A Gastronomic Stop on the Lycian Road, Kınık**
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A Gastronomic Stop on the Lycian Road, Kınık** *Berrin ONURLAR a , Mustafa AKSOY b a İstanbul Medeniyet University, Faculty of Tourism, Department of Gastronomy and Culinary Arts, İstanbul/Turkey b Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University, Faculty of Tourism, Department of Gastronomy and Culinary Arts, Ankara/Turkey Abstract Article History Since the early ages of Anatolia, many civilizations, mainly Hittites, Phrygia, Lycia, Lydia, Received: 29.07.2019 Ion, Roman-Byzantine, Seljuk and Ottomans, have been hosted. The Turkish cuisine has been fed from the kitchens of these civilizations and has become its present state. The Teke Accepted: 22.09.2019 peninsula extending from Antalya to the Gulf of Fethiye to the Mediterranean is the Lycia region with the world's oldest and only one road map. Xanthos, one of the cities of the Keywords Lycian Union connected by the Lycian road, is the largest religious and administrative center of the Lycian region. The ancient city of Xanthos is within the boundaries of the Gastronomy Kınık town. The origin of indigenous people living in Kınık, which constitute the research Kınık area, is based on Kınık tribes and, Kayı, Avşar, Bayındır, Salurlar and Kınık tribes have an Cuisine culture important place in the conquest of Anatolia. The aim of this study was to determine and record the dishes of the region, to see the possible effects of local dishes on the gastronomic Lycian road tourism mobility and to determine the commercial uses of these dishes. For this purpose, inventory of restaurant businesses and menus in the region have been prepared. Within the scope of the study, data will be collected throught a qualitative research by interviewing the local residents and restaurant operators living in Kınık. Article Type Research Article * Corresponding Author E-mail: [email protected] (B. Onurlar) Suggested Citation: Onurlar, B. & Aksoy, M. (2019). A Gastronomic Stop on the Lycian Road, Kınık. Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies, 7 (3), 2108- 2122. DOI: 10.21325/jotags.2019.463 **This article is an extended version of the paper presented to the 1st International Cultural Heritage Congress held between 4-8 October, 2017. 2108 Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies 7/3 (2019), 2108-2122 INTRODUCTION The Teke Peninsula, which extends from Dalaman River to Antalya Konyaltı, has been named as Lycia since ancient times and the people living here are also called Lycian (Akşit, 1998: 9). Describing Greek traditions, Herodotus says that the origins of the Lycians came from Crete, while the Hittite sources refer to the Lukka people. According to the information in these sources, Lukka was located in Lycia in the 14th century BC. With all this information, it is accepted that Lycia was founded by the Cretans towards 1400 BC, under the leadership of Crete Prince Sarpedon. Herodotus noted that the Lycian traditions are partly Cretan, partly Carian (Bean, 1998: 23,25). Due to its geographical location, the Lycian ports have been very important throughout history, becauseit was on the maritime trade route between the port cities of the Near East and Constantinople, as well as it mattered to have a voice in the Aegean and the Mediterranean. Because of these reasons Hittites, Persians, Romans, Arabs and Turks have struggled for many years in order to have Lycian ports (Borchhardt, 1999: 16). However, including the Hittites, the dominion over the Lycian; had been limited orcontracted or had been very short-lived. This arised from free spirited warriors of the Lycian people, along with the geographycal location with the mountains surrounding it like a fortification (Başgelen, 2002: 33). The Lycian people united in order to get rid of the pressure of the foreign states and to regain their freedom, and founded the Union of Lycian Cities comprising 23 cities in the 2nd century BC. Every city in the region had different voting rights. Tios, Xanthos, Pinara, Patara, Myra and Oliympus were classified as first-class cities with triple votes, second-class cities with double votes and other third-class cities with single vote (Akşit,1971:75,76). Due to the Turk’s conquest of the region in the 11th century the Byzantine presence in the region drew to a closeand because of the Teke Tribe settling in the region, the region has been named Teke (Çevik, 2002: 16). Xanthos, who has been the capital of the Lycian Union, has an important place in the cities of Lycia. Xanthos, the greatest city of all time in Lycia, is a city that has been the scene of dramatic events in history (Bean, 1997: 51). The people of Xanthos resisted the commander Harpagos against the attacks of the Persians in 545 BC, but when they realized that they could not cope with this great army, they burned their women, their children, their slaves and their precious goods in the Castle, and they themselves died fighting. 