18th Century Anglo-French War Anglo- Mysore War Modern History Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Rise of Regional States ● The states that emerged as a result of the decline of the Mughal Empire can be classified into: ○ Successor States- ■ These were the Mughal provinces that turned into states after breaking away from the empire. ■ Some examples are Awadh, Bengal and Hyderabad. Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion ○ Independent Kingdoms- ■ States that came into existence primarily due to the destabilization of the Mughal control over the provinces. ■ For examples being Mysore, Kerala and the Rajput states. ○ The New States- ■ Rebel states of Mughal empire. ■ For examples, being the Maratha, the Sikh and the Jat states. Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Hyderabad ● Kilich Khan, defeated and killed Mubariz Khan in the Battle of Shaker-Kheda (1724) and assumed control of the Deccan. ● In 1725, he became the viceroy and conferred on himself the title of Asaf-Jah. (Asaf Jahi dynasty) ● Founder- Nizam-ul-mulk Asaf Jah ● Tolerant ● 1748 death issues with succession Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Carnatic ● One of the subahs of Mughal Deccan and thus came under Nizam. ● Deputy governor known as Nawab of Carnatic ● Made his office hereditary ● Nawab Saadatullah Khan made his nephew Dost Ali his successor without approval of Nizam ● Founder of Nawayath dynasty Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Bengal ● 1700: Murshid Quli Khan appointed the Diwan of Bengal by Aurangzeb. ● After Aurangzeb's death founded an independent kingdom of Bengal. ● 1727: Succeeded by his son in law Shuja-ud-din. ● 1739: He died & was succeeded by his son Sarfaraz Khan ● 1740: Alivardi Khan revolted , killed the Nawab & becomes subedar of Bengal. Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Bengal (Cont...) ● Tolerant appointed Hindus as revenue farmers ● Didn’t build big army ● Didn’t tackle corruption Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Awadh ● 1772: Saadat khan Burhan-ul-Mulk was appointed governor of Awadh. ● Bold, energetic, iron willed & tolerant. ● Province was made virtually independent and hereditary before he died in 1739. ● Succeeded by his nephew Safdar Jang, who became the Wazir of Mughals in 1748 ● He died in 1754. ● Prolonged peace resulted in growth of Awadhi culture. Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Mysore ● Nominal part of Mughal empire. ● King Chikka Krishna Raj, a puppet at the hands of 2 ministers Nanjaraj (the Sarvadhikari) & Devraj (the Dulwai). ● Mysore emerged as an important power under Hyder Ali. ● 1755: Modern arsenal in Dindigul. ● 1761: Overthrew Nanjaraj and established his authority. Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Tipu Sultan ● Complex character but innovator ● New calendar , new coinage system & new scales of weights & measures ● French revolution: Planted a 'Tree of Liberty' at Seringapatam & he became a member of a ‘Jacobian Club’. ● He was the only one who understand the threat of the English ● Tried to establish modern navy ● Mysore flourished & comparatively was better than others ● Sent emissaries to France, Iran, Turkey and Pegu Myanmar. Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Tipu Sultan (Cont…) ● Traded with China ● Promoted trade with Russia & Arabia ● Sir John Shore wrote, ‘the peasantry of his dominions are protected & their labor encouraged and rewarded’. ● Described as religious fanatic. But gave money for the construction of image of goddess Sarda in Shringeni Temple. ● His personal library contained books on such diverse subjects as religion, history, military science, medicine, & mathematics. Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Kerala ● Divided into four important states Calicut, Cochin , Chirakkal and Travancore. ● Kingdom of Travancore rose under Martand Varma (1729-58) ○ Defeated the Dutch: Battle of Colachel (1741), resulting in the complete eclipse of Dutch power in Malabar. ○ Padmanabhaswamy temple recreated ○ By 1763 only three big states of Calicut, Cochin , Travancore existed. Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Kerala (Cont…) ● Rama Varma (1758-98) ○ A poet, scholars, musician, renowed actor and, a man of great culture. ○ Took keen interest in European affairs. ○ Read newspapers and journals published in London, Calcutta and Madras. ● 18th century saw a remarkable revival of Malyalam literature. ● Trivandrum, the capital of Travancore become a famous centre of Sanskrit scholarship (2nd half of 18th century). Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Rajput States ● Raja Sawai Jai Singh Amber (1699-1743) ● Distinguished statesman, law maker, astronomer & reformer ● Man of Science & arts ● Founded Jaipur: Made it a seat of science ● Observatories in Ujjain, Jaipur, Delhi, Varanasi & Mathura ● He drew up a set of tables, entitled Zij Muhammad Shahi, to enable people to make astrono mical observations. Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Rajput States (Cont…) ● Euclid's "Elements of Geometry", translated into Sanskrit & also several works on trigonometry, & Napier's work on the construction & use of logarithms. ● Law to reduce expenditure on daughter’s marriage (Social reformer). Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Jats ● A caste of agriculturists, lived in around Delhi, Agra & Mathura. ● The Jat state of Bharatpur was set by Churaman & Badan singh. ● Reached its highest glory under the Suraj Mal (1756-1763). ● Extended his authority from the Ganga in the east to Chambal in the south, Subah of Agra in the west to Subah of Delhi in north. Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Jats (Cont…) ● A contemporary historian- “ Though he wore the dress of a farmer and could speak only his own Braj dialect, he was the Plato of the Jat tribe. In prudence and skill, and ability to manage the revenue & civil affairs he had no equal among the grandees of Hindustan except Asaf Jah Bahadur.” Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Bangash Pathans and Rohelas ● Muhammad Khan Bangash, an Afghan adventurer, established his control over territory around Farrukhabad (during the reign of Farrukh Siyar and Mohammad shah). ● The region is identified as modern Aligarh and Kanpur. ● Ali Muhammad Khan carved out a separate principality, known as Rohilkhand. ● With its capital first at Aolan in Bareilly and later at Rampur. Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Wars, Battles and Treaties Modern Indian History Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Anglo-French Carnatic Wars ● Why South? ● (North)- Aurangzeb had stalled ● Nadir Shah’s showed the decay ● (West)- Marathas ● (East)- Bengal Alivardi Khan ● (South)- Central power had disappeared & 1748 death of Nizam ● Both English and French desired it Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Anglo-French Carnatic Wars/ Carnatic Wars ● Fight between the English and the French on the Indian soil for supremacy Joseph Dupleix Robert Clive Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Anglo-French Wars War of Austrian Succession :1740-1748 France, Prussia, Spain, Bavaria, Britain ,Habsburg, Hanover, Dutch Sicily, Naples, Genoa, Sweden Republic, Saxony, Sardinia, Russia Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion First Carnatic War ● Madras vs. Pondicherry ● Lord Dupleix Ambition ● 1746: Capturing of Madras by the French ● Important English trading centre, ruled by Nawab of Carnatic ● Strong defence by Dupleix ● La Bourdonnais ● Battle of St. Thome-(1746) (Dupleix defeated the Indian Forces led by Anwar-ud-din, the Nawab of Carnatic) Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion First Carnatic War (Cont…) ● Retreat of the British ● Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle: ● Madras to be returned to British in exchange of French fortress Louisbourg in North America to France. ● Outcome- ○ French Superiority had been clearly displayed. ○ Dupleix had given ample proof of his extraordinary skill and diplomacy. ○ Brought Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Second Carnatic war ● Civil Wars in Hyderabad and Carnatic on the issue of succession. ● Interfering in the local dynastic dispute. ● In Carnatic, Chanda sahib (son in law of former Nawab, Dost Ali) vs Anwar-ud-din (the Nawab) ● In Hyderabad, Muzaffar Jang (grand son) vs Nasir Jang (son) ● Anwar-ud-din was killed at the Battle of Ambur (1749) near Vellore, but his son Muhammed Ali fled to Trichinopoly. ● Nasir Jang also lost his life in 1750. Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion Second Carnatic War (1748-1754) Continued….. ● Chanda Sahib become Nawab of Carnatic and Muzaffar Jang become subehdar of Deccan. ● At the request of new Subahdar, a French army under officer Bussy was stationed at Hyderabad. ● France was initially successful in both places ● While French were in Trichy, English attacked Arcot so, French had to raise the siege. (The British Counter attack led by Robert Clive) ● Dupleix failure to capture Trichy. Along with his political ambitions & ruinous expenses sealed his fate. Modern History: Provincial Kingdoms and British Expansion ● Treaty of Pondicherry – Dupleix returns to France( English demand) replaced by Godehu as new Governor General. ● Reason of the second Carnatic war was based on Internal Issue led by the lure of Commercial Supremacy.