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Horace for English Readers, Being a Translation of the Poems of Quintus

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Horace for English Readers, Being a Translation of the Poems of Quintus c x^. > ; ^ HORACE FOR ENGLISH READERS BEING A TRANSLATION OF THE POEMS OF QUINTUS HORATIUS FLACCUS INTO ENGLISH PROSE E. C. WICKHAM, D.D. DEAN OF LINCOLN HON'. FELLOW OF NEW CXFORU ; COLLEGE, OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS rpo3 HENRY FROWDE, M.A. PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD LONDON, EDINBURGH NEW YORK oc\'\'^7^022 aVp/ Animae qualem neque candidiorem Terra tulit, neque cui me sit devinctior alter. PREFACE Latin poet has been translated into verse, in this at more often than Horace. No country least, statesmen Perhaps the long list of poets, scholars, and who from generation to generation have tried their hands at the task may suggest the reflection that part of its fascination must consist in its insuperable difficulties. The humbler part of translating him into prose has been scantily attempted in England, though the example has been set us in France. By translation into prose I understand that which has been done for Virgil by for Conington and more lately by Mackail, Homer by Lang and his coadjutors, or again in part for Dante by Dr. Carlyle ^ translation which, while literal in the sense that is in its , every thought exactly represented _>--.^_^j4/<-^ ^ proper order, tone, and emphasis, has also just so much^^ of literary form that it can be read by a modern reader without distress, I and understood without perpetual reference to the and that Horace's original ; (to adapt own expression) if in the process the author be necessarily dismembered, the fragments can at least be recognized for those of a poet. Conington's prose translation of Virgil, which was published posthumously, but which had been read by him in his Professorial lectures, was perhaps the first attempt of the kind for a Latin poet. Nowadays a translation into English prose is coming to be thought as necessary to a complete edition of a classic as a translation into Latin was to a Greek classic at the beginning of the last century. That vi Preface is the true parallel. English translations have come with full English commentaries. They are their natural and mischief which complement ; any they may be supposed to cause to classical study I should prefer to say, any change that they indicate in its methods has come already with the commentaries. Perhaps in saying so much an old schoolmaster is betraying a twinge of conscience at seeming to publish ' a crib.' But in truth if the present translation owed its origin to an Oxford lecture-room some thirty years ago, it has been given to the printer now not so much with any view to schoolboys or Academic students as to two other classes of readers. Horace was more read in the generation which is passing away than he is and it has been that now ; thought some who, though their classical books are not often disturbed, have not altogether lost the memory of his genial wisdom may turn over these pages with interest and find in them some echoes of the past. And there is an increasing class of persons who, without first-hand knowledge of the classical languages, are interested to make the great writers of Greece and Rome something more than mere names to themselves. Perhaps these will care more to feel that they have the exact things which Horace said than to have a distant and questionable imitation of the said it. in poetical form in which he Even plain prose, it may be, they will find some cJiarm in his company, and feel across the centuries the ' touch of nature.' Lincoln, June 1903. CONTENTS PAGE Introduction : Horace's Life and Writings . i Table of Probable Dates of Horace's Life AND Works 23 Odes : Book I 25 n 60 ni 79 IV 114 The Secular Hymn 134 Epodes 137 Satires : Book I 158 II ........ 204 Epistles : Book I 261 n 316 The Art of Poetry 340 INTRODUCTION HORACE'S LIFE AND WRITINGS have always been more chary than some WEother peoples in naturalizing the classical writers. Even among the more commonly read Latin ERRATA with insert the Page 69, 1. 5, after 145, 1. 2%, for me read one 266, 1. 7, unevenly should be readfor evenly be inserted?, 335, 1. 7, cfter ol should 341, 1. 