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Conflict Snapshot – Yemen

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Conflict Snapshot – Yemen Funded by the European Union COVID-19 SNAPSHOT in December 2020 Yemen Conflict Introduction The ongoing conflict in Yemen is complex and multi-layered, with the involvement of rival regional powers adding a geopolitical dimension to the war. As the national framework has disintegrated, local rivalries have intensified, leaving more room for foreign state interference in the country.1 Since March 2015, a dangerous combination of factors, driven by conflict and economic decline, and now exacerbated by COVID-19, have compounded the dire situation for over 24 million Yemenis, as reported by the UN, international non-governmental organisations (INGOs), and local sources. The country has been de facto split into two since several years: the North, controlled by the de-facto authorities of Ansarullah “Al-Houthi”, and the South, which is controlled by the internationally-recognised Hadi government (IRG). Data collection and analysis Data for this first COVID-19 snapshot report in Yemen Conflict was gathered from 31 October to 10 November 2020 in the following target zones: Tuban and Toor Al-Baha districts in Lahj governorate (located in the South, under IRG control), and Al-Mawasit and Jabal Habashi districts in Taiz governorate (located in the North but under IRG control). This report was prepared by an independent consultant and the Search for Common Ground (Search) Yemen team, with T support from Search’s COVID-19 Response Programming Team and Institutional Learning Team. For more information on the data collection methodology and tools used by Search for Common Ground for this research, click here. To cite this report: Search for Common Ground, COVID-19 Snapshot in Yemen Conflict, December 2020. * This publication was produced with the financial support of the European Union. Its contents are the sole responsibility of Search for Common Ground and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union. 1. Ardemagni, Eleonora, Beyond Yemen’s Militiadoms – Restarting from local agencies, European Union Institute for Security Studies (EUISS), April 2020. Update: COVID-19 Measures and Impact on Conflict As of 6 December 2020, the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases in Yemen reached 2,081, with 607 associated deaths. The number of confirmed cases is very likely to be (much) lower than the number of actual cases given limited testing.2 During the past three months, no particular COVID-19 prevention measures were in place in the North and South of Yemen: T mandatory As the Yemeni civilian population is already suffering from an enormous man-made humanitarian crisis, the COVID-19 crisis has added grave new Borders/airports stresses to a health system already shattered by war. Under-resourced and open buffeted by years of conflict, Yemen’s health system is inadequately prepared to care for COVID-19 patients and contain the spread of the virus. Displaced services populations in particular face additional challenges; the pandemic and lockdown measures have heightened protection concerns and resulted in significant health and safety risks.3 Many households lack access to healthcare and require information about COVID-19, including on health and safety measures, symptoms of COVID-19, what to do when COVID-19 symptoms emerge, and the guidelines and protocols enacted by authorities. The lockdown measures have increased food and economic insecurity and exacerbated the struggle of vulnerable households to access basic services, in camp and non-camp settings alike. The pandemic health and safety guidelines call for restricted movement and social isolation measures, which have consequently led to increased tensions at the household level and higher rates of domestic violence. Specifically, women and girls are forced to stay in crowded households and have limited access to information and support services. This situation increases their level of vulnerability as well as risks of domestic abuse. The rate of violence against women in Yemen was already very high in the context of the ongoing conflict – in 2017, UNFPA reported that 2.6 million women and girls were at risk of gender-based violence.4 With the added economic, health, and social stressors of COVID-19, domestic violence cases are on the rise.5 COVID-19’s Impact on Social Cohesion & Trust Trust in COVID-19 information from Search’s media partner is relatively low, and information sharing is limited know Search’s local radio partner, Sawt Al-Tofola FM, except in 30% 38% 62 1% 2 Al-Mawasit44% district55 in Taiz governorate,1% 2 244% 44%55 55 1% 1% where none of the respondents reported knowing our radio partner trust (very much lower trust do not or mostly) (somewhat or rarely) trust it Trends Young people (18-34 years) tend to trust information on COVID-19 to shared through our local radio partner more than respondents over 56 6 Follow 13 3 35 years. There was no marked difference in trust between IDPs and host communities, indicating this is a good radio channel to reach both groups with COVID-19 information. Overall, 33% of survey respondents shared COVID-19 related information 33% 67% heard on Sawt Al-Tofola FM Radio with their friends and family members. Trends On average, young respondents between 25 to 34 years reported a to 7 30% Follow higher level of information sharing, compared to the other groups (18 to 3 18–24 24 and above 35 years). 