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18th Century Anglo-French War Anglo- Mysore War Modern History Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Rise of Regional States ● The states that emerged as a result of the decline of the Mughal Empire can be classified into: ○ Successor States- ■ These were the Mughal provinces that turned into states after breaking away from the empire. ■ Some examples are Awadh, Bengal and Hyderabad. Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion ○ Independent Kingdoms- ■ States that came into existence primarily due to the destabilization of the Mughal control over the provinces. ■ For examples being Mysore, Kerala and the Rajput states. ○ The New States- ■ Rebel states of Mughal empire. ■ For examples, being the Maratha, the Sikh and the Jat states. Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Hyderabad ● Kilich Khan, defeated and killed Mubariz Khan in the Battle of Shaker-Kheda (1724) and assumed control of the Deccan. ● In 1725, he became the viceroy and conferred on himself the title of Asaf-Jah. (Asaf Jahi dynasty) ● Founder- Nizam-ul-mulk Asaf Jah ● Tolerant ● 1748 death issues with succession Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Carnatic ● One of the subahs of Mughal Deccan and thus came under Nizam. ● Deputy governor known as Nawab of Carnatic ● Made his office hereditary ● Nawab Saadatullah Khan made his nephew Dost Ali his successor without approval of Nizam ● Founder of Nawayath dynasty Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Bengal ● 1700: Murshid Quli Khan appointed the Diwan of Bengal by Aurangzeb. ● After Aurangzeb's death founded an independent kingdom of Bengal. ● 1727: Succeeded by his son in law Shuja-ud-din. ● 1739: He died & was succeeded by his son Sarfaraz Khan ● 1740: Alivardi Khan revolted , killed the Nawab & becomes subedar of Bengal. Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Bengal (Cont...) ● Tolerant appointed Hindus as revenue farmers ● Didn’t build big army ● Didn’t tackle corruption Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Awadh ● 1772: Saadat khan Burhan-ul-Mulk was appointed governor of Awadh. ● Bold, energetic, iron willed & tolerant. ● Province was made virtually independent and hereditary before he died in 1739. ● Succeeded by his nephew Safdar Jang, who became the Wazir of Mughals in 1748 ● He died in 1754. ● Prolonged peace resulted in growth of Awadhi culture. Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Mysore ● Nominal part of Mughal empire. ● King Chikka Krishna Raj, a puppet at the hands of 2 ministers Nanjaraj (the Sarvadhikari) & Devraj (the Dulwai). ● Mysore emerged as an important power under Hyder Ali. ● 1755: Modern arsenal in Dindigul. ● 1761: Overthrew Nanjaraj and established his authority. Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Tipu Sultan ● Complex character but innovator ● New calendar , new coinage system & new scales of weights & measures ● French revolution: Planted a 'Tree of Liberty' at Seringapatam & he became a member of a ‘Jacobian Club’. ● He was the only one who understand the threat of the English ● Tried to establish modern navy ● Mysore flourished & comparatively was better than others ● Sent emissaries to France, Iran, Turkey and Pegu Myanmar. Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Tipu Sultan (Cont…) ● Traded with China ● Promoted trade with Russia & Arabia ● Sir John Shore wrote, ‘the peasantry of his dominions are protected & their labor encouraged and rewarded’. ● Described as religious fanatic. But gave money for the construction of image of goddess Sarda in Shringeni Temple. ● His personal library contained books on such diverse subjects as religion, history, military science, medicine, & mathematics. Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Kerala ● Divided into four important states Calicut, Cochin , Chirakkal and Travancore. ● Kingdom of Travancore rose under Martand Varma (1729-58) ○ Defeated the Dutch: Battle of Colachel (1741), resulting in the complete eclipse of Dutch power in Malabar. ○ Padmanabhaswamy temple recreated ○ By 1763 only three big states of Calicut, Cochin , Travancore existed. Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Kerala (Cont…) ● Rama Varma (1758-98) ○ A poet, scholars, musician, renowed actor and, a man of great culture. ○ Took keen interest in European affairs. ○ Read newspapers and journals published in London, Calcutta and Madras. ● 18th century saw a remarkable revival of Malyalam literature. ● Trivandrum, the capital of Travancore become a famous centre of Sanskrit scholarship (2nd half of 18th century). Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Rajput States ● Raja Sawai Jai Singh Amber (1699-1743) ● Distinguished statesman, law maker, astronomer & reformer ● Man of Science & arts ● Founded Jaipur: Made it a seat of science ● Observatories in Ujjain, Jaipur, Delhi, Varanasi & Mathura ● He drew up a set of tables, entitled Zij Muhammad Shahi, to enable people to make astrono mical observations. Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Rajput States (Cont…) ● Euclid's "Elements of Geometry", translated into Sanskrit & also several works on trigonometry, & Napier's work on the construction & use of logarithms. ● Law to reduce expenditure on daughter’s marriage (Social reformer). Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Jats ● A caste of agriculturists, lived in around Delhi, Agra & Mathura. ● The Jat state of Bharatpur was set by Churaman & Badan singh. ● Reached its highest glory under the Suraj Mal (1756-1763). ● Extended his authority from the Ganga in the east to Chambal in the south, Subah of Agra in the west to Subah of Delhi in north. Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Jats (Cont…) ● A contemporary historian- “ Though he wore the dress of a farmer and could speak only his own Braj dialect, he was the Plato of the Jat tribe. In prudence and skill, and ability to manage the revenue & civil affairs he had no equal among the grandees of Hindustan except Asaf Jah Bahadur.” Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Bangash Pathans and Rohelas ● Muhammad Khan Bangash, an Afghan adventurer, established his control over territory around Farrukhabad (during the reign of Farrukh Siyar and Mohammad shah). ● The region is identified as modern Aligarh and Kanpur. ● Ali Muhammad Khan carved out a separate principality, known as Rohilkhand. ● With its capital first at Aolan in Bareilly and later at Rampur. Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Wars, Battles and Treaties Modern Indian History Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Anglo-French Carnatic Wars ● Why South? ● (North)- Aurangzeb had stalled ● Nadir Shah’s showed the decay ● (West)- Marathas ● (East)- Bengal Alivardi Khan ● (South)- Central power had disappeared & 1748 death of Nizam ● Both English and French desired it Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Anglo-French Carnatic Wars/ Carnatic Wars ● Fight between the English and the French on the Indian soil for supremacy Joseph Dupleix Robert Clive Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Anglo-French Wars War of Austrian Succession :1740-1748 France, Prussia, Spain, Bavaria, Britain ,Habsburg, Hanover, Dutch Sicily, Naples, Genoa, Sweden Republic, Saxony, Sardinia, Russia Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion First Carnatic War ● Madras vs. Pondicherry ● Lord Dupleix Ambition ● 1746: Capturing of Madras by the French ● Important English trading centre, ruled by Nawab of Carnatic ● Strong defence by Dupleix ● La Bourdonnais ● Battle of St. Thome-(1746) (Dupleix defeated the Indian Forces led by Anwar-ud-din, the Nawab of Carnatic) Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion First Carnatic War (Cont…) ● Retreat of the British ● Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle: ● Madras to be returned to British in exchange of French fortress Louisbourg in North America to France. ● Outcome- ○ French Superiority had been clearly displayed. ○ Dupleix had given ample proof of his extraordinary skill and diplomacy. ○ Brought Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Second Carnatic war ● Civil Wars in Hyderabad and Carnatic on the issue of succession. ● Interfering in the local dynastic dispute. ● In Carnatic, Chanda sahib (son in law of former Nawab, Dost Ali) vs Anwar-ud-din (the Nawab) ● In Hyderabad, Muzaffar Jang (grand son) vs Nasir Jang (son) ● Anwar-ud-din was killed at the Battle of Ambur (1749) near Vellore, but his son Muhammed Ali fled to Trichinopoly. ● Nasir Jang also lost his life in 1750. Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Second Carnatic War (1748-1754) Continued….. ● Chanda Sahib become Nawab of Carnatic and Muzaffar Jang become subehdar of Deccan. ● At the request of new Subahdar, a French army under officer Bussy was stationed at Hyderabad. ● France was initially successful in both places ● While French were in Trichy, English attacked Arcot so, French had to raise the siege. (The British Counter attack led by Robert Clive) ● Dupleix failure to capture Trichy. Along with his political ambitions & ruinous expenses sealed his fate. Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion ● Treaty of Pondicherry – Dupleix returns to France( English demand) replaced by Godehu as new Governor General. ● Reason of the second Carnatic war was based on Internal Issue led by the lure of Commercial Supremacy.
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  • History of India(From 1707-1858 AD)

    History of India(From 1707-1858 AD)

    Department of history –Vivekananda college History of India(from 1707-1858 AD) 3rd semester , 2nd BA History, Subject – 02CT31 Dr.T.Kaliappan Associate Professor of History UNIT 1, Lession 1 ADVENT OF THE EUROPEANS Introduction: Prince Henry of Portugal (1393-1460) greatly encouraged navigation and exploration. He started regular school for the scientific training for seamen. He is often called Prince Henry the Navigator. In 1487 Bartholomew Diaz was carried by storms round the southern end of Africa which came to be called Cape of Good Hope. In 1497 Vasco-de-Gama, another Portuguese navigator sailed to complete the work of Diaz. He sailed along the Atlantic coast of Africa, rounded the Cape of Good Hope and reached Mozambique in the Indian Ocean. There he saw some Indian ships and hired the services of the Indian Pilot . Vasco-da –Gama on April 22, 1498, Vasco-da-Gama reached Calicut on the western coast of India due to the patronage given by King Emmanuel. He was warmly received by its Hindu ruler Zamorin. Thus the sea route to India was discovered in 1498. 1. Growth of Portuguese power: 2. Among the European powers, the Portuguese were the first to come to India and also the last to go out of India. 3. Vasco-da-Gama stayed for three months and then returned due to Arab opposition. He returned home in 1499. 4. Pedro Alvares Cabral, discoverer of Brazil, arrived at Calicut with the Arab merchants. Many of his associates were murdered by them. He set up a shore agency at Cochin.