The Battle of Sitka •

Alex Andrews (Kooxichx') The Battle at Indian River

30, 1960 Recorded by the National Park Service, Sitka, Alaska,1 July Transcribed by Vesta Dominicks and Nora Marks Dauenhauer Translated by Nora Marks Dauenhauer Edited by Richard Dauenhauer and Nora Marks Dauenhauer

Yá a! éesh x'éidá! áyá, I will teil this story kakkwalaneek, according to my father, yá a! éesh !'éidá!, the story about them, has du Aleut paddled up to him. Áyá

Aadá! áyá a !'éi! at teex., After this, he fed him, áyá tla! kût! áyá at uwa!áa. but he overate. Áyá yá Héendei _ku.aaáyá tie haadéi wookoox., So then Héendei returned here by boat, ka wé Ana.óot tsû tie yáax' haat uwakû!. and the Aleut also carneback here by boat. Anóoshi !Oox' áyá yéi yatee yá Ana.óot _ku.aa. The Aleut is living among the Russians. 30 Yá Héendei _ku.aaáyá Lingit Aani yá village áyá 30 But Héendei is living in Tlingit country, in the áx' yéi yatee. village.

X'oon U!ée sáyá, How many nights passed. aan hitx'i tÓO! yaa anagût. Someone is going through the houses, Duwóos', asking, "Aadóoch sáyu yaawaléix'w yu káa shaanák'w?" "Who put ocher on the face of the little old man?" Tléil wudusku, No one knew, "Tie héináx so they're telling him, "Next door, tie k'idaakaadéi shundusgeich:' maybe over there:'

329 330 • SECTIONA xoox áwé IX. yaa BILINGUAL anagut. TEXTS So someone's going among them. Ch'a wáa yoo at koonée sáwé du káx k_uwduwashee. After a while they foundhim. 40 "Aank_áawuch áyá yaa xat kunak_éin. 40 "A nobleman is sending me. Aadóoch sáyu yaawaléix'w Who put ocher on the face yu k_áashaanák'w?" of the little old man?" Ha Héendei kwa tie yéi yaawak_aa, "Xáach áwé cha So Héendei replied, "I was the one, sir. aank_áawu, I put ocher on his face:' xáach áwé yaxwaaléix'w:' Toen the messenger said, "Well, the little old man Áyá kandukáayi k_u.aa yá tie yéi yaawakaa, "Ha

so Yan kadusnóok áyá kux wudigut yá k_áa. so When they were sure, the man carneback. Aagáa áyá gayeis' hîtde wduwasháat, Tuis is when Héendei Héendei k_u.aa. was held in jail.

Déix x'adusxée, After not feedinghim for two days,

aagáa áyá kaa shaanák'w, they sliced a piece of flesh du gushkadleeyî áyá aax kei kawdudlix'ás', from the little old man's thigh wududzi.ée du x'éis, and cooked it for him agaxaat. to eat. fit'fx k_u.aa yá si tee But this Héendei yá Héendei k_u.aa. was a shaman.

Akgwaxaayî áyá du yéigich áyá yéi yawsik_aa, "Ihî When he was going to eat it, his spirit told him, 60 ax s'aatî, 60 "Don't, Master. Lingît dleeyi áwé:' That's human flesh:' Ách áwé tlél awuxá. That was why he didn't eat it.

1 / Tie Toen, ch'as yáa sakwnéin áwé aawaxáa ch'a axook. he only ate the bread, as dry as it was. Ch'áakwx sateeyî áyá tie jiwduwanák. After a long while, he was released. Yáak_áa, Tuis man, Héendei k_wa jiwduwanák hé hitdáx. Héendei, was released from jail. Áyá tlei áyá at wooxoon He5 quickly started to get ready, Wanka Hîtdáx áyá at wooxoon. From Wanka Hit6 he began to get ready. Yá Stoonook du éesh, Tuis father of Stoonook 70 Jilkáatdei. 70 used to go to Chilkat. Át áyáa ndulhunjeen. People would sell things in differentplaces. Jilkáatx' kéi alhóon áyá When he goes up to sell in Chilkat Anóoshi ádi áwé duhóon. Russian goods are sold. X'alatseenin góot yéix'. They used to be expensive in other places. Ch'u tie át wuk_ooxuáyá As soon as he got there du éeshch woo.éex' his father invited him, du éeshch. his father.

Du hunxuch woo.éex' But his older brother Stoonook k_u.aa. invited Stoonook. 80 Kaagwaantaan yátx'ix áyá s siti, 80 Stoonook ALEX ANDREWS: THE BATTLE AT INDIAN RIVER • 331 yá Stoonook and his older brother ka yá du MnKW. are children of Kaagwaantaan. Át wukooKÓ áwé tie - When he got there - yá Héendei tsu tsu Kaagwaantaan yádiK áyá siti. Héendei was also a child of Kaagwaantaan- 7 Áyá ch'a at gugaKaa nóok áyá neil when he was just about to eat, in carneand wujikák hunkered down yéi duwasáagu káa, Kakáayi, a man named Ka.káayi, aanyádi. a person of noble birth. Áyu K'ali.oos áyu yu aanyádi That person of noble birth had a loose mouth, 90 yu Kaagwaantaan yádi. 90 that child of Kaagwaantaan. Áwé ch'u tie ldakát yéidei áwé yaa anaKót'. Toenhe begins to taunt him. Yá du hónKW Tuis older brother of his, yá Stoonook du hufiKw- this older brother of Stoonook - tléil tlaK du hónKW tie du een naa not his biologica! older brother, but a co-clan yádi áyu- child with him - "A yáK ák.wé kdunéek, asks, "Is it true what people are saying, what that wéit .káa, man there, wé dleit káa, the White Man aadéi yóo ikawsinexi yé?"

100 Stoonook ku.aa. 100 Stoonook. Ách áwé ayis wuduwa.éex'i át Tuis was why he didn't eat tlél aWUKá. the foodhe was invited for. A kináax' áwé ganukch. He would just sit over it. Ch'áakw sa.ini áwé dákdei yóo anasneech wé du After it sat a long time, he would push his bowl of atKaayi. food away. Tsu ch'a góot át áwé du K'éiK naduteech Toen he would be given something else, tsu ch'a góot át. then something else. AadáK agateech, tie tsu ch'a a káa yan ootéeych, He would pick it up, then put it back down, then aadáK áwé dákdei. push it away. Tie ch'u shadultlékwx' áwé All they could do was keep carrying food in, wé aadéi kuwduwa.éex'i yéide, into the place where they were invited,

110 shadultlékwx'. 110 carry it in again. Ch'áakwK sateeyi yan atKáa áyá tie gunayéi Long after the mea! was over, he started to leave. uwagut. He hadn't eaten, Tléil at WUKaayée áwé, but he headed for ch'a aan ku.aa áwé tie, the house where he was staying. neildéi. As soon as he comes in where he's staying Tie neildéi yaa nagudi áwé, he said to his father, du éesh yéi ayawsikaa, "You go around to different villages like an ''.Aanyádi, aristocrat, Aankáawu yáK guna.aant neekóKch:' like a noble person:' "Wáa sá iyawdudzi.kaa yitk'? "What

120 Wáa sá iyawdudzi.kaa?" 120 What did they say to you?" Tléil du yáa ayawdunéi ách áwé, Because his relatives, yáa du een aax'w, his co-clan children, du een naa yátx'eech, didn't respect him, aadéi yawsikaayi yé. they talked disrespectfully to him. - Sh yát akawdinik. He feit guilty. Ách áwé yéi ayawsikaa du éesh, Tuis is why he said to his father, "Tle yáa taat, "Let's leave right this evening, seigán

"Ihi yitk'. "Don't, son.

130 K'ikát nakadahoon 130 Let me sell these first, yá haat xwalihuni át:' these things I brought to sen:· Ách áwé yéi ayawsi_kaa, "Nahoon, Tuis was why he said to him, "Sell them, nahoon:' sell them:· Ts'ootaat áwé tie yaakwdéi yéi jiwdinei yá du That morning this crew of his, his father's crew, xwáax'u, du éesh xwáax'u. packed the boat. Tie gunayéi uwakux haadéi Toen, they started offfor here, yei nalhásh héen yix. drifting down the river. Aagáa áwé a yáa wlihásh wé géen wás'i. Tuis is when he drifted past the silverberry bushes. Áa kaa jikaawa_kaa, They were told 8 �adulxásheet. to cut some.

140 Tlagei áwé tie yaa shanahik. 140 The boat was fillingup. Aan áwé yáax' haat uwakux. He carnehere by boat with them. Ch'a yeisó wookooxu yaakw áwé Jilkáatdei. It was the boat that had just gone to Chilkat. Jilkáatx' áwé du yáx yawdudzi_kaa, Stoonook Stoonook. was insulted in Chilkat.

Wudukeedich áwé, ch'a yeisó wookooxu yaakw People were suspicious because the boat that had tsu haat kóox, just gone was back, .K'alyáankwa yéi yaawakaa, .K'alyáansaid, "Du ee�áa angagoot wé ax kéek'." "Someone go get that younger brother of mine:' _K'alyáan du kéek'x _ku.aa áwé sitee Stoonook, Stoonook was the younger brother of .K'alyáan, du een naa yádi. his co-clan child.

150 Ách áwé tlé aadéi _kukawduwakaa "I hunxuch 150 That was why someone was sent to teil him, ixoox:' "Your older brother wants you:' Neil góot áwé tie, When Stoonook carnein,

aaa, yes, diyéex' áwé awsinook. they seated him in back. Át woogoot _K'alyáandiyéex', .K'alyáanwas pacing back and forthin the back, diyee kát woogoot. pacing back and forth in the back.

Aaa, yá du keilk'i hás _ku.aa wé ixdáak áwé áa s Yes, his maternal nephews though, were out by at shi, the entrance. That's where they sang. Duk'aan x'asheeyf áwé dushi. They sang the song of Duk'aan. Duk'aan yéi áwé duwasáakw wé káa. Duk'aan was the name of the man. Du sheeyi áwé dushi They sang his song, du x'asheeyi. the song he composed. 160 160 Aaa, Yes. yá Kaagwaantaan yátx'i _ku.aa yá diyee ká áwé át But the Kaagwaantaan children however, sat at kéen. the back of the house. Du x'éit kuwsi.áx yá du yáx yawdudzik_aayi Theylistened to how Stoonook Stoonook. was insulted. Yán akla.áax áwé .K'alyáan yéi yawakaa, When he had heard it clearly, _K'alyáansaid, "Aaa, "Yes, tléil wa.é yéi iyawdus_kaakik', the insults weren't meant for you, younger brother, tlél wa.é, not for you. ch'a wé i t'aa�i áwé yéi yawdudzi_kaa, The insults were for your relative.9

170 tléil i daat át áwé:' It's not about you:· Áwé ch'u tie t'áa ká áwé aawatséx 170 Toen Stoonook Stoonook k_u.aa. stamped his footon the floor. ALEX ANDREWS: THE BATTLE AT INDIAN RIVER •

"Tléil áwé ax tuwáa ushgu "I don't want 333 yéi xat daayaduls_aayi things like that said about me, tléil xá ax tuwáa ushgu xa.áxJi, I don't want to hear yá aadéi haa daayagaxduls_aayé:' the things that will be said about us:' "Ihi;' "Don't:' K _ alyáanch áwé áx kuligéik, _K'alyáandidn't want him to do anything, K K _ alyáan, _ alyáan [said],

180 "Ihi. 180 "Don't. Ihi kfk'." Don't, younger brother:' K De du tóox' siwé yaa shakanalwuch'i yáx yaa But _ alyáan's thoughts were like a muddy K natéen du tundatáani _ alyáan ku.aa. whirlpool. Aa�áa áwé aadáx awlisháat du k'akwlagéiyi. Thisis when he grabbed his musket. Yu ixdáakx'has at shi Duk'aan and the others Duk'aan. were singing by the entrance. Aaa, yá haa t'aakx'i has du yátx'i áyu tsu. Yes, these relatives of ours were their children, too. Chookaneidi yátx'i áyu. They were children of Chookaneidf. Áyá yá s du t'aa�ich tsu aadéi s wusineeyi yé Because of what their relative

190 Ganaltáat awul.óoni áwé tie s du xoodéi kéi 190 When he shot into the flames, the embers kaawasóos wé x'àan. scattered among them. Ch'u tie á áwé tie aadáx yéi s awsinee. This is what they picked up. Hás du xeitkát áwé has ayawlitsuw. They stuck them on their chests. Stoonook tsu ch'oo yéi kuwanéekw. Stoonook

200 K'idéin yan has née áwé tsáa, 200 When they [the Kiks.ádi] were finallyready a

210 woosh ée x'adanéekw kát. 210 each other's hateful words. Aaa, Yes, yan kunée k'idéin aa�áa áwé shóox'aanáx áwé when they were finallyready yéi duwasáagu yé yáat the place here originally called Gájaa Héen, §ájaa Héen, §ájaa Héen- §ájaa Héen- át áwé la.aayéen wé hit kuwát'. this is where the tall building stood. Daax'oon aas áwé Four logs10 woosh kát wudutsóowun, were joined together, daax'oon aas. four logs. 334 • SECTION IX. BILINGUAL TEXTS 220 220

Yán;,ç áwé aawa.aat They went along the beach Wat.lachéiiidéi. to Wat.lachéi;,ç'i. Dat'éeii áwé áx' yéi yatee There's a blacksmith living there, dat'éeii. a blacksmith. Aadáx áwé, From there wuduwatee wé tákl, l. they took the hammer, tákl. î the hammer. Wuduwaják wé The blacksmith wé dat'ée;,ç'i. was killed. T'aawduwa;,çaa wé §ájaa Héen hit Theywent as a raiding party to the large building 230 230 tlein, at §ájaa Héen, hit tlein. the large building. Dujáakdáx áyá a daadéi gunéi aawa.át yá hit tlein After they killed him they set out for the large daadéi. building. Adaat a.áat áyá ;,ç'aanteen áwé téil áwé yaa When they were surrounding it carrying fire- nduyáan, they're packing sapwood torches on their backs, téil- sapwood torches- aaa, ch'a yeisû a daa xángaa yaa ana.ádi áwé, yes, as they were still approaching it, a Russian Anóoshich kuwsiteen. saw them. Kawdigáaxi yá;,çáwé yaawakaa, The Russian wé Anóoshi. gave out the cry. • Aaa, Yes, a tayeet áwé yawdudzitée tie wé ;,ç'aan. they lit the fireunderneath it. 240 240 At'aaxáay:ik,u.aa eexayáak x'aa lutóot áwé latsis, Thosepaddling to war are anchored at the point, K'alyáan du keilk'i hás. K'alyáan's maternal nephews.

L'ée k'áatl' áwé They're tearing felt11 apart woosh ji;,çoodéidus'éil', into strips [for each person] koogéinaa yá;,ç. like a koogéinaa. Aanyátx'i, They'repassing them out to each other du keilk'i hás K'alyáan, in this way Kaagwaantaan yátx'i ka Chookaneidi yátx'i to the noble children, yéi áwé K'alyáan's maternal nephews, k,aa;,çoodéi yéi adaané. the children of Kaagwaantaan and Chookaneidi. §adustéen wé s'eek aaná;,ç

.!5.u.00áwé wéináx yan uwakûx?" coming off12the boat dressed that way?" Áwé ayahaayi áwé tóot He made a motion [an angry gesture] as if to grab aawas'él'. their spirit. Ch'as aanyátx'ee áwé, They were all aristocrats. Kalyáan du keilk'i hás áwé Kalyáan's nephews aanyátx'ee áwé. were aristocrats. Ách áwé wé aandaa.óonaa s du ée iayakawdudlijél, That's why they aimed the cannon right at them, 260 260 aandaa.óonaa. the cannon . Daak jikdu.áat áwé woosh shukáx áwé s ludagûkx, As they were charging in relays Duk'aan teen with Duk'aan, Stoonook, Stoonook, tie Duk'aan kaa shukáa wusheexi teen áwé wjitóok. as Duk'aan was charging ahead, the cannon fired. A shukáx' áwé yan wusitáa ALEXAhead ANDREWS: of him THE fell

270 AKsatéen du keilk'i hás, 270 When he saw how his nephews 1 káK jiwul.aadi aagáa áwé yóot jiwdigût. were unable to fight back, he charged. Aadéi tsaagál' yaa ax'anashát, He pointed a spear, litaa du séit kawligeik, a dagger dangled from his neck, jiKan.át. , a weapon. A yeet jidagóot áwé, When he charged in du yát wududli.ûn wé aandaa.óonaa, the cannon was fired in his face áwé tie wdzigeet. and he fell. Tie yáanaK át áwé aa luyaawagûk wé x'awool Toen some of his men ran with spears to one side yaaK, of the door, tsaagál' teen ka héinaK á. and some to the other.

280 Wududzikóo áwé s'áaxw káK, 280 Theyknew that the Russians would be excited wé Yéil S'áaxw káK by the hat, tláakw guganeeyi Anóoshi. the Raven Hat. A yáK áwé wootee. That'sexactly what happened. Át áwé aawajél When one of them touched du s'áaxu his hat, tie aadéi yaa anashéeni áwé as one was reaching for it, the Tlingits would koodutaakch, spear him, du éenyee áwé dutaakch. spear him through the armpit. AanáK yuK sh kawdayéedi yá x'awoolnáK As one was stretching out through the door, anax yakdu.ákx'w áwé. they would stagger out.

290 Du kaadéi áwé kutx kaa shuwdudlixeex Anóoshi, 290 Theykilled offmany Russians .K'alyáankaadéi. in retaliation for .K'alyáan. Du daax' anadáak áwé aadáx shawdigût. When he carneto, he jumped up. Xóots x'ayáx áwé wduwa.áK, He sounded like a brown bear. du éesh hás x'ayáx áwé wduwa.áx. He growled like his fathers.13 A yeedéi neil jidagóot áwé wé hit tlein yeedéi, When he charged in, inside the big house aagáa áwé kasgaax tláakw woonei Anóoshi, is when the Russians began screaming, kasgaax. screaming. Tie du itnáx áwé áa neil jiwduwa.át ayeedéi. His men charged in behind him. Áwé ch'oo wé hit tleinx' Inside the house, 300 kukawdaxéel'i áwé, 300 while they were fightingto the death, kaa x'anaa xoodáx wusigaan yû the stairway burned away [beforethey could get dzéit. back down]. Wusigaan. lt burned. Aadáx gasgáan áwé When it burned, tlél aadéi yóo diyéedei oongaagoodi yé. there was no way anyone could go down. At doogóoch áwé shawlihik wé hit tlein, The big house was filled with anima! skins - taan doogû, sea !ion skins, xóots doogû. brown bear skins. Tie kaa shanáa wdus'eedi áwé aan

310 Tie kaa

Gidák _ku.aaáwé Shee Lutóodei áwé Gidák, on the other hand, had gone to Cape uyéx, Ommaney, Gidá_k. Gidák. Wé káa, Threemen 14 went there along with him, 320 nás'geenáx káa du een wookoox aadéi. 320 with that man. Taan. Sea !ion. Taan áwé, lt was sea !ion k'át hás axáayin Anóoshi. the Russians were so fond of eating. Aagáa áwé yakw.wookoox Shee Lutóodei. They went to the Cape Ommaney to get them. Dayéshgeen áwé wéit'át They were scarce yáax'. over here. Ch'as yóo Shee Lutóodáx áwé, Only from Cape Ommaney du.eenin wé taan. were sea lions harvested. Aadéi áwé wookoox Gidák. Tuis is where Gidák had gone. 330 Du eetée áwé hóoch'k'ix wududliyéx Anóoshi. 330 In his absence the Russians were all wiped out.

