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Las Deportistas Olímpicas En Los Libros De Texto De Educación Física

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Las Deportistas Olímpicas En Los Libros De Texto De Educación Física 2020, Retos, 38, 229-234 © Copyright: Federación Española de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educación Física (FEADEF) ISSN: Edición impresa: 1579-1726. Edición Web: 1988-2041 (www.retos.org) Las deportistas olímpicas en los libros de texto de educación física: ¿presencia o ausencia de referentes en nuestro alumnado? Olympic athletes in physical education textbooks: presence or absence of references in our students? Sergio Ruiz-Rabadán, Irene Moya-Mata Universidad de Valencia (España) Resumen. La representación de las mujeres deportistas en los libros de texto de Educación Física supone un modelo de referencia a imitar por parte del alumnado; además de visibilizar por un lado a las deportistas dedicadas a la alta competición, y por otro, el deporte minoritario. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la presencia de las deportistas olímpicas que se representan en los libros de texto de Educación Física en la etapa de Primaria, determinando su visibilización o invisibilización en dichos materiales curriculares. La muestra estuvo formada por seis libros de texto de la editorial Edelvives, la cual aborda el movimiento olímpico explícitamente. Se ha realizado un análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo, tanto de las imágenes como del texto, para medir la presencia y recurrencia de las mujeres. La técnica utilizada ha sido el análisis de contenido basado en un sistema de codificación ad hoc. Para el análisis estadístico se ha utilizado el programa estadístico informático SPSS 22.0. Los resultados muestran una infrarrepresentación de las deportistas olímpicas, siendo más presente el sexismo en el texto que en las imágenes. Estas mujeres deportistas son principalmente estadounidenses, sin discapacidad, que compiten en los Juegos Olímpicos de verano, en modalidades deportivas individuales, siendo el deporte por excelencia el atletismo, y la deportista olímpica con más presencia en estos manuales Nadia Comaneci. Es necesario que las editoriales revisen estos manuales y aumenten la presencia de mujeres deportistas, para ofrecer modelos femeninos como referentes en el alumnado de Primaria. Palabras clave: mujer, referente deportivo, sexismo, Juegos Olímpicos, libros de texto, Educación Física, Educación Primaria. Abstract. The representation of women athletes in Physical Education textbooks is a reference model that students may imitate, in addition to the fact that it makes visible on one hand female athletes from high competition, on the other hand minority sports. The objective of this study is to analyze the presence of Olympic athletes in the textbooks of Physical Education; determining their visibility or absence in said curricular materials. The sample consisted of six textbooks from the Edelvives publishing house, which explicitly addresses the Olympic movement. A quantitative and qualitative analysis was performed, both on the images and on the text, to measure the presence and recurrence of women references. Content analysis, based on an ad hoc coding system, was the technique employed. For the statistical analysis, the statistical software SPSS 22.0 was used. The results show a scarce presence of Olympic athletes in the manuals, being sexism more present in the text than in the images. These female athletes are mainly representative of the United States of America, without disabilities, competing in the Summer Olympic Games, in individual sports modalities, being the sport par excellence Athletics. The Olympic athlete most referred to in these manuals is Nadia Comaneci. It is necessary for publishers to review these manuals and increase the presence of female athletes, so to offer female models as referents in primary school students. Keywords: woman, sport reference, sexism, Olympic Games, textbooks, Physical Education, Primary School. no no tuvo lugar hasta 1924 en la localidad francesa de Introducción Charmonix, con 11 mujeres; lo que supone un 4.3% del total de participantes. (International Olympic Committee, 2018). Los Juegos Olímpicos tienen su origen en los Antiguos Actualmente, según datos facilitados por el Comité Olím- Juegos celebrados cada cuatro años en la antigua Grecia. Sin pico Internacional (COI), la presencia femenina en los even- embargo, estos dejaron de celebrarse en el año 393 d.C., tos olímpicos ha ido aumentando. Muestra de ello son los momento en el que el emperador romano Teodosio prohibió últimos JJOO de inviernos celebrados en Pieonchang (2018), cualquier manifestación pagana, entre ellas, el culto a los donde la participación femenina ha representado un 43% del doce dioses olímpicos. total. Asimismo, en la última cita olímpica estival celebrada En sus orígenes las Olimpiadas estaban reservadas ex- en Río de Janeiro en 2016, el porcentaje de mujeres partici- clusivamente a los varones, por lo que las mujeres tenían pantes superó el 45%. Estos datos son un claro reflejo de la prohibido tanto el acceso como la participación en los