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Distribution Agreement in Presenting This Thesis As A Distribution Agreement In presenting this thesis as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for a degree from Emory University, I hereby grant to Emory University and its agents the non-exclusive license to archive, make accessible, and display my thesis in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known, including display on the world wide web. I understand that I may select some access restrictions as part of the online submission of this thesis. I retain all ownership rights to the copyright of the thesis. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis. Signature ________________________ _________________ Christina C. Welsch 11 April 2010 Forging the Conqueror’s Sword How Two Indias Created One Empire by Christina C. Welsch Adviser Tonio Andrade Department of History ________________________ Tonio Andrade Adviser ________________________ Kyle Beardsley Committee Member ________________________ Dianne Diakité Committee Member _________________________ 11 April 2010 Forging the Conqueror’s Sword How Two Indias Created One Empire by Christina C. Welsch Adviser: Dr. Tonio Andrade, Department of History An abstract of A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Emory College of Arts and Sciences of Emory University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Bachelor of Arts with Honors Department of History 2010 Abstract Forging the Conqueror’s Sword How Two Indias Created One Empire By Christina C. Welsch Historians have long argued that the English East India Company’s empire was made by employees working in South Asia. For early historians seeking to distance London from the act of conquest and for modern scholars following Gallagher and Robinson’s peripheral theory of empire, the active agents of expansion were those “on the spot”. But few investigations examine why these servants adopted imperial ambitions in the first place. Traditional explanations focus on “great” individuals or on hostilities exported to South Asia from Europe. Neither analysis, though, can explain the location and timing of the Company’s first conquests in Bengal in 1756. Scholars should shift away from the Eurocentric lens of Anglo-French warfare to examine the Company more explicitly in the South Asian political fabric. The subcontinent’s early-eighteenth-century regionalism gave the Company’s localized administrative presidencies new autonomy as each interacted with a unique local reality. This divergent milieu allowed imperial ambitions to develop in some of these settlements. Myriad small wars in the south provided militaristic servants in the Madras Presidency experience in limited warfare, while trade profits in the north funded this militarization. In 1756, the Nawab of Bengal’s attack on Company servants stationed in Calcutta gave the Madras Presidency the excuse to extricate its military from those indecisive conflicts and to conquer a region previously isolated from the Company’s gradual military development. I argue that the Company’s initial conquests were not just a function of the periphery, but rather through interactions among peripheries—an empire made in two distinct Indias. Forging the Conqueror’s Sword How Two Indias Created One Empire by Christina C. Welsch Adviser: Dr. Tonio Andrade, Department of History A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Emory College of Arts and Sciences of Emory University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Bachelor of Arts with Honors Department of History 2010 Acknowledgments This project is the culmination of some two years of work, two years in which I have received more help and guidance than I can now express. Without the myriad resources that Emory University has made available for undergraduate research, this thesis would not have been conceivable. I am particularly indebted to the Department of History’s generosity in awarding me in the summer of 2009 a George P. Cuttino Scholarship that allowed me to work in both the National Archives of India and the British Library. The materials gathered in that trip form the integral core of evidence presented in this thesis. I must also thank the Mellon Mays Undergraduate Fellowship Program, which, in addition to its programming and resources to help me develop as a researcher, provided further financial resources necessary to complete this project. I could not have taken advantage of these wonderful opportunities had I not found at Emory an incredible group of mentors willing to support and to guide me at every step, both within this project and in my wider growth as a historian. Dr. Günther Kronenbitter and Marcus Harvey both provided important advice for me in the early stages of conceptualizing this thesis, and I am deeply grateful for the insights they provided me. Many thanks are also due to Dr. Kyle Beardsley for his assistance during the genesis of this project and for his valuable suggestions on drafts of the paper. I owe an immense debt of gratitude to Dr. Dianne Diakité, who has worked tirelessly in her role as coordinator for the Mellon Mays program to help me to devise and to carry out my research. Her dedication has been a source of encouragement for me both in this thesis and as an intellectual. Of course, not a word of this thesis would exist had it none been for the continuous support and guidance of my adviser, Dr. Tonio Andrade. Throughout this process, he has provided me with constant assistance and inspiration, pushing me always towards new avenues of intellectual and historical investigation. For his time, his help, and his belief in me, I am deeply grateful. Finally, I must thank those in my life who have endured my unending rambling about trade and war and the East India Company. My family and my friends have been provided me with unparalleled support. I am particularly grateful for my roommate, Jocelyn Pettway, and my boyfriend, Jason Krumholt, whose willingness to listen to my theories and to read half-formed drafts proved integral to the genesis of this thesis. Table of Contents A NOTE ABOUT SPELLING ............................................................................................................................ 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 2 CHAPTER ONE: THE EMERGENCE OF MULTIPLE INDIAS........................................................................ 15 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 15 Pictures of Delhi at Dusk ............................................................................................................ 20 Rise of the Regions ..................................................................................................................... 27 The Company in the Mix ............................................................................................................ 33 Interperipheral Imperialism ........................................................................................................ 40 CHAPTER TWO: THE FIRST INDIA: CONFLICT IN THE KARNATIK ......................................................... 46 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 46 Europe’s Eastern War ................................................................................................................. 53 The First Steps towards Militarism ............................................................................................. 59 The Carnatic Wars Become Karnatik ......................................................................................... 64 The Madras Military Revolution ................................................................................................ 77 CHAPTER THREE: THE SECOND INDIA: BUSINESS IN BENGAL ............................................................... 89 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 89 A “Failure” to Militarize ............................................................................................................. 94 “The Paradise of Provinces” ..................................................................................................... 101 The Bengal Presidency as Bengali ............................................................................................ 107 The Balance Breaks .................................................................................................................. 114 CHAPTER FOUR: WAR BETWEEN THE INDIAS ........................................................................................ 122 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 122 The Military Revolution and the Deccan .................................................................................. 125 The Winners of the Revolution ................................................................................................. 135 1756: A Year of Opportunity .................................................................................................... 142 A Step into Empire...................................................................................................................
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