Aagáa áwé du káa yan kuyaawadáa. Tuis is when the Tlingits kept their eyes on him. Dé hóoch'k'ix wududliyéx Anóoshi. The Russians had already been wiped out. Aa wdudziné2Çt'tsu, Some were also captured, galsháatadi, prisoners, Anóoshi. Russians.

Áwé du yeegáa áwé tlél kéi dusgánch, de du kát As for Gidák, who was already due koowaháa, back, Gidák ku.aa. they were holding offon the funeral pyre for him. Aadáx áwé, And then

áa

Yu Yéilk'i Daakeitk'i daadéi áwé

Wé gil' seiyéet _kóox áwé du kináanax.á aa daak When he reached the footof the cliffby boat,

aawa.át, people carneout above18 him du kináax' gadujaagéet. so that they could kill him from above. Áwé ch'as h

Áa _kaa tanalxáach áwé, galsháatadigáa When they19 gave up chasing him, they went by yakw.woo_kooxyáadei, boat after the prisoners here yá Sheet'kaadéi. to Sitka. Aadáx áwé át yawduwaxáa. From there, they brought them back. X.ajudu jisháatadi giwé yéi Here they were going to bring the prisoners right gaxdulsháat. Aagáa áwé kei into his hands. At that time, he would cry out udaláaych [gleefully], "Ha haa-a-a-a!" "Ha haa-a-a-a!" Ha gûsá _koowajagi _káa tsu, Why would one who killed people, gaaxdulsháat, be kept prisoner, gaaxdusneix. be spared? 370 370 Tlél áwé ák' ooheen. He didn't believe it. Ch'a at tugáni daakeit héent axéech áwé Only when he threw the empty powder keg into aagáa áwé tsá the sea 20 du káa daak jiwduwa.át. is when Wuduwasháat. they finally went out andattacked him. Aadáx áwé haat yawduwaxáa, yá Sheet'káx' haat They grabbed him. yawduwaxáa, From there he was brought here to Sitka by canoe, yá aanx'. to this village, by canoe.

Aagáa wé tsá daginaa áwé áx' shóot awduwa.ák, Toen finallya firewas built above the tideline, daginaa _káayeegáni. a funeral pyre above the tideline. Aadéi áwé yaa kandulyéin They're lowering him down there. de át kawduwajél wé galsháatadi yax The prisoners who were all going to be killed were 380 380 yagaxduljáa_k, already brought there.21 _ka yá Lingit tsû át kawduwajél. The Tlingit [dead) were also brought there. Áx' kindei gaxdusgáan. They wil! be cremated there.

Aagáa áwé, That's when aadéi yaa kandulyéini áwé _kaa jeedáx kéi wjixix. he escaped when they were lowering him. Dzaas áwé ách yéi kandulyéin, He was being lowered with thongs, dzaas, at doogû du kasánx' wuduwadûx'. thongs; skin was tied to his waist. Yéi kandulyéini áwé When he was being lowered [with the thongs] yaakw kaanáx áwé aan kei wjik'én he jumped over a canoe áwé _kaa jeedáx yóot wudziyé_k. and slipped out of their hands. 22 390 390 Yá aan shóodei áwé yaa yandusná_k. They chase him toward the edge of the village. _KaaK'éidáx áwé kéi nagut. He starts to run away from them. Kóoshdaa x'ayáx áwé duwa.áxch But Gidá_k, Gidá_k_ku.aa Gidáls Gidá_k. made sounds like a land otter. 338 • SECTION IX. BILINGUAL TEXTS

Ch'a aan áwé a.éex', "Wéidei yaa At the same time someone yelled, "He's running nashi-i-ix:' that way!" Yóo áwé K'aya_kálingit Tuis is what someone said. "Wéidei yaa nashix, gaysháa-a-a-t!" "He's running that way! Gra-a-a-a-b23 him!" Áwé áx' g_áa;is;wé _káashaanák'w Toen there was an old man crying there, tsaag_ál'áwé du jeewu, armed with a spear, yáay, whale, 400 yáay s'aag_i tsaag_ál'. 400 a whale-bone tipped spear. Ch'u g_aa;is;i áwé aawa.á;is;, While he was still crying he heard du ;is;oonx'iya;is; yawdudliják his relatives had been killed Anóosheech. by the Russians. A daadéi áwé g_áa;is;. He's crying for them.

Awu.éex'i áwé, As someone yelled [at him) du ;is;ándeiyaa nashix _káatlein a large man is running toward him, du kaadéi yaa sh nalgás'.

410 410 yóo áwé yaawa_kaa. is what he said. Wé tsaag_ál'aadá;is; aawasháat, He grabbed the spear, yáay s'aag_i tsaag_ál'. the whale bone tipped spear. Dákdei kei wushk'éini áwé As he sprang out a itdei kei aawaguk the old man threw the spear after him áwé du lak'éech' kóog_ukát áwé uwagás'. and hit him in the nape of the neck. Áwé yéi ;is;'uskudlidáal. His legs are twitching. Aag_áa áwé áx' du daa;is;daa_k aawa.át, At that moment people gathered up around him, Kiks.ádeech. the Kiks.ádi. Tie wduwajá_k. Toen they killed him. 420 Du shaayée aadá;is; wuduwal'éex'. 420 Theybroke his head off. Aag_áa áwé tsá aan aawa.aat, Tuis is when they took it _kaa yeegáni gookdéi. to the funeral pyre. !Çaayeegáni gookt dutée áwé du shaayi, When they brought his head to the funeral pyre, ch'a du óonayi áwé ách dus.unt du waak_. they shot at his eyes with his own rifle. !Çu;is;daa;is;kat'éex'i;is;áwé sitee wé óonaa. Therifle was a muzzle loader. Áwé at katé atóo;is; kawulx'éex'i áwé, k'idéin Tuis is the one that when the bullet fits snug, it kadag_átch yéi áwé. hits the target well. Yéi at daaduné, That's how it's done, aan áwé du waak du.unt. that's what they're shooting his eyes with. Sh_k'awulyeil yóo áwé duwasáakw Theman's name 430 wé _káa. 430 was Sh_k'awulyeil. Du jiyis áwé wdudlis'áa wé óonaa, Theyclaimed the rifle as booty for him, aaa, wé aan_káawu. that noble man. Sh_k'awulyeiljiyis áwé wdudlis'áa They took Gidá_k's musket, Gidák óonaayi yéeyi, as booty for Sh_k'awulyeil, _ku;is;daa;is;kat'ée;is;'i. a muzzle loader. Aan áwé a waak a.unt. He shoots at the eyes24 with it. Aaa, Yes, ách áwé that's how

/ hóoch'k'i;is; wusitee. he [Gidák) met his end .

440 Aaa, 440 Yes, ALEX ANDREWS: THE BATTLE AT INDIAN RIVER • 339 ách áwé noow wududliyéx, that's why they built a fort, tie Noow Tlein yóo wduwasáa, áx' áwé awliyéx du then named it Noow Tlein; he built his fort noowu, there, Shk'awulyeil noowu. Shk'awulyeil's fort. Aadáx áwé, From there du kát kuwudáa áwé adaséix'án xá haadéi they were keeping watch for when the Russians jiguxdagut nóok. would retaliate.25 Aagáa áwé yan wulis'is Anóoshi shgóonayi tlein. Tuis is when the huge Russian schooner sailed in. Aagáa áwé Tuis is when tléil áwé aadéi xduwa.óoni yé kuwustee. there was no way for them to shoot [their cannons]. Wé aandaa.óonaa, ch'áagu aandaa.óonayi Those cannons, the cannons of long ago

450 a hoodi tayeet áwé x'ala.át. 450 pointed out under the rail [ of the ship]. Ách áwé tlél wudu.óon; wé noow a shakéet áwé s That's why they couldn't shoot. The Kiks.ádi yawdiháa Kiks.ádi. gathered at the top of the fort. Ách áwé ch'a hás ku.aa áwé yéi s yaawakaa wé That'swhy the Russians said, Anóoshi, "A géidei áyá yeeyliyéx yá noow, "You built this fort wrong, a géidei. wrong. Wáa sá yatee wooch yáx dzitiyi yéix' Why don't you build it gaylayeix in a level place ka héen áa yéi yateeyi yéix'? and in a place where there's water? Daat héen sáwé gaxridanáa yá dikéex'? What water are you going to drink up there? Yó óonaa tsu áa kóo x'adigéik:' • Those guns are not in the right place, either:' 460 Ách áwé 460 That's why 26 a jeet kukawlidudli yáx áwé wootee. it seems as if they were tricked. Ách áwé That's why Kaasdahéen daax' has awliyéx the Kiks.ádi Kiks.ádi s du noowó, built their fortat Indian River, Kiks.ádi. their Kiks.ádi fort. Éeknax.aanáx áwé, On the beach side aas wóoshx kéi kawduwajél. logs were piled high. Jinkaat hit áwé, a geix' yan wulinuk. Ten houses sat inside. Jinkaat hit áwé a gei yawdudliyéx { Ten houses were built inside 27 ka kóok aatlein áa kawduwaháa. and a huge pit was dug. 470 470 Ch'a wáa yoo at koonée sáwé yan wulis'is wé After some time, the Russian ship carne sailing in. Anóoshi yaagó. That's when they carne around the point by the Aagáa áwé Kaa Seiyi Yadaanáx áwé mouth of Indian River, yándei yaduxáax'w kat'óott bringing things in at half kát áwé kadéin, tide, a kat'óott kadéin the tide wé kées'. was half way up. Aagáa áwé yándei yaduskuxx'w wé Anóoshi. Tuis is when the Russians were being brought ashore. Aagáa áwé. Tuis is when.

Yáa yeedát, But now,

480 a shukáx' kaxwlinik. I got ahead of my story. Ch'u tie yáadáx kéi kakkwalanéek. 480 I'll teil it from here. At tugánigáa áwé wookoox He went after gun powder, at tugánigáa. for gun powder. Náasdei áwé wookoox, Kalyáan Kalyáan went to the Nass River du kéilk'i hás teen with his maternal nephews at tugánigáa. for gun powder 340 • SECTION IX. BILINGUAL TEXTS

Dulnuk yá Anóoshi when news of the Russians was coming, duin uk. news was coming. Aaa, Yes, 490 aadáx áwé aawa.oo wé at tugáni daakeit 490 he bought the powder keg from there, and lead daadas'u too, daadas'u. lead too. Haat awuxáa áwé tie yóo Sheet' X'aa Lutóonáx When he brought it here, he went through the áwé dáaknáx forest woogoot. at the point of Baranof Island. _Kaasdahéen He went to the shoreline of the point of Indian yadaadéi, River, _Kaasdahéenyadaadéi woogoot. the shoreline of the point of Indian River.

Yéi áwé ayawsikaa du keilk'i hás, He said to his maternal nephews, "Yaa kukanashgidi deikéenáx x'wán, "When it begins to get

500 Áyá dziyáak tie ashukáa kaxwlinik yáat'aa. soo Tuis is what I forgot to teil a while ago. Aaa. Yes.

Át kóox áwé, When he landed there, át góot áwé _Kaasdahéen yadaat góot áwé dáaknáx, when Kalyáan walked along the forest side of Kalyáan Indian River, áa yeik algéen áwé aagáa when he carneout to look around, he looks for kutées'. them. Tie yóo X'us'noowu Yax'áax' yaa kandul.uni His maternal nephews are being bombarded in gwáawé gé du keilk'i hás. Crab Apple Fort Channel.28 "Ax keilk'i hás;' tie yaa anach'éx'i teen áwé, "My nephews;' he said, pointing them out, "Ax keilk'i hás yóox yaa "My nephews are being chased and bombarded kandul.un:' over there!" Aagáa áwé, aagáa s wookooxu Tuisis when atugáni daakeit the powder kegs they went by boat to get

510 áwé wjitóok. 510 exploded.

Naaliyéidáx áwé kéi kukaawasóosi They [ the nephews] were blown far and wide deikéex' nashtóok wé atugáni. when the powder exploded out on the sea.

Ch'a s du jisháax' áwé They popped up at'aa s uwaxáa Anóosheech. right in the hands of the warring Russians. Ch'a s du jisháax' áwé kindei kdugáas'. They popped up right in the range of their guns. Has a.unt áwé, They're shooting at them. has a.unt.' They're shooting at them. _Kaagwáask'yóo áwé duwasáakw, _Kaagwáask' was the name wé at unti s'aati. of the sharp shooter.

520 Hu áwé at unt. 520 He's the one shooting. Áwé sh yáa jiwdawóodli kaadéi áwé Because he was rushing it - Lingit gánji sîwé aawatáx', he was chewing Tlingit snuff, Lingit gánji - Tlingit snuff-

Aaa, tlax áwé du wásh deikéex' yéi yatee, ách áwé yes, his cheek bulged way out, that's why he tléil tlax couldn't a x'akwéiyi áx kawdayaa. sight in on anything. / .. ALEX ANDREWS: THE BATTLE AT INDIAN RIVER • 341

Kawdaxéel' áwé yéi yatee. Sh kát at wudli.át. Trouble. is like that. He felt guilty about it. Tle yóot a �éex' du washtóodáx aa�áa áwé Only when he threw it out of his mouth is when tsá aa woo.unt wé Anóoshi. he shot at some of the Russians. Áwé tlax sh yáa jiwdawóodleech áwé, 530 530 But because he was in such a hurry to attack

x'aan áwé a kát yawsixix. a spark feil on it. Ách áwé "'{jitóok wé atugáni That's why the powder blew up, atugáni. the powder. X'us'noowu Yax'áax' áwé yéi lt was in Crab Apple Fort Channel that this kawdiyaa. happened.

Ách áwé, This was why keena.áa yándei kuyadusku�'u nóok - when people were ferriedin the next morning dziyáak át kaxwlinik - ! told the story to this part a while ago -

hóoch'k' du keilk'i hás. his nephews all were gone. Ch'a aan áwé yéi x'ayaká yándei yaduxáax'w nóok Even with all this, when those Russians were wé Anóoshi, being ferried, he said, 540 --11 540 "Aadóo sá ax een? -- "Who is with me? --Oeixáa kei guxlanáa:' This is what's going to destroy me:' Kaa xoot áwé wooch'éex', tsu sh He was shouting this out among the people; they

wududlik'átl', were silent, 29 kaa tóox koowateeyi yáx áwé yatee. as if they were frightened. Áyá Kadakw.ádi yóo duwasáagu káa There was a man of the clan called Kadakw.ádi, hás du káani. their brother-in-law. Ha hu áwé yéi yaawakaa, "Xát It was he who said, "I am. i een chaa, 'Tm with you, my good man, xát i een:' I'm with you:' Ách áwé héen yix yaa s kawduwahaash This is why they floated down the river, 550 550 héen yix. down the river. Aa�áa áwé séix akawditee, This is when K'alyáan K'alyáan, hung his hammer du tákli, around his neck, séix akawditee. hung it around his neck.

Héen yix áwé yaa s kawduwahaash. They floated down the river. Ch'ás has du x'é áwé dikéet has al.át. Only their lips were above water. Yá du káani teen áwé kawdixéel', He and his Kada_kw.ádi brother-in-law were taking Kadakw.ádi teen. on the trouble side by side. Ch'u dákdei at dultini áwé a.ee�ayáanáx áwé They waded ashore while the Russians were still xukkáa s jiwdzikwaan. looking toward the woods. A xoot has jiwdi:át wé Anóoshi. They charged into the Russians.

560 560 Áwé Well, a tóox áwé liwoot wé kaa dleeyi tóox - it's too hard to stab through human flesh [with] wé jixan.át. that weapon. Ách áwé át ashukaawa�ix' K'alyáanch _ku.aa. That's why K'alyáan abandoned it. Wé tákl áwé But the hammer jindaax', he took in hand. jindaat áwé ajikawdzitee, wé He wrapped the thong around his wrist aanáx akawduwatool wé tákl, a hole was drilled through the hammer, dat'éex'i tákli, the blacksmith's hammer, Wat.lachéix'idáx wuduwas'áyi the hammer 342 • SECTIONtákl áwé. IX. BILINGUAL TEXTS that was booty from Wat.lachéix'i. Ách áwé ashaksat'ix't With this he smashes their skulls, 30 570 ashaksat'ix't, wé Anóoshx'i sáani. 570 he smashes the skulls of the Russians.

Aaa, Yes, tlél áwé s du éex at jiyawuxaash. they weren't even scratched. Noow geit áwé s luwagook tle. Theyran inside the fort. Noowdéi neil has lugóok áwé x'éix yawdudzigûk After they ran inside the fort,the door was barred has du itnáx. behind them. Tléil áwé has du éex at jiyawuxaash. Theyweren't even scratched. Aagáa áwé tle tsu kûxdei áwé wduwaxoox Tuisis when the boat captain wé yaakw s'aatéech. asked for the return of the bodies. Kûxdei áwé yawdudzikûKX', Theytook them back by boat, kûxdei wé kaa naax'û. took the bodies back. 580 Has yawduwadlaak áwé aadéi 580 They were defeated, Anóoshee dei s yawduwadlaak. the Russians were already defeated.

Aaa, yaakwt has akajéil áwé Yes, when they had taken them all aboard, daax kéi s awsiyik wé dleit aankwéiyi. they ran up a white flag.

Áwé tlél kaa daa yaa kushuwusgéi But the Tlingits yá Lingftch ku.aa. didn't understand. Sh jeet áwé kudushee The Tlingits looked among their treasures a yáax'

Ách áwé tle wé taat áwé, taat tóo ayaawa.át Tuis was why at night, they went by night, taat tóox'. through the night. 590 Kaasdahéen yadaax yaa aga.áat áwé, 590 When they were going along Indian River,

aaa, yes,

Kaasdahéen yadaax at yátx'i yaa kandujél, they carried their children along Indian River, taat tóo ayaawa.át yá noow geidáx. they left the fort during the night.

Ch'a yaa ana.ádi áwé While they were going along kamdigaax wé atk'átsk'u. a child cried out.32 Naaléi yû dáak. It's a long way up into the forest. Kaasdahéen sháak áwé át aawa.át. Theycarne to the headwaters of Indian River. Aagáa áwé yéi x'ayaká, Tuis is when he said, wé atk'átsk'u kandagáax, when the child cried, "Yiják! "Kill him! 33 600 Du sé káx haa káx kunaxduwashee:· 600 Theymight findus by his voice:'

Lsagooháa sákw siwé. Tuis is the origin of the name Lsagooháa.

He cried.

Át a.áatdáx, After they got there, yaakw kaa jeex' yéi natée aagáa áyá tie kuyaawagoo. when they got boats, they went by boat. Tie yóot áwé át naawligás'. Theyall settled over there.34 Chaatlk'aanoow áwé tlé áx' yéi kuwatee. Chaatlk'aanoow is where they lived. Chaatlk'aanoow. Chaatlk'aanoow. ALEX ANDREWS: THE BATTLE AT INDIAN RIVER • 343 Ch'áakw áa yéi kuteeyi áwé, has du toowu ku;,çdei Af ter [ the Tlingits] stayed there a long time, the yóo wdineiyi yáx wootee Anóoshi. Russians' anger quieted down.