even- evolución del olimpismo femenino. tos deportivos. Este veto se mantuvo en la reinstauración de No obstante, a pesar de que estos datos muestran una los Juegos Olímpicos (JJOO) Modernos en el año 1896, con clara tendencia a la equiparación de participación femenina y Pierre de Coubertin, argumentando que la presencia de una masculina en las citas olímpicas, la representación de las mujer en un estadio resultaba antiestética e incorrecta y que mujeres deportistas en los medios de comunicación españo- su papel debía limitarse a aplaudir a los atletas masculinos les sigue siendo escasa (Angulo, 2007; ASPIC-Comunica- (Jiménez, 2015). ción, 2013; Gómez-Colell, 2015, Gómez-Colell, Medina-Bra- A pesar del veto inicial, en los JJOO de París en 1900 vo, & Ramón, 2017). Por lo tanto, la imagen de los diversos participaron por primera vez 22 deportistas femeninas, es deportes que llega a los centros educativos y hogares está decir, un 2.2% del total de deportistas. En cambio, la primera protagonizada mayoritariamente por deportistas masculinos; aparición de las deportistas femeninas en los JJOO de invier- y esto provoca la falta de información y la ausencia de refe- rentes deportivos femeninos (Ibáñez, 2001). Fecha recepción: 22-10-19. Fecha de aceptación: 15-01-20 Aunque estudios recientes afirman que existe una ma- Irene Moya-Mata [email protected] yor visibilización de la mujer en las noticias, ésta se muestra Retos, número 38, 2020 (2º semestre) - 229 - con un perfil todavía estereotipado; reproduciendo, por lo femeninos retroalimenta la percepción común en los y las tanto, un mayor número de estereotipos de género (Gallur, & estudiantes de que los niños son mejores en el deporte que García, 2019). Por lo que la situación no ha variado en las las niñas, dado que las chicas tienen menos acceso al depor- últimas décadas y el papel otorgado al deporte femenino en te y, por lo tanto, realizan menos actividad física. Por ello, las los medios de comunicación continúa siendo en muchas adolescentes necesitan referentes de atletas femeninas fuer- ocasiones meramente testimonial. Sainz de Baranda (2014) tes, seguras y sanas, que alienten a las niñas a practicar constata que únicamente en el 5.1% de las noticias aparece deporte y adquirir hábitos de vida saludables (Olmstead, una mujer como protagonista, y en el 2.9% de estos casos 2015). aparece acompañada de al menos un protagonista masculi- En las últimas décadas, con la evolución de los roles de no. En esta línea, Gómez-Colell et al. (2017) corroboran que géneros en nuestra sociedad, la presencia de la mujer en únicamente en el 12% de las portadas de los principales dia- aquellos deportes tradicionalmente vinculados a hombres rios deportivos españoles se hace referencia al deporte fe- ha aumentado considerablemente, desafiando de este modo menino. los estereotipos en su contra. Muestra de ello es el récord Tras comprobar la escasa presencia de la mujer en los mundial de asistencia a un partido femenino registrado el 17 medios de comunicación deportivos, nos preguntamos si de marzo, entre el Atlético de Madrid féminas y el FC Barce- esta desigualdad se reproduce en los libros de texto. En este lona femenino; logrando reunir en el estadio Wanda Metro- sentido, la Ley Orgánica 8/2013 para la Mejora de la Calidad politano a un total de 60.739 personas (La Vanguardia, 2019). Educativa (más conocida como LOMCE) pone de manifiesto De este modo, las atletas de hoy son deportistas poderosas, una educación inclusiva y no sexista, que fomente la igual- tanto emocional como físicamente, que pueden servir de dad de derechos y oportunidades entre hombres y mujeres, modelo para los más jóvenes (Chinurum, Ogunjlmi, & O’Neill, sin discriminación de las personas con discapacidad, en el 2014). sistema educativo español. Por lo tanto, el objetivo del presente estudio es analizar Y es que el libro de texto, según Braga y Belver (2014), los referentes deportivos olímpicos que se representan en «(…) selecciona y representa el universo científico y cultural los manuales de EF en la etapa de Primaria, con el fin de que se pretende enseñar a los estudiantes reflejando los averiguar si éstos perpetúan modelos deportivos masculi- valores, estereotipos e ideologías de una determinada socie- nos; o por el contrario visibilizan modelos deportivos feme- dad» (p. 204). ninos, como referentes de nuestros adolescentes. Para ello En el área de Educación Física (EF), el estudio de Moya- observaremos la presencia y la recurrencia de los y las de- Mata y Ros (2018) muestra que sólo el 31.7% de las imáge- portistas en estos libros de texto, para comprobar la impor- nes que representan a deportistas de élite en los manuales tancia que se le otorga a cada uno de los sexos. de Primaria son mujeres. Y en la etapa de Secundaria, Sánchez, Martos-García y López (2017) analizan la presencia y Metodología recurrencia de las mujeres y los hombres deportistas en los libros de texto de 3º y 4º de dos editoriales, encontrando la Diseño del estudio ausencia de mujeres deportistas en la editorial Serbal y la Esta investigación tiene un carácter cuantitativo, adop- presencia sólo del 15% en la editorial Teide.
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