3 The degree of information sharing on COVID-19 with friends and family varies significantly across Taiz districts. Lahj 59% Jabal Habashi 68% Toor Al-Baha 4% Al-Mawasit 5% Tuban 2. Our World in Data Portal, November 2020. 3. Norwegian Refugee Council, COVID-19 Impact Assessment, July 2020. 4. United Nations Population Fund, UNFPA Humanitarian Response in Yemen, October 2017. 2 5. UN WOMEN, In Yemen, women face added challenges posed by COVID-19 amidst ongoing armed conflict, July 2020. One out of two are satisfied with COVID-19 services, a slight majority trust the government’s pandemic response, more people have faith in COVID-19 responders - all with important differences between districts. 72% 8% 2 health access to food sought out services or support sought support The top requested services requested were related to COVID-19 in the past 3 from the months, despite high levels of need. government Satisfaction with services received Satisfaction with the speed of service Highly satisfied Highly satisfied 38% and satisfied 55 and satisfied Somewhat Somewhat 2 38% satisfied satisfied Not satisfied 2 Not satisfied 22 Never received Preferred not a response 2 to answer 2 Women are more satisfied with the services received and Satisfaction Satisfaction Trends to the response time than men. This might be attributed to the fact Follow received time that women on average may have lower expectations than men, or that female-headed households may have benefited more from specific COVID-19 emergency response, compared to other 72% 2% 6% 24% households. Younger people (18 to 24 years) reported the lowest level of satisfaction with services and the response time. This could perhaps be attributed to 40% 1 o 25 years differences of expectations and aspirations among younger and older people. IDPs reported higher levels of satisfaction than host community members Satisfaction 67 withIDP 5 with services provided. Often, emergency aid interventions in Yemen tend to 67 services 5 received focus more on IDPs compared to host community groups, which could explain IDP o this difference. 62 o on43% on There are differences in satisfaction between districts: the lowest level of satisfaction was reported in Jabal Habashi district (Taiz), followed by Toor Al-Baha (Lahj), Tuban (Lahj), and Taiz Al-Mawasit (Taiz). Lahj 21% Jabal Habashi 53% Toor Al-Baha 71% Al-Mawasit 67% Tuban agree (strongly agree or agree) that the authorities, including 5 institutions2 and 1service2 providers (public and private), are 5doing5 22 1212 their best to consider the needs of everyone equally when making decisions about COVID-19 services. disagree neutral Trends Women show higher levels of trust than men in the authorities’ to Follow response. 72% 46% Levels of trust in the government’s response tend to be higher among youth (18 to 34 year olds) and lower among respondents above 35 years old. While levels of satisfaction with services among young people are lower, as noted above, 70% 5 their trust in the government remains high. This may reflect the notion that while 13 3 services might not always be satisfactory, youth still trust that the government is doing its best given the prevailing context. Whereas older respondents’ lower levels of trust in government might be due to their pre-existing, historical relationships with and mistrust of government over time, while their higher satisfaction in services could potentially reflect the lower expectations they have in services in general. 3 Trends Average levels of trust in the authorities’ COVID-19 response differs between districts.A large to Follow majority of respondents in Toor Al-Baha district (Lahj) agree that the government is doing its best, followed by Jabal Habashi district (Taiz), Al-Mawasit district (Taiz) and Tuban district (Lahj). 58% Jabal Habashi Taiz 54% Al-Mawasit Lahj 84% Toor Al-Baha 43% Tuban As in other countries under this research, trust in COVID-19 responders tends to be higher than in the government, although this difference was rather small in Yemen. agree (strongly agree or agree) that disagree people working on COVID-19 have (strongly 69% 18% 13% 69% 69%18% 18%13% 13% neutral their best interests in mind when disagree or they do their work disagree) Overall, 82% of women agree with the above statement, compared Trends to to 56% of men. One reason behind this difference could be that women Follow 2% 56% may have more regular contact with health workers than men, but more research is needed to better understand this gender gap.
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