NEWSLETTER

Event Innovation Silicon photonics: Leti creates two 300-mm testers eti has made a major step forward in the field of optical and electro-optical measurements with L two new testers for photonic components on team comes 300-mm wafers. Until now, there was simply no tester available on the market for wafers of this diameter. Leti made the new devices by replacing the probes on two conventional testers with fiber optics. The probe close to holders are controlled step-by-step using motors and Leti algorithms that automatically align the probes to within a micron. The modified testers underwent several months of testing; the researchers using them are more winning than happy with their performance. Several years ago Leti made similar modifications to 200 mm testers, so the lab now boasts a truly exceptional range of photonic testers, with two 200-mm testers and iGEM two 300-mm testers that are available for use by other research centers. A team of Grenoble students participated in Contact: [email protected] MIT’s prestigious iGEM (International Genetically Engineered Machine) competition in Boston on A high-precision, three-axis November 5–7, 2011. The team didn’t bring home accelerometric signal a trophy this time, but the experience was a eti has designed an addressing electronic circuit memorable one. offering accuracy to within a thousandth of the L full dynamic scale. The circuit’s accuracy was measured in tests conducted by Thales Avionics. While he eleven-member team of mathematics and single-axis sensors commonly offer comparable degrees biology students had been working since of accuracy—especially in aerospace and defense January on a mercury biosensor concept inspired applications—this Leti-designed circuit marks the new T state of the art for three-dimensional signals. by a series of meetings with chemical-industry giant Arkema. They took the new idea to the proof-of-concept The circuit is intended for use in a Tronics Microsystems stage and carried out an initial series of tests. iGEM gave three-axis accelerometric MEMS, and offers substantial them an opportunity to present their findings before 59 electronic noise optimization and very high heat stability. other finalists from around the globe, and to meet with It is able to withstand changes in its environment, and researchers and manufacturers like NASA and Autodesk. is suitable for applications in fields such as aerospace, geotechnical instrumentation, and high-performance Modeling concept garners attention automotive testing.

The judges gave the team points for their excellent Contact: [email protected] modeling work. Frustratingly, this year’s iGEM finals did not include a modeling prize—unlike the European semi-finals in Amsterdam. Current sensors: Although the multidisciplinary team failed to bring home a win, they can be proud to have made it to the finals of big magnetoresistance, such a prestigious international competition. They also gained valuable experience and got an insider look at small price potential future careers. Third-year Grenoble Institute eti has developed a low-cost, compact, 16-channel of Technology-Phelma engineering student Geoffrey current sensor offering excellent linearity, Bouchage said, “I was planning to go on to get a PhD, but L resolution, and isolation properties (with more this experience has steered me more towards project than 1kV between the processor and sensor). This management.” Other team members plan to pursue advancement uses giant magnetoresistance (GMR) research in synthetic biology. systems and direct deposition of the current lines on the read circuit. Leti developed the sensor in response iGEM opened team members’ eyes to the world of to current measurement needs for fuel cell applications. No 17 opportunities out there for them. As for their mercury The use of GMR compensates for external magnetic Dec ’11 biosensor, Arkema could be interested in the technology. fields and ensures consistent measurements in unstable However, other researchers will have to take development environments. The sensor could also be used for a bit further first. automotive battery monitoring.

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Innovation Infrared retinas inspired Ethera introduces by the human eye formaldehyde sensors eti has achieved a world first by obtaining infrared images from a hemispheric— thera, a start-up created in March 2010, launched rather than flat—retina. This retina is based on an ultra-thin (25 to 50 micron) its first product line in late September of this year: silicon substrate that is flexible enough to curve without folding or splitting. The a range of formaldehyde sensors to measure L2 E 1 cm retina (320 x 250 pixels spaced 30µm) has a radius of 80 mm. indoor air pollution in residential, commercial, and public This breakthrough technology will make the field curvature correction lenses that flat buildings. Simple enough to be used by anyone, the retinas require obsolete, thereby shrinking the size of large telescopes by a third. And the sensors can detect very low pollutant concentrations, reduced size will benefit other fields, as well; the new retina will likely be used in space with the readings displayed directly on the device. These systems, drones, and mobile telephone optics. And, as an added bonus, reducing the sensors mark a vast improvement over conventional number of lenses also improves image quality. systems; until now, samples had to be collected in test tubes and analyzed using gas chromatography. Contact: [email protected] Manufactured in Saclay, , the sensors come in two versions: one measuring immediate exposure and one measuring long-term exposure. Ethera plans to introduce MRAM: additional sensors next year to measure other indoor air New pathways pollutants like aldehydes, benzene, toluene, and xylene. for electric current Contact: [email protected] pintec, a joint CEA/INAC-CNRS/UJF research unit, has developed a new MRAM structure with research partners in Spain. Manufacturers have already shown AtMol develops novel S interest in the new development, which was published in Nature magazine. The MRAM structure consists of a layer of cobalt between two platinum and aluminum oxide technological objects electrodes, and could revolutionize memory technology. The electric current follows he European Union AtMol project on molecular new read/write pathways that optimize the properties of the materials through which it electronics is spurring the development of travels at each stage, eliminating contradictory demands. T unprecedented technological objects at Leti, The MRAM structure is also faster and could cut the amount of current required tenfold. including surfaces of several hundred nanometers per Just how the new structure works is not yet clear; the Rashba effect and the spin Hall side on silicon substrates. These virtually-perfect surfaces effect are two possible explanations. (with a roughness of under 1 nm) are protected using temporary packaging. Leti is also using focused ion beam Contact: [email protected] (FIB) technology to mill 40 nm nanovias spaced at 300 nm to allow for electrical contacts on the substrates. The objects will be sent to research partners including All-electric spintronics: AtMol project coordinator CEMES (a Toulouse-based CNRS lab) for integration. Ultimately the chips, which will Never say never! offer vacuum levels ten million times greater than MEMS n INAC lab is now one of world’s select few capable of producing a spin current technology, will enable the electric characterization of using neither a magnetic field nor ferromagnetic materials. Their secret? A catalogued molecular components. lateral 50 nm platinum nanowire device in which the injector and detector are A Contact: [email protected] connected by a central channel. The system measures just 200 nm x 100 nm, and a 100 microampere current generates a spin current of around 1 microvolt. The next step will be to increase the conversion yield to 20% to meet market demands. Notable number The INAC lab, which is working in association with Albert Fert’s CNRS lab, has now turned rimary technology its focus to using two-material combinations and doped materials to achieve better research rarely delivers yields. P high production yields Contact: [email protected] immediately, especially for functional products. And % yet, yields of 87% were Single photon sources 87 recently achieved on 3D circuit demonstrators for wireless applications. Compared with conventional 2D demonstrators for come out of the fridge the same circuits, these 3D demonstrators incorporate hile current semiconductor single photon sources operate at 220 K at best, several technological advancements developed by researchers at INAC have achieved 300 K operation using II–IV semiconductor- STMicroelectronics and Leti—including the stacking and W based quantic boxes. The structure is made of 10-nn-diameter zinc selenium partitioned design of the two components and backside (ZnSe) nanowires, into which 3-nm- to 4-nm-thick cadmium selenium (CdSe) quantic interconnect vias and routing, all using a 65 nm CMOS boxes are inserted. The nanowires are grown on a zinc selenium substrate that allows process. accurate control of nanowire direction. These results come thanks to Leti’s long-standing With their extremely high emission rates, these devices could enable repetition successful collaboration with Brewer Science, EVG, frequencies of around 1 GHz. Other improvements like electric source pumping are also Amat, STMicro, and STEricsson, and pave the way for being examined. The research is being conducted as part of a French National Research groundbreaking new applications. Agency (ANR) project with Institut Néel. Contact: [email protected] Contact: [email protected] 2 No 17 Dec ’11