610 Aa�áa áwé 610 That'swhen kaa jeet has akaawakáa they sent over wé �iyakwkwáan. the Alutiiq. Wandaa yóo áwé duwasáakw Wandaa was the name wé �iyakwkwáan. of the Alutiiq. Aan yakaadéi yaa gakóox áwé When he was approaching the village by boat deikéená;,çáwé awlitsaak he stuck some white wé dleit yá;,çyateeyi swan's down �ukl'i x'wáal'i. out on a pole. Yaakwt áwé kawliyaa. It dangled on the mast. 620 _Kóotx'atáan áwé, When he spoke to them tla;,çwáa yak'éiyi yóo ;,ç'atánksáwé 620 what a great speech du jeet wuduwatée. "�agaan yá;,ç áwé eewatee cha was given in return.35 "You are like the sun, you Aankáawu, noble person, Guláalák. Guláalák,36 Haa káx' áwé kux yaydzi.áa, �agaan yá;,ç yóo:' You turn to face us like the sun:'37 Áwé tlél áwé du tuwáa wushgu But he didn't like it, Wandaa tuwáx' _ku.aa. Wandaa didn't like it. Adaséix'án áwé _kóot;,ç'eiwatán He spoke in return, "Yisikóo ;,çá �agaan, "You know how the sun at shatukx:' cracks things:'

630 _Kaadaa raa kushuwsigéi 630 They understood du sh kalneegi. what he said. Ách áwé tsu tatóok That's why they made a cave yóo x'atángi;,çwudud liyéx, into a speech. "Tatóok yá;,çáyá eewatee:' "You became like a cave:' _Kajutlél ash tuwáa wushgu, Well, he didn't like it, Wandaa tuwáx' tlél wushgu tsu. Wandaa didn't like that either. "Té xá áa daxda�átch tatóok tayee:· "You know, rocks usually fall inside a cave:' Hóoch'i aayéex áwé awliyéx, "Aas He tried for the last time. "You are like jiseiyée yáx áwé iyatee. the base of a tree.

640 Yáa yeedát áwé 640 Now a ji�eix' áwé yéi haa k�watée we wil! be in your embrace a seiyéex'." at the base:' "Ee náadaa." ''Ee náadaa."38 Anóoshi ;,ç'éináxyéi kuyawsi_kaa, "Eehi, He told them in Russian, "Don't. da�atch xá Surely old branches sheey aas yikdá;,ç:' fallfrom a tree:'

Ách áwé tie kóo at wusi�áaxi yáx áwé wootee. It was enough to make a person cry. Ách áwé yéi ayawsi_kaa. That's why he said to him, "Haadéi yóot kux cha Ana.óot kuháal'i. "Bring your boat over here, you no-good Aleut, Héen táa yóo ishakaxtoohóo:' so we can swish you around in the sea!" 650 "Yak'éi. 650 "Fine. Yak'éi;' yóo áwé ;,ç'aya_ká. Fine;' he said. A itdei áwé tsu yéi yawdudzi_kaa, After this they asked again, "I jeewu gé, "Do you have Biláalák du téix'i gé i jeewu?" Baranov's39 heart,40 do you have it?" "He-hei-i-i-i-i!" kéi wdiláa áwé. "He-hei-i-i-i-i!" he cackled. 344 • SECTION IX. BILINGUAL TEXTS

"Yeeytéen ágé yáat kawlidzéidi "Do you all see that swan's down gukl'i x'wáal'i? dangling here? Biláalák du téix'i áwé, dleit yáx áwé woonei, That's Baranof's heart, turned white, 660 dleit yá;,ç_:' Ách áwé ák' awduwahin. 660 like snow:' Because of that, they believed him. Ách áwé kaa jeenáx yan That's why when he carne on his boat kóox áwé tlé wduwasháat they grabbed him into their hands guwakaan. as a peacemaker.41 Ch'u tle du een áwé They're making up woosh ilk'éikw. with each other. L'eix áwé du een kuyalakánx'. They're doing a peace dance with him. Du een yéi wdudzinei Theymade peace kuyalakánx'. with him. Aaa Yes, 670 ch'u yéi at kunoogû tle yáat ;,çángaa áwé yaa sh 670 while they're doing this they're tricking them kandulhéin. into coming over here.

Aaa Yes, yá Daxéit x'aká áwé yéi duwasáakw the entrance of Daxéit is called .G_asda;,çei;,çda.aan. .G_asda;,çéixda.aan, the village at Halleck lsland. Áx' áwé yéi yatee Naawéiyaa. That's where Naawéiyaa Jives. Kaagwaantaan áwé wé káa. Tuis man is Kaagwaantaan. Hu áwé naa káani yáx áwé He was like a naa káani42 yá át kaa tukawjiyayi yé. forthe place they were reluctant to go to. Kaa yaaxt áwé, Bravely hóoch áwé yáax' haat ashoowanée yá Sheet'ká he was the one who brought them back among Anóoshi ;,çoo. the Russians in Sitka. 680 Aaa 680 Yes, yéi áyá tle at wook'éi things were made good Anóoshee teen. with the Russians. Ách áwé yáax ' That'swhy yéi haa wootee, we lived here, yáa naax sati, the clan members, haa yátx'i tsû. our children, too.43 Aaa, Yes, yá haa t'aakx'i, has du xoo has du t'aakx'i, these siblings of ours are among their siblings, Chookaneidi yátx'i ka Kaagwaantaan children of Chookaneidi and children of yátx'i. Kaagwaantaan. 690 Hás áyáa has kawdixéel'. :, 690 lt is they who

at k'idéin wootee things improved, tle .G_uwakaanwootee then the Deer Peace44 Ceremony was made with s du een. them. Aaa, Yes, ch'áakwx yaa ksatée áwé, after a long while

yéi wduwasáa yá káa there was a man named 700 .Kooxx'áan. 700 .Kooxx'áan. Anóosheech áwé has du eet kawlikáa, He was sent over to them by the Russians. ALEX ANDREWS: THE BATTLE AT INDIAN RIVER • 345 Anóoshi. the Russians. Tle Anóoshi áwé tle k_aa:1Çoonx'ée:1Ç wusitee. The Russians then became our relatives. Yá Kiks.ádi :1Çoonée:1Çwusitee. They became relatives of Kiks.ádi. Aaa, Yes, ách áwé yáax' yéi s wootee that's why they lived here, ch'u yáa yeedádi yáax' yéi yatee Anóoshi, even today the Russians still live here. :1Çoox' yéi s wuteeyich. because they lived among us. Yá Sheet'káx' In Sitka yéi áyá yan has kawdiyáa. this is what happened to them.

710 Aaa, 710 Yes, áyá it is yá cháchch áyá the church s du jeedáE áwé yéi wsinee, that took yá s'áaxw. this hat away.45 Aan áyá s at yawsik_aa, With this, they made a promise aan. to them. Ha yáadu k_waaadéi yan kawdiyayi yé shóox'aaná:1Ç. Here is what happened at the beginning. Aaa, Yes, K héench áwé yéi wsinee, _ alyáan, the man who battled the Russians, K 46 720 _alyáan, yá k_áaAnóoshi ashawu:1Çeejiaa, 720 was taken by the sea yáa Gag_eit káx' in Silver Bay, yáa §ag_eitkáx'. Silver Bay. Tie yáa kóok - Toen this box - du k_óogua yigu wé Yéil S'áaxw the Raven Hat was in his box - ka yáa tákl and the hammer, wudus'áayi [tákl]. the booty [hammer].47 Ch'ás á áwé wduwat'ei. That'sall that was found. Yáa §a_g-eit.X'ananook kát áwé That box wlihásh floatedon the current to the entrance of Silver

wé k_óok. 730 Bay.4s K K 730 _alyáan k_u.aa tie tlél wudut'ei; ch'a héench áyá tsá But _ alyáan wasn't found;he was finallykilled by uwaják the sea, yá x'eg_aak_áa. this brave man. Ch'a hu áyu yéi sh wudzinee. He did this to himself.49 Yan áwé uwahóo, He waded ashore §ag_eit.X'ananook káx'. in the current at the entrance of Silver Bay. Du kóogu áa kei awsi.in, He put his box up high §ag_eit.X'ananook. above the current at the entrance of Silver Bay. Dikée kéi as.éen áwé ch'a hu áwé sh wudiják, After he put it up high he killed himself,50 aaa, yes, ch'a hu. just him.

740 740 Aaná:1Çáwé wdudzikóo yéi s wusneeyi, g_il'yáE áwé How they knew he

750 750 SECTION IX. BILINGUAL TEXTS

346 • yáa Yéil S'áaxw ka yáa Tá.!s.l. this Raven hat and the hammer. Áyá nakwnéitx'ich áyá s du jeedá;içkawlidootl. But the preachers talked him out of it. Du een áyá at yawdudzikaa. Theymade a promise. "I wunaawu, "When you die, née;iç' i káa yéi ga;içdu.oo'.' a marble grave marker will be put over you'.' Ách áyá kasayé daakahididéi kaa jeex' ajeewaná.!s., Tuis was why he released it to the museum,53 kaajeex'. to their possession. Yá Brésbatérée He released it kasayé daakahidix' áyá ajeewaná_k. to the Presbyterian museum. Nanáa áyá tlél yéi yan kawdayá. When he died, this didn't happen.

760 Aaa, 760 Yes, yá nakwnéitx' these ministers has sh k'awdliyél. lied.54 Goosóo aadéi s at yawus.!s_aayi yé? Where is what they promised? Ách áwé yáa yeedát Tuisis why, now, ch'a nichkáx' áwé s du jeex' yéi yatee, they have them for nothing, yáa Tákl, this hammer, yáa S'áaxw, this helmet, Sheey Káa Sh K'ut Yéil, Sheey Káa Sh K'ut Yéil, 770 a tóot kawdaxéel'i Kalyáan shukát aa. 770 the one the firstKalyáan battled in. Aaa Well, yéi áyá yan kawdiyáa; yáa yeedát, this is what happened; now, ách áwé, yáa yeedát this is why, now

yáa át tóox' yéi kg_watée, it will be in this tape recording, yáa át tóox', in this tape recording, a;iç éesh aadéi sh kalneegee yé. the way my father told it. Tlél ;içáta;iç sh kalneegée áyá, Tuis is not my story, a;içéesh áyá, it is my father's, Kaajaa_kw. Kaajaa_kw. Hóoch áyá tlákw á;iç een aklaneegéen; ách áwé It was he who told it to me aften. That's why 55 780 ;içwasikuwuyá;iç yatee; ldakát yá _kaa saax'óo 780 it's like I know it, with all the names of the teen; tlél yaa _ku;içwlag_aat. people; I didn't forget it. Yéi áwé yáa yeedát yee een kunáa;iç daak That's how I explained it to ka;içwaanik. you now. Aaa, Yes, yéi. that's how.

Yáax' áwé yándei shukg_watáan. Here is where it will end. Aaá. Yes. Hóoch' áwé, That's all there is a daat. about it. ALEX ANDREWS: THE BATTLE AT INDIAN RIVER •

347 Notes u oo. no attempt to note or transcribe phonetic detail such as au tomatic labialization of velars following and We antici 1. pate that co versions of the texts will eventually be available The Tlingit text was transcribed independently by Vesta to specialists interested in a closer, technica! analysis of the Dominicks and Nora Marks Dauenhauer. The Dauenhauer phonetics of the narration, which preserve conservative fea transcription and translation date from the mid-198os. The tures of older Tlingit, recorded from a seventy-fiveyear old Dominicks transcription dates from 1973, when she was an speaker forty-seven years before the present publication of employee of the Sitka National Historica! Park. Her project the transcription. As with the Sally Hopkins transcription was never developed beyond the first draft, and was never that follows, the Alex Andrews recording deserves a closer akawlineek. translated. Vesta shared her typescript of 1973 with us for the transcription by specialists in Tlingit historica! phonology. present volume, and we therefore list her as co-transcriber. 4. Told this. Tlingit, There seems to be a pho Her Tlingit name was Tóon; she was of the Raven moiety netic pattern in Mr. Andrews's narrative of the raising of the and .Kaach.ádi clan of./ Kake. She was highly regarded as a pitch of the final syllable of a verb at the end of a sentence, teacher of Tlingit language and literacy in Sitka, and as a although the pitch is phonemically low in isolation and in translator and performer of Gospel music. Vesta Dominicks other environments. lt is beyond the scope of our transcrip 5.

the Alaska Native Brotherhood and Alaska Native Sister Archives, Expedition and Field Records, North America, hood forma! dress, but also popular in photographs of late Louis Shotridge's indexed ethnographic research card file, nineteenth and early-twentieth century Russian Orthodox box 2). We thank Charles Smythe forcalling these notes to 19, 1993), Church brotherhoods, after which the ANB and ANS koo our attention (personal communication to Nora and Richard géinaa12. is modeled. Dauenhauer, February and Lucy Fowler Williams 13. 21, 2006), He may be making the sign of the cross. for confirming thereference (personal communication, No The brown bear is a crest of the Kaagwaantaan, vember hut we do not include them (or several Kalyáan's father's clan (and the clan of the narrator, who is other questionable accounts) in this book because we do Kaagwaantaan14. and a child of Kiks.ádi). not have the time and space to èxamine them in detail and At least one of these companions is identified in Rus address the folklore of mythmaking. A trick seems unlikely. sian sources as Aleksei Eglevskii. Gidák is the Aleut sharp The original Noow Tlein site was designed for protection shooter15. Vasilii Kochesov. in traditional Tlingit warfare, whereas the Indian River fort We have not confirmedthe place name Yéilk'i Daakeitk'i was designed to deflect cannon fire.A brief summary of the ("Little Raven's Little Box or To olbox"). People with local Shotridge notes will suffice. knowledge have suggested similar sounding names (such as According to the notes, the Kiks.ádi were tricked into Yéil Kóogu, "Raven's Box") at Crawfish !niet and Necker Bay, abandoning their position on Castle Hili and relocating to hut these are much further south on BaraI].of Island and do Indian River. The traitor was a Tlingit woman from Yakutat not fit the context of the chase in the northern part of Sitka who was married to the Russian in charge there (i.e., Stepan Sound. Tuis part of the recording is exceptionally difficultto Larionov). Baranov was throwing a temper tantrum because 16. hear, so our transcriptionyayuwaa may also be in question. his ship canons couldn't elevate enough to hit Castle Hili. Tl'ayáak' Yayuwaa. Tl'ayáak' is Katlian Bay. We under Hence the need for trickery. The woman told K'alyáan that stand the term to refer to the face of the shoreline her husband warned her of an imminent attack, and she ad 17. Ch'a!s.û:,f.. northwest of Lisianski Point, leading toward Dog Point. vised him to relocate out of cannon range. K'alyáan believed A skin-covered boat. lt is unclear if reference her. TheKiks.ádi abandoned Castle Hili under cover of dark is to the smaller, faster baidarka, or the larger, slower, open ness and built the Indian River fortovernight. The Russians baidara. Gidák was a marksman and would probably hunt bombarded it, and occupied Castle Hili for the remainder from a baidarka, hut for hauling sea !ion they would require of the Russian period. the larger baidara and support crew. He and a partner were 27. The houses were built low in the pit dug inside the probably18. in a two-hatch baidarka. fort.28. Referenceis to Gidák, forwhom the terms Russian and X'us'noowu, Crab Apple Fort (not to be confused with Aleut seem to be used interchangeably. He apparently killed Xutsnoowu, Angoon) was located on Alice Island. Alice and many19. Tlingits in the course of the chase. Charcoal Islands were joined during World War II to build Tuis is a confusing passage. Thenarrator's point of ref the Sitka airport. In the modern context, Alice Island is 20. erence is Sitka, where he is making the recording. closer to the bridge, Charcoal Island closer to the runway. We interpret this difficult passage to mean that even Reference is to the waterway either between the islands or 29. though the Tlingits may have suggested that he might be adjacent to the fort. spared, Gidák was certain that he would be killed if captured, Kada.!sw.ádi. An Eagle moiety clan, now associated 30. so he fought until he ran out of powder, at which point he kindei with Hoonah, historically a branchAnóoshx'i of Chookaneidi. sáani, was21. overpowered. Russians. In Tlingit, the narrator uses a diminutive Cremeated or burned up. The Tlingit use of and slightly derogatory form, literally "little 31. gives22. a mental image of ashes rising. Russians" which could be translated as "Russkies:' Run away from. In Tlingit, literally "from their mouth;' "Balance" or reciprocity is a fundamental aspect of 23. or "from their jaws:' Tlingit protocol. Here the narrator is emphasizing that the The Tlingit verb here is rhetorically lengthened. The Tlingits did not know the military significance of the white passage is difficult to follow and has been reconstructed flag, hut were responding according to their protocol of 24. a waak, from a longa false start. matching song for song, speech for speech, display of clan 32. kamdig_aa�, 603, m The eyes. In Tlingit, !s.uwudáa"its eyes;' using the pos object to match object, etc. 25. w !s.oowadáa.sessive because the head is now separated from the body. Tlingit, here and in line with re The Tlingit verb sounds like hut is probably placing as the perfective morpheme. These are the only 26. places he does his in the narrative. Tuis is standard in 33. /s.una�duwashee, The motif of the Tlingits being tricked is also foundin Interior Tlingit, hut unusual on the coast. four pages of notes by Louis Shotridge at the University of The Tlingit verb "they might find/ Pennsylvania Museum (University of Pennsylvania Museum discover us;' is a potential, a very rare form. ALEX ANDREWS: THE BATTLE AT INDIAN RIVER • 349 34. naawligás; naa 47. In the Tlingit verb, the is an incor 46. Tuis is an oblique reference to drowning. porated noun not listed in our grammatica! materials pub Hammer. On the recording, the narrator firstsays "hat;' 48. lished to date. then corrects himself. 35. In this humorous passage, the narrator takes on dif We have not confirmed §a�eit X'ananook as a place ferent voices for the exchange of oratory. Tuis line is sar name; the word seems to suggest the current at the mouth 49. castically enul)ciated. Lines 625-26, describing Wandaa, are (,!'a) of Silver Bay (§a�eit). spoken with the lips pursed. Line 634 is "sing-song:' Lines Thereare two senses of the Tlingit of this line: "He did 637-39 and 649-50 are chanted delicately. l, this to himself" or "He took his own life:· 36. Guláalák (and Biláalák, below). Tuis is a Tlingit name 50. The account of .K'alyáan'sdeath by suïcide is unique to for Baranov. Then "underlined l" letters indicate voiced(héel a this version and needs further research. The narrator may soundhéen, not normally found in modernb, r, coastalv Tlingit, but be confusing or collapsing the deaths of two or more men substituting for in the speech of some older Tlingits by the same name. The .K'alyáan of 1804 was still alive in for l. "water"). The sounds and are not found in 1818, when he witnessed the departure of Baranov and posed Tlingit, and are replaced here with Tlingit sounds and the for a portrait by Mikhail Tikhanov. Thename .K'alyáan was voiced held by a succession of Kiks.ádi leaders (Pierce 199ob:223; 37. Tuis version by Alex Andrews features the verba! duel Hinckley 1996 passim). According to Te d Hinckley (1982: ing between the Tlingits and the peace negotiators. Theac 271) a man named Katlayan LK'alyáan] was stigmatized by count by Herb Hope, above in this book, also includes ora his involvement with the Indian police, and hanged himself tory. Theimage of the sun is also recorded by P. N. Golovin in 1891. The version by Alex Andrews is unclear, suggesting 38. Ee náadaa. Nye nádo, (1983:96) from a Tlingit speech of December 14, 1860. drowning, on the one hand; but blood on the rocks suggests Russian, meaning "Not neces that he either cut his wrists or threw himself on the rocks, 39. sarY:' or 51.slipped. Baranov. Indu Tlingit, téi,!'i, Biláalák, another Tlingit pronun Literally, "they pounded/hammered the box to pieces ciation40. of the name. with it:· The "it" suggests using the hammer. In Tlingit, using the possessive suffix because 52. Killed it. Tuis term is used today for bringing out and the heart is now detached. Normally the possessive suffixis distributing money at a potlatch, thus increasing the cer 41. g_uwakaan, not used with body parts. emonial value of an at.óow. Historically, a slave would have Peacemaker. In Tlingit, literally "deer;' but been killed, or an object destroyed. Here the object may also the term for a hostage, a peacemaker, and the peace have been literally broken over his body or hammered to 42. Naa káani. making ceremony. pieces, but also figurativelybroken in memory of him. Literally, "clan or moiety in-law:' In Tlingit 53. Museum. Literally, "House of Strange Things:' See 54. of the opposite moiety ceremonial relationships, a person appendix 4.Nakw néit who helps the hosts facilitate the event, like a master of cer Ministers lied. In Tlingit, "yá nakwnéitx' hás sh 43. le prêtre. emonies. k'awdliyél:' is literally "priest;'Yéil. a borrowing from He is emphasizing that both moieties were living in French The Tlingit verb for telling a falsehood uses Sitka after peace was made. the same stem as the word for Raven, · 44. The recording is very unclear here; transcription of 55. If taken literally, this line is misleading. Tuis is self 45. this line is debatable. deprecating wording common in traditional Tlingit story See appendix 4 for a history of the Raven Hat. See telling and oratory. In this case, while still asserting that this color plate 22, a photograph of the 2004 ceremony trans is a reliable account from reliable sources, Alex Andrews ferring it from the Sheldon Jackson Museum to the Sitka downplays his own abilities and focuseson his father. To say, National Historica! Park. "That's why I know it" would seem like bragging.

