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Sustainable Urban Environments Sustainable Urban Environments Ellen van Bueren s Hein van Bohemen s Laure Itard Henk Visscher Editors Sustainable Urban Environments An Ecosystem Approach Editors Ellen van Bueren Hein van Bohemen Faculty of Technology, Former Lecturer Ecological Policy and Management Engineering at Delft University Delft University of Technology of Technology; now Eco Jaffalaan 5, 2628 BX Delft Engineering Consultancy The Netherlands Holierhoek 36 [email protected] 2636 EK Schipluiden The Netherlands Laure Itard [email protected] OTB Research Institute for the Built Environment Henk Visscher Delft University of Technology OTB Research Institute for the Jaffalaan 9, 2628 BX Delft Built Environment The Netherlands Delft University of Technology [email protected] Jaffalaan 9, 2628 BX Delft The Netherlands [email protected] ISBN 978-94-007-1293-5 e-ISBN 978-94-007-1294-2 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-1294-2 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2011935998 © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Cover illustration: Impression ‘Hangende Tuinen’, Erasmusveld Den Haag. Artist: A. van Timmeren, Atelier 2T, Haarlem. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Contents 1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 1 Ellen van Bueren 2 (Eco)System Thinking: Ecological Principles for Buildings, Roads and Industrial and Urban Areas ................................................ 15 Hein van Bohemen 3 Urban Ecology, Scale and Identity ........................................................ 71 Taeke M. De Jong 4 Water Flows and Urban Planning ......................................................... 91 Sybrand Tjallingii 5 Energy in the Built Environment ........................................................... 113 Laure Itard 6 Material City: Towards Sustainable Use of Resources ........................ 177 Loriane Icibaci and Michiel Haas 7 Air Quality and Human Health ............................................................. 205 Arjen Meijer 8 Liveability ................................................................................................ 223 Machiel van Dorst 9 Urban Transport and Sustainability ..................................................... 243 Bert van Wee 10 Sustainable Urban Form ........................................................................ 263 Jody Milder 11 Environmental Strategies and Tools for Integrated Design ................ 285 Laure Itard 12 Climate Integrated Design and Closing Cycles .................................... 313 Arjan van Timmeren v vi Contents 13 Governance Tools .................................................................................... 341 Lorraine Murphy, Frits Meijer, and Henk Visscher 14 Managing Change ................................................................................... 365 Anke van Hal and Ellen van Bueren 15 Conclusions and Solutions ...................................................................... 399 Thorsten Schuetze, Hein van Bohemen, and Ellen van Bueren Contributing Authors ..................................................................................... 415 Index ................................................................................................................. 419 Abbreviations AMESH Adaptive Methodology for Ecosystem Sustainability and Health ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations AU African Union BEE Building Environmental Efficiency BREEAM Building Research Establishment (BRE) Environmental Assessment Method C2C Cradle-to-Cradle CAFÉ Corporate Average Fuel Economy CBA Cost–benefit analysis CCPP Combined cycle power plan CCGT Combine cycle gas turbine C&D Construction and demolition waste CDM Clean development mechanism Ce Cerium CEO Chief executive officer CHP Combined heat power COP Coefficient of performance CPTED Crime prevention through environmental design CR Corporate responsibility CSD Committee on spatial development DALY Disability adjusted life years DC Direct current DFD Design for deconstruction DGBC Dutch Green Building Council DGNB Deutsche Gesellschäft für Nachhältiges Bauen EBI Environmental Building Index ECI Environmental costs indicator EGS Enhanced geothermal systems EIA Environmental impact assessment vii viii Abbreviations EM Effective microorganisms EMS Environmental management systems EPC Energy Performance Certificate EPD Environmental product declarations ESCO’s Energy service companies ESDP European Spatial Development Perspective EU European Union FROG Free range on grid FSC Forest Stewardship Council GHG Greenhouse gas GDP Gross domestic product GRI Global Reporting Initiative GSI Ground Space Index HVAC Heating, ventilating and air conditioning IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency IRM Integrated resource management J Joules Ktoe Kiloton oil equivalent La Lanthanum LCA Life cycle analysis/Life cycle assessment LEED Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design MFA Material flow analysis MIB Milieu-Index-Bedrijfsvoering MJ Megajoules MKI MilieuKostenIndicator Nd Neodymium NOx Nitrogen oxides NIMBY Not in my back yard OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OEI Operational Environmental Index PRT Personal rapid transit SEA Strategic environmental assessment SHGC Solar heat gain coefficient SI Sustainable implant SMY Standard meteorological year Sm Samarium SME Small and medium-sized enterprises SO2 Sulphur dioxide Abbreviations ix TMY Typical meteorological year Toe Ton oil-equivalent TPES Total primary energy supply TRY Test Reference Year UAE United Arab Emirates UN United Nations UNEP United Nations Environment Programme Va Voluntary agreement VOCs Organic compounds Wh Watt-hour ZPE Zero point energy List of Figures Fig. 1.1 Relationships between scales ......................................................... 5 Fig. 1.2 Activities, participants and time at different life cycle stages .................................................................................... 6 Fig. 1.3 Input, throughput and output of flows in the built environment ................................................................. 7 Fig. 1.4 The Ecodevice model ..................................................................... 7 Fig. 1.5 Outline of the book ........................................................................ 12 Fig. 2.1 Ecosystems as a black box ............................................................. 19 Fig. 2.2 Ecosystems as a black box ............................................................. 19 Fig. 2.3 Ecosystem representation showing input and output of nitrogen as well as internal ecosystem processes concerning Nitrogen ...................................................................... 20 Fig. 2.4 Meaning of symbols used in Figs. 2.5–2.7; developed by Odum (1983) ........................................................... 20 Fig. 2.5 (a) Generalized ecosystem model and (b) A life-support model ......................................................... 21 Fig. 2.6 Terrestial system according to the systematic and symbols of Odum (1978) ........................................................ 21 Fig. 2.7 Model of a road ecosystem ............................................................ 22 Fig. 2.8 The Ecodevice model ..................................................................... 23 Fig. 2.9 Flow management at different scales ............................................. 23 Fig. 2.10 Water balance of Brussels .............................................................. 24 Fig. 2.11 Idealized cross-section of a large city with varying ecological features with intensive and extensive built up areas and inner and outer suburban zones ................................ 24 Fig. 2.12 Ecosystem responses to disturbance: resistance, resilience and instability ................................................................ 31 Fig. 2.13 Flora districts of the Netherlands ................................................... 41 Fig. 2.14 Road effect zone ............................................................................ 44 xi xii List of Figures Fig. 2.15 Linear and circular metabolism ..................................................... 48 Fig. 2.16 A “diamond” heuristic of the ecosystem approach ....................... 50 Fig. 2.17 The traditional energy system versus a more sustainable one that uses waste heat optimally ................................................ 55 Fig. 2.18 A systems approach in the field of agriculture .............................. 57 Fig. 2.19 Glasshouses combined with buildings .......................................... 57 Fig. 2.20 The transportation system and built-up environment are sustained by the natural environment ...................................... 58 Fig. 2.21 Comparison of two living machines with different by-products .................................................................................... 61 Fig. 2.22 The interior of part of a living machine system: Tanks with rafted plants on the water surface ..............................
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