Winmeen Tnpsc Group 1 & 2 Self Preparation Course 2018 History Part – 27 27] Advent of the European Notes Notes The important there trade routes were Through Afghanisthan , central asia and Caspian sea Through Persia and Syria Through Arabian sea , Persian gulf and red sea. In 1453 the ottoman turks captured Constantinople and troubled the European merchants by blocking the land route which passes through Afghanisthan. The other two routes were also closed as a result of Arab conquest in the 8th century.so the Europeans were forced to find a new sea route to india. The Portuguese The Portuguese were the first to discover a new searoute to india. Prince Henry of Portugal started a school for training seamen on scientific navigation.He is called as “ Henry The Navigator”. Bartholomeu Diaz He was the first sailor from Portugal who set out on his voyage in 1487. 1 www.winmeen.com | Learning Leads to Ruling Winmeen Tnpsc Group 1 & 2 Self Preparation Course 2018 He came upto the southernmost tip of Africa.As there was a storm when he reached there he named it the cape of storms.Later the Portuguese king renamed it , The cape of good hope. In 1498, Vasco da Gama, a Portuguese voyager, became the first European to discover the sea route to India. He arrived at Calicut on 27 May 1498 and was given a warm reception by the Hindu ruler king Zamorin of Calicut. In 1501 he came to india for the second time and setup a factory at cannore. Thus the Portuguese established their factories at Calicut , cochin and cannanore on the west coast of india. Francisco-de-Almeida (1505-1509A.D.) He was the First viceroy of the Portuguese in India. His policy was to increase the Portuguese naval power, this policy of controlling the settlement by naval force was known as the "Blue Water Policy". In 1509 Almeida was defeated and killed by Egyptians. Alfonso-De-Albuquerque (1509-1515A.D.) Albuquerque was the second viceroy of the Portuguese in India. He captured Goa from the Sultan of Bijapur in 1510 and made it the capital. 2 www.winmeen.com | Learning Leads to Ruling Winmeen Tnpsc Group 1 & 2 Self Preparation Course 2018 He strengthen the relationship with the vijayanagar empire. In 1511 he captured the Malacca and he built the port of ormuz in the Persian gulf. He is called the real founder of the portuguese power in india. He treated muslims well and opened the schools for their education. The muslims became the enemy of the Portuguese because of their religious policy. He encouraged marriages between the Portuguese and the indian women. He died at goa in 1515. Decline of The Portuguese Power in India The successors of Albuquerque were weak They indulged in piracy against the indian merchants The portuguese forcibly converts indians to Christianity The religious policy created enimity of the muslims The fall of vijayanagar kingdom in the battle of talikotta in 1565 AD The Dutch The Dutch people of Holland founded the Dutch East India Company in 1602. 3 www.winmeen.com | Learning Leads to Ruling Winmeen Tnpsc Group 1 & 2 Self Preparation Course 2018 They established their first factory in Masulipatnam (1605), followed by factories in Pulicat (1610), Surat (1616). Pazhaverkadu was their capital. In 1619, they were granted permission by the Mughal emperor Jahangir to trade at Surat on the west coast and Hoogly in the east. The Dutch supremacy ended with their defeat at the hands of the English in the Battle of Bedara in 1759. In March, 1602, by a charter of the Dutch parliament the Dutch East India Company was formed with powers to make wars, concluded treaties, acquire territories and build fortresses. The Dutch set up factories at Masulipatam (1605), Devapatnam (1608),Pulicat (1610), Surat (1616), Bimilipatam (1641), Karikal (1645), Chinsura (1653), Kasimbazar, Baranagore, Patna, Balasore, Negapatam (all in 1658) and Cochin (1663). In the 17th century, they supplanted the Portuguese as the most dominant power in European trade with the East, including India. Pulicat was their centre in India till 1690, after which Negapatam replaced it. In the middle of the 17th century (1654) the English began to emerge as a formidable colonial power. 