 Special Variation in the Fluoride Concentration:..................................................... 41 5.6 Drinking Water Sources:......................................................................................... 43 6. Types of Fluorosis in the Study Area:................................................................. 43 6.1 Dietary Practices of the Children: ........................................................................... 43 7. Suggestions for Solutions: ................................................................................. 45 8. Conclusions: ...................................................................................................... 46 9. Recommendations: ........................................................................................... 47 References:........................................................................................................... 49 Appendix 1............................................................................................................ 52 Appendix 2............................................................................................................ 54 Appendix 3............................................................................................................ 66 3 1. Introduction: Fluorine is the most electronegative and reactive of all elements, and is present as fluoride in drinking water. It occurs as Fluoride ion naturally in soils and natural waters due to chemical weathering of some F- - containing minerals (Totsche et al. 2000). Fluoride in small amounts is an essential component for normal mineralization of bones and formation of dental enamel (Bell and Ludwig 1970). However, excessive intake of fluoride can cause dental and skeleton fluorosis (Sorg 1978; Mahramanlioglu et al. 2002). Due to its strong electronegativity, fluoride is attracted by positively charged calcium in teeth and bones (Susheela et al. 1993). Fluorosis is a considerable health problem worldwide, which is afflicting millions of people in many areas of the world, for example East Africa (Nanyaro et al. 1984; Gaciri and Davies 1993; Gizaw 1996), Turkey (Oruc 2003), India (Subba Rao and Devadas 2003; Gupta et al. 2005, Jacks et al. 2005), southeastern Korea (Kim and Jeong 2005) and northern China (Wang and Reardon 2001; Zhang et al. 2003; Guo et al. 2007). According to World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality (WHO 2006) the limit value for fluoride is 1.5 mg/l. The value of 1.5 mg/l is a guiding value, which may be changed based on climatic conditions like temperature, humidity, volume of water intake, fluoride from other sources etc for different regions of the world (Viswanatham, 2008). The Yemeni Standard specifies the desirable and permissible limits for fluoride in drinking water as 1.0 and 1.5 mg/l, respectively. 1.2. Fluorosis in Yemen: Fluorosis continues to be an endemic problem in Yemen. More and more areas are being discovered regularly that are affected by fluorosis in different parts of the country. Children in the age group of upto 12 years are most prone to fluorosis as their body tissues are in formative / growth stage during this period. Recently, a report from General Authority of Rural Water Projects (GARWP) indicates markedly increasing in fluoride content in groundwater (Between 2000 and 2006) in districts of some governorates such as Sana’a, Ibb, Dhamar, Taiz, Al-Dhalei and Raimah. The highest fluoride concentration in drinking water was reported in some districts of Sana'a governorate, especially Sanhan (UNICEF, 2008). 4 Most Yemenis dwelling in rural areas use deep well water for drinking and household works—and a large number of these wells are contaminated with fluoride in a concentration of 2.5 to 32 milligrams (Viswanatham, 2008). Fluorosis, especially the skeletal one is historically unknown in Yemen. It is known only about 2 to 3 years
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