Day by day Leti releases 2010 research report Sensors of the future eti has just issued its third annual research report of 2010, dedicated to silicon technologies and components. This hundred-page report includes 74 fact sheets on display @Home L covering eight fields; each fact sheet describes a Leti research project and lists omorrow’s smart home will be controlled by the year’s major related publications. The report cites a total of around 200 scientific sensors that require no wiring, configuration, publications; however, Leti researchers actually authored more than twice that in 2010. or maintenance. Leti is offering a sneak peek at A printed version of the report, written in English, will be sent to some 400 corporate T these breakthrough devices at the new @Home platform and academic partners, while an electronic version can be downloaded from Leti’s in the TRD showroom. website. This report supplements two previous 2010 research reports (Systems & Systems Integration and Architecture & IC design, Embedded Software), and adds to @Home is a novel testing platform that can be used at Leti’s expanding list of research reports. different locations to test out new concepts stemming from user-centered research. The platform brings Contact: [email protected] together technology bricks developed by Leti and its Download the reports at http://goo.gl/BWuSd research partners, with the goals of: developing sensor systems for temperature, humidity, light, and carbon dioxide; managing data processing and control system Metapaper earns industry kudos compatibility for devices like lights and roller shutters; eveloped by a PhD candidate conducting research at the CTP center for paper and lowering the energy consumption and extending process engineering, working in association with LCIS and IMEP-LAHC, the first- the battery life of sensors and actuators. ever wallpaper capable of blocking GSM and Wi-Fi signals won a silver award D Contact: [email protected] for innovation from ATIP (France’s paper engineering industry association) in September of this year. This award, established to promote new paper processes and products and accelerate their transfer to the market, will give researchers a boost as they develop other applications for similar products designed for flooring, window glazing, and wallboard. Bruno Paing joins Leti The project team is currently in talks with a French company to establish a commercial runo Paing joined Leti on September 1. He partnership for the wallpaper, and is seeking business partners for the other new has been tasked with developing a lineup of applications as well. B services targeting manufacturers. Bruno served as MINATEC’s Deputy Director from 2008 to 2011. Today, Contact: [email protected] he is pleased to be taking on a more business-oriented role in which he will be able to use the skills acquired over INAC more attractive than ever the past two years at EM Lyon, where he completed an Executive MBA. to PhD candidates While at MINATEC, Bruno made a substantial contribution to raising the campus’ profile both within France and ach year, INAC strives to attract increasing numbers of PhD candidates, and its efforts internationally. The Midi MINATEC brown bag lunch are paying off. This year, 40 PhD candidates will join the lab, up from 32 five years series and the MINA-News monthly newsletter are just E ago. The new cohort counts 18 international researchers (including 8 from other two examples of the many community outreach and European countries) representing 8 different nationalities, as well as 11 women. Also worth communication initiatives he spearheaded. Bruno also noting: 13 of the incoming PhD candidates attended the last INAC Open House. While played a key role on MINATEC’s management team, direct causation has yet to be demonstrated, the correlation is certainly encouraging! focusing on international delegations and country The new crop of PhD candidates arrived on November 29, just in time for a seminar on visits during the development of the foreign researcher education through research. The seminar included presentations of the different labs, orientation program with LCMobility and the creation of tours, and tips from PhD candidates and thesis supervisors on how to perform successful the MINATEC Visionary Board. PhD dissertation research. Contact: [email protected] Contact: [email protected] Alessandro Cresti joins IMEP-LAHC Phelma class of 2010 career rance’s National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) announced that Alessandro placement statistics are in Cresti, a specialist in quantum transport in nanostructures, will join the new IMEP-LAHC research group on advanced simulation and modeling of nanometric n November 28, nearly 300 Phelma engineering F students received their degrees at a graduation structures for next-generation nanoelectronics. The group’s research encompasses silicon, graphene, germanium, and III–V semiconductors. Alessandro earned a PhD in O ceremony held at Maison MINATEC. According physics in 2006. He then took a position at Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa before coming to a survey conducted by France’s Grandes Ecoles to Leti, and now joining IMEP-LAHC as a postdoc. Alessandro’s appointment comes at a consortium, recent graduate employment for the class crucial time, as the lab is part of a joint flagship project that has been shortlisted by the of 2010 is up 2% as compared to the class of 2009, with European Commission (the final decision is expected in the coming months). 87% of class of 2010 graduates having found jobs or enrolled in further studies six months after earning Contact: [email protected] their degree. Physics for NanoScience, Signal and Image Communication for Multimedia, Energy and Nuclear Engineering, and Materials Science and Engineering Grenoble INP elections have begun graduates had the most success, with an average job lections for Grenoble Institute of Technology’s three boards have begun: the staff placement rate of 95%. and student elections were held on November 17, and 49 of the 90 board seats Also worth noting is the percentage of engineering grads E were filled. The election process will continue until February 20, when the 90 going on to pursue PhD studies (32%) or enrolling in newly-elected board members will appoint a new General Administrator. business and policy programs at schools like Grenoble The new General Administrator will take over on February 28, 2012. Ecole de Management, HEC, IAE, and IEP (9%).

