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Ivv), 1913 – 1945 De Internationale van Amsterdam De Wereld van het Internationaal Vakverbond (IVV), 1913 – 1945. 1 Korte Inhoud Inleiding 1 De Wereld van het Internationaal Vakverbond 13 (Amsterdam, Berlijn, Parijs) De Verscheurende roep naar Internationale Eenheid 67 (De Rode Verleiding van het Internationaal Vakverbond) Ondergeschikte of Partner 96 (De moeilijke relatie tussen het IVV als koepel van nationale centrales en de beroepsinternationalen) Genève 114 (De IAO en het sociale hervormingsprogramma van het IVV) Seeking for Problems 135 (De vrouwenwerking van het IVV) Isolationisme of leiderschap 145 (De American Federation of Labor en het Internationaal Vakverbond) Een vrije vakbeweging in een wereld zonder vrijheid 165 (Het IVV tegen fascisme en nazisme) Voorbij het Internationaal vakverbond 196 (De weg naar het Wereldvakverbond) Under Cover 222 (De geheime diensten van de internationale vakbeweging) Conclusies 243 Acroniemen 252 Bijlagen 255 Bibliografie 257 2 Inleiding “The history of labor internationalism is a history of failure, of dreams disappointed, ideals compromised, and institutions corrupted” (Victor Silverman)1. Edo Fimmen had het al voorspeld in 1933 : “the judgement of history upon the labour movement in the years immediatly following the war, and especially upon the leaders of that movement, is not likely to be a merciful one.”2 In juli 1919 werd in Amsterdam het Internationaal Vakverbond (IVV) opgericht. Deze ‘Internationale van Amsterdam’3 verklaarde de oorlog aan de oorlog en wou de arbeiders bevrijden van het kapitalisme. Voor Edo Fimmen, een van de vaders van het IVV, was het al sinds 1923 duidelijk dat het anders zou lopen en hij drong lang maar tevergeefs aan op een meer daadkrachtige internationale vakbeweging. Het bracht hem herhaaldelijk in conflict met de leiders van het IVV, een conflict dat ten dele ook persoonlijk was. Hiernaast staat een foto van die leiding, het Uitvoerend Bestuur van het Internationaal Vakverbond in 1930 : van links naar rechts zitten Léon Jouhaux (Frankrijk), Johannes Sassenbach (Duitsland), Walter Citrine (Groot Brittannië), Walter Schevenels (België), Theodor Leipart (Duitsland) en staan : Rudolf Tayerlé (Tsjechoslowakije), Corneel Mertens (België) en Hans Jacobsen (Denemarken). In 1930 was het IVV pas hersteld van een zware interne crisis en groeide naar een nieuw toppunt met 13,5 miljoen leden in 29 landen. Er was ook een nieuw en versterkt bestuur. Die bestuurders stralen wilskracht en zelfvertrouwen uit. Het ging goed en dat is te zien. De foto werd genomen in juli 1930 in Stockholm. De eerste onweerswolken hingen toen al in de lucht maar niemand kon vermoeden dat men aan het begin stond van een infernaal decennium van economische catastrofes, politieke crises en gewapende conflicten. Dat de wereld van het IVV onzeker en gevaarlijk was illustreert ook het zeer wisselende lot van de leden van het bestuur : Léon Jouhaux werd tijdens de oorlog gevangengezet door het Franse Vichy-regime en in 1943 gedeporteerd naar Duitsland. Na de oorlog werd hij leider van Force Ouvrière en in 1951 kreeg hij de Nobelprijs voor de vrede. Johannes Sassenbach, de Duitse algemene secretaris van het IVV, stond in 1930 dicht bij zijn pensioen, hij trok zich terug in Duitsland maar werd gearresteerd door de nazi’s en overleed in november 1940. De Britse voorzitter Walter Citrine was in 1928 aan het hoofd van het IVV gekomen en was samen met Ernest Bevin de leider van de Britse vakbeweging én van Labour. In 1935 werd hij ‘Sir’ Walter en in 1947 zelfs Lord Citrine. De Belgische adjunct algemeen secretaris Walter Schevenels volgde in 1931 Sassenbach op. Hij leidde de strijd van het IVV tegen het nazisme en de hulpacties van de internationale arbeidersbeweging voor de Spaanse republiek. Schevenels bracht de oorlog door in Londen en werkte mee aan de oprichting van 1 Victor Silverman, Imagining Internationalism in American and British Labor, 1939-1949, (Urbana & Chicago, University of Illinois Press, 2000), p. 2. 2 Edo Fimmen, algemeen secretaris van de International Transportworkers Federation, aan Walter Schevenels, algemeen secretaris van het Internationaal Vakverbond, 31 januari 1933 (MRC, TUC-archives 292/915.2/7) 3 Dit was de roepnaam die aan het IVV door zijn communistische rivalen werd toegekend. Zoals het vaak gebeurt werd de roepnaam bekender dan de officiële en tot vandaag zal men in vele archief- en documentatiecentra tevergeefs zoeken naar dossiers betreffende het IVV, want ze staan gerangschikt onder ‘Amsterdam’. 3 het Wereldvakverbond. Hij trachtte met Britse steun algemeen secretaris te worden van opeenvolgend het Wereldvakverbond en het Internationaal Verbond van Vrije Vakverenigingen (IVVV), hetgeen mislukte. Theodor Leipart, de leider van de Duitse vakbeweging, werd op 2 mei 1933 gearresteerd en zijn organisatie werd buiten de wet gesteld. Leipart wist zijn gevangenschap te overleven, maar stierf kort na het einde van de oorlog. De Tsjech Rudolf Tayerlé werd na de inval van de Duitsers in zijn land gearresteerd en is een van de 120.000 mensen die werden omgebracht in het kamp van Mauthausen. Corneel Mertens was de algemene secretaris van de Belgische socialistische vakbond, hij ging in 1939 met pensioen en kwam ziek uit de oorlog. Hans Jacobsen, de populaire Deense vakbondsleider ging in 1940 met pensioen en stierf in 1943. De geschiedenis van de internationale vakbeweging mag dan een opeenvolging zijn van mislukkingen, foute analyses en tragische ontwikkelingen, vele van de mensen die deze geschiedenis maakten hebben er persoonlijk de tol voor betaald. De mislukking van het Internationaal Vakverbond moet dan ook gezien worden in het kader van het onvermogen om het primaire doel te realiseren : het redden van de vrede. In het licht van dergelijke catastrofes verbleken natuurlijk alle mogelijke positieve ontwikkelingen en dat straalt ook af op de historiografie. Bij vele auteurs klinkt ontgoocheling door vanwege het ogenschijnlijke ‘verraad’ van de georganiseerde sociaal-democratie aan het internationalistische ideaal. Het leidt er zelfs toe dat de vraag wordt gesteld of het wel zin heeft om de geschiedenis van de internationale vakbeweging te bestuderen aangezien het resultaat toch niets anders kan zijn dan een « an elegy for dashed hopes »4. Dit is waarschijnlijk een van de redenen waarom de historiografie van de internationale vakbeweging zo weinig aandacht heeft gekregen. Maar daar is in korte tijd verandering in gekomen, want recent zien we als in een stroomversnelling een brede waaier van publicaties verschijnen van voornamelijk institutionele geschiedenissen van organisaties uit de internationale vakbeweging. Vooral voor de grote interprofessionele koepels begint ons beeld vrij compleet te worden5. Tot voor kort moesten we ons behelpen met de werken van oud- functionarissen Walter Schevenels6 en Hans Gottfurcht7 en het kritischer, maar toch vrij algemene werk van Lewis L. Lorwin8, alle meer dan veertig jaar geleden gepubliceerd. Nu beschikken we ook over een reeks publicaties die gebaseerd zijn op degelijk archiefonderzoek. Susan Milner schreef met « The Dilemmas of Internationalism » de geschiedenis van het International Secretariat of National Trade Union Centres9, met als leidraad het conflict tussen het Franse en Duitse vakbondsmodel. Vorig jaar verscheen « The International Confederation of Free Trade Unions » een algemene geschiedenis van het Internationaal Verbond van Vrije Vakverenigingen (IVVV). Dit werk is het resultaat van een samenwerkingsverband van een groep onderzoekers (Antony Carew, Michel Dreyfus, Rebecca Gumbrell-McCormick, Marcel van der Linden en mezelf)10. Gedurende een viertal jaar heeft deze groep, in opdracht van de International Association of Labour History Institutions (IALHI), intens samengewerkt zodat het resultaat uiteindelijk een merkwaardig homogeen boek is dat de ontwikkeling van het IVVV als wereldomvattende koepel van de 4 Ira Katznelson, ILWCH Rountable, 1994. 5 Over de recente geschiedschrijving van de internationale beroepsbonden, zie verder, p. 95. 6 Walter Schevenels, Fifty-five Years IFTU, (Brussel, ITFU, 1956) 7 Hans Gottfurcht, Die Internationale Gewerkschaftsbewegung im Weltgeschehen, (Köln, Bund, 1966) 8 Lewis L. Lorwin, The International Labor Movement. History, Policies, Outlook, (New York, Harper,1953) 9 Susan Milner, The Dilemnas of Internationalism : French Syndicalism and the International Labour Movement, 1900-1914, (Oxford, Berg, 1990) 10 Anthony Carew, Michel Dreyfus, Geert Van Goethem, Rebecca Gumbrell-McCormick, Marcel van der Linden, The International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, (Bern, Peter Lang, 2000) 4 « vrije » vakbeweging kadert in zijn historische ontwikkeling. Tenslotte zijn er enkele recente proefschriften. Patrick Pasture (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven) schreef met de « Histoire du Syndicalisme Chrétien International », de geschiedenis van het Christelijk vakbonsinternationalisme van bij de oorsprong tot 197511 en Reiner Tosstorff (Universität Mainz) heeft met zijn Habilitationsschrift de geschiedenis van de communistische Rode Vakbondsinternationale tussen 1921 en 1937 geschreven12. Met deze studie wil ik de lacune, die er momenteel nog is in de historiografie van de internationale « vrije » vakbeweging13 invullen. Centraal staat de instellingsgeschiedenis van het Internationaal Vakverbond van bij zijn oprichting in 1913, via de wederoprichting in 1919 in Amsterdam tot zijn ontbinding in 1945. Ik stel hierbij vooral vragen naar het beleid, de strategiën, de allianties en de ideeën. Discussies in congressen
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