Sally Hopkins (Sh�aasti) TheBattle of Sitka

1958

Recorded by the National Park Service, Sitka, Alaska, August 1 Transcribed and translated by Nora Marks Dauenhauer Edited by Richard and Nora Dauenhauer [Aakashook yóo �atángi] [Prolog by Peter Nielsen]2 Woosh x'ayagéidei kdunik nooch haa shagóon. People tel1 of our ancestors in differentways. Ááyá Tuis is why haa tundatáani yéi yatee we are thinking haa een sh kangeelneek. you will tel1 us the history. I yoo x'atángi We will keep your words yan gatootee. in a safe place.3 Aax yá haa shagóon, From this, these ancestors of ours, yá haa shagóon yáanáx from here, these ancestors of ours kei shukawsixix, yá haa shagóon. branched out, these ancestors of ours.

10 Áyá tléil woosh x'ayáx kadulnik nooch. 10 It's never told the same way. Áyá ax tuwáa sigóo Tuis is what I want haa een kayineegi. you to tel1 us. Ha yéi áyá Tuisis how yá anax lingitx haa wsiteeyi yé. we became who we are as Tlingit.4

[Sh�aastî]: Déi ák.wé? [Sally Hopkins]: Are we ready? [Aakashook]: Aaá. [Peter Nielsen]: Yes. Góok. Go ahead.

[Sh�aasti yóo �atángi] [Main narrative bySally Hopkins) Aaa, Yes,5 haa yáa and now, the ones6 20 haa shagóon sákw, 20 who were to become our ancestors, yéi áyá this is how akawlineek my grandfather axléelk'w. told it. Ch'u tie a x'éidáx Tuis is right from his lips, Lsagooháa x'éitx áyá wdlineek, lt was told from Lsagooháa's lips. yá Tuis Kaa Xoox' X'adukaa. Kaa Xoox' X'adukaa.

Yá §ayeis' Hit, Tuis Iron House anáxhaa shagóon sákw those who were 7to - become our ancestors 30 kuwdzitee. 30 were born fromthere. Aankalaseek, The son8 du yéet áyu of Aankalaseek Shk'awulyeil, was Shk'awulyeil, haa tlaaléelk'w. our mother's grandfather.9 A jeedáx áyá. It was from him. Du yaakusgeiyi He told akaawaneek the knowledge du éesh has x'éidáx. according to his fathers.

351 352 • SECTION IX. BILINGUAL TEXTS

Yáa Skajeek Aankalaseek10 40 Aankalaseekch uwasháa. 40 married Skajeek. Ách áyá yá du yéet Tuis was why this son of hers - tlél a yaagáa kuwuskáat. nothing could measure up to him.

At2S;áyáa From then on yá du sée she wanted someone lingit jiyana2S;lasheet to take the hand" tuwatee. of this daughter of hers, Sgutóot á. Sgutóot.12 Tléil kwa áyóo yá du éesh But they didn't try du tláa hidix' at the [clan] house 13 50 áyá kawdu.aakw. 50 of her father's mother. Yáana2S;.á, On this side14 Wat.lachéix'i, of Wat.lachéix'i áx' áyó du itt uwakó2S;yó yaakw is where the boat began to follow them du sée gaa2S;dusháax'oot, so that her daughter would be asked to marry, yá Skajeek du sée á, this daughter of Skajeek, Sgutóot. Sgutóot. Waadaagéi áyóo, It was Waadaagéi du itt uwakó2S;. who followed her. A yaadéi yoo K'eiwatán She debated with him 60 du yikyádi I k'agoolcheengáa. 60 so that her descendants would not be low class. Aadáx áyá du kaanáx nadustée áyáa Following this, when she was persuaded, yéi yaawakaa, she said, "Déi! "It's settled. §aa déi yatee, déi! It's ok now, it's settled.15 Anax

Atx áwé From then on _kuwdziteet' their descendants . has du yikyátx'i. were born.18

80 Ch'u aatx áyá tléil Kaagwaantaan yádix 80 From that time on those who were to become aa wustee our ancestors haa shagóon sákw. were not children of Kaagwaantaan. §ayeis'hittaan We became the descendants of yikyátx'ix haa wsitee. §ayeis'hittaan. Ách áyá yáa yeedát, Tuis is why now woosh jeedéi yaa haa shundaxixi, that we are dying offfrom each other ch'a 2S;áttsó ax tundatáani yéi yatee my thoughts are also this way, 1 kut gugaxeex that it doesn't get lost, SALLY HOPKINS: THE BATTLE OF SlTKA • 353

19 aadé kuwt.�osteeyi yé. the way we carneto be. Tsu yá S�utóot ku.aa áyá Also how many descendants 90 tsu du yikyátx'ee 90 this S�utóot aadéi yakaawageiyi yé. carneto have. Ach áyá Tuis is why2° .G.ayeis'hittaan yádi a child of ,G.ayeis'hittaan káa shakéex' lawlitseen. is valued so highly.21 Aaa, Yes, yá Noow Tlein ká we used to sit a kát tookeenéen. on Noow Tlein.22 Aaa, Yes, Hft Tlein In addition to the Big House [Hft Tlein] 23 100 a xeinéedei yéi yagugéi. 100 how many houses there were. Yá haa kahidi Tuisclan house of ours, shux'áanáx, from the beginning, yáanax.á a tuwán. was next to it on this side, Yá Lkwa Hit, the Point House [Luka Hit]24 yá _K'alyáans aayéex wusitee. that became the one of _K'alyáan and his people. A dagiygé áyá haa aayi In· the middle was ours, the Strong House At Uwaxiji Hit. [At Uwaxiji Hit]. Yáanax.á áwé On this side sheeyák'w, was an offshoot, _KooKX'áanaayi, the one of _KooKX'áan,

110 Tinaa Hft. 110 the Copper Shield House [Tinaa Hft]. Héinax.á áwé ,G.agaan Hit. On the other side was the Sun House. Daax'oon hft áyá áa wdikee yá Noow Tlein Therewere four houses that sat there on top of shakée. Noow Tlein. Aadáx áyá ux kéi haa uwatée. From there we grew apart. Ch'a haa een has wuduwatlákw Their history was told with ours, ya ,G.ayeis'hittaan the ,G.ayeis'hittaan ka Wat.aaneidi. and Wat.aaneidf. Haaw, Now yéi áyá, this is how yá aax haa saxduháa when they [the Russians] wanted us out of the way,

120 has du shukáx yei na.át tl'eitakw káa 120 ahead of them carnehigh caste people a daasheeyi teen. with their songs. Aa�áa áyá tsáa Tuis is when wuduwa.áx it was finallyheard wáa sá s kuwusteeyf how those who were to become our ancestors yá haa shagóon sákw. carneto be. Atx áyá yá haa léelk'w Following this, this grandparent of ours, haa tláa du tláa, the father has du éesh of the mother of our mother, tsu ,G.ayeis'hittaan, was also of the ,G.ayeis'hittaan,

130 T'ákwjaa. 130 T'ákwjaa. Du yéetx áyu wsitee _KaaXoox' X'adukaa _KaaXoox' X'adukaa. was his son. Du yinaadéi áyóo Next to him Naas Sháak. was Naas Sháak. Du yinaadéi áwé Kashaawát, shaawátx Next to him was Kashaawát, the one who was a siteeyi aa, woman, KayikAxaa, KayikAxaa, ka ax léelk'w, and my grandmother 354 • SECTION IX. BILINGUAL TEXTS

.Kaasawusxé, .KaasawusKé. T'ákwjaa yátx'ee á. T'ákwjaa's children indeed.

140 Aax áyáa 140 Following them hóoch'i aayéex wusitee Ltsaak, the very last one was Ltsaak Ltsaak á, Ltsaak indeed. T'ákwjaa yátx'ee. The children of T'ákwjaa. Anax haa x'alitseeni át áyá. Theseare the people we became high caste from. Ách áyá yá Noow Tlein kaadáx, Tuis is why when we moved yá .Kaasdahéenyikdei naa klagáas', from Castle Hili to Indian River,25 áx' noow wududliyéx. they built a fort over there. Tléil ch'u tie áyá They didn't quickly kut has awugéex' lose

150 has du yéi jineiyi. 150 their work. Shis'gi Noow á Green Wood Fort, indeed, áa wdudliyéx. they built it there. Aaa, Yes, tliyáax' yéi aa yatee there was one on that side Shaa Seiyi Aanx'. at the village on Jamestown Bay. Ch'u tlé yu gaaw áwé tsá tléix' yá Shis'gi Noow Toen at that time, people finallygathered as one geit kawdik'it' at Green Wood Fort, yá haa shukát kustéeyi aa. these who lived before us. Haa Now 26 160 yáax' s'é x'akkwanáak. 160 I will stop here for a while.

Yá .Kaasdahéen yadaa Green Wood Fort Shis'gi Noow áa wdudliyéK. was built at Indian River Point. A yeedéi áyá naawligáas', People moved off[ of N oow TleinJ to go there yá Anóoshi yéi kuwanaskáa, when the Russians told the people "Aal!:yee klagáas' déi, yáat:' "Move out of here now:· Ach áyá yá aanyátx'i shukáx woo.aat. this is why the noble people went ahead. Hás du itt uwagut Naawushkeitl Naawushkeitl á, followed them, Xaayaduskaa. Xaayaduskaa.

27 170 Aadéi _l!;aankadulnik yé áwé. 170 Tuis is how it was told to me.

Yá kaa _ku.ázji áyá yéi at yakawligei. lt was this interpreter who caused all the trouble. Tléil ch'u tlei áyu s du

Ch'a kóox has aawanéekw. Theywere taunting us. Tléil kwá has du jidaat kaa tooti. But we didn't pay attention to them.

180 Á áyá deikéená.l!; kugakux yaakw áyá, 180 It was the boat that was going to go along outside yáat. of here. X'us'noowu KOOnáK

355

Aaa, Yes, yá _kutxshoowaxeexi _ku.oo- these people who

190 has du een yaakw awshitóok. 190 that blew up a canoe with them. Tléil Anóoshich áyá wushtóok yá yaakw. It wasn't the Russians who blew the boat up. Ch'a hás áyá. lt was themselves.

31 Ha wool yát áwé uwa.kux Sooxsaan Sooxsaan. carneto the faceof a seawater cave. Du yéet yá Shkoowuyéil Her son Shkoowuyéil awsiteen du éek' has teen yaakw wushtóogu. saw the boat blow up with her younger brothers. A xoowu á Deiki Shaak'óo, Deiki Shaak'óo was among them, .kaWat.aaneidf xoonáx and one from among the Wat.aaneidi _kaKadakw.ádi xoonáx. and one from among the Kadakw.ádi.

200 Áyá Anóoshi yaagóoch has wusineix 200 A Russian boat saved _kudziteeyi aa. the ones who were alive. Tléil

Wáa nanée s áyá At what point was it, s du een kawduwaneek, someone told them "Dei wéix yaa s jinda.át - "They're charging32 over - Anóoshi xáayi - the Russian war party aan tlénx' huge ships Kaasdahéen yadaanáx. around Indian River Point.

210 Woosh t'ikaadéi is�átch, 210 They're tying up next to each other. kéi s ash guxla.óon:' They're going to open fire:·

Aa�áa áyá Tuis is when 33 yaastudy yeedát yéi s duwasáakw nowadays they would say a

a tóot has du jee yux na_kagoot:' so I may go out in it to do battle6 with them:·

230 De kóo_ktáadei kawduwajeil 230 The many people who were still3 alive there yá _kudziteeyiaant_keenf, were already put into the pit kéi gaxdul.óoneech yó. yaakw. because they were going to37 blow up the boat. Ách áwé Tuiswas why s'eek doogu ayawdlit'á_k. he wore a black bear pelt. Du sháawu á, On his head wé Sheey Káa Sh K'ut Yéil. was the Raven Helmet [Sheey Káa Sh K'ut Yéil]. 356 • SECTION IX. BILINGUAL TEXTS

Du jeewu du tákli. In his hand was his hammer. Tléil tlax tuk.ugé, tlax ch'a yángaa. Thebottom wasn't too big, it was just right.38 Du jeegáa aawat'áax' He shaped it to his hand a shu. on the end. Aka.áwli áa yéi aawa.oo. He put a strap39 on the end. Dé yándei yaa yanagwéin. The [Russian] boats were already landing. 240 Tlél tlax tláakw áyu sh yáa wdawóotl. 240 He wasn't in too much of a hurry.

Yux kugagut néekw, ch'a hû sh kawdi.ákw. When he was going out he volunteered himself.40 Tie yux yaa nagûdi een áyá du guk yix at As he was going out the door a cannon shot went yawdudli.un aanda.óonaa. past his ear. Tlei yá noow, At the fort a xawoolx' áwé yan yaawagás'. he dropped face down at the door. "Há háa!" "Há háa!"41 Yóo daayaduká, "Kalyáan, wa.é akyá?" They said to him, "Kalyáan, is that you?" De sh daa yaa anasdák ku.aa, But he was already coming to, de a.in. he was ready. Ch'u tie kaax shagaxdus'óowu teen áwé As soon as they were going to chop his head off, 250 shawdigut. 250 he jumped up. Há! Há! Há! Há! Há! Há! Há! Há! Há! Há! A shayat'ákw a t'é-1\:'t, aagáa áwés héent He hammered them on their temples, this was wujixix. when he ran into the river. _Kaasdahéen yix áwé He floated down sh wudlihaash. Indian River. De

Haa, Now, yá _K'alyáan, this _K'alyáan, 280 280 SALLY HOPKINS: THE BATTLE OF SITKA • 357

ch'as hû áyû Kaagwaantaan yátx'ix has wusitee, only he was of the children of Kaagwaantaan, yá At Uwaxiji Hit yeekáawu. a man of the Strong House.48 Shuws'aa du yéet áyû _K'alyáan was the eldest _K'alyáanshukakáawu. son of Shuws'aa. Du yinaadéi áwé Next to him K'wáni á. was K'wáni. Du yinaadéi áwé Next to him [K'wáni] Stoonook. was Stoonook. Du yinaadéi áwé Yeidis'aa. Next to him [Stoonook] was Yeidis'aa. 290 Dax'oonináx áyû wootee 290 There were four of them, yû Kaagwaantaan yátx'i. these children of Kaagwaantaan. Kûnáx hás áyáa They were the very ones who yá haa k_gwaxaa át káx' has wudishûch. trained intensively for those who would war on us.

A áyû tie yan has uwanée And then they were ready, haa yáadei aa, those from here, yá haa yinaadéi la.aa aa. those from the house next to us. Xaawuduskaa Xaawuduskaa49 5 Naawushkeitlx satéeyin. used to be Naawushkeitl. � Aaa, Yes,

300 du k'idaaká áyóo 300 next door to him was _K'aax'.ushti á. .K'aax'.ushti. Tliyaanax.áa hit yee áwé In the house on the other side were yá Wat.aaneidi yóo has [?] sh disáagu aa, these who called themselves Wat.aaneidi, Kaax'achgóok á. Kaax'achgóok was there. Yá dáa_knáx aa Shiyák'w Kooxx'áanx The one on the back side, Shiyák'w, who used to satéeyin. be _Kooxx'áan. Yá du yinaadéi aa áwé Next to him was Aataatseen á. Aataatseen.51 Héinax.á aa yee áwé Tlákwsataan. In the one next to him was Tlákwsataan. Haa, Naw,

310 yéi áyá yakaawagei 310 this is how many there were haa kahitx'i. of our clan houses. A yeenáx áwé s kuwdziteet' Kaagwaantaan From these houses were bom children of yátx'i. Kaagwaantaan.52 Á áyá yá Wat.aaneidi Theseare the Wat.aaneidi - yá a hidi the people yeekáawu. from the house of theirs. Héendei yóo áyû duwasáakw, Kaagwaantaan yéet He was called Héendei, Héendei was a son of áyû yû Héendei. Kaagwaantaan.53 Hû áyá tlél yaa kuwushgéi He was the one who didn't use good judgment. haa daakashû, He got us involved.54 haa daakashû, tlél yaa kuwushgéi. He didn't use good judgment.

320 [Aside]: Yándei kwshé k_kwalanéek? 320 [Aside]: I should finishtelling it, shouldn't I?

Yá Anóoshi Kunaa áyá haa jeetx has aawatee, aadé The Russians took Redoubt Bay from us, this is áyá naawligáas'. where [their] people went.55 A eetée áyá yá shaanák'w yá While they were gone, there was this little old noow gei, man in the fort, yá noow tlein inside the big fort,56 diyéenax.á a tayee. below it. Áyá aadéi woosh has wuditsáay. They agreed to go there. 358 • "K'eSECTION yó. káa IX. shaanák'w BILINGUAL ;çánde TEXTS na;çtoo.aat:' "Let's go visit the little old man:' Ach áyá aadé du een aawa.aat. Tuis is why they went with him. Du lyaa.kooshgeiyi sákw áyá. Tuis was to become his foolishness.

