Anglo-French War Anglo- Mysore War

Modern History

Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Rise of Regional States

● The states that emerged as a result of the decline of the can be classified into: ○ Successor States- ■ These were the Mughal provinces that turned into states after breaking away from the empire. ■ Some examples are Awadh, and .

Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion ○ Independent Kingdoms- ■ States that came into existence primarily due to the destabilization of the Mughal control over the provinces. ■ For examples being Mysore, Kerala and the Rajput states. ○ The New States- ■ Rebel states of Mughal empire. ■ For examples, being the Maratha, the Sikh and the Jat states.

Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Hyderabad

● Kilich Khan, defeated and killed Mubariz Khan in the Battle of Shaker-Kheda (1724) and assumed control of the Deccan. ● In 1725, he became the viceroy and conferred on himself the title of Asaf-Jah. (Asaf Jahi dynasty) ● Founder- Nizam-ul-mulk Asaf Jah ● Tolerant ● 1748 death issues with succession

Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Carnatic

● One of the subahs of Mughal Deccan and thus came under Nizam. ● Deputy governor known as of Carnatic ● Made his office hereditary ● Nawab Saadatullah Khan made his nephew Dost Ali his successor without approval of Nizam ● Founder of Nawayath dynasty

Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Bengal

● 1700: Murshid Quli Khan appointed the Diwan of Bengal by . ● After Aurangzeb's death founded an independent kingdom of Bengal. ● 1727: Succeeded by his son in law Shuja-ud-din. ● 1739: He died & was succeeded by his son Sarfaraz Khan ● 1740: Alivardi Khan revolted , killed the Nawab & becomes subedar of Bengal.

Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Bengal (Cont...)

● Tolerant appointed Hindus as revenue farmers ● Didn’t build big army ● Didn’t tackle corruption

Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Awadh

● 1772: Saadat khan Burhan-ul-Mulk was appointed governor of Awadh. ● Bold, energetic, iron willed & tolerant. ● Province was made virtually independent and hereditary before he died in 1739. ● Succeeded by his nephew Safdar Jang, who became the Wazir of Mughals in 1748 ● He died in 1754. ● Prolonged peace resulted in growth of Awadhi culture.

Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Mysore

● Nominal part of Mughal empire. ● King Chikka Krishna Raj, a puppet at the hands of 2 ministers Nanjaraj (the Sarvadhikari) & Devraj (the Dulwai). ● Mysore emerged as an important power under . ● 1755: Modern arsenal in Dindigul. ● 1761: Overthrew Nanjaraj and established his authority.

Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Tipu Sultan

● Complex character but innovator ● New calendar , new coinage system & new scales of weights & measures ● French revolution: Planted a 'Tree of Liberty' at Seringapatam & he became a member of a ‘Jacobian Club’. ● He was the only one who understand the threat of the English ● Tried to establish modern navy ● Mysore flourished & comparatively was better than others ● Sent emissaries to , Iran, Turkey and Pegu Myanmar.

Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Tipu Sultan (Cont…)

● Traded with China ● Promoted trade with Russia & Arabia ● Sir John Shore wrote, ‘the peasantry of his dominions are protected & their labor encouraged and rewarded’. ● Described as religious fanatic. But gave money for the construction of image of goddess Sarda in Shringeni Temple. ● His personal library contained books on such diverse subjects as religion, history, military science, medicine, & mathematics.

Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Kerala

● Divided into four important states Calicut, Cochin , Chirakkal and Travancore. ● Kingdom of Travancore rose under Martand Varma (1729-58) ○ Defeated the Dutch: Battle of Colachel (1741), resulting in the complete eclipse of Dutch power in Malabar. ○ Padmanabhaswamy temple recreated ○ By 1763 only three big states of Calicut, Cochin , Travancore existed.

Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Kerala (Cont…)

● Rama Varma (1758-98) ○ A poet, scholars, musician, renowed actor and, a man of great culture. ○ Took keen interest in European affairs. ○ Read newspapers and journals published in London, Calcutta and Madras. ● 18th century saw a remarkable revival of Malyalam literature. ● Trivandrum, the capital of Travancore become a famous centre of Sanskrit scholarship (2nd half of 18th century).

Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Rajput States

● Raja Sawai Jai Singh Amber (1699-1743) ● Distinguished statesman, law maker, astronomer & reformer ● Man of Science & arts ● Founded Jaipur: Made it a seat of science ● Observatories in Ujjain, Jaipur, Delhi, Varanasi & Mathura ● He drew up a set of tables, entitled Zij Muhammad Shahi, to enable people to make astrono mical observations.

Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Rajput States (Cont…)

● Euclid's "Elements of Geometry", translated into Sanskrit & also several works on trigonometry, & Napier's work on the construction & use of logarithms. ● Law to reduce expenditure on daughter’s marriage (Social reformer).

Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Jats

● A caste of agriculturists, lived in around Delhi, Agra & Mathura. ● The Jat state of Bharatpur was set by Churaman & Badan singh. ● Reached its highest glory under the Suraj Mal (1756-1763). ● Extended his authority from the Ganga in the east to Chambal in the south, Subah of Agra in the west to Subah of Delhi in north.

Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Jats (Cont…)

● A contemporary historian- “ Though he wore the dress of a farmer and could speak only his own Braj dialect, he was the Plato of the Jat tribe. In prudence and skill, and ability to manage the revenue & civil affairs he had no equal among the grandees of Hindustan except Asaf Jah Bahadur.”

Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Bangash Pathans and Rohelas

● Muhammad Khan Bangash, an Afghan adventurer, established his control over territory around Farrukhabad (during the reign of Farrukh Siyar and Mohammad shah). ● The region is identified as modern Aligarh and Kanpur. ● Ali Muhammad Khan carved out a separate principality, known as Rohilkhand. ● With its capital first at Aolan in Bareilly and later at Rampur.

Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Wars, Battles and Treaties

Modern Indian History

Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Anglo-French

● Why South? ● (North)- Aurangzeb had stalled ● Nadir Shah’s showed the decay ● (West)- Marathas ● (East)- Bengal Alivardi Khan ● (South)- Central power had disappeared & 1748 death of Nizam ● Both English and French desired it

Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Anglo-French Carnatic Wars/ Carnatic Wars

● Fight between the English and the French on the Indian soil for supremacy

Joseph Dupleix Clive

Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Anglo-French Wars

War of Austrian Succession :1740-1748

France, Prussia, Spain, Bavaria, Britain ,Habsburg, Hanover, Dutch Sicily, Naples, Genoa, Sweden Republic, Saxony, Sardinia, Russia

Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion

● Madras vs. ● Lord Dupleix Ambition ● 1746: Capturing of Madras by the French ● Important English trading centre, ruled by Nawab of Carnatic ● Strong defence by Dupleix ● La Bourdonnais ● Battle of St. Thome-(1746) (Dupleix defeated the Indian Forces led by Anwar-ud-din, the Nawab of Carnatic)

Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion First Carnatic War (Cont…)

● Retreat of the British ● Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle: ● Madras to be returned to British in exchange of French fortress Louisbourg in to France. ● Outcome- ○ French Superiority had been clearly displayed. ○ Dupleix had given ample proof of his extraordinary skill and diplomacy. ○ Brought

Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Second Carnatic war

● Civil Wars in Hyderabad and Carnatic on the issue of succession. ● Interfering in the local dynastic dispute. ● In Carnatic, (son in law of former Nawab, Dost Ali) vs Anwar-ud-din (the Nawab) ● In Hyderabad, Muzaffar Jang (grand son) vs Nasir Jang (son) ● Anwar-ud-din was killed at the Battle of (1749) near , but his son Muhammed Ali fled to Trichinopoly. ● Nasir Jang also lost his life in 1750.

Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Second Carnatic War (1748-1754) Continued….. ● Chanda Sahib become Nawab of Carnatic and Muzaffar Jang become subehdar of Deccan. ● At the request of new Subahdar, a French army under officer Bussy was stationed at Hyderabad. ● France was initially successful in both places ● While French were in Trichy, English attacked Arcot so, French had to raise the siege. (The British Counter attack led by ) ● Dupleix failure to capture Trichy. Along with his political ambitions & ruinous expenses sealed his fate.

Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion ● Treaty of Pondicherry – Dupleix returns to France( English demand) replaced by Godehu as new Governor General. ● Reason of the second Carnatic war was based on Internal Issue led by the lure of Commercial Supremacy.

Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Third Carnatic War (1757-63)

● War was an echo of 7 year war in Europe & thus ended the short term peace in between the Europeans. ● 1757: Robert Clive had defeated Siraj-ud-duala and captured Bengal. ● Boosted the morale of English Soldiers. ● Richness of Bengal helped the English to defeat France in the south. ● 1758: Count de Lally, French governor at Pondicherry attacked Fort St. David (British Settlement).

Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion ● 1760: Wandiwash English (Sir Eyre Coote) defeat the French (Count de Lally) ● 1763: was signed ● Outcome- ○ French possessions in India were made protectorate states ○ No fortification allowed, No standing army ○ French confined to only few areas ○ Pondicherry & few other territories were returned to French but was never to be fortified. ● This sealed French ambitions in India.

Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Reasons for French Defeat

● French was a State Undertaking ● Directors were Appointed by Crown ● Lethargy and Bureaucratic Control over Company ● English East India Co.was a Private entity ● Opening up of different fronts by the French ● India, Europe, North America ● Failed to understand complex political situations in India ● Also couldn’t build strong navy like the English ● The British had the advantage as they had partial control over Bengal.

Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Reasons for the French Defeat? Continued…….

● The British had 3 important bases in India – Calcutta, Madras and Bombay ● The victory at Plassey (1757) gave the English Company large area of a rich resources ● On the other hand, the French had only one strong base at Pondicherry. If Pondicherry was endangered, it could not get any effective support from their other bases in India. ● End of British Conquest over the European Powers ● Now, British Conquest over the Indian Princely States

Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Previous Year Questions Q. With reference to the Pondicherry (Puducherry), consider the following statements 1. The first European power to occupy Pondicherry were the Portuguese 2. The second European power to occupy Pondicherry were the French 3. The English never occupied Pondicherry Which of the following statement(s) given above is/are correct? (a) Only 1 (b) 2 and 3 (c) Only 3 (d) 1,2 and 3 Answer (a)

Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Q. With reference to the entry of European powers into India, which one of the following statements is not correct?2003 (a) The Portuguese captured Goa in 1499 (b) The English opened their first factory in at Masulipatnam (c) In Eastern India, the English Company opened its first factory in Orissa in 1663 (d) Under the leadership of Dupleix, the French occupied Madras in 1746 Answer a Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Conquest of Bengal - Background

● 1717: The Mughal emperor issued a farman, called Magna Carta of the Company, giving the Company a large number of trade concessions. ● Important terms: ○ Bengal- Company’s imports and exports were exempted from additional customs duties except the annual payment of 3,000 rupees as settled earlier. ○ Dastaks- Permitted to issue dastaks (passes) for the transportation of such goods.

Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion ● Outcome ○ The officials of the Company made rampant misuse of its trade privileges that adversely affected the Nawab’s finances. ○ 1756: Alivardi died & was succeeded by his 23 year-old grandson, Siraj-ud-daulah. ○ Combination of a ferocious temper and a feeble understanding. ○ Suspicious of the large profits made by the European companies in India , asked them to trade on similar terms like Murshid times.

Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Continued… .Immediate Cause: ● When the British and the French started improving their fortifications in anticipation of another war between them, he immediately ordered them to stop such activities as they had been done without permission. French agreed but not the English. ● When the British refused to cease their constructions, the Nawab led a detachment of 3,000 men to surround the fort & factory of Cossimbazar & took several British officials as prisoners, before moving to Calcutta.

Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion

● The city was occupied on 16 June by Siraj’s force & the Fort William surrendered after a brief siege on 20 June 1756. ● Black Hole Tragedy: The prisoners who were captured at the siege of Calcutta were transferred by Siraj to the care of the officers of his guard, who confined them to the common dungeon of Fort William . ● J Z Holwell ● English took refuge at Fulta near the sea.

Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion ● Robert Clive entered into agreement with the leading man of Nawab’s Court: ○ (Mir Bakshi) ○ Jagat Seth: A marwari banker. ○ Omi Chand or Amir Chand : A rich merchant. ○ Manik Chand: Officer in charge of Calcutta. ○ Rai Durlabh: He was the treasurer of Nawab. ○ Ghaseti Begum: The rich maternal aunt of Nawab. ○ Khadim Khan: Commended large army

Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion

Battle of Plassey -1757

● About 30 km from Murshidabad. ● Battle only in name: The battle was merely a skirmish but in its results was one of the most decisive battles of Indian history as it paved the way for the foundation of British rule. ● Only Mir Madan & Mohan Lal fought ● Nawab was put to death by Mir Jafar’s son Miran. ● Mir Jafar became a puppet in the hands of Clive who couldn’t satisfy the demands & was forced to resign in 1760. ● “A night of eternal gloom for India”

Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion ● Concession given by Mir Jafar- ○ Large sums of money plus the Zamindari of 24 parganas to the English. ● Historical Importance- ○ Paved the way for the British mastery of Bengal and eventually to whole India. ○ Boosted British prestige and status of a major contender for the Indian Empire. ○ Rich revenue of Bengal enable them to organize a strong army and meet the cost of conquest.

Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion ● Control over Bengal played a decisive role in the Anglo-French war. ● Regarded as a starting point of British rule in India. ● Main rivals, the French, were ousted. ● 1760: Vansittart, the new Governor of Calcutta, agreed to support 's claim after a treaty signed between them.

Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion

Treaty of 1760 (Mir Qasim)

Important features: ● Agreed to cede to the Company the districts of Burdwan, Midnapur and Chittagong. ● The Company would get half of the share in chunam trade of SylhAgreed to pay off the outstanding dues to the Company. ● Promised to pay a sum of rupees five lakh towards financing the Company’s war efforts in southern India.

Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion (22nd October 1764)

● Mir Kasim succeeded him but he too couldn’t satisfy the growing demands. ● He was an able & competent leader ● Tried to check the misuse of dastak ● Abolished all inland duties ● He shifted his capital to Monghyr

Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Battle of Buxar (22nd October 1764) ● War broke with the company. He lost in a series of battle (1763) & he fled to Oudh to organize a confederacy with Shuja-ud-Daula Nawab of Oudh & Shah Alam II. ● The combined armies were defeated, Mir Kasim fled while the other 2 surrendered. ● Significance- ○ Demonstrated ‘the superiority of English army’ over the combined army of major Indian powers. ○ Establish British as the ‘masters of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa’ and placed Oudh at their mercy.

Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Outcome of Battle of Buxar

● Treaty of Allahabad (August 1765) was signed between the British and Shuja-ud-daula & Shah Alam II. ● Shuja ud Daula was confirmed in his possessions on the following conditions: ○ Nawab surrendered Allahabad & Kara to Emperor Shah Alam II. ○ Pay 50 lakh to company as war indemnity. ○ Forced to maintain English forces.

Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion ● Shah Alam was taken into company’s protection ● To reside in Allahabad. ● Granted the company the Diwani of Bengal, Bihar & Orissa. ● Provision of Rs. 53 lakh to the Company in return for ‘nizamat functions’. ● 1763: Mir Jafar made the Nawab again ● On his death his son, Nizam ud Daulah made the Nawab ● Robert Clive was appointed the 1st governor of Bengal & signed a new treaty (Nawab had to disband his army & administer Bengal through a ‘Deputy Subedar’ who was nominated by British)

Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Dual System of Administration

● Dual Government: ○ The administration of Bengal was carried out by 2 heads with the Nawab of Bengal as a nominal head & Company as the Dewan having control over revenues as well as police and judicial powers. ● Introduced by Robert Clive. ○ The British East India Company obtained the actual power; whereas the responsibility & charge of administration was entrusted to the Nawab of Bengal.

Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion ● Under this the British administration acquired both the functions of the Diwani or revenue & Nizamat or civil administration of Bengal from 2 distinct sources, Diwani from the Mughal emperor & Nizamat from the Nawab of Bengal. ● Company was authorized to accumulate revenues of the Bengal province as the Diwan. ● Moreover with the right to appoint the Deputy Subahdar, the British obtained the designation to control the police and judicial powers or the Nizamat. ● The difficulty was created by the fact that the servants of the Company did not undertake duties as Diwan or Nizam in their own person. Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion ● The nominal head of the administration was Deputy Naib Mohammad Reza Khan at Murshidabad (Bengal) & Raja Shitab Rai at Patna (Bihar).

Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion

Anglo- Mysore Wars

● The Anglo–Mysore Wars were a series of wars fought in India over the last 4 decades of the 18th century. ● Between the & the British East India Company, represented chiefly by the . ● The 4th war resulted in the overthrow of the house of Haidar Ali & Tipu, in 1799, & the dismantlement of Mysore to the benefit of the British and their allies.

Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion

First Anglo- Mysore War 1767-69

Background- ● Haidar Ali gained some measure of success against the British but suffered heavy defeats at the hands of the (Madhavrao) Marathas in 1764, 1766 and 1771. ● After easy success in Bengal, British wanted Northern circars on rent, as it the connection between Madras & Bengal, but Nizam rejected it so they got firman from Mughal ruler ● Haidar also had territorial disputes with Nawab of Arcot.

Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Changing Alliances: ● Initially, the Nizam, the Marathas, & the English allied together against Haidar. But acting with considerable tact & diplomatic skill, he made peace with both the Nizam and Marathas. ● He paid the Marathas to turn them neutral &, promising share conquered territories with the Nizam, converted the Nizam into his ally. ● He joined the Nizam to attack the Nawab of Arcot. ● The war continued for a longer period without any conclusion.

Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion ● Meanwhile, Haidar changed his strategy & attacked Madras, forcing the English to conclude a humiliating Treaty of Madras (April 4,1769). ● The Treaty provides: ○ Exchange of prisoners and mutual restitution of conquests. ○ British promised to help Haidar in case of attack by any other power. ○ Territories occupied were restored to each other. ○ 1771: Marathas attack Mysore & the British did not help Haidar.

Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Second Anglo–Mysore War (1780–1784)

● Background: ○ Accused the British of breach of faith and non-observance of the Treaty of Madras when attack by the Marathas. ○ The capture of Mahe (a French settlement under the protection of Haidar Ali ) gave Haidar an opportunity to take revenge. ● Main Events: ○ 1781: Haidar after forging an anti-British alliance with the Marathas and Nizam attacked Carnatic & captured Arcot, defeating the English Army.

Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion ● Warren Hastings bribed Nizam by giving Guntur thus leading him to withdraw. ● 1781: Eyre Coote defeated Hyder Ali at Porto Novo and saved Madras. ● 1782: Hyder died of Cancer. ● Now his son, Tipu carried on the war. ● Finally, the war ended with the last British-Indian treaty with an Indian ruler on equal footing, Treaty of Manglore (March,1784). ● Treaty of Mangalore, at which both sides agreed to restore the other's lands to the status quo ante bellum. ● Thus, no tangible benefits.

Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Third Anglo–Mysore War (1789–92)

Background: ● Dispute arose between Tipu and the state of Travancore. ● Travancore had purchased Jalkottal and Cannanore from the Dutch in the Cochin state. ● As Cochin was a feudatory of Tipu, he considered the act of Travancore as a violation of his sovereign rights. ● 1789: Tipu invaded the nearby state of Travancore, which was a British ally.

Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion ● 1791: Lord Cornwal lis, had succeeded through shrewd diplomacy in isolating him by winning over the Marathas, the Nizam, & the rulers of Travancore and Coorg. ● A resounding defeat for Mysore. ● The war ended after the siege of Seringapatam and the signing of the Treaty of Seringapatam, according to which Tipu had to surrender half of his kingdom to the Company. ● Paid 330 lakhs of rupees as indemnity.

Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion

Fourth Anglo–Mysore War (1799)

● Saw the defeat of Tipu and further reductions in Mysorean territory. ● Mysore's alliance with the French was seen as a threat to the Company. ● Nizam & the Marathas launched an invasion from the north. ● 1799: The British won a decisive victory at the Battle of Seringapatam under the leadership of Arthur Wellesley. ○

Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion ● Tipu was killed. Much of the remaining Mysorean territory was annexed by the British, the Nizam & the Marathas. ● The remaining core, around Mysore & Seringapatam, was restored to the Indian prince belonging to the Wodeyar dynasty. ● An important result was the complete elimination of the French threat to British supremacy in India.

Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion