innovationISO-CERN conference proceedings, 13-14 November 2014 Standardization and innovation Contents Foreword1 . ......................................................................................................................................1 Session 1 Creating and disseminating technologies, opening new markets .......9 Chair’s remarks . ......................................................................................................................................9 Speech 1.1 Using standards to go beyond the standard model ........................................................................11 Speech 1.2 Weaving the Web...............................................................................21 Speech 1.3 Clean care is safer care ............................................................29 Speech 1.4 Riding the media bits ..................................................................50 Speech 1.5 Technology projects and standards in the aviation sector ..................................................................58 Session 2 Innovation and business strategy ........63 Chair’s remarks . ..................................................................................................................................63 Speech 2.1 Bringing radical innovations to the marketplace .........................................................................65 Speech 2.2 Growth through partnerships and licensing technologies ................................................ 84 Speech 2.3 Standards, an innovation booster ?.........................92 Session 3 Innovation policies ..........................................................101 Chair’s remarks . ................................................................................................................................101 Speech 3.1 Standards and innovation policies from the US perspective ......................................................102 Speech 3.2 Standardization to foster innovation ..................105 Speech 3.3 Synergy of research, innovation, enterprise & standards...........................................................117 Speech 3.4 Standards in European innovation policy ........131 Speech 3.5 How standards guide innovation in mature industries : the diffusion of energy-efficiency technologies in the building sector .............................................................. 138 Session 4 Standardization and innovation in the green building sector ..........................149 Chair’s remarks . ...............................................................................................................................149 Speech 4.1 Standardization in the green building field. Overall energy performance of buildings ............................................................................................150 Speech 4.2 Standardization in the green building field .........................................................................................161 Speech 4.3 Standardization and innovation in the green building field: insights from North America ...................................................................167 Speech 4.4 Standardization and innovation in the green building field: insights from Europe – Part 1 ................................................................172 Speech 4.5 Standardization and innovation in the green building field: insights from Europe – Part 2 ................................................................177 Session 5 The role of standardization in CERN’s innovation and technology transfer process .........................187 Chair’s remarks . ...............................................................................................................................187 Speech 5.1 How to procure non-standard materials for demanding high-energy physics applications within a standard framework ........................................192 Speech 5.2 Safety at CERN in the context of worldwide collaborations ........................................ 209 Speech 5.3 Standardization and innovation using open hardware ...............................................................219 Speech 5.4 The various aspects of innovation in the METAS watt balance .............................................235 NOTE of the editor ............................................................................................251 Foreword Daniele Gerundino, Director, Research and Education, International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Innovation is defined by the Oslo Manual 1 of the Organisa- tion for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) as “ the implementation of a new or significantly improved product (good or service) or process, a new marketing method, or a new organi- zational method in business practices, workplace organization or external relations ”. In economics, further to Schumpeter’s lesson, it is now part of mainstream thinking to consider innovation as the primary engine of economic dynamic : a process of “ …industrial mutation that increasingly revolutionizes the economic structure from within, incessantly destroying the old one, incessantly creating a new one 2”. This notion is particularly relevant in today’s globalized world and knowledge-based economies, which rely ever more on intangible resources. Not surprisingly, innovation is widely recognized as one of the essential drivers of successful business and a key contributor to the productivity and economic and social development of nations. 1 Oslo Manual : Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Innovation Data (OECD, 2005). 2 Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy (1942). Schum- peter defined this process as “ creative destruction ” and observed that it is “ the essential fact about capitalism ”. Standardization and innovation | 1 Finding ways of fostering innovation is a central concern for both forward-thinking companies and governments. In many countries, there is a strong focus on public funding of research and development and on intellectual property rights (IPR) as instru- ments of innovation policy and business strategy. Whilst it is clear that economic and societal benefits from research can only be achieved through their successful transfer into innovative products and processes, this critical aspect – which is where standardization contributes most – is often neglected. A common and widely held view, on the contrary, assumes that standards and innovation are at odds with each other. But is this true ? An increasing number of people, including of course stand- ardizers, but also researchers, business leaders, entrepreneurs, academics and policy makers, believe that this is a misperception – which may have significant negative implications on innovation management and innovation policy. Many researchers and decision makers are aware that stand- ards actually support innovation. This happens in a number of ways, which are well documented in the literature 3 dedicated to this subject. The most important aspects can be summarized as : • Contributing to technical evolution by applying, at the right time, critical design constraints (i.e. avoiding re-inventing the wheel). Standards can help to reduce wasteful, redundant product development, allowing to free up resources that can instead be dedicated to fresh, inventive work • Facilitating the development of new markets and trade, by helping to establish and exploit network effects, increasing consumer confidence and allowing to reach critical mass • Permitting the sharing of investments and risks associated with the development of new technologies and applications (fostering innovation through collaboration) 3 For more information, please consult the ISO repository of studies on Stand- ards and Innovation at : www.iso.org/iso/home/about/training-technical- assistance/standards-in-education/education_innovation-list.htm. 2 | Standardization and innovation • Helping the commercial exploitation of innovative ideas, providing a basis for the dissemination of information and an accepted framework within which patents can be drawn up, removing undue proprietary interests and barriers to trade We, in ISO, believe that standards, and in particular Inter- national Standards, are instruments that support technological change, process improvement and technology transfer among sectors and across borders. We dedicate significant attention to practice and clarify the positive, synergistic relationship between standardization and innovation. We address the issue primarily through the bottom-up process of standards development that, ideally, should ensure the engage- ment of research and development professionals, representatives from innovative companies, research institutes and academia, providing cutting edge input into the content of standards – but also through specific initiatives such as dedicated task forces, studies and events, aiming to identify and to shape innovative fields, the development of which can benefit from standardiza- tion projects. I think it is useful to recall that one of the strategic objectives of the last ISO Strategic Plan (2011-2015) is : “ ISO standards promote innovation and provide solutions to address global challenges ”. In this effort, we work with many partners, including the Inter- national Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), international organizations such as the OECD, the World Trade Organization (WTO), a variety of UN agencies, research institutes, industry