Á áyó.yó. shaanák'w yéi ayawsikaa, Toenhe said to the little old man,

330 "Néi!Cha shaanák'w, 330 "Hey!Little Old Man, yáat'át i yáa yéi ;çwsaneiyi yei ik�wanée;ç:' If I put this on your face, you'll get welJ:' Yanéekw áyó.yó. káa shaanák'w. The little old man was ill. Lingit léi;ç'ucháwé ayawliléi;ç'w. He put Tlingit ocher on his face.57 Ách áwé tie yan yaawagás' yó.káa shaanák'w. Tuis was what caused that little old man to fall over. Tle áx' kawlit'ik. Toen he stiffened up with rigor mortis. Tle aa;ç has woo.aat neildéi. Toen they left there for home. Áyá �unaat;çáyá a kagéi yaakw át At the same time,a boat carne from Redoubt Bay uwakó.;ç to the fort, yá Anóoshee. a Russian. Wáa sáyá kaawahayi shaanák'w áwé kawlit'ik Why was this little old man stiff

340 léi;ç'wdu yáwoo? 340 with ocher on his face?58 Ách áyá kuwduwa;çoo;ç Tuiswas why they called people yó. áx' yoo ;ç'adul.atgi nuch yéide, to the place where they would hold meetings. "Aadóo sáhé i shaanák'w ayaawaléi;ç'w?" "Who painted the face of the little old man?" "Tléik'," duwasháak, "Tléik'." "No!" people denied, "No!" Áyó.at sháadei yándei ga;çdus.haan;çgiyó. kooji, He thought that he was going to be put at the ách áwé yéi yaawakaa, "Cha ;çát áwé cha head of some important position,this was the aankáawu:' reason he said,"That was me, sir:' "Ahoo,gagó.!" "Oh,go!" Ách áyá �ayéis' hitdei oon aawa.aat. Tuis was why they took him to jail. At loox'aa;ç gu;çsatee át á. Tuis was to be the start of the trouble.59 §ayeis'hitdei oon ana.áat áyá yá káa shaanák'w When they took him to jail, the little old man's [kusteeyi] du �ushká du ;ç'eis kawdudlix'ás'. thigh was sliced for him to eat.

350 Áyá ch'a du ;ç'as'gó..ku.aa giyáa 350 But the spirit in his jaw ul;çéidleen. was lucky. Ach áyá yá du dayéen yóo kuwanugu du yéigi;ç Tuis was why his spirit warned him. He was sateeyi,aawakit, tlél awu;çá. suspicious,he didn't eat it. Ha, Now, anax áyáa this is where �unéi yak�waxix át áyá, our trouble yá haa kaxéel'i. will start from. Tléil wáa sá s koonook, a kéen. They weren't doing anything, they sat. Tléil They weren't doing anything daa sá kóo;çawdanéekw yá;çhas koonook, that might make things bad forthem, ch'a a kéen. they just sat.60

360 Tlél

SALLY HOPKINS:63 THE BATTLE OF SITKA •

Ch'u tle yt'.t dikéet wuduwasháat du hunxu hásch. 370 370 He was elevated by his older brothers,

Yá Stoonook .ku.aa. this Stoonook was.

Ách áwéi Tuiswas why

64 ht'.ttst'.t tle du toowt'.t akawshigoo. he calmed himself down. "I da.aa yáx x'wán yîtk', "Be brave my son, áa at kadikekwdi yé áyá;' this is where things fait:' yóo áyt'.tyoo 2Ç'ayatánkdu éesh. These were his father's words. Tle áa neil wugoodî ji.t'.ts'aa As he entered into the house, there was a wash

yeit, basin, 65 tle yawdi.óos'. he washed his face. Kawduwas'éil' Jilkáat át. They tore dry fishfrom Chilkat.

380 380 Axá k'idéin. He was eating well. Aaa Yes Shkeedli.káaáyá ash woo.éex', Shkeedli.káa, his older brother, du ht'.tnxw. invited him. Yeilxáak tst'.tá. Yeilxáak, was also there.

Ch'a yeist'.t yáa As they were placing66 kaxwéix du 2Ç'ayee yaa ndus.ini een áwé, neil a dish of high bush cranberries for him to eat, a wujikák, man intruded. �t'.tnáx That man, x'ali.oos. that older brother of his, Á yt'.t káa was Ka.káayee. 390 yt'.t 390 yt'.tdu ht'.tnxw He was very Kakáayee á. loose mouthed. Tle a kaadé yaa nashéeni áwé yéi ash As he was reaching into his dish, he said yawsi.kaa, [to Stoonook], "Héhéhé! "Heh! Heh! Heh!, 67 Ahem! Ahem!" Arhem! Arhem!" Ch'a st'.tgaaayakeet. He immediately became suspicious. "Aaá, "Yes i2Ç'ak.kwawóos', let me ask you, Stoonook, Stoonook, aak'é Anóoshi áwé kwshé gayéis' hityee ash that was some fine68 Russian who had him sitting

wusinook:' in jail:' 69 400 400 Du yáx ash yawsi.kaa. He insulted him. Ách áwé tie dákdei yóo awsinei yá s'ix'. Tuis was why he shoved his dish away. "A yáx áwé. "That's right. Kaagwaantaan yéet áwé. He is a son of Kaagwaantaan. Tlél gu.kalaseen, I won't hide it,7° a yáx áwé. that's right. Yéi yan kawdiyáa:' That's what happened:' Ha á áyá at shoowaneiyi át áyá. Tuis is what started the trouble. Ch'a tliyéi yéi s duwa.óo tléil tsu s du éex They kept still, no one had bothered awdunóok. them. Ách áwé Tuis was why, 410 410 tle yéi ayawsi.kaa, he told him then, tle dákdei yóo awsinei, tle wdihaan gándei. then he pushed it away, then stood up to go out. Neildéi yaa nagt'.tdiáyá yá du shagóoni. As he was entering his parents' home [he said). 360 • SECTION IX. BILINGUAL TEXTS

"Aankáawu yáx yáat'aa guna.aant "Tuis one alwaysm travels to other villages like a nakóxch:' nobleman: "Ax yéetk' ée, "My poor son! wáa sá kwshf yan ikawdiyáa? What happened to you? At gaxoon, tláakw, tláakw, tláakw, tláakw, tláakw, Start packing quick, quick, quick, quick, quick, at gaxoon!" start packing:' 72 Hóoch'. It was over. Haat gadanaagi yáx wootee, It was like the rip tide was standing up

420 du éesh du een haadéi, 420 for his father to bring him back here 73 yá Sheet'kaadéi. to Sitka. Géen X'aak'ónáx áyá ayakaawanáa. He told them to stop at Silverberry Bush Point.

Yó du éesh Tuis fatherof his du 2Ç'adaa yóo kuwagutgu aa, who was taking care74 of him [said], "Yéi k'ikulgei k'igees'éet, "You'll tie this size �éen wás'i. of silverberry branches together. bow:' Tlei.!s.áak'igilas'éet, k'ikgisa.áaxw You'll bind up twenty bundles of them and tie shakáx'." them together at the Aagáa áyá tsáa Tuis when tayeex woogoot. he went to bed to sulk. 75 Du een yaa nakux tie tleitaat. Theboat took him along at night.76

430 At ló sákw á. 430 Tuis is preparing fortrouble.

Anax yan ukooxch. He would go ashore. "Déi yitk' "That'senough son, ch'a k'át at geendasháat. please eat just a little. "' I téix' gwaatseen:' You might have a heart attack: you:' "Tléik'. "No, Hél ax tuwáa ushgó i jeetx át xwaxaayi:' I don't want to eat anything from Chaatlk'aanoowx' áyá tsá yéi yaawakaa Finally at Chaatlk'aanoow he said "Góok! Yándei. "Let's go ashore.

440 Ch'a aandáx i wóowu gé tlél wéit?" 440 Do you have some of the foodfrom the village?" "Héidu yitk', héidu. "There's some here son, here. Ch'as á:' Just this:' Yan at xáa áwé tie tsu When he finished eating, then wootaa. he slept. Aaa, de yó noow geix' .!s.wádei woosh xoot yoo Yes, but people were already mixing inside the duwa.átk. fort. Wáa sá kaa toowó teeyée. How good they feit.

"Tléigé I wéix yaa gookuxch?" Wáa sá "Isn't he coming yet?" How people were anxious to sawlit'aani. see him. Wáa nanée sáwé yéi .!s.uwaawakaa, At what point was it someone said, "Shaat' X'aa Lutóonáx daak yawdigich. Ha góok! "The boat has rounded Watson Point. Let's go!

450 Góok, i da.aax x'wán Kiks.ádi:' 450 Go! Be brave, Kiks.ádi:' Gánt uwanók .K'alyáan K'alyáan. sat close to the fire. S'ekdaakeit tlein as'éik. He was smoking a large pipe. Tie aantóox nakóox áwé When they78 carneto the village yéi yaawakaa, he said, "Ha wáa sáwé I haax ugoot?" "Well, why doesn't he come?'' "Haa, "Well, de wéix yaa nagut:' he's already coming:' SALLY HOPKINS: THE BATTLE OF SITKA • 361

"Ahoo!" "Oh!" 79 way:' Héide ashuwataan. He opened the door. "Yáaná:is;x'wán haagu:' "Carne on in this 460 460 Tie yéi áwé ayawsikaa du kéek'. Tuis is what he said to his younger brother. Ash :is;ániwoonook. He sat by him.80 Sh wudlik'átl'. He was silent. giwé "Neelneek déi! "Tell it now! Ayá:is;ák.wé du yá:is; iyawdudzikaa?" Is it true that you were81 insulted?" "Aaa, "Yes, du yá:is; pt yawdudzikaa:' they insulted me:' "Haa wáa sá ituwatee?" "Well, what do you want to do?" "Ha, ch'as I nakwa.á:is;jit:is;áayá a:is; tuwatee:' "Well, I just don't want to hear it:' "Ha, yéi áwé, yéi áwé:' Well, that's right, that's right:' 470 470 At shuwsiteeyi át áyá. x-x-x-x-x-x-x. Tuis is what started it. xo-00-00-00. Aagáa áwé, Tuis was when :is;'awoolyéi x'ayawdudzitee at the door the wind made the sound Jakyis Haahá! Oh,oh! 82 wóoshdei ga:is;du.áat,Kiks.ádi. The Kiks.ádi will. gather forthe kill. Anóoshee káx' á, They will now participate yeisu déi has du jeex' aadéi akgwashée in the trouble yu l.uk'é. with the Russians. Ch'u déi, ch'u déi, ch'u déi, ch'u déi When it kept on,kept on,kept on,kept on yawus.aayi happening, 83 1 s'aati át teen a:is;'áa:is; [negotiators] went between them with their ayaawa.át. masterless at.óow.

480 480 Ch'as yá s du éesh áyá á. Only their father was there.

§ayes'hittaan The §ayeis'hittaan, 84 Kadakw.ádi. Kadakw.ádi. Wóoshdá:is;kaa jiyakawduwashéet'. They wrenched them85 apart. Aa�áa áyá tsá gándei woosh Tuisis when, when they were outside, :is;'awduwawóos' they were asked wáa sá yándei kukagu:is;dayaayi. what the people are going to do. aayi Wuduwa.oo de wé l'éek'áatl' kajóox. Those balts of felts were already bought. Kaagwaantaan yátx'i sákw á. Theywere for the children of Kaagwaantaan. X'us.éenaa du yéet áyu Duk'aan, X'us.éenaa's son Duk'aan was 490 490 §ayes'hittaan yádi. a child of the §ayeis'hittaan. Dus'éil'. They were ripped. Yéi kwdatlaa Tuis wide, koogéinaa sákw á. for koogéinaas. Aanyátx'i aayi. For the nobility. Aa:is; áyá Theydistributed them woosh :is;oodéi, among themselves "Ná,Ná, Ná:' "Here, here, here:' Ách áyá yéi yaawa_kaa Duk'aan Tuis was why Duk'aan said, "Haat aa yti. "Bring one here. 500 500 Kaagwaantaan yádi gunayáakde gé a:is;dook Is my skin different than a child of yatee?" Kaagwaantaan ?" Ách áyu du jeet aa wduwatée, Tuiswas why they gave him one. "Duk'aan wáa sá kwshé kgwasgéet;' yóo du daa kaa "What was Duk'aan going to do?" people tuwatee. wondered. "Ha góok! "Let's go! 362 • SECTION§unayéi y.á IX. déi!" BILINGUAL TEXTS Get going now!" Ách áyá �unéi aawa.át, Tuis was why they started off, dáaknáx á. through the back of the village.86 Hás ku.aa áyás yaakwnáx áyá, yá Kaagwaantaan But the children of Kaagwaantaan went yátx'i. by boat. .Kaashakát áwé wjixix Duk'aan Duk'aan á. ran around at the bow.

510 Deikéenáx yaa nakux. 510 They were paddling along on the outside. Tlél wudusku yu noow a �eidáx ayawdus.aadi No one knew they had left the fort, ch'a aadéi duwajée. but thought they were still there.87 Anóoshee kwá dleit aankwéiyi

Lsagooháa Lsagooháa,

520 du tláach yaa naljik' 520 his mother was packing him on her back, gwéil tóot, in a sack, wáa 1 ulgeiyî sáyóo. how tiny he was. Aaa, Yes yá a shukáx áwé yaa s awunashk'én in front of her, skipping ahead with a cane, Séikw á, were Séikw. Séikw ka X'wáal'k'. Séikw and X'wáal'k'.88 De a shagunká ku.aa áyóo Tuis was the beginning of it all, has na.átch. they were going along. Kayeixtá�u ásgiyóo, I guess X'wáal'k'

530 X'wáal'k'. 530 thought about wood shavings. Séikw ku.a áyá ash K'eiwawóos', "Haaw;' Séikw asked him, "Now;' Séikw: Séikw [says], "Wáa yateeyi aa adawóotl sá i tuwáa sigóo:' "What kind of fighting89 do you want?" X'wáal'k': "Adawóotl xá ax tuwáa sigóo. X'wáal'k' [says], "Fighting is what I want, you see. Héhéhé:' "Heh, heh, heh:'90 Séikw: "Séikw [says], "Wáa sa K'ayeeká?" "What are you saying?" "Kayeixtá�u adawóodli xá ax tuwáa sigóo;' "A wood shavings fight is what I want, you see;' yóo áyu yaawak_aaX'wáal'k'. was what X'wáal'k' said.

540 .Kach hás áyu yéi s 540 They were the ones who would be responsible kuyakuxlagéi. for many dead.91 Yóo shan yadaa, dáxnáx, Those two had reached old age,92 kaa shukáx yaa s awunaltsák_. they walked with canes ahead of everyone. [Kuká�k'w]: _Káashaanx' áwé. [Katherine Benson]:93 They were old men. [ShJ:.aastî]: _Káa shaanx' áyu. [Sally Hopkins]: They were old men. De yaa ndus.át. They were were walking along. [Aakashook]: Kashdei Kanásx. [Peter Nielsen]: I thought he was Kanásx.94 [Sh�aastî]: §ajaa Héen [Sally Hopkins]: Toward the Noow daadéi. §ajaa Héen Fort. Á áyu ch'a s t'ukgwas.énák'w áwé. They were pampering themselves.95

550 §ajaa Héen Noow, 550 At the §ajaa Héen Fort dáak_náx tlél léidei shuwdul.aat. the back doorsweren't shut tight. 9 Wóosht K'awdi�át. They were just closed. 6 Uxganhéen. Coal oil. SALLY HOPKINS: THE BATTLE OF SITKA • 363

Yu deikée áwé sagu yawdzi.aa. Wáa nanée sáwé Out there they were having fun. When was it wdudziteen wé yaakw. somebody noticed the boat? Anax haat uwakux It was coming through there, koogéinaa s'aatx'i, the koogéinaa wearers de[Kuká�k'w): kaa xoowu hás, already[Katherine among Benson): them wé yéi s kuyakawligeiyi _ku.oo. those who were to kil! so many. 560 [Sh�aasti]: 560 [Sally Hopkins]: Ch'as wé yaakw áwé tsáa wdudziteen. The boat was finallyseen? Aaá, Yes,97 yá Qagaanhittaan xoonáx nás'gináx has yatee yu from among the Sun House people there were galsháatadi three hostages, _Kaachguná. _Kaachgunwas there. Nás'gináx has yatee. There were three of them Ach áwé tie yéi s yawdudzi_kaa, That was why they [the Russians] said to them, "Wáa sá kawahaayi aa áhé?" ''Aanyátx'iáwé, "What's with them?" "They're nobility, _K'alyáan kéek' hás áwé:' they're _K'alyáan'syounger brothers:' Ách áwé has du xoot óonaa x'awdudzitán. Tuis was why they aimed the gun among them. A t'éi áwé yóo diyéenáx kwa a kát kaa seiwax'ákw While they were doing this down below, they dá_kdei kei x'eiwaxixi x'aháat. forgot the door that opened to the back. 570 570 Yawdlixwáts X'wáal'k'. X'wáal'k' charcoaled his face. Yawdlixwáts. He charcoaled his face. Dzisk'u yáx yawdlixwáts. He charcoaled his face like an owl. Séikw tsu. Séikw too. Hás tsu kéi s kugagáan ách They did this because they were going to be áyu. burned alive too. Ch'u tie áa neil has wukeeyi teen áwé a t'áagi As soon as they sat down inside, the others were ayaawa.át. out in the back. "Góok! Góok! Góok! Góok!" "Go! Go! Go! Go!" Tlé a xoox has ayawli.át, They quickly set out wé kayeixtágu. the wood shavings. Ts'as yu éek aa áwé TheRussians were only watching those coming on dultin. the beach. 98 580 ''Aaxdi yóo ginawát;' 580 ''Aaxdi yóo ginawát!" Ch'u tie wé kaa daax kéi kanagáni áwé tsá Only when the fire was flaring up around them was when [they said], ch'u yaká áx', saving themselves there, x'aan tóodei lunaagoogu yé. running to the fire there. Yu jákwti kwá ch'a áwu yu éek. The bodies were still lying out on the beach. AWooooof! t'áagi ayaa wa.át. TheyWooooof! went around to the back. Hóoch'. That was the end of it. Kei wjituk. It exploded. Yu noow shakuwát'. The tal! fort. Ha, Now, yáa a t'áa yeik a.áat when they carne back down to the beach, 590 590 yá jákwtix'i. the bodies A yikt has of the fallen 99 at'aa.uwaxayi yaakw áwé kuwsineix. were put aboard Yá jákwti a yée kawdudligaa. a war canoe. A keekaadéi á, Across from there100 Tl'ayáak' kaanáx, they rafted across daak yawdudlixaanás'. Katlian Bay.

Wáashdánk'. Dog Point.

Áyá Tuis is where 364 • SECTION IX. BILINGUAL TEXTS

át yakw.uwaháa. they went by canoe. Dáagi wduwataan wé yaakw. 600 600 Thecliff. boat was brought up. Dáagi kdutáan áwé, gil' shakéeK When they brought it up, they sat on the top of a

ayaawakée. 101 Aagáa áwé wdudziteen, Tuis was when Giyákw, the Alutiiq Gidák Gidák was sighted kei nakuxu. coming by boat. Shee Lutóodei áyu uyéx Gidák Gidák. had gone to Cape Ommaney. A t'éi áyu yéi at woonei. Everything had happened while he was gone. Ch'óo hás at'aawuxaayi áwé wé noow tlein While he was out chasing seals, everything was shakéetK aa ku.aa finished yan yóo at kaawatée. [ with those] from the top of the big fort.