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Interview Day by day Ulrich Gottlieb, coordinator, PhD studies a popular choice FAME international Master’s in advanced materials: for Master’s in Nanotech grads raduates of the International Master’s in Nanotech received their degrees on December 1 at a ceremony held in Switzerland. The degree program is a joint “We are G initiative of Grenoble Institute of Technology-Phelma, Politecnico di Torino, and École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne. A career placement survey of the 40 graduates showed an increase in the number of grads pursuing further education and, in particular, supplying PhDs. According to the survey, two-thirds of the 2011 cohort have gone on to the PhD level, up from 20% in 2010. In other Master’s in Nanotech news, for the first time this year students enrolled at our labs with École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne received a joint degree from all three partner institutions. Next year, all graduates will receive joint degrees issued by Politecnico di Torino. Grenoble Institute of Technology has put in a request with the engineering degree commission for approval to issue a similar degree. the ‘right’ PhD Contact: [email protected] candidates” Plans being finalized for Phelma 2 Your FAME* international Master’s in advanced 8,000 m expansion materials has just been prolonged for five years. he preliminary plans for the Grenoble Institute of Technology-Phelma campus What was the decision based on? expansion project will be submitted within the coming days. Construction The European Union indicated that the decision T is slated to begin in the spring of 2013, and the work will be completed by was based on the quality of the program’s scientific September 2014. The new facilities, to be located between the current Phelma building content and its partner universities’ excellent and GEG, will provide an additional seven-story building offering some 8,000 2m of floor reputations in the study of advanced materials. The space, including a 500-seat auditorium next to Maison MINATEC. EU’s observations are in line with what we are seeing The €25 million project aims to relocate as many courses as possible on site. Currently, in the field. Some 400 candidates applied for our students must shuttle between sites at MINATEC, the , and the 20 scholarships and 90% of our graduates go on to campus. The new building will also house an 800 m2 technology transfer center where PhD programs at places like Oxford, Princeton, and businesses will be able to participate in innovative projects with students. INP-SA will Imperial College. The program’s main goal was to also be located in the new building. supply our labs with the “right” PhD candidates— Contact: [email protected] functionalized advanced materials experts—and we are well on our way to achieving that goal. Cytoo woos new investors What challenges did you face setting up this high- level academic program? fter raising €1 million in 2008 and €3.2 million in 2009, Cytoo has just finished a successful third capital-raising round of an impressive €7 million. Two big names Patience is a virtue! Back in 2002 we built a network in healthcare—Sham and Entrepreneurs Fund—have decided to invest in Cytoo of around 30 top-tier universities and research labs. A alongside the start-up’s faithful base of core investors. In 2004, the network was certified as a European This additional capital will be used to help Cytoo establish a presence on the global Network of Excellence in Research. Then, seven of market and achieve profitability. The company’s cellular analysis equipment represents a the network’s universities partnered to create the technological breakthrough: it eliminates the variability that can disrupt cellular testing FAME international Master’s program, which received and high-throughput cellular screening. Cytoo technology is protected by a portfolio of Erasmus Mundus certification in 2006. Finally, in 2008, patents owned by CEA, CNRS, Institut Curie, and Harvard University. the network introduced the IDSfunmat Doctoral Contact: [email protected] School, which enrolls 30 students (15 of whom receive scholarships) each academic year. Nine years later, the Master’s program is being prolonged. Live from MINATEC What role do manufacturers play in the program? Our graduates are highly sought after, as they bring Sixty-two videos and counting immediately-operational know-how in electronics, optics, biology, and nanomaterials. The program has six partners—Bosch, Rhodia, IMEC, CEA, EMMI, and on www.minatec.tv SusChem—that provide internship opportunities ive videos have recently been added to MINATEC’s web TV (www.minatec. for our students, give them practical advice, and tv): two about the MINATEC IDEAs Laboratory (one describing the lab and one participate actively in their career planning efforts. F commemorating its 10th anniversary); one about MINATEC Entreprises; and two about events at MINATEC (one for INAC’s 40th anniversary and one about the Global Contacts: [email protected] School for Advanced Studies session on graphene held in Grenoble in June 2011). and [email protected] http://www.fame-master.com/ Since the web TV was launched in February 2011, it has been updated regularly with new * FAME (Functionalized Advanced Materials and Engineering) is a two- videos grouped into channels, each addressing a different topic. Some of its 62 videos year Master’s degree program that students can complete at two of the are available in English as well as French. consortium’s seven universities: Grenoble Institute of Technology, Augsburg, Darmstadt, Liège, Louvain, Bordeaux, and Aveiro. Contact: [email protected] 4 No 17 Dec ’11