588 years after this incident, M.S. In the year 43, when Brutus came to collect money and power, history repeats and Xanthos have chosen to kill their families with their own hands and commit suicide (Çevik, 2002: 61, Borchhardt, 1999: 10,11). Xanthos, who gave the name of the city, is the most important river of Lycia, with its current name Eşen river (Bean, 1998: 51) The fertile lands of Eşen river, which hosts Xanthos, are still home to Kınık. Kınık is one of the 42 Kınık named settlements established by Kınık people in Anatolia (Anonymous, 4). The Seljuks dynasty, which came from the Kınık family, played an important role in the settlement of the Turks in Anatolia (Yetişgin, 2007). Kınık, located 235 km away from the center of Antalya province, was established in an efficient ovale on the coast of Eşen river, about 45 km from the center of Kaş district and 9 km from the Mediterranean Sea. Kınık, the village of Kaş in 2014, became a neighborhood of the Kaş district with the law of metropolitan municipality (Anonymous, 1). A total of 5580 people live in Kınık according to the statistics of the year 2016 (Anonymous, 3). 2109 Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies 7/3 (2019), 2108-2122 Kınık has a scattered settlement where the houses are built on the side of the gardens. Agriculture, especially greenhousing, is the most important source of livelihood for the village. It is one of the important settlement centers that meet the vegetable needs of Turkey with greenhouse agriculture. At the same time, it exports about 60% of its production (Anonymous, 2). Because Kınık is located on the skirts of the historical city of Xanthos, Turkey's longest hiking trail, which is an old trade route of 3000 years and now used for tourism purposes, is located on the Lycian way. The Lycian way is a walking path extending from Fethiye to Antalya, 509 km long. The Lycian Way, which is considered as one of the 10 most beautiful walking routes of the world, continues from sea coast in some places and 1800 meters in some places (Bozhüyük- Ardahanlıoğlu and Çınar, 2013). In the project competition organized by Garanti Bank in 1996 to reveal the values that Turkey possesses, the first prize was earned by the "Lycian Way" project, presented by British citizen Cate Clow. The walking route, which was created by marking and mapping part of the path on the road by volunteers and Cate Clow, was put into service in 1999. The first section of Lycian Way completes in Faralya Village, Butterfly Valley, Kabak Bay, Yedi Burunlar, Sdyma, Pınara, Letoon, Xanthos antique cities and Patara starting from Fethiye Ölüdeniz. The second part of the road ends in Antalya after Antiphellos / Kaş, Apollonia, Simena, Kekova, Mirira / Demre, Limra and Yanartaş / Olympos with its unbreakable fire for centuries and Phaselis. This road is marked by international standards. "Lycian Way", is considered to be one of the longest 4 walking routes in Europe (Tanrısever - Baştemur, 2009). Lycian Way, may be an alternative to mass tourism described as classic sea, sand and sun tourism with its both natural beauty, and historical texture values. The fact that walking events on the Lycian Way are carried out in the spring, fall and winter months, which are considered as dead season in terms of mass tourism, contributes to the local people who generate income from tourism by providing tourism activities throughout the whole province. Within the scope of the project "Four Seasons Kaş", in order to promote the Lycian Way and to spread tourism to four seasons with the contributions of the Kaş Tourism Infrastructure Association, Tourism and Promotion Association and Underwater Research Associations, Kaş Municipality, since 2013, the Lycia Spring Road Walk Fest is hold. Baştemur (2009) and Bozhüyük-Ardahanlıoğlu and Çınar (2013) in their works in order to provide eco- tourism to the Lycian Way stated that the Lycian walkway is a beautiful route to be evaluated for nature tourism based on ecotourism. The Lycian Way and its surroundings with the correct and supervised planning on the basis of sustainability; economic, social, cultural and environmental improvements can be achieved in the region. In addition, in order to promote tourism in the region, it is important to serve regional gastronomic tourism in food and beverage establishments by introducing regional dishes to the foreground in order to promote the food culture of the region and to create a tourist attraction. It is acknowledged by many researchers that regional food made from local products is an essential element of Gastronomy Tourism (Hall & Sharples, 2003; Güneş, Ülker and Karakoç, 2008; Küçükaltan, 2009; Serçeoğlu, 2014; Şengül and Türkay 2016) Aydoğdu and Spear, 2017). Regarding regional cuisines: Aslan, Güneren and Çoban (2014) conducted a research to determine whether Nevşehir cuisine is used as an attraction element in the tourism movement and to determine the contribution of the regional food culture of the province to the branding of the region.