610 Aagáa áyá aa wlihaash Gidák, 610 Tuis was when Gidák floated to 10a2 stop there. "Háa! "Well! Wáa sá woonei noow tlein? What happened to the big fort? Kindei gwáagé wdudziKóot'?" Was it pulled up?" Yóo áyu x'ayaká. Tuisis what he said. Wáanée sáyáa, At what point was it has wududzineiK hás tsu, start-x they saved yá galsháatatx'i. their hostages, again. Lingitch áwé át akawligán de adawóotl áyá TheTlingits set a fireto it. Thebattle is now wusitee. starting. Aagáa áwé 620 620 Tuis is when yéi yaawakaa, "Góok, they said, "Start,

haat yi.á'.' come now:' 3 Wé galsháatatx'i yaaK has awsi.aat. They took the hostages aboardno their boat. "Haa een has kaxyeenéek:' "You wil! teil us about them: De Wáashdánk'u á. Theywere already at Dog Point. Yu x'aa lukaanáx yei kawduwajél wé jákwtix'i. Theyunloaded the bodies at that point. Deikée áwé áa wlihaash. He was floating at a standstill out there.

Aagáa áyá yéi daayaduká, Tuis is when they told him, ''.Aaa, Gidák_. "Hey, Gidák,

630 Haagu! 630 Come here! Yéi ikaxtusanéiK'.' We'll spare you:' "Há, há, há. "Ha, ha, ha. Háa! Hah! Xwasikóo Ká aadéi yei Kat gaKyisanq yé'.' I know how you'll spare me'.'

"Haagu!" "Come here!" 104

Wé kaa ku.á2Çji The interpreters 105 kuK has yawduwadlák had been taken back. k_aa xoowóo hás. Theywere among us. "Lil a Koodéi I yee tootéek "Don't think about going yu kaa yeegáni ch'óok'. 640 640 to the edge of the funeral pyre. Yeehwáan tsu yax shaya kaxtusat'éix'." We'll smash your heads, too'.' Ách áwé ch'a kaa xoowu hás. That's why they were still among us. Áa s x'akawdudlinik, The Tlingits egged them on, "§ayKOOK Gidák!" "Call Gidák'.' Tie has kaa x'akanéek They were interpreting Gidák een. for Gidák. "Yóo áhé has yee daayaká ka yóo'.' "They are saying this and that about you'.' _Kaayaká áa uwaxée. He SALLYstayed HOPKINS:out on the THEwater BATTLE through OF the SITKA night. • 365 Keijininái aa uwaják ch'as yá aanyátx'i. He killed five, all of them nobles. Yáax' áwé tsá Js.aa jeet uwagut Gidák 650 GidáJs.. 650 finallysurrendered. 106 Tle du een Thecanoes woosh yoaxt kuwdzixix. carnealong side of him. Dei kéi kaidusgáan yu já.ls_wti, de ayeet They were already going to cremate the dead, they awduwa.ák. had already started the fire. Á áwé yu woosh yaaxx áwé yaa kunasxix áwé They were going along side of each other, woosh x'anéegu kát each reinforcing their anger from the other's áwé. words. Du katlyaadéi wduwatsuw wé tsa�ál'. He was stabbed in the side with a spear by each Ch'a wáa sá, ch'a néekwdein kudaanéiyin ch'a a man.101 yái. Just as he had clone painful things to them. Jákwti, At the edge of the pyre gánigookx', for the fallen 660 hooch' wuduwaják. 660 he met his end, he was killed. Tle aai áwé Js.aaioo yéi wootee wé From this point on, the interpreters Js.aax'akaneekx'i. were among us. Tle has du een áwé aax naawligáas' The people moved with the interpreters Kasdaxeixda.aan. to Gasdaxeiida.aan, [the village at Halleck lsl.].108 Kasdaxeiida.aanx' áwé tle tliyéi yéi koowatee. At Gasdaxeiida.aan everyone stopped. Tléix', tléix' Js.aakáa yan Js.oowatée. One year, one year passed.'09 Yáax' áwé tsoo Here they were told "Anóoshee "TheRussians yee eedéi s jikuida.áat;' yóo s yawdudzi.ls_aa. Ách are coming to kil! you:' Tuis was why they áwé tle s wudzi.aat. moved. 670 Tliyaadéi 670 To the far side, At Seiyée Tlein. to Deadman Reach. ÁK has yawligás'. Theymoved on from there. Cha ch'u tle Chaatlk'aanoownáx áyá tsu has Only at Point Craven

Tle tlél yéi Js.uwushtu. Toen no one thought about it. Noow �ei aawa.át. Theywere living inside the fort. Déii káa yan kutée áwé yéi After two years passed yéi s du een kadunéek. they were told, 680 "Yóo, 680 "Up there, yóo dikéedái, wé aan s'aati from up there, the head of the village110 kaa jeet góot ku�akóoi kaa is coming by boat to surrender in frontof the yakaadéi:' village:' Tle yan koowané. Theywere ready. Ayáx áwé. That's how it was. Anai haat uwakui Wanáanák. Baranov arrived by boat.

Yaa at nadushéen They were singing has du aayi [ha]s du yakwkasheeyée. their paddling song. Yaakwnáx yawdudlitsaak we kax'wáal' déii On their mast they were flying two downs, �ukl' x'wáal'i. swan's down. 690 A K'áagu á wé át, 690 In between was the object, wé Seijich kut wuhooni át. the object that Seiji had sold offsomewhere. 111 366 • ASECTION láanáx IX.yawdudlitsaak. BILINGUAL TEXTS lt was in between them. ;Kaanaawuweidî sákw áyóo. That was to be payment for the fallen. Aan }suxdei áwé }sukaxdulxux That was what they were going to persuade us át áyóo. back with. Tle }saaeegayáadei yaa na}su2Çueen áwé - As soon as he got to the beach in front of us - [clapping, imitating the sound of guns] [ clapping, imitating the sound of guns] Anóoshi óonayi xá kustéeyin. [The Tlingits] used to have Russian guns. Hóoch'. That was the end of that! Daak kawdudli.un. Theywere blasted back out. Kux wudikux yáadei. Theycarne back here. Nás'gi áa. The third time. 700 Aagáa áyá tsáa, 700 It was finally then, "Yak'éi;' yóo kuyaawakaa, "Gu déi:' "Good;' someone said. "Let's go:' Wuduwashuch kwá s du káx' tsu yéi s They had been bathing for strength to get ready kuwusneiyf yfs. for when the Russians would attack again. Ha, aagáa áyá yáadu. At that point it was here. Yáat áyá, lt was right here, tlél héit, not there, tlél yu _Kaasdahéen. not at Indian River. Yáat áyá It was here 2 naawligás'. the clan moved.11 Xáawx' Therewere logs 710 710 3 éekx', down on the beach,11 téix'. rocks. Chush ya.áak sákw yéi wdudzinei. They made a place for themselves. Á áwé wéináx yeik has awulshóowun, That was the trail that carne down through there yu ée_k. to the beach. Kak'áts' a x'aanf wusi.aa. Bushes with thorns grew there. 4 Dáak hitx'i áx yawusikée. The clan houses sat up there.11 [Kuká,!k'w]: Anóoshi? [Katherine Benson]: TheRussians? [Sh,!aast(]: Anóoshi. [Sally Hopkins]: The Russians. Tsu ch'a s kuwlik'ei ch'a aan áyu yéi s Theymade peace again, but they went and did 5 koowanookw. this.11

Yáax' áwé tsáa Finally, here 720 chush ya.áak 720 people made places yéi wdudzinei. for themselves. Haw! Now! Áhé ayáx }suyawdus.óowun. Tuis is where people were relocated. 6 Tlax yu tliyaadéi yan kuwa.óo Tlákwsataan. Tlákwsataan settled way over there. 11 Yá }saakat'óot áwéis Halfway through were Kadakw.ádi. the Kadakw.ádi. [Line too faint to hear and transcribe.] [Line too faint to hear and transcribe.] Haa yinaadéi áwé Shdéen Hit Next to us was Steel House ka yáadu á and the one here, 730 ;Kooxx'áan aayi, 730 _Kooxx'áan's [house], Aataatseen aayî, Aataatseen's, Tlákwsataan aayî. Tlákwsataan's. Nás'k hit, Three houses áx yaawa}sée. sat along there.

Tle yáa yéi Toen, in this way, yáat here, SALLY HOPKINS: THE BATTLE OF SITKA • 367 kóná:içyaa ganée áwé tsáa when things were getting very bad kaa chukaadéi wookéet'. people started to get close. 740 740 117 Yáa yeedát, yá haa ée:içananéekwji aa - Now, the ones who bothered us -

Haaw! Well! Yei áyáa Tuisis how, yéi áyá kadulneek. this is how it was told. Tle k'idéin koon has at wulik'ei. They made a very good peace. Haa yá dleit káa kusteeyi yá:içágé wootee ch'áakw Now, was it like the culture of the whites long ago, yá haa shukát kustéeyi aa? for these ancestors of ours? Ách áyá tlél dleenkwát has awultéen, Tuisis why they didn't take good care of things, yá kukawdudlitini át. because of what they imitated. _Kaanaawuweidi s aawa.oo, TheRussians Anóoshee. made payment forthe fallen. 750 Uháan kwá tlél kaa naawuweidi 750 But as for us, we didn't make payment for the wtoo.oo. fallen. Ch'a ldakát yéidei tie In many ways, then 8 has du toowu k'eiyi �aa s wooshee. they

9 _Ku:içdu.éex'ch. Therewould be a ceremony.11 X'éit:iç kéi dusyéekch They would open up Déi:içX'awool. the Two-Doored House. Déi:iç:iç'aháat tlénx'. Two huge doors. At:iç áwé kukanasheich Anóoshi From then on they would get drunk with the :içoox'. Russians. Ch'áak' :iç'ás'itlénx' yan dul.aatch, Big eagle-jaw clippers would be filled Anóoshi náawu. with Russian liquor. 760 Tlél wáa sá uti. 760 No problem. Tlél kukahin. Nothing was wrong. Haa! Well, aadé :içaankawdudlineegi yéi áyáa. this is how it was told to me. Ch'a atóox' áyá kut:içhas shoowaxee-e-e-e-e-x Living this way, these people yá ku.oo. di-i-i-i-ed. Tléix' áyá haa kawsihidi There was just one clan house of ours, Át Uwaxiji Hit- Strong House - tléik', Lkwahit. no, it was Point House. Ha kót:içku.aa yá haa yakaawagei. Ách áyá a Well, there became too many of us. Tuis is why k'idaakáa yu:içaa wligáas' yá hit. some people moved next door to this house.120 De yá ku:içwasteeyiáwé - When I was already alive- no tlél :içat ulgé - I wasn't very big -

aa�áa áwé S'é Hit wududliyé:iç. 770 this was when Clay House was built. De ku:içwasteeyiáwé. When I was already alive. Shaatk'i tlein:iç :içat si tee. I was already a young woman. Yáat'aa _lsu.aayá a:iç káak hidi But this one, this house of my mother's brother, áa wudunaa�i :içát tsu yoo when they stood up inside to dance, I, too,

He.é, ch'a s'é :iç'éit:içyakayti. Why don't you turn it offfor [Airplane noise drowns out speakers voice.] a[Airplane while?122 noise drowns out speakers voice.] [Kuká�k'w]: [Katherine Benson]: SECTION IX. BILINGUAL TEXTS

368 • [Kuká�k'w]: _Kashdeá áyá tle ashóodei k'idéin [Katherine Benson]: I thought you were going to kak�ilanéek. add this too, to tell it well.

780 [Sh�aasti]: Aaá, ha á áyá a kint 780 [Sally Hopkins]: Yes, well this is it. I've only told ka2fwaanik. part of it. [Kuká;r_k'w]: �uwakaall2fkuwusteeyi [Katherine Benson]: When the Deer Peace áyá, Ceremony was made, de �uwakaan tóodei kaa sa�aháa yu T'aakó. when he wanted some people to join them from aandá2f. Taku village to become peacemakers. Aa�áa kaa jeedéi kaa naawuweidi áyá From when the payment fordeath was made, yáadu á. that's what this is. [Sh;r_aastf]: Ha, á áwé [Sally Hopkins]: Well, that's it, á áwé ashóodei kakkwalaneek. that's what I'll add. [Kuká;r_k'w, voices overlapping]: [Katherine Benson, voices overlapping]: Ááyá That is what yáa a shóodei keenik aa, a shóodei kak�eenéek 2fá. you're adding now, you'll be adding it now, right? [Sh:lf_aasti]: Déi gé? [Sally Hopkins]: Are you ready? [Knocking at door. Visitors arrive. [Knockingat the door. Visitors arrive. Background noise and conversation.] Background noise and conversation.]

Déi gé? Are you ready?

790 Yá koo�áa át has kóo2f, 790 When they carneto get the people, yaakwná2f ayawlitsaak, he had it on his mast, aaa, yá aankáawu. yes, this important man.123 [Recording too faint to transcribe.] [Recording too faint to transcribe.]

Wanáanák. Baranof. Yá kaa naawuweidi2f has Tuis is what they were going to use as payment for aku2flaye2f át. our fallen. Has du jeená2fkwá x'oon dáanaa And from their side I wonder how much money it sákwshiyóo. would be. Tlél kaa yáx' has akawuneek. They didn't say.

Á áyá kaa naawuweidix awliyéx. Tuis is what was used to pay for the fallen. Á áyá yá Naawushkeitl jeex' áyó.yan uwatée. Toen it went to the stewardship of Naawushkeitl. Yéi ákyó.? Is that right?

800 [Kuká;r_k'w, voices overlapping]: Yeah, 800 [Katherine Benson, voices overlapping]: Yeah, du séix kawduwatee. it was put around his neck.124 [Sh;r_aasti]: Naawushkeitl jeex' áyó. [Sally Hopkins]: It was placed in the stewardship yan uwatée. Du séi2fkawduwatee. of Naawushkeitl. lt was put around his neck. [Kuká:lf.k'w]: Hé éekx'. [Katherine Benson]: On this beach. [Sh&aast[]: Á áyá tsá kuxde kaa lus' [Sally Hopkins]: Tuis is what fmally caused the wuli.aat. people to return. Ách áyá yáa kux kuwdligás'. Tuis is why the people returned [to Sitka].

_Kaa naawuweidi s aawa.oo. They [the Russians] made payment for the fallen. Tlél yáx at kawugei. A xoox' áyá yan uwatée yá át. Nothing could equal this. Tuis piece was included. Ách áyá has du een Tuis was why there was

810 �uwakaan wootee. 810 the Deer Peace Ceremony with them. A shóotx áyá tsá at wook'ei. Only after this was there peace.

Yéi yan kadayáa, After this happened, ách áyá ch'a kaa jeet teenéen this was the reason this piece remained in yá át. people's possession. SALLY HOPKINS: THE BATTLE OF SITKA • 369

Ch'a a saax wusitee Tuis object made as payment for the many fallen125 yá aant keeni naawuweidix wududliyexi át. became well known.

Haa But now,

kt'.máx if only yá �kagéi it had been given woowáadi káa jeet teeni kát kwás tléil to someone as old as me, it would not 820 kut gugwaxeexéen. 820 have been lost.126 Áyá yáa yeedadi káawu Thepeople of today tléil at daa yóo tootánk. don't think about these things. Yá haa dakádin wooxeex. Ách áyá, wooyigaa It left us. Tuis is why we are becoming scattered, yaa haa natéen a eetináx. we are in need of it.127 Haa námboo áyá haa jinák Our identity128

wuduwahoon. was sold from us. Ách yeedát a eetéenáx That's why we're in need of it now, tlél aadéi yanaxtuwakaayi yé. Dleit káach yidaa we don't have anything to say [without it]. The ktoodlaakw. white people are trying to get things from us.129

Ha, Well, 830 yéi áyáa 830 this is how much yee een kaxwaaneek, l've told you, aanyátx'u sáani. you noble people. Tsu haa wu.oowu káach tsu na�a.áxji Even those who bought us130 should hear haa kandayáayi what happened to us shux'áanáx. in the beginning. Aagáa áyá tsá yáax' wudixeet haa Finally, after this, our descendants multiplied over yikyátx'i, here, yá Sheet'ká yan aawatée. they covered Sitka. Kiks.ádi yátx'i shux'áanáx. Thechildren of Kiks.ádi131 were first. Tie atx áyá tsáa From then on, finally, 840 ch'u yaká áx' tl'átgi sákw tóodei awli.aadi yé. 840 who ever wanted land claimed and took it. Yá haa shukát kustéeyi aa kwás But those who lived beforeus kutx has shuwaxeex haa nák_. died offfrom us. Ha yáa yeedát And now tléil ax tuwáa ushgu I don't want aan xat wunaawóo. to die with it. Ax yátx'i k_udziteeyi yéix', White my children are alive, kaxyisakóo you wil! all remember: yáat'aa this yee tláa lilak'w hás kandayáayi. is what happened to your mother's ancestors. 850 Ách áyá kaxrisakóo yee nák naxagutni. 850 Tuis is how you wil! remember when I leave you. Yéi áyá yándei yakwkwakáa. These are the words I will leave behind.

[A pause, after which recording resumes.J [A pause, after which recording resumes.]132

Aaa, Yes, ách xát because yá Lkwahitnáx I was born kuxwdzitee. in the Point House.133 15.'alyáan du káak áyóo, yáa yeedadi aayi 15.'alyáan 15.'alyáan's maternal uncle, the Kalyáan of today's du káak, maternal uncle, 370 • SECTION IX. BILINGUAL TEXTS

ax léelk'w, was my grandfather, ax éesh du éesh. my father's father.