Live from MINATEC Save the date: Hungarian dancing Cycling from Buenos Aires on December 16 to New York he 36th and last Midi MINATEC brown bag lunch of the year, to be held in the ast year four Grenoble Institute of Technology- MINATEC auditorium at 12:30 p.m. on Friday, December 16, promises to kick off Phelma students—Romain, Philippe, Jean-Jacques, T the holiday season in musical style. Around 15 students—all budding musicians L and Anthony—took advantage of the gap year and dancers enrolled in an Art Studies program at Grenoble Institute of Technology— offered by the school to do something they had always will perform well-known pieces such as Brahms’ Hungarian Dance No. 5, a lively tribute dreamed of: bike across the Americas. They left France to the German composer’s love of gypsy music. Previous pre-holiday Midi MINATEC for Buenos Aires in October 2010, and then traveled sessions have attracted around 400 spectators, so sign up now to secure your spot. In some 10,000 km across seven countries, camping out 2012 Midi MINATEC fans can look forward to starting the year with a talk on solar energy. for nearly 300 nights in a row! Despite a few technical problems and unforeseen glitches along the way, the Contact: [email protected] four adventurers reached the Big Apple proud of their arduous accomplishment and enriched by the different cultures and peoples they encountered along the way. Throughout the journey they kept fans updated through their blog and Facebook page. Back in France, the four men displayed photos of their trip in a special exhibit in the school’s foyer on the MINATEC campus in November 2011.

Learn more at www.meninbike.org Contact: [email protected] Biochemist Yoann Roupioz wins the Masao Horiba award oann Roupioz, a CNRS biochemist working at the Nanosciences and Cryogenics Institute Y (INAC), has won the Masao Horiba Award given by Japanese company Horiba to support researchers developing innovative analysis and measurement technology. Yoann was honored for his work on cell biochips and the real-time monitoring of cellular secretions, which has been used to develop systems Technology Transfer Offices (TTO) that can track antibody secretions in real-time without markers—a major step forward for vaccine diagnostics Circle meets at MINATEC and screening. he technology transfer officers of twenty of Europe’s largest research institutes In January 2012 Yoann will begin work on an ANR project (including the CEA, INRIA, Fraunhofer Society, TNO, and CERN) gathered at in association with GenOptics, a CEA-born start-up T MINATEC on October 19−20, 2011 for the second annual TTO Circle. This initiative acquired by Horiba in 2009 and specialized in Surface was launched by the Joint Research Centre (the scientific and technical arm of the European Plasmon Resonance imaging (SPRi). Commission) to share best practices, knowledge, and experience about intellectual property and technology transfer, and to exploit synergies on a European level. Contact: [email protected] Some of the topics discussed over the two days were licensing and business start-up strategies and the future challenges facing technology transfer initiatives. The officers Horizons present also signed the TTO Circle accord in a ceremony at the Grenoble city hall. Contact: [email protected] Néolux to offer excellent value EDF selects MINATEC for money in LED lighting Leti research team has been working diligently for nuclear engineering conference this fall to develop a new generation of LED n November 16–17, 2011, EDF held its annual Nuclear Engineering Division A lights, under a joint venture with Néolux, a conference at MINATEC, bringing together 300 of the division’s top managers. young French SME. The three main goals are: to simplify O The French energy giant chose MINATEC not only because of its reputation as the overall lighting design; improve the lighting’s an innovation hub, but also because it gave the managers a chance to visit the campus’ technical properties (such as optical, thermal, and color); technology platforms and meet its talented engineers and scientists. Conference and design a pilot assembly line that will be built on-site participants spent two half-days visiting the campus through tours addressing three key at Néolux within the next three years. technology fields: environment-healthcare (Nanobio1 and ); computer science The new LED lights, targeted towards professional (showroom and clean rooms); and clean energy (battery technology platform). applications, will set Néolux apart from foreign competitors While these types of events typically require a significant time commitment from currently offering low-cost, low-performance products. MINATEC employees (beyond those already involved in MINATEC Events), they also Thanks to its innovation partnership with Leti, Néolux provide an excellent opportunity to bolster the campus’ image and build fruitful will be able to offer substantially higher-quality lights at corporate partnerships. competitive production costs.

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Horizons Leti builds a bridge GIANT Entrepreneurship Day attracts to research triangle park over 200 innovators dvanced Liquid Logic, located in the heart of ver 200 enterprising scientists and engineers participated in GIANT’s second- North Carolina’s research triangle park, has annual Entrepreneurship Day on November 22, 2011 to get insider tips on A partnered with Leti to set up a French subsidiary O starting up a high-tech business. They attended presentations by successful here at MINATEC. Under this research collaboration, a joint entrepreneurs, venture capitalists, and business incubators like GRAIN, GRAVIT, OSEO, four-person team will develop next-generation lab-on- and CEA Essaimage. The afternoon program featured three workshops on the key stages chip technology for biology and healthcare applications. of the start-up process: outlining a business plan; researching the target market; and Each partner in this joint venture brings proven expertise obtaining financing. However, the highlight of the day was undoubtedly the networking in electrowetting, a technique that allows droplets to be lunch, where the founders and CEOs of 25 GIANT-born start-ups chatted directly with placed electrically rather than mechanically—enabling aspiring entrepreneurs over a relaxed stand-up buffet meal. One more insider tip: don’t the fabrication of smaller, more-reliable systems. talk with your mouth full!

With this first expansion overseas, Advanced Liquid Contact: [email protected] Logic hopes to enhance its industrial property and penetrate the European market with a first line of neonatal diagnostic products. Advanced Liquid Logic Everything you wanted to know about was founded in 2004 and currently employs 60 people. Contact: [email protected] embedded systems engineering, in 256 hours n October 2011 technicians from Schneider Electric, Thales, and CEA embarked upon a 256-hour course on embedded systems engineering. The program, headed High-school juniors I by Grenoble Institute of Technology-Esisar with the support of research fellows at Phelma and Ense³, aims to give participants a better understanding of the issues involved attend Nano@school in embedded systems design (energy management, data collection and processing, and IT systems) so that they can work more effectively with embedded systems experts. n November 28, 2011, juniors from Saint Ambroise High School in Chambéry had the The course was originally an option available in the Formatech and Midep continuing O unique privilege of attending the school year’s education programs at Grenoble Institute of Technology. Classes are held one week a first Nano@school session at MINATEC. Eleven more month for ten months; upon completing the course students will receive a Certificate sessions are scheduled between now and May 2012 at from Grenoble Institute of Technology. four of the CIME Nanotech technology platforms. Nano@ Contact: [email protected] school gives high-school students from Isère, Savoie, Haute-Savoie, and the Drôme the chance to discover the exciting field of nanotechnology through a series Agenda of workshops on cutting-edge topics like nanoparticles, December 6, 2011, Boston: December 16, 2011, integrated circuit design, and solar cells. French American Innovation Day Maison MINATEC: The workshops are given by physics and chemistry featuring GIANT Last Midi MINATEC brown bag lunch teachers who received special training at MINATEC in early http://saf.li/37_I4 of 2011, presented by Grenoble Institute November. Back at their home schools, the students will of Technology students have to complete a “nano” project. More volunteers are December 15, 2011, Grenoble: Sign up at http://www.minatec.com/midis still needed to help facilitate Nano@school events—sign 3rd-Annual Nano- and Micro- up now and meet the next generation of nanoscientists! Environments for Cell Biology March 5–7, 2012, MINATEC: Contact: [email protected] Workshop sponsored by Fondation Ultimate Limit of Integration of Nanosciences Silicon (ULIS) 2012 Conference http://goo.gl/HKSTZ http://www.ulisconference.org/

March 19, 2012, Maison MINATEC: Annual Meeting for Grad Students http://www.minatec.com/program-0

Contacts MINA-NEWS is published by MINATEC, 3 Parvis Louis-Néel, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9 Head of Publication: Jean-Charles Guibert; Editor in Chief: Célestine Janniaux Correspondents: Philippe Laporte, Léti, [email protected]; Colette Lartigue, Phelma, [email protected]; Nathalie Mathieu, FMNT, [email protected]; Jérôme Planes, INAC, [email protected]; and Célestine Janniaux, MINATEC, [email protected] Editing: Benoît Playoust and Bénédicte Magne; Layout: Philippe Tur; Printing: Format Éditions, 66 No 17 Dec ’11 English translation: SFM Traduction