France's New NATO Policy: Leveraging a Realignment of the Alliance?
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Reflections and 1Rememb Irancees
DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A Approved for Public Release Distribution IJnlimiter' The U.S. Army Air Forces in World War II REFLECTIONS AND 1REMEMB IRANCEES Veterans of die United States Army Air Forces Reminisce about World War II Edited by William T. Y'Blood, Jacob Neufeld, and Mary Lee Jefferson •9.RCEAIR ueulm PROGRAM 2000 20050429 011 REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved I OMB No. 0704-0188 The public reporting burden for this collection of Information Is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. 1. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY) 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED (From - To) 2000 na/ 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER Reflections and Rememberances: Veterans of the US Army Air Forces n/a Reminisce about WWII 5b. GRANT NUMBER n/a 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER n/a 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER Y'Blood, William T.; Neufeld, Jacob; and Jefferson, Mary Lee, editors. -
Jolyon Howorth & Vivien Schmidt
EU GLOBAL STRATEGY 50 ExperT Opinion Jolyon Howorth & Vivien Schmidt Visiting Professor of Political Science, Yale University Professor of International Relations, Boston University There is a danger in making the strategic review hope to achieve in the neighbourhood – including too complex. There is merit in recalling the par- the neighbours of the neighbours. The geograph- simonious interpretation of the world that has ic focus is important. The EU is a global trading inspired realists: system anarchy; the fundamen- actor and a key partner of the UN; but in terms tal role of states; the centrality of the distribution of the deployment of crisis management power, of power; balance of power. Indeed, power itself. it should not for the foreseeable future aspire to be anything other than a regional power. These basics remain the© crucialEU Institute forelements Security Studies, of 2015. inter | QN-AL-15-00X-2A-N- | ISBN 978-92-9198-258-5 | ISSN 2315-1129 | DOI 10.2815/77528 national relations. The currencies the EU prefers What might the EU hope to achieve in the neigh- – multilateralism, international law, international bourhood? Lucidity about the EU’s real leverage institutions, diplomacy, soft and smart power – is essential. If EU accession is not on the cards, have all come into their own since 1945 and they leverage is massively reduced. The most the EU have a vital role to play. But there should be no can hope to do in the southern neighbourhood is illusions: positive sum aspirations have not re- to assist local and regional political initiatives aimed placed zero-sum realities. -
Coastal Command in the Second World War
AIR POWER REVIEW VOL 21 NO 1 COASTAL COMMAND IN THE SECOND WORLD WAR By Professor John Buckley Biography: John Buckley is Professor of Military History at the University of Wolverhampton, UK. His books include The RAF and Trade Defence 1919-1945 (1995), Air Power in the Age of Total War (1999) and Monty’s Men: The British Army 1944-5 (2013). His history of the RAF (co-authored with Paul Beaver) will be published by Oxford University Press in 2018. Abstract: From 1939 to 1945 RAF Coastal Command played a crucial role in maintaining Britain’s maritime communications, thus securing the United Kingdom’s ability to wage war against the Axis powers in Europe. Its primary role was in confronting the German U-boat menace, particularly in the 1940-41 period when Britain came closest to losing the Battle of the Atlantic and with it the war. The importance of air power in the war against the U-boat was amply demonstrated when the closing of the Mid-Atlantic Air Gap in 1943 by Coastal Command aircraft effectively brought victory in the Atlantic campaign. Coastal Command also played a vital role in combating the German surface navy and, in the later stages of the war, in attacking Germany’s maritime links with Scandinavia. Disclaimer: The views expressed are those of the authors concerned, not necessarily the MOD. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form without prior permission in writing from the Editor. 178 COASTAL COMMAND IN THE SECOND WORLD WAR introduction n March 2004, almost sixty years after the end of the Second World War, RAF ICoastal Command finally received its first national monument which was unveiled at Westminster Abbey as a tribute to the many casualties endured by the Command during the War. -
A New Institutional Architecture for the Transatlantic Relationship?
