[study] THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF STANDARDIZATION
TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE, STANDARDS GROWTH IN FRANCE
JUNE, 2009 THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF STANDARDIZATION
TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE, STANDARDS GROWTH IN FRANCE
JUNE, 2009 [study]
Author
Hakima MIOTTI Marketing and Innovation Department – AFNOR Group
THE MARKETING AND INNOVATION DEPARTMENT’S STUDY GROUP CONSISTS OF FOUR EXPERTS WHOSE MISSION IS TO CONTRIBUTE TOWARDS BETTER COMPREHENSION OF THE MECHANISMS OF THE MARKETS ON WHICH THE AFNOR GROUP OPERATES. OVER 30 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE STUDIES ARE CONDUCTED EACH YEAR.
THE ECONOMIC IMPACT 02 OF STANDARDIZATION SUMMARY
SUMMARY 04
INTRODUCTION 06
1 TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE, STANDARDS AND GROWTH IN FRANCE 07 1.1 THE MACROECONOMIC APPROACH: THE BASIC MODEL 07 1.2 MEASURING THE IMPACT OF STANDARDIZATION 08 1.3 DATA 09 1.4CALCULATED IMPACT OF STANDARDIZATION ON TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY 10 1.5 DETAILED COMPARISON WITH DIN ESTIMATIONS 11 1.6 COMPARATIVE SUMMARY OF EXISTING STUDIES 14 1.7 DISCUSSION OF THE METHOD 15
2 KEY COMPONENTS OF THE SURVEY 16 2.1 METHODOLOGY 16 2.2 SAMPLE STRUCTURE 16 2.3 VOLUNTARY STANDARDS: BENEFIT VERSUS COST 20 2.4WHAT DO THESE EQUATIONS MEAN? 21 2.5 THE CONCEPT OF BENEFIT AND OBJECTIVES VARIABLES 21 2.6 THE CONCEPT OF BENEFIT AND OPINION VARIABLES 22 2.7 SPONTANEOUS COMMENTS 24
CONCLUSION 26 APPENDICES 27 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES 35
THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF STANDARDIZATION 03 [summary] study THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF STANDARDIZATION JUNE, 2009
« Standardization: a powerful economic lever » AFNOR’s study is the first of its kind to observe the impact of standardization in two dimensions.
From a macroeconomic standpoint, standardization directly contributes to the growth in the French economy. Standardization contributes an average of 0.81% per year, or almost 25% of GDP growth. This is in line with › figures for other technological leading countries, such as Germany and the United Kingdom. The second of these dimensions is microeconomics. And this is precisely what makes this study unique. This is an in-depth survey of 1,790 companies or organizations of all sizes and from all sectors of activity, irrespective of whether or not they are involved in the standardization process. It knocks several generally accepted ideas on the head, such as the cost of standardization. Over 66% of the companies interviewed stated that standardization contributes to the generation of profits, proving that it has a positive impact on a company’s value. Another generally accepted idea is swept aside by this study: it is not just the large corporations, capable of mobilizing considerable resources in the standardization process, which consider voluntary standards beneficial for their activities; smaller structures such as SMEs with 250 employees or less also found them beneficial. Thus, 69.3% of companies consider standardization to have a positive impact on their activity. Given the current state of the economic markets, this study provides a timely demonstration to support French companies becoming more and more involved in voluntary standards work.
« Aiding innovation, conveying knowledge: two growth factors supported by standardization »
In France, the growth of productivity and its corollary, an increase in GDP, are currently determined not only by standard production factors like labour, capital and natural resources, but also by the level of education, innovation, demands for patents and the volume of R&D activity.
› In mature economies like France, where technological improvement constitutes the main source of growth, standardization contributes directly to pushing back technological frontiers, thereby benefitting the greatest number of people. Just like patents, voluntary standards are a way of codifying knowledge. Standards work in tandem with innovation, and are also a means of disseminating it, since they enable companies to share innovation while at the same time developing good market practices. When standardization has been clearly identified as an investment at corporate level, it has often contributed to creating corporate wealth. Most of those interviewed consider standardization to be a powerful economic lever. This study fully supports the adage that “whoever sets the standard also makes the market”. 71.2% of respondents found that participating in standardization enabled them to anticipate future market requirements in their own particular sector. 61.6% of respondents said that investing in standardization was an efficient strategy for promoting their interests at both European and international levels.
THE ECONOMIC IMPACT 04 OF STANDARDIZATION >
THE SAMPLE: 1,790 RESPONDENTS The study confirmed the acknowledged benefits of standards: product Breakdown by size, in % interoperability, increased productivity, market share gains, and improved Large VSEs companies interaction with public R&D institutions. In addition to these traditionally (less than 20 employees) (more than recognized benefits, 5 major lessons emerge from this study: 250 employees) 23 Company value enhancement. When 70% of those interviewed stated that 30 voluntary standards contribute to enhancing their company value, they were not simply referring to brand image. They were referring to standardization as an economic asset. The knowledge capital contributed by corporate involvement in standardization work represents true value. SMEs 47 Innovation. Standardization not only promotes the dissemination of innovation without revealing a company’s manufacturing or technological secrets; it also renews the interest for a product. 63% of respondents favoured this approach, saying that voluntary standards made it possible to better differentiate products. Standardization is a selective tool. Breakdown by sector, in % Transparency and ethics. 61% maintained that standards contributed to improved compliance with competition rules, and 56% approved of their 4 Construction voluntary nature, which facilitates collaboration with other stakeholders. Trade Standardization establishes the rules of the game, making it possible to 8 eliminate players who fail to comply.