Sheek yóo áyu dusáagun. His name was Sheek_. 134 860 860 Du éesh ku.aa, yu Sheek du éesh ku.aa áyóo His father, the father of Sheek_, Aankáak'u yóo áyó dusáagun, Hátjayi. was named Aank_áak'u [and] Hátjayi. Kaagwaantaan dachxánx áyu wsitee ax éesh. My father was a grandchild of Kaagwaantaan. Ách áyó du aat aawasháa, ax tláa That's why he married his paternal aunt, aawasháa. he married my mother. Ách yá uháan kuwtudzitee. Tuis is how we were born. Jinkaat ka déixináx haa wootee. Therewere twelve of us. Ha kutx kwá has shoowaxeex ax nák_. But they all

Hóoch'! No more! 135 Hóoch'! No more! Shuwlihaash haa adawóodlee Our troubles have floated out haa káak hás aanéex'. on our maternal uncles' land. Ax kéek', My younger sister yáanax.áwu ax éesh du kéilk'i aayi áyá. is on this side, my father's nephew's child. 890 890 Aaa, Yes, yáa this K'inaa Éesh daughter du sée áyóo of K'inaa Éesh Kukáxk'w. Kukáxk'w. Nás'gináx á Three of us

kutudzitee. are alive. 36 Haa, yáanax.á aa ku.aa But those on this side, yá ax éesh du aat hás, these paternal aunts of my father,1 dáxnáx áyá s kudzitee, hás ku.aa. two of them are living. 900 900 Yá a dagiyigé aa Theones in between, Kus.een Tláa du dachxanx'i yán [are] the grandchildren of Kus.een Tláa, nás'gináx has yatee, there are three of them, káax'w, men, káax'w tsó. men also. Hóoch' áyáa. There are no more. Yá ax aayi ax yátx'i These children of mine, dáxnáx káa yát áyá, nás'gináx, there are two male children, three of them, daax'oonináx. four. SALLY HOPKINS: THE BATTLE137 OF SITKA • 371 138 910 910 Sháa Jswá dáKnáJ.Ç wootee. And there were two women. Aaa, yá aJ.Ç kéek'átsk'u aayf tsóo Yes, and those of my younger sister, too, aa wooneiJ.Çdu yátx'u sáani. some of her children are alive. Hóoch' áyá aadéi áa shatudakéeJ.Çyé Tuis is all of us who still wake up here yá haa káak hás aanf. on this land of our maternal uncles. 39 Ách áyóo That was why 1 wutuwa.oowu káa wakshiyeex' in the eyes of the people we bought uwayáa sh wutoosht'éex'i, it's as if we are rooted in place 40 tléix' yanaJ.Çkawsi .aayi aas yáJ.Ç. like a solitary tree with many roots.' Yéi áyáa 920 920 Tuis is how haa kusteeyée our Jives eeshandéin[ Questions from yatee Kuká:é'w yeedát, and Aakashoofs., are[ Questions pitiful today, from Katherine Benson and Peter toa faint to hear.] Nielsen, toa faint to hear.]

yá §ayeis'hittaan we who are children yikyátx'iK haa sateeyf. of §ayeis'hittaan.

Aa�áa áyáa, Tuis is when

yáa aK tláa du tláak'w, my mother's maternal aunt Kayik AKaa Kayik AKaa Chookánk'fch áyó woosháax'w was asked forher hand in marriage by Chookánk' shux'áanáK. in the first place. Du sée áwé kuwdzitee 930 930 Her daughter JeeJ.Çtsóow JeeKtSÓOW. was born. Du yinaadéi áwéi After her Yeildzóo. Yeildzóo. Du yinaadéi áwé Tl'aakák'w. After him was Tl'aakák'w.

Yéi áyá s yakaawagei. Tuisis how many there were. Áyá du yikyátx'i áyá, yáa aJ.Çkéek'átsk'u These are her children, my younger sister's aayée. children. AtJ.Çáwés yá aK tláa, And then this mother of mine yá aK éesh jee yéi wootee. was with my father. AK tláa du tláa, My mother's mother

940 Kashaawát. 940 was Kashaawát. Du sée áyó aK tláa shux'aa yádi, Her daughter, her firstchild, was my mother, S'eistaan. S'eistaan. Du yinaadéi áwéi After her was DaaKtináa. DaaKtináa. Du yinaadéi áwéi After him Kaalxaach. Kaalxaach. Du yinaadéi áwéi After her KaajeeKs.een á. KaajeeKs.een. Yáadu áwé hóoch'i aayf, Here is the last one, Kaak'wáa Éesh. Kaak'wáa Éesh.

950 Haa, 950 Now,

atK áwés yáadu du kéek'. following them here is her younger sister. AK tláa du kéek' áyóo, Tuiswas my mother's younger sister, Kaalxaach. Kaalxaach. 372 • SECTION IX. BILINGUAL TEXTS

Kaayéigich áyu uwasháa, Kaayéigi married her, Kaalxaach wuduwasháax'w. Kaalxaach was asked in marriage. A tóox' áwé kuwdzitee du sée In this marriage her daughter was born, Sawduhaa á. Sawduhaa. Tléináx wootee. She was the only child. Atx áyóo yá Sawduhaa shaawátx nastée When Sawduhaa became a woman

960 yá du léelk'uch woosháax'w, 960 her grandfather Tak'xoo asked forher hand in Tak'xooch á. marriage. Aagáa áyá yá Tak'xoo du yéet kuwdzitee, Tuis was when Tak'xoo's son was born, Shaayeexáak á. Shaayeexáak. Aaa, yá dáxnáx yateeyi aa kwá s woonaa. But the other two died. Has woonaa, hás _ku.aa. As for them, they died.

Atx áwé yáadei From then41 up to now tléix' kwáan, neil kwáan yátx'ix has they became one group, the children of one house wusitee, group/ wóosh teen naa yátx'eex. all together the children of one clan. Aaa, yá ax léelk'w Yes, this grandfather of mine _Xwaantáná. was _Xwaantán.

970 Du yátx'i áyás tsu kuwdzitee. 970 His children were also born.

Atx áyóo yáade From then, here,

du sée, du káawu woonaa. his daughter's husband

yéi áyá xwasikóo. this is how I know it. 143 Yá i tláa aayi kwá tléil xwasaku yá, As foryour mother, l don't know yá[A pause,du éesh. after which recording resumes.] [A[who] pause, her afterfather which [was]. recording resumes.]

[Katherine Benson]:

980 [Kuká�k'w]: Ch'oo yéi áwé sh keelneek, 980 You're telling it right, my shátx older sister, yáa yeedát right now, yá aadéi the way anáax daak keenikji yé, you're explaining yá haa _kusteeyi. this genealogy of ours. Aaa, Yes, hé ax léelk'w this grandmother of mine yéi x'ayakáayin, "Tléil gunakáa, tléix' Kikssháa;' used to say, "There's no one else, just the one yóo. group of Kiks.ádi women:' Áyá yáa yeedát i x'éidei xaa.áxch, shátx. And now, this is what I hear you saying, older sister.

990 Ách áwé 990 Tuis is the reason xáach tsu yáa yeedát yá, I am also [ talking] now i x'a.itx' after you, yá about this, aadéi sh wutudzineixi yé, after what you told yá keeyaneegi. about how we survived. Aaa, Yes yá ax tláa this mother of mine, yáa Yankawgé Yankawgé, Jilkáatnáx áyu yu.á kuwdzitee. it's said she was born from Chilkat. SALLY HOPKINS: THE BATTLE OF SITKA • 373 Jilkáat aa Kaagwaantaan yádix wusitee. She was a child of the Chilkat Kaagwaantaan. Ách kuwtudzitee uháan tsu hu Tuis is how we too were bom, because she was kuwusteeyéech. bom.

1,000 Xát ku.aa áyás 1,000 But as forme, ch'a yáanáx my fathers are Wooshkeetaan yu ax éesh hás áyá Wooshkeetaan. from here. Ách áyá yáa yeedát sh wutoosneixée Tuis is why those of us who survived ch'a yá haa yátx'u sáani gukáax' are telling this yóo x'atuli.átk. for the ears of our young children. Áyá yáax' akanéek yá ax shátxich yá aadéi haa Tuis is what this older sister of mine is explaining wooneixi yé, de ch'á x'oonk'éenáx sá. here, how we survived, just so few of us. Yéi áyá yáa Toen this: yá xát áyáa as forme, yá ax séek' áyá kudzitee. this daughter of mine is alive.

1,010 Du niyaadéi áyáa 1,010 After her yá káax siteeyi aa yá Xaayaduskaa. the one who is a man, Xaayaduskaa. Du niyaadéi X'akjeek Tláa After him is X'akjeek Tláa. Du yátx'oo sáani ku.aa áyás tsu has ]sudzitee. Her little children are also alive. Ha de ch'a á áyá akanéek yá ax shátxich; Tuis is what my older sister is telling about; de hóoch' áyá. this is all of us. De á áyá át haa shoowaxix yá haa káak There are no more of us here on this land of our hás aani. maternal uncles. De ldakát Tuisis all of us, tlél daatx sá haa usti. we're down to nothing. Áyá yáa yeedát yáax' yaa akanalnigi xáach tsu yáa And now, 1, too, have added here to what yeedát adaat x'axwditaan. she told. Haa yáa Now this:

1,020 kéi nawat aa 1,020 the ones that are growing up, yá haa yátx'u sáani these children of ours, haa dachxanx'i sáani, our grandchildren, tie tléil déi s awusku. already they don't know it. Ách áyá yáa yeedát ch'a wóoch een sh Tuis is why now we're telling it to each other just katoolneek. now.144 Adax yá ax shátxi een yáax' woosh xánt Because of this, my older sister and I are sitting tuda]séen. together. Áyá yéi kugei áyá xáach tsu Tuis is how much I too aa kakkwanéek. will tel1. Yéi áyá. Tuis is all. 145 374 • SECTION IX. BILINGUAL TEXTS

Notes Eventually we received the support and encouragement of the leaders of all the Kiks.ádi clan houses. 1. The recording contains a wealth of historica!, cultural, We thank the students, elders, and community members and genealogical information. As noted throughout, there who participated in our spring 2007 lntroduction to Tlingit are challenges to understanding the recording, and we have Oral Literature class at the University of Alaska Southeast found no-one alive today with the grasp of information it both on-site and through distance delivery for their careful presents. The text and translation will provide a starting proofreadingof this text as a class activity: in Juneau, Linda point for future cultural and genealogical research by clan Belarde and Lance Tw itchell; in Sitka, Corinne Brown, Kassy and community members, and will offer historians world Eubank-Littlefield, Al Gray, Franklin James, David Kanosh, wide another important piece of the puzzle of Russian Nels Lawson, John and Roby Littlefield, Ethe! Makinen, American history. Vivian Martindale, Silvia and Willis Osbakken, Irene Paul, The recording is also valuable for linguistic reasons, which and Al Wilson; in Anchorage, Vivian Mork. We especially also present challenges. On the recording, Sally Hopkins is thank Jeff Leer, Alaska Native Language Center, Univer speaking a now-extinct dialect of Tlingit. We had trouble sity of Alaska Fairbanks, for his careful reading of the text hearing the recording in places, and we also had to decide and for his suggestions of notes on grammar and style. We how much phonetic detail to record to balance our desire appreciate the additional ears and eyes. As editors, we as to reflect the unique features of her speech, but still make it sume full responsibility for any errors that may have slipped accessible to the genera! reader and learner of Tlingit. Our through. compromise is described below. y" The narrative is difficultto follow at firstreading because One of the most distinctive features of Sally Hopkins's it is differentfrom what we might expect of an historica! ac speech is the sound we write here as ji, called "dotted y, count. It is intended to show the relatives and descendants or ''y-umlaut:' Although the sound has been described as of Sally Hopkins how they are connected to the events of "gamma;' written JeffLeer reports that this is not the case, 1802 and 1804. Therefore, her organization is not chrono because the "gamma" is a fricative and jiis not a fricative. Leer UJ· logica!, but seems to be genealogical. Her storyline is a fam describes it as a high, back, unrounded semi-vowel, written ily line and not a linear sequence of events. In fact, she col in IPA as Leer suggests calling the letter "yamma:' lapses some episodes and changes back and forth between The ji sound has been lost in modern Tlingit. Jeff Leer episodes. She assumes that we already know the basic "plot suggests that Sally's speech may reflect that of a transitional outline" of the battles of 1802 and 1804. Therefore, we place generation between an older generation that had ji exclu g. the Sally Hopkins account last, although it was the first we sively, and the modern generation that has lost it. Early Rus y, w. worked with, at the request of the family of Sally Hopkins, sian transcriptions spell the sound with Sally's generation y w a� yéet and it was the narrative that started this entire book. We seems to have had a mixture of ji, and Variation be du wéet hope that more research can be done on this narrative tween and depends on phonetic environment: ji w ji, du by more people and at greater leisure once the book is in (my child) (his/her child). We decided to write both jiéet du yéet) print. the and these sounds as because spellings such as du wéet. The narrative by Sally Hopkins is especially valuable for (closer to modern proved in field testing and y several reasons. It was recorded in August 1958, fifty years proofreadingw to be less confusing to readers than prior to the publication of the present book, when Sally was The yhistory of the ji sound helps explain the alternation of eighty-one years old. Since she was fluent in Tlingit by the and in modern Tlingit grammar, especially noticeable in age of five, for linguistic purposes, her speech is a window the classifierand in perfective verb forms. back in time to the spoken language of 125-30 years ago. For Other unique linguistic features are some patterns of in historica! and cultural content, it is probable that when Sally tonation and vowel length. Here, again, we compromised in was a child, there were persons still alive in the community our transcription. In most of our work, we tend to standard who knew Baranov, who left Sitka in 1818, fifty-nine years ize spellings of demonstratives and suffix vowels as short, beforeSally was bom. The events of 1802 and 1804 were still following northern Tlingit usage, where centra! and south strong in the memories of persons alive in Sally's childhood ern communities tend to use Jonger vowels. In these cases, and youth, as were the family names and genealogies. there is no difference in meaning. Sally Hopkins is not uni As noted above, this text is important as the starting point formly long or short, but has some vowels short, some long, for the present book. In the mid-198os we were requested and some "half-long:' Tuis Jatter we do not attempt to reflect by the daughter and grandson of Sally Hopkins to transcribe in the transcription. But otherwise, we have tried to follow and translate the tape recording, and we received the en her pronunciation. Here are some examples: couragement and cooperation of the National Park Service. SALLY HOPKINS: THE BATTLE OF SITKA • 375

Short Long Meaning (yá yáa). 6. As described above in her narrative, Sally Hopkins uses yá yáa this both the long and short forms of the word and yû yóo that While we generally standardize short in our publications, áyá áyáa this is here we try to follow the narrator as closely as possible. áyû áyóo that is 7. Our convention has been to translate house names, but Anóoshi Anóoshee Russian.ga- not clan names. So we translate §ayéis' Hft as Iron House, Also linguistically unique to this text is Sally's pronun but retain the clan name §ayeis'hittaan (literally, People ciation of the conjugation prefix in future verb forms. of the Iron House). Sally Hopkins pronounces the names g, Tuis is described in detailed notes to lines 403 and 623. In with "stolen stress" so we spell them as §ayeis' Hft and g k. places where all modern speakers have the sound Sally §ayeis'hittaan. Phonetically, she often says §ayes'hittaan. sometimes has and sometimes Tuis is not random or We use this convention with other house and clan names. free variation. In one passage in particular, she has different See the Tlingit name list for more information. Tuis term is characters speaking with differentpronunciations. Tuis sug also used with the secondarydu wéet meaning of "jail house:' gests that there may have been dialect variation from family 8. Phonetically, her pronunciation of ji here and in line to family or clan house to clan house. 41 below is more like (influenced by the u). As ex Her delivery is generally slow and deliberate, often with plained above,du waakoosgeiyi we still transcribe this as ji. Although less slight pauses between lines. We note with a space between phonetically accurate,u it is less confusingw. for readers. Like lines only the Jonger, more significant pauses- either pauses wise for in line 38, and similar situations the running narrative, or where a difference in volume in where her jiafter is pronounced y, In other environments suggests the microphone was moved and/or the recorder the semivowel sound of jiis retained. We have tried to note was turned offand then on again. There seems to be a canary all instances of ji in contrast to but we have no doubt chirping loudly in the background. missed some. Her pronunciation is very conservative, not only with the 9. u oo. Shk'awulyeil was the great-grandfather of Sally's mother. jidescribed above, but with automatic labialization of velars Tlingit does not distinguish between grandparent genera in the environment of and We do not reflect this pho tions (grandparent, great, great-great, etc.). Sally Hopkins netic level in our transcription, nor do we indicate where and her descendants, her siblings' descendants, and the de false starts are edited out. scendants of her mother's siblings (such as A.P. Johnson, In editing this text, we have tried to keep the genera! Emily Williams, and others) trace their ancestry in a direct reader and learners of Tlingit in mind, but this text in line to Shk'awulyeil. We do not have research time to de particular (as well as other older recordings such as Alex velop a complete genealogicalchart, but here we list for each Andrews above in this book) cries out for a separate mono generation a key figure in the context of this book. Tuis will graph featuring closer, technica! phonetic transcription and help others connect themselves to this family tree. We apol annotation by and for specialists. We anticipate that in the ogize for not being able to list all of the people connected. future the sound recording may be available to students and a. Aankalaseek, Sally's great-great-great-grandfather, specialists interested in a closer, more technica! analysis of father of the phonetics of the narrative, which preserves many con b. Shk'awulyeil, Sally's great-great-grandfather, 2. servative featuresof older Tlingit. father of Peter Nielsen, Aakashook, is son of Sally Hopkins. In c. T'ákwjaa, Sally's great-grandfather, his prolog he invites his mother to provide a definitive his father of tory of their ancestors. d. Kashaawát, Sally's grandmother, 3. LingitLiterally, "Let us set it down" (on paper or on tape). mother of 4. The literal meaning is "Tuis is how we became human:' e. S'eistaan, mother of Sally and her siblings, including means "human;' or "Tlingit:' A paraphrase would be the grandmother of A.P. Johnson and the grandmother "this is how we became who we are today as Tlingit human of Emily Williams beings;' or "Howaaá, our lives are as Tlingits:' f. Sally Hopkins and siblings, including the mother of 5. Yes. In Tlingit narratives and oratory, this is sometimes Emma Duncan pronounced with a high tone on the second syllable, g. Amy Nelson and siblings, including Peter Nielsen, fa meaning "yes" (as in lines 16 and 800, in response to a ques ther of Ray Nielsen; James D. Williams, father of Marie tion). At other times it is with a low tone, in which case it Olson and siblings; Emma Olsen 10. functions more as a verba! pause or "thinking word:' We h. Andrew Ebona and siblings. decided to write this with no tone mark in all instances, but Literally, Aankalaseek took Skajeek to wife. Thereare still translate it as "yes;' feeling that it conveys more than two different verbs in Tlingit for "to marry;' depending on English "umm" or "uh:' whether the subject of the sentence is male or female. 376 • SECTION IX. BILINGUAL TEXTS

11. One would expect the direct object a- hut it can ap pears in several versions of the history. We have also trans parently be omitted in this older dialect if the incorporated lated with the pronouns "us" and "we" a few lines below. noun jiis included in the verb. 29. Sally Hopkins pronounces this name with a voiced [, 12. Phonetically, here and elsewhere she joins the name which is an older Tlingit substitution for an English or Rus and -á: S�utóot-á or S�utóodá. sian n. We believe this to be the Sitka interpreter Aniushka 13. Sally Hopkins emphasizes that she didn't marry a man ("Annie"), mentioned by Filipp Kashevarov. She survived the of Kaagwaantaan, hut of _Gayeis'hittaan. The narrator is be 1796 shipwreck in Cook Inlet and was presumably alive in ing careful to maintain the historica! distinction between 1802 and 1804. She also pronounces the name Daalnéiiç_' with two clans generally lost today. a voiced l (written underlined) instead of n: Daalléii. Phonetically, yáala�.á. 30. X'us'noowu, Crab Apple Fort (not to be confused with

15.14. In this line and the next déi is an enclitic and not a Xutsnoowu, Angoon) was located on Alice Island. During postposition. World War II, Alice and Charcoal Islands were joined to 16. Although we can't confirm it, this sounds like a prov gether and to Japonski Island, to build the Sitka Airport. erb or proverbia! expression referring to a naturally occur Alice Island is closer to the bridge, Charcoal Island closer ring or inevitable event. to the runway. 17. Phonetically wookw déi, where -gu becomes -kw. Déi 31. We follow our Sitka colleagues' suggestion that the is an enclitic. Tlingit term waal (hole) probably refers to a seawater cave,