EuropeEurope VVisionsisions 55 A New Institutional Architecture for the Transatlantic Relationship? Jolyon Howorth June 2009 Ifri-Bruxelles The Institut français des relations internationales (Ifri) is a research center and a forum for debate on major international political and economic issues. Headed by Thierry de Montbrial since its founding in 1979, Ifri is a non governmental and a non-profit organization. As an independent think tank, Ifri sets its own research agenda, publishing its findings regularly for a global audience. Using an interdisciplinary approach, Ifri brings together political and economic decision-makers, researchers and internationally renowned experts to animate its debate and research activities. With offices in Paris and Brussels, Ifri stands out as one of the rare French think tanks to have positioned itself at the very heart of European debate. The opinions expressed in this text are the responsibility of the authors alone. ISBN : 978-2-86592-558-2 © All rights reserved, Ifri, 2009 IFRI IFRI-BRUXELLES 27 RUE DE LA PROCESSION RUE MARIE-THÉRÈSE, 21 75740 PARIS CEDEX 15, FRANCE 1000 - BRUXELLES, BELGIQUE PH. : +33 (0)1 40 61 60 00 PH. : + 32 (0)2 238 51 10 Email : [email protected] Email: [email protected] WEBSITE : Ifri.org Contents THE CRISIS OF TRANSATLANTIC RELATIONS ........................................ 2 NATO: P ART OF THE SOLUTION OR PART OF THE PROBLEM ?.............. 4 HISTORY IN FAST -FORWARD MODE ..................................................... 7 REVISED INSTITUTIONAL ARCHITECTURE & R ECOMMENDATIONS -
Ivv), 1913 – 1945
De Internationale van Amsterdam De Wereld van het Internationaal Vakverbond (IVV), 1913 – 1945. 1 Korte Inhoud Inleiding 1 De Wereld van het Internationaal Vakverbond 13 (Amsterdam, Berlijn, Parijs) De Verscheurende roep naar Internationale Eenheid 67 (De Rode Verleiding van het Internationaal Vakverbond) Ondergeschikte of Partner 96 (De moeilijke relatie tussen het IVV als koepel van nationale centrales en de beroepsinternationalen) Genève 114 (De IAO en het sociale hervormingsprogramma van het IVV) Seeking for Problems 135 (De vrouwenwerking van het IVV) Isolationisme of leiderschap 145 (De American Federation of Labor en het Internationaal Vakverbond) Een vrije vakbeweging in een wereld zonder vrijheid 165 (Het IVV tegen fascisme en nazisme) Voorbij het Internationaal vakverbond 196 (De weg naar het Wereldvakverbond) Under Cover 222 (De geheime diensten van de internationale vakbeweging) Conclusies 243 Acroniemen 252 Bijlagen 255 Bibliografie 257 2 Inleiding “The history of labor internationalism is a history of failure, of dreams disappointed, ideals compromised, and institutions corrupted” (Victor Silverman)1. Edo Fimmen had het al voorspeld in 1933 : “the judgement of history upon the labour movement in the years immediatly following the war, and especially upon the leaders of that movement, is not likely to be a merciful one.”2 In juli 1919 werd in Amsterdam het Internationaal Vakverbond (IVV) opgericht. Deze ‘Internationale van Amsterdam’3 verklaarde de oorlog aan de oorlog en wou de arbeiders bevrijden van het kapitalisme. Voor Edo Fimmen, een van de vaders van het IVV, was het al sinds 1923 duidelijk dat het anders zou lopen en hij drong lang maar tevergeefs aan op een meer daadkrachtige internationale vakbeweging. -
France, NATO and ESDP: the Impossible Balancing
France, NATO and European Security: Status Quo Unsustainable; New Balance Unattainable? Jolyon HOWORTH∗ In January 1947, British and French officials met to discuss draft versions of the Treaty of Dunkirk. A sticking point emerged over the precise conditions under which the proposed mutual defence clause could be invoked. For the French, the simple threat of territorial invasion should trigger British support. For the British, however, only an actual invasion could warrant the implementation of alliance solidarity. This seemingly arcane distinction already presaged the fundamental difference of strategic approach between Paris and London which was to result in fifty years of stalemate in European defence Cupertino. For the United Kingdom (U.K.), too strong a statement of European resolve risked demotivating the United States (U.S.) and encouraging U.S. isolationism. For France, a strong Europe was the logical prerequisite for a strong Alliance. Europe needed to balance U.S. power—in the interests of both parties. Thus, from the outset of the post-war period, France expressed confidence in Europe's ability to safeguard her own future, whereas Britain worried that the old continent could never be secure without the permanent entanglement of the new1. Contrary to a great deal of mythology, France was never opposed to the “involvement of the new”—indeed the mainstream of the political class, including Charles de Gaulle himself, actively pressed for the creation of NATO and for the construction of an Atlantic partnership. What France in general (and the General in particular) could not accept was an imbalanced alliance in which one of the ∗ Jolyon Howorth is Jean Monnet Professor of European Politics at Bath University and Associate Research Fellow at the French Institute of International Relations (Ifri). -
Evolution of the American Airstrike: Psychological Impacts on Drone Operators and WWII Bomber Pilots
Evolution of the American Airstrike: Psychological Impacts on Drone Operators and WWII Bomber Pilots Zach Valk History 489 Capstone Professor: Dr. Patricia Turner Coordinating Professor: Dr. April Bleske-Rechek 1 Table of Contents Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………………Page 3 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………..Page 4 Literature Review………………………………………………………………………………..Page 6 U.S Air Force……………….………………………………………………………………………Page 14 Evolution and Understanding of Mental Health of Aviator …………………Page 15 Technological Advances………………………………………………………………………Page 19 Physical Distance…………………………………………………………………………………Page 23 Public Support…………………………………………………………………………………….Page 27 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………..Page 31 Bibliography………………………………………………………………………………………..Page 34 2 Abstract This research takes a look at the similarities and differences between bomber pilots during World War II and drone operators in the twenty-first century modern military setting. The comparisons will be based on psychological effect of combat on each group as well as the ethical concerns related to their vastly disparate combat environments. This project’s conclusions are based on an analysis of three key aspects: Technological advances, physical distance from the battlefield, and the amount of public support for the given conflict. Public is assessed in part by comparing WWII experiences to other twentieth-century conflicts such as Vietnam and Korea to get a sense of how lack of public support affected pilots before the automation of aircraft. -
The Political and Security Committee: a Case Study in 'Supranational
L ES CAHIERS EUROPEENS > N° 01/2010 ……………… The Political and Security Committee: a Case Study in ‘Supranational Intergovernmentalism’ > Jolyon Howorth Les cahiers Européens n° 01/2010 March 2010 JOLYON HOWORTH The Political and Security Committee: a case study in ‘supranational inter-governmentalism’ Jolyon Howorth is Jean Monnet Professor of European Politics ad personam at the University of Bath (UK). He has been a Visiting Professor of Political Science at Yale since 2002. He has published extensively in the field of European politics and history, especially security and defense policy and transatlantic relations. Recent books include: Security and Defence Policy in the European Union, Palgrave, 2007; Defending Europe: the EU, NATO and the Quest for European Autonomy, Palgrave, 2003 (edited with John Keeler); European Integration and Defence: the Ultimate Challenge? Paris, WEU-ISS, 2000. Jolyon Howorth est professeur Jean Monnet de politique européenne à l’Université de Bath (Royaume Uni). Il est professeur invite de science politique à l’Université de Yale depuis 2002. Ses travaux portent sur la politique et l’histoire européenne, notamment sur la politique de sécurité et de défense et sur les relations transatlantiques. Parmi ses ouvrages récemment parus : Security and Defence Policy in the European Union, Palgrave, 2007; Defending Europe: the EU, NATO and the Quest for European Autonomy, Palgrave, 2003 (co-dirigé avec John Keeler); European Integration and Defence: the Ultimate Challenge? Paris, WEU-ISS, 2000. Contact: [email protected] Jolyon Howorth – The PSC: a case study in ‘supranational inter-governmentalism’ Abstract: The distinctive profile of the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) as it has emerged to date is complex and far-ranging. -
Contributors
Contributors is a former defence analyst who is presently pursuing an MBA at the Tuck School of Business, Dartmouth College, United States. His previous work has appeared in the International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, Defense Analysis and International Studies Review. is the Director of the International Policy Institute at King’s College London. He is a Specialist Adviser to the House of Commons Defence Committee and has been engaged in commissioned studies for NATO AFNORTH, for the Ministry of Defence and for a number of European institutes on European Security and Defence Policy issues. is Director of the Centre for Defence Studies at the International Policy Institute, King’s College London. is Professor of International Relations in the Department of Political Science and International Studies, University of Birmingham. He is the author (with Jolyon Howorth, Terry Terriff and Mark Webber) of ‘Ensuring Europe’s security? Enlarging NATO again’ (International Affairs, January 2002), ‘NATO’s triple challenge’ (International Affairs, July 2002), and (with Terry Terriff, Lucy James and Patrick Morgan) of Security studies today (1999). is an Assistant Professor of International Relations and Political Science at the Maxwell School of Syracuse University, where he is also Director of Graduate Studies for the International Relations Program. He is the author of At arm’s length: the European Union and Europe’s defence industry (1998) and The United States and the European Union: the political economy of a relationship (1999). is Jean Monnet Professor of European Politics at the Uni- versity of Bath. During 2002–2003 he is Visiting Professor at New York University, Columbia University and Yale University. -