12, for features read feathers be not 343, note 3, the reference should 335, 333 Horace. Translation than against the poet, wrote : Now farewell, Horace, whom I hated so, Not for thy faults, but mine I And he has been the favourite of as many genera- tions. after his The poet Persius, some fifty years ' death, describes him as a Satirist : Horace has a knack INTRODUCTION HORACE'S LIFE AND WRITINGS have always been more chary than some WEother peoples in naturalizing the classical writers. Even among the more commonly read Latin classics we make a selection. We write Horace and Virgil (unless we prefer Vergil) and Ovid, but Pro- pertius and Lucretius, Terence but Plautus, Livy but Tacitus. We indicate in this way our favourites, those who seem most at home among us, perhaps those whose writings have been most continuously used as school-books. Horace has both claims to be treated as an old friend. He and Virgil have shared the place of the universal school-books from the days when Juvenal, not a hun- dred years after their death, wrote of a class of Roman ' schoolboys with their thumbed Horace and Virgil as black as soot,' to the day when Byron, in a fit of half-humorous spleen against his schoolmasters rather than against the poet, wrote : Now farewell, Horace, whom I hated so, Not for thy faults, but mine ! And he has been the favourite of as many genera- tions. after his The poet Persius, some fifty years ' death, describes him as a Satirist : Horace has a knack 2 Introduction of putting his finger on every flaw, yet leaving the reader smiling and his friend : every heart opens to him, and he plays about its strings.' One of the most recent of English writers on Latin literature a gives list, not exhaustive but representative, of the great men of letters in different ages and countries to ' whom he has been a friend and companion : He has forged a link of union between intellects and temperaments so diverse as those of Dante, Montaigne, Bossuet, Lafontaine, Voltaire, Hooker, Chesterfield, Gibbon, Wordsworth, Thackei'ay. Mystic and atheist, preacher and scoffer, recluse and leader of fashion have in Horace one subject in which they are sympathetic with each other.' Professor Tyrrell's list reminds us of one about Horace's it point popularity ; though has been as wide as the world of European civiliza- tion, he has found a special home in the hearts of Frenchmen and Englishmen. What we know of him we know almost entirely from his own writings. A few facts are added by a short memoir written, it seems, originally by Suetonius, the biographer of the twelve Caesars, but which has only reached us in a fragmentary state, and mixed up with passages which evidently refer to a totally different person. But Horace's poems are full of autobio- graphical matter. Though the opposite of what we call an 'egotist,' he tells us incidentally a great deal about himself, of his parentage and early home, of his the events of his life, of his friends, haunts, in and in the his daily occupations Rome country, Horace s Life and Writings 3 and (if we are careful to read between the lines) of his personal tastes and character. He was born on December 8, sixty-five years before the Christian Era, two years before Augustus Caesar. It was the year of Catiline's first abortive conspiracy. Pompey was in Asia winning military renown and the attachment of the army in the war against king Mithri- dates. Julius Caesar was in Rome serving the office of Aedile. and ingratiating himself with the populace by his magnificent expenditure on public buildings and shows of It a of in the civil wars games. was moment pause ; but everything was preparing, both in respect of conditions and of persons, for the great impending struggle and political resettlement, the issues of which were so largely to affect Horace's life. Like most of the great Roman writers, he was country-born. His father belonged to Venusia, a town which lay on the Eastern slope of the Apennines, among a network of valleys which run down from Monte Voltorc, an extinct volcano, carrying their waters into the Aufidus or Ofanto, the largest of the torrents that cross the Apulian plain to the Adriatic. Horace's poetry has many references to the scenery and associations of his early home. There is the well-known story of his childhood, how (no doubt when he was in villegg'tatura, perhaps at his nurse's cottage in the hills, for Mount Vultur was ten miles from Venusia) he lost himself in the forest and was found, like the babes in the wood, covered up with leaves by the wood-pigeons. We find in his verses the B 2 4 Introduction names which still exist of villages and forests near. In one of the Satires, when describing a journey over the Apennines with Maecenas, he notes with delight the place from which he caught the first sight of the familiar outlines of his Apulian hills. It seems an unconscious and therefore more touching tribute to his fondness, that when he is speaking of the richness of Italian soil, the valour of Italian soldiers, the sturdy industry of Italian peasants, where others would have used the epithet ' * or ' ' Roman Italian,' he slips frequently into Apulian,' or is ' what its equivalent, Daunian.' ' ' Venusia was a : that it a colony is, was originally frontier town, an outpost planted in a conquered country, where veteran soldiers were settled and a miniature Rome created.
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