Here and in line 312 the suffix -t' indicates repeated, possibly near Silver Bay. plural18. action. Not only were they born, they multiplied. 32. The Tlingits called the Russian ships aan, hence Or, "used to be:' The verb is attributive decessive per aandaa.óonaa (cannon), aandaayaagu (longboat), etc. fective.19. 33. Another suggested reading is to understand the Eng 20. Low tone on ach, where high ách is expected. There lish word used in the Tlingit text as "steady;' as in to steady a is a pattern in the narrative of ách being pronounced with ship, or keep it on course. But here the ship is at anchor and a lower tone than the following áyá or áyu, creating a se ready to open fire.Also, the lines following suggest that the quence of three increasing rising tones. Tlingits had studied Russian battle tactics. In line 213 she

21. Káa is high where low is expected. carefully pronounces "study" (not "sdádi"). Line 211 is pos 22. The clan houses were sitting on Noow Tlein, Castle sibly yéi at duwasáakw, "there is a thing they call 'study:" Hili, in what is now downtown Sitka. Reference is to ritual bathing in the sea to strengthen, 23. Tuisline is very difficultto hear on the recording. Also, purify, and focus on the coming battle. 34. many speakers say yéi yakugéi. 35. Tuis is the Raven Helmet described in other narratives. 24. In normal pronunciation of the clan house names, See the color section for photographs of it. the tone is often "stolen" from the first word, so that Luká 36. Reference is to the houses built in the pit within the becomes Luka Hft, with only one high tone in the phrase. fort at Indian River. Likewise Tináa Hft and Tinaa Hft. These names could be 37. A pelt is worn over one shoulder like a half-cape, with written as one word, hut we prefer to spell them as two the ether side under the arm. words in Tlingit and English. Sally Hopkins pronounces 38. The verb tufs..ugé uses the incorporated noun prefix this Lkwahft. form of tóofs., usually meaning "rump:' We understand this

25. Tuis is a transition to the historica! events of 1804. In to be the "butt" end of the hammer, i.e., the striking part of the narrative, the place name is pronounced as a compound the head and not the handle. She seems to hesitate using this noun, with one tone and the second vowel short, so we write descripter, hut can't think of a better one. it as one word (_Kaasdahéen) instead of two words (Kaasdaa 39. Sally Hopkins uses the Tlingit word aka.áwli. In Héen). Speakers vary slightly on pronunciation of this and northern Tlingit this is aya.áawoo. We understand this to other place names, as in the American varieties of "New be a leather strap. Orleans:' 40. Future sequentia!. 26. The narrator pauses here; the tape recorder is turned The Russians are laughing because they think he is off, and then on again.

i e ee ei 44. By now it is clear that Sally Hopkins does not lower take this to be part of the dramatic dialog of the character 68. 399 du jiá,;f. to and to before uvulars. speaking, and not the narrator clearingdu jiá:f herdu throat. wá:f) 45. Sally Hopkins uses the Tlingit word T'ikanaa, meaning duTlingit yá,;f line Sally Hopkins probably retains "outside to seaward tribe;' in this context referring not to the a phonetic distinction between ( = "his face" 46. Aleuts,/s.uwaawadlaafs.. but to Tlingits from the outer coast. from "Like him:' 47. We have standardized here to ji; Sally Hopkins says At the plot level, this is a pivotal section in the narrative. Ka)sáayee is insulting Stoonook. The Tlingit is like the Eng There is a short break here. The recorder was probably lish idiom "He rubbed his face in it;' - literally "his face-over 48. turned offfor Sally Hopkins to rest. him he-moved-with-words:' The narrator seems to contradict herself here; else Thereis a double layer of insult here because the graceless 49. where K'alyáan is identifiedwith the Point House. clan brother is embarrassing and insulting his guest in the 11.Variant pronunciation. See Xaayadus}saa in appen present by reminding him of the past embarrassing and in 50. dix sulting incident of the man in jail, and taunting him with it. We interpret this grammatica! construction to mean Tuis ultimately motivates the Kiks.ádi to take action against 69. that the person has acquired a second name, such as Prince the Russians and clear their name, reputation, and honor. Albert may rule as King George, or a bishop takes a new On the tape, you can hear her sliding something like 51. 403 tlél gu/s.alaseen, name-k'w-. when elected pope. a plate on the table. Modern pronunciation is Aak'wtaatseen, with diminu 70. Tlingit line "I won't hide it:' Sally tive (ha)s fs.uwdziteet'. -t' Hopkins's pronunciation of future formsis complex and de 52. The Tlingit has a form difficultor impossible to equate serves further linguistic analysis. In future(ga-), forms, four po in English: Here the suffix indicates re sitions in the Tlingit verb complex are typically contracted: peated action, something like "kept on being born" or "were irrealis prefix (u-), conjugation prefix aspect prefix g-, repeatedly bom;' or "multiplied:' 1802. (Jra-), and the appropriate subject pronoun. In Sally's speech, k. 53. Tuis is a transition to the historica! events of the singular forms retain the conjugation prefix but in 55. l gufs.a- 54, Or, "He got us in trouble:' plural formsit may be replaced by n. gaJree- Sally Hopkins pronounces _Kunaa with voiced replac 1s noow tlein guJra- ing 2s ga,;fdu- 56. Here we understand (not145 capitalized) to re 3s ka:f_too- 146fer not to Castle Hili (as in Tlingit line and English line 4s ka;sjiee- above), but1802 literally to the "big fort" of the Russians at 1p k. Old Sitka. In the Tlingits were still living1804. at Castle Hili; 103 623 71. 2p Baranov58. occupied the site after thedu wáwoo;Battle of du yáwoo See note to line below for detail on use of 57. Literally, "He ochered his facewith Tlingit ocher:' Tuisline sounds like a proverbia! expression, but does TheTlingit is phonetically this is not seem to be. Perhaps an English equivalent would be at l6o:fgu,;fsatee. 72. haat in contemporary Tlingit. something like, "They treat me royally in other places:' 59. The Tlingit may be The Tlingit word refers to a very strong, rush lt 73. Jréen Jréen 60.61. Or, "They didn't let it bother them:' ingwás'i. tide. Elaeágnus commutata No one took it seriously. stopped on its own. Here and in line 424 below, the Tlingit is and 62. Tuis is a proverbia! expression, meaning that a person In English,1968:684, Silverberry bush, 1983:95). of privilege is pampered, accommodated, served whatever Bernh. (Hultén Trelaway Found in cen he asks for. tra! Alaska to southwest Yukon; not attested on the coast, 63. The Tlingit is literally "carried around:' Although hon but found in Atlin13, and2006). Teslin (Leer, personal communica ored guests were literally carried to shore, we take this as tion, November The story suggests there was a a figure of speech here, that they were treating him as a place along the Chilkat River where the plant was found. 64. dignitary. Thefruit is eaten. Here, the branches are used for beating in

Tuis is more commonly said today as "I gu.aa yá� ritual74. training and purification before battle. See the notes x'wán:' k'i-to Alex Andrews for more detail. 65. Theyare literally tearing a large piece of dried, smoked There is remarkably high frequency of the prefix fish66. so that guests can reach into a bowl and get individual ("at the base of") it the verbs in this and the following pieces to eat. sentence. The speaker is demonstrating the size of bundle Literally, "c arneinside and squatted down:' to tie at the base of the branches, to be used for ritual beat 67. There is a deliberate clearing of the throat here. We ing, as in a steam bath. 378 • SECTIONTleitaat IX. BILINGUAL TEXTS tléix' taat,

75. is an old compound word for Jimmy and grandmother of Ken Perkins, the current leader 76. -;?f, meaning "one whole night:' of the Steel House,was presentwusitee at the recording. 94. See also line 348 above for a different form of this The name is possibly Kanási or Kanás with suffixénk'w word.78. yéi belonging to a verb like understood but not spoken. 95. yawoofs.aa,77. The verb is potential ("might"). The line is difficultto translate. The Tlingit stem The verb is hard to hear; almost sounds like describes a spoiled baby who cries a lot. A possible trans possibly an irrealis form. lation is "They were resting;' but we decided to stick more 79. In this passage, Sally Hopkins uses different voices closely to the Tlingit with "Theywere pampering themselves:' for the narrator and the two men talking. The narrator is a Tuis is consistent with the Russian documentation that the "regular" voice - quiet, careful, precise, but not slow (lines attack happened on a Sunday,when the residents of the fort 458, 460-62, 47off.). _K'alyáan speaks in a "big man" voice - were resting and had the day offfor leisure activities. 96. weighty80. low,[sh slow ka]neelneek (lines 459, déi, 463-64, 467, 469). Stoonook Two different Tlingit verbs are used here. We under has yet another voice (lines 465-66, 468). stand the lines to mean that the doors were closed or shut 81. g_alsháatadi, From "Give me the news now!" but were not bolted or barred. Literally, "I was rubbed all over his face;· like English 97. The Tlingit term, can mean "prisoner" 82. "They rubbed my face in it:' or "hostage:· In this context,we understand this to refer to 83. l s'aati át, Or,"join in the fight:' Tlingit women living with the Russians,and in the following The Tlingit term used is literally "master dialog the Russians ask them to identify the attacking Tlin less object;' a special category of at.óow referring to an ob gits. We use the term "hostage" here and in the following ject left behind after the owner's death. See the introduc passages to refer to thenás'k Tlingit áyu women whom thenás'giná;?f, Tlingits tion to Dauenhauer and Dauenhauer 1990,especially pages take back, interrogate,and use as interpreters in the Gidák 16-17. In this passage, the Eagle moiety people mentioned episode. JeffLeer hears here rather than below were negotiating, presumably between the Kiks.ádi suggesting that Sally Hopkins is counting captives as non and the Kaagwaantaan, in an effort to avoid a battle and to humans and not using the human suffix with numbers. In 98. dissuade the Kiks.ádi from attacking the Russians to save 563 below the human suffix is clear. 84. I.e., áaxdi yaga{awaat. TbI their honor. ;,ç_'awduwas'[t, ;?f'awdu Tuis is a Tlingit imitation of Russian speech. Jeff Leer wawóos' they pulled apart the people who were quarreling. hears this as Possibly axrn: or ax in 85. The recording sounds like but Russian. 99. makes more sense here. Tuisand the line above are We are stillyawdudli;?f.áanás', not satisfied with our understanding and hard86. to hear. 100. dáa/s.ná:;?f. á á translationyawdudli;?f,aanás'. of this sentence, lines 587-92 in Tlingit. There is a minimal pair between the two-word phrase Possibly although everyone today dáafs.na;?f,.á 101. "through the back of the village" + "it is" and says 87. (one word) "the upland / inland / rear side:' The recording has Giyákw, "Aleut;' (specifically Alu Tuis sentence is ambiguous. It could mean that the tiiq or Sugpiaq of Prince William Sound) followed by Gidák, Russians at Old Sitka were not aware that the Tlingits had emphasized. It is unclear if she is correcting herself (in left their fort at Castle Hili for the attack; or, the narrator which case Giyákw is a false start and should be omitted) or could be confusing the battles of 1802 and 1804. The next if she meant to identify Gidák as an Alutiiq, in which case dozen lines include images normally associated with the it should be inserted (although actually he was a Fox Island 102. noow tlein, 180488. battle: evacuation of the Indian River fort,the white or Unangan Aleut). flag,and the name Lsagooháa. The Tlingit here has literally "big fort;' Thereis some irony in the names. Séikw is the stem for and refers in this context to the Russian fort and not the 103. "breath" and "being alive;' and X'wáal'k' literally means "little Tlingit fortby the same name on Castle Hili. 89. adawóotl down (feather);' a traditional symbol of peace. In this passage there is interesting linguistic and sty g The Tlingit word means "trouble;· especially listic use of grammar. Where most speakers today have ini g trouble that involves or leads to fighting. Another English tia! inkin the conjugation prefix that is one indicator of the translation here might be "asking for trouble:' future,Sally Hopkins has some characters using and some 90. The character is laughing here. using dialog. Both formsstill exist and are acceptable. /s.uyag_u;?f.lagéi. g 91. Sally has future form with k. Most speakers today Kiks.ádi characters use k (lines 623, 630). The Unangan wouldshan yadaa say shaan yadaa. Aleut Qidak uses (633). Sally Hopkins in her "narrative 92. Literally,"had come to the face of old age:' TheTlingit voice" seems to use k (653,694,794,847). In dialog from an is a contracted form of unidentified,non-Kiks.ádi speaker, kis also used (669). Tuis 93. Katherine Benson, IÇuká2Çk'w,the mother of Irene cries out for more technica! transcription and analysis. SALLY HOPKINS: THE BATTLE OF SITKA • 104. 379

TheTlingit verb also suggests "won over;' "persuaded;' yam or motion dance. Performed by women during the "convinced:'105. joyous part of a ceremony, it is characterized by the use of The bilingual women interpreters who had been in yam bundles wom hanging in front of the ears from head the fort with the Russians are now taken back by the Tlingits, bands, and set in motion by swaying. See Dauenhauer and 122. who106. are now giving commands to them. Dauenhauer 1990:62, 271, 275, 410, 413. This line is spoken with a heavy sigh. Sally Hopkins is The interruption comes when Sally Hopkins is "on a very close to the story and to the protagonists. It's just like roll:' Katherine Benson has to try to patch the hole in the yesterday107. to her. fabric of the story, and uses the opportunity to clarify an im Sally Hopkins says tsa!J.ál'. A variant formis tsaa!J.ál; portant point. Unfortunately, there are further disruptions 108. k. with a long vowel. in 123.the recording session. Sally Hopkins pronounces the place name with See Here the narrative timeline returns to the events gazetteer.109. of lines 678ff., when the Russian peace negotiators arrive Here Sally Hopkins moves from the Battle of 1802 to at Point Craven. She then brings the narrative forward to the peacemaking after the Battle of 1804. She omits all ref the peacemaking in Sitka (as described by Lisianskii and erence to the Battle at Indian River, but cuts directly to the others).124. 110. Point Craven relocation and the peacemaking. Reference is to the Allies of Russia medal; see also Reference here is to Baranov, who was now headquar Lisianskii's account of the peacemaking, and the color sec 125. tered at the former Tlingit fort site on what is now called tion for photos of the medal and double-headed eagle crest. 111. Castle Hili. 126. This is an example of at.óow. Down is the symbol of peace. The reference is uncer The at.óow was lost or sold. The gist of this sentence tain, but probably the object displayed between the feath and the surrounding passage is that people lost their inher ers was either the Allies of Russia medallion or the double itance through careless living in imitation of white, Euro headed eagle, an object that was later sold by a person American culture, and that some of the people of the past named Seiji. The verb form wuhooni át is decessive perfec lacked the wisdom of her generation of elders. The younger 112. tive, contrasting with nondecessive fs.ut woohooni. generation then didn't understand the meaning of the at.óow. 127. Reference is to the village site along the beach on The verb form fs.utgulJ_waxeexéen is decessive potential. what is now Katlian Street. Sally Hopkins seems to be em This passage describes the importance of at.óow for 113. phasizing this point. personal and clan identity, and its centra[ role in ceremo Difficult to hear. Jeff Leer suggests it is possibly not nial oratory. If an individual sells an item in his or her stew éefs.x' (locative, "on the beach") but lJ_éi/s.x' ("snags"). At any ardship, the entire clan is Jeft without a symbol of its iden rate, the thrust of the passage is how inhospitable the new tity and is weakened in its ability to function ceremonially. 114. location was at first. WooyilJ_aa(from wooyik, "in space") could also be translated 115. This line is very hard to hear. "we128. are left dangling" or "Jeft hanging there in space:' 129. This could also be translated "but they behaved this Námboo, from English "our number:' way:' The reference is unclear. This is the end of reel one the The Tlingit verb is literally "scratching around us" or original tape recording. There is a break in the narration "scratching away at us:' Yana�tuwafs.aayi yé is a negative po while116. the reel is changed. tential attributive construction: "we don't have anything to 130. Hard to hear. Jeff Leer suggests �ayes'hittaan, not say" or "no way can we say anything:' Tlákwsataan. This fits the pattem of naming clans, houses, "Those who bought us:' Reference is to the Ameri and leaders but would also suggest that the Eagle groups cans,131. who purchased Alaska from the Russians. also117. relocated along with the Kiks.ádi. Reference is to persons with Kiks.ádi fathers and 132. Reference is unclear; presumably the Russians. Her mothers of various Eagle moiety clans. voice becomes very low when she talks about what her clan Tuisis the end of the "story proper:' Presumably at the 133. has suffered.In the lines that follow she seems reluctant to request of her son, she continues with her family tree. teil the story, but "that's how it's told;' and she is passing the There is a minimal pair (contrast) between fs.u�dzitee tradition118. along. "I am alive" (line 868 below) and fs.u�wdzitee "I was born" 134. Literally, "They reached for their horror:' Following (855). this119. sentence there is a break in the recording. These are Kaagwaantaan names, Sally Hopkins's great 135. Here the Russians are inviting the Tlingits into their grandfather on her father's side. house120. with two doors. There is an oratorical delivery style in this line. Her 136. US. Reference is to the origin of Clay House as an out reference is not clear to 121. growth of Point House. 137. Paternal aunts of my father: i.e., Kiks.ádi. Sway dance is a special Tlingit dance style, also called Or, "Two women carneto be:' 380 • SECTION IX. BILINGUAL TEXTS

138. Tsóo ch'a

139. 144. "too" pronounced long and emphasized. We translate Tlingit as "just;' but placement of Reference to "people we bought" is unclear; presum s the English word is critica!. We understand this not to mean ably slaves. See also note 130 above. "we're just telling it to each other;' but "we're telling it just 140. The classifierimplies many roots. now" (because they want to leave a record of the history for 141. Children of a house group is a concept in Tlingit so the coming generations). 145. da! structure referring to children of men who are from one We end the transcription here, but the recording clan house. The children's relationship to each other is like continues with discussion of post-1805 clan events and fur that of siblings with different mothers but fathers of a sin ther genealogical information on Sally Hopkins's maternal gle clan. By definition this is a relationship to the opposite tléix' hit yee/s_wáanyátx'i neil !s_wáan grandfather. We add here lines 1054-1068 in Tlingit and moiety, so it does not include women's children. TheTlingit yátx'i. English. I ! terms used here are and ! Yá Lsagooháa ku.aa Xáay HftnáK áyu kuwdzitee, yá I I I 142. aK léelk'w. Tsu aK tláa du léelk'uK wusitee. / Wusx'éen Lines 967-74 are difficult to follow, and our trans du yéet áyu, yá, yá Lsagooháa. / Ách áyu du yfk yádi lation of this passage may be in error. We are uncertain of /s.áa káa K'awlitseen / Chookaneidf KOox'. / Du yátx'i shayawdihaa. / the image and the genealogy. There is a phonemic contrast I Ch'a hás has K'awlitseen, / yá du yátx'i. / Ha tsu yá / Aank in Tlingit between and in line 971, and the record alaseek tsu a K'awlitseen du yfk yátx'i. ing is difficult to hear in this place. Depending on the read (du fs.áawu woonaa) ing, the translation chokes are "Her man (husband)