Newsletter Nr. 1 / 2010
Kolleg- Forscher Gruppe Newsletter 01 /10 Kolleg-Forschergruppe Ihnestr. 26 14195 Berlin www.transformeurope.eu [email protected] +49 – 30 83 85 70 31 Editorial Staff: Sasan Abdi Farina Ahäuser (fa.) Toshiya Izumo Astrid Timme Headlines New colleagues at the KFG We are pleased to announce that Prof. Vivien Schmidt and Prof. Jolyon Howorth have joined the Kolleg-Forschergruppe in January 2010. Page. 3 Call for Applications The Research College (Kolleg-Forschergruppe) advertises up to 6 post-doctoral fellows starting October 2010. Page. 3 International Conference About 40 researchers from Europe and beyond accepted the invitation to a two-day conference by the KFG taking place at the Representation of the European Commission in Berlin in December 2009. Page. 4 Panel Report To what extent has the European Union served as a model for other regional organiza- tions? Summary of the KFG conference panel ‘ The EU as a model of regional integration’ . Page. 6 Turkey Controversy What is happening to Turkey’s EU reform process? The state of candidacy reviewed by two KFG fellows. Page. 7 Research Experience The research environment at the Kolleg-Forschergruppe: Experiences by Prof. Juan Díez Medrano. Page. 11 The Transformative Power of Europe | www.transformeurope.eu Editorial Dear friends and colleagues of the Kolleg-Forschergruppe, Welcome, once again, to our Kolleg-Forschergruppe ‘The Transformative Power of Europe’! This is our third newsletter informing you about what is going on Prof. Tanja A. Börzel & Prof. Thomas Risse at the KFG. Here are some highlights of what has happened since last fall: On Sept. 1, 2009, the second group of post-doctoral fellows arrived at the KFG. -
The EU As an International Actor: Lessons from the China Arms Embargo Debate
The EU as an International Actor: Lessons from the China Arms Embargo Debate Paper prepared for the European Union Studies Association Biennial Conference Boston, MA 3-5th March, 2011 Panel 4K: The EU's Relations with China Scott A.W. Brown University of Glasgow Glasgow, Scotland DRAFT – Please do not quote without author’s permission [email protected] Abstract Much of the literature on the European Union’s development as an international actor has focused on either the institutionalisation of foreign policymaking or what type of actor the EU can be regarded as. This paper seeks to examine a dimension which has received comparatively less attention: how other actors in the international arena view the EU. Recognition is a prerequisite for the EU to become a credible international actor. Through examining the EU’s debate over lifting its China arms embargo, this paper reflects on the impact of the debate on the views of the EU held by two other significant actors – the USA and the PRC – and the implications for the EU. The literature on the arms embargo debate has tended to treat it as a case study of EU foreign policymaking or as an issue in EU-China relations. Little has been said about the broader implications for the image of the EU in the eyes of others. Through analysis of the debate’s context and subsequent developments in EU-US and EU-China relations, an evaluation is made of whether the debate can be considered as a setback for developing EU ‘actorness’ and what, if any, lessons have been learned by policymakers. -
European Security Post-Libya and Post-Ukraine: in Search of Core Leadership Jolyon Howorth*
ImaGininGEURope European Security Post-Libya and Post-Ukraine: In Search of Core Leadership Jolyon Howorth* 1. Introduction The EU’s Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP), according to the The paper analyses the future governance conclusions of the special December of the Common Security and Defence Policy 19-20, 2013 European Council devoted (CSDP). Unlike other policy areas, the main challenges for CSDP stem from the lack of a to defence, “contributes to peace and core leadership and common purpose rather stability in our neighbourhood and in the ABSTRACT than from institutional design faults. Alongside, 1 broader world.” And yet, in the two most the EU’s dysfunctional relationship with NATO serious regional security crises in the EU’s has reduced the CSDP to a largely civilian neighbourhood since the end of the Cold crisis management endeavour in the wider War – the Arab Spring in general and the EU neigbourhood. Moving forward, the EU Libyan crisis of 2011 in particular, and the ought to capitalize on sub-regional integration crisis in Ukraine and Crimea in 2014, CSDP efforts in this field, while maintaining the EU was not only completely absent from as a whole as the basic reference point and common framework for deeper integration both theatres, but was barely invoked between groups of member states. as a hypothetical or appropriate policy instrument. Moreover, there has been virtually no discernible effort to engineer coordination between CSDP and the 1 European Council, Presidency Conclusions, Brussels, 19-20 December 2013 (EUCO 217/13), para. 1, http:// www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_Data/docs/pressdata/en/ec/140245.pdf.