4 www.winmeen.com | Learning Leads to Ruling Winmeen Tnpsc Group 1 & 2 Self Preparation Course 2018 They made a plan against the English merchants at Amboyna in 1623 which came to be known as Amboyna massacre. In 1689 they made Pondicherry as their capital. After 60-70 years of rivalry with the English, the Dutch power in India began to decline by the beginning of the 18th century. Their final collapse came with their defeat by the English in the battle of Bedera in 1759. One by one the Dutch lost their settlement to the English and their expulsion from their possessions in India by the British came in 1795. The British In 1600, the English East India Company was established through a charter signed by Queen Elizabeth I. In 1608, King James I of England sent Captain William Hawkins to the court of the Mughal Emperor Jahangir to obtain permission to establish a factory at Surat, but was denied any trading rights. In 1619, when Sir Thomas Roe visited the court, they were allowed to set up their first factory in Surat. The Francis Da laid the foundation for the modern madras. In 1639 , Francis Day bought a piece of land from the king of Chandragiri and laid the foundation for modern madras for a small rent 5 www.winmeen.com | Learning Leads to Ruling Winmeen Tnpsc Group 1 & 2 Self Preparation Course 2018 In 1699 The british got the permission from Aurangazeb to set up factory at Calcutta. They founded the city of Kolkata which included the regions of Sutanuti, Kalikota and Govindpur. In 1640 the English built Fort St.George to protect their trade. In 1700, they fortified the factory at Sutanati and named it Fort William which is in kolkatta. Charles II the king of England married Catherine the daughter of the king of Portugal and got Bombay, as a part of dowry. The French The French East India Company was established in 1664 by Colbert, the minister of Louis XIV, the king of France. They set up their factories at Surat in 1668 and Masulipatnam in 1669. In 1674 they got a place to the south of Madras from the ruler of Tanjore and laid the foundation of Pondicherry, which became the headquarters of the French settlements in India. In 1690 they established their settlement at Chandranagore and mahe in 1725 and karaikal in 1739 During 1742, the French Governor Dupleix started repulsing English power, which resulted in the Carnatic wars and eventually the defeat of the French. 6 www.winmeen.com | Learning Leads to Ruling Winmeen Tnpsc Group 1 & 2 Self Preparation Course 2018 The Danish Denmark also established trade settlements in India. Their settlement atTranquebar was founded in 1620. Another important Danish settlement in India was Serampore in Bengal. Serampore was their headquarters in India. They failed to strengthen themselves in India and they sold all their settlement in India to the Britishin 1845. The downfall of the Mughal Empire led to the independence of Deccan under Nizam-ul-Mulk. The Carnatic region also formed part of the Nizam’s dominion. The ruler of the Carnatic accepted the suzerainty of the Nizam. In 1740, the Austrian War of Succession broke out in Europe. In that war England and France were in the opposite camps. They came into conflict in India also. The French governor of Pondicherry, Dupleix opened attack on the English in 1746 and thus began the First Carnatic War (1746-1748). The English sought help from the Nawab of Carnatic, Anwar Uddin. But the French concluded a treaty with his rival Chanda Sahib. The English army crushed a defeat on the French in the Battle of Adyar, near Madras. In the meantime, the Treaty of Aix-la-Chappelle was concluded in 7 www.winmeen.com | Learning Leads to Ruling Winmeen Tnpsc Group 1 & 2 Self Preparation Course 2018 1748 to end the Austrian Succession War. Thus the First Carnatic War came to an end. But the English and French continued to take opposite sides in the internal politics of India. This had resulted in the Second Carnatic War (1749-1754). Dupleix supported the cause of Muzafar Jang, who wanted to become the Nizam of Hyderabad and Chanda Sahib, an aspirant for the throne of Arcot. The troops of these three defeated Anwar Uddin, who was with the British in the First Carnatic War, and killed him in the Battle of Ambur in 1749. After this victory, Muzafar Jung became the Nizam and Chanda Sahib the Nawab of Arcot. Muhammad Ali, son of Anwar Uddin escaped to Tiruchirappalli. The English sent troops in support of him. The British commander Robert Clive captured Arcot. He also inflicted a severe defeat on the French at Kaveripakkam. Chanda Sahib was captured and beheaded in Tanjore. Meanwhile Dupleix was replaced by Godeheu as the French governor. The war came to an end by the Treaty of Pondicherry in 1754. The outbreak of the Seven Years War (1756-1763) in Europe led to the Third Carnatic War (1758-1763). 8 www.winmeen.com | Learning Leads to Ruling Winmeen Tnpsc Group 1 & 2 Self Preparation Course 2018 Count de Lally was the commander of the French troops. The British General Sir Eyre Coote defeated him at Wandiwash in 1760. Dupleix In theyear, Pondicherry was captured and destroyed by the British troops. The Seven YearsWar came to an end by the Treaty of Paris in1763.