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The World of Galaxies Gerard and Antoinette De Vaucouleurs in Paris

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The World of Galaxies Gerard and Antoinette De Vaucouleurs in Paris The World of Galaxies Gerard and Antoinette de Vaucouleurs in Paris. 1962. Harold G. Corwin, 1r. Lucette Bottinelli Editors The World of Galaxies Proceedings of the Conference , 'Le Monde des Galaxies" Held 12-14 April 1988 at the Institut d' Astrophysique de Paris in Honor of Gerard and Antoinette de Vaucouleurs on the Occasion of His 70th Birthday With 183 Illustrations Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Harold G. Corwin, If. Lucette Bottinelli Department of Astronomy Observatoire de Paris, University of Texas Section de Meudon Austin, TX 78712 92190 Meudon U.S.A. France Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publications Data Symposium, Le monde des galaxies (1988 : Paris, France) The world of galaxies: proceedings of the Symposium, Le monde des galaxies, in honor of Gerard and Antoinette de Vaucouleurs on the occasion of his seventieth birthday / Harold G. Corwin, Lucette Bottinelli, editors. p. cm. 1. Galaxies-Congresses. 2. Vaucouleurs, Gerard de, 1918- 3. Vaucouleurs, Antoinette de. I. Vaucouleurs, Gerard Henri de, 1918- II. Vaucouleurs, Antionette de. III. Corwin, Harold G. IV. Bottinelli, Lucette. V. Title. QB851.S94 1988 523.1 ' 12-dc20 89-10084 © 1989 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1989 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, etc., in this publication, even if the former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone. Camera-ready copy supplied by editors. 9 8 7 6 5 432 1 ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-9358-0 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-9356-6 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4613-9356-6 This book is dedicated to the memory of Antoinette de Vaucouleurs (1921 - 1987) who helped to show so many of us the way through The World of Galaxies. Comite d 'Honneur Mesdames et Messieurs: H. Alfven (Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden) V. A. Ambartsumian (Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory, Armenia, U.S.S.R.) A. Berroir (INSU , France) F. Bertola (Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Italy) E. M. Burbidge (University of California, San Diego, U. S. A.) G. Burbidge (University of California, San Diego, U. S. A.) G. Courtes (LAS, Marseille, France) W. Cunningham (University of Texas at Austin, U. S. A.) R. D. Davies (University of Manchester, England, U. K.) C. Dewitt-Morette (University of Texas at Austin, U. S. A.) H. Elsasser (Max-Planck-Institut fUr Astronomie, Heidelberg, F. R. G.) S. Feneuille (CNRS, France) C. Frejacques (CNRS, France) H. van der Laan (ESO, Garching bei Miinchen, F. R. G.) N. U. Mayall (Tucson, Arizona, U. S. A.) G. Monnet (Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope, Hawaii, U. S. A.) J.-C. Peeker (College de France, Institut d'Astrophysique, Paris, France) N. G. Roman (Chevy Chase, Maryland, U. S. A.) E. Schatzman (Observatoire de Nice, France) B. Takase (Tokyo Astronomical Observatory, Japan) G. Wlerick (Observatoire de Meudon, France) L. Woltjer (ESO, Garching bei Miinchen, F. R. G.) Scientific Organizing Committee J. Audouze J. Heidmann J. Bahcall E. Khachikian F. N. Bash (co-chair) P. van der Kruit M. Capaccioli (co-chair) D. Sciama K. C. Freeman H. J. Smith L. Gouguenheim R. B. Tully Local Organizing Committee L. Bottinelli P. Fouque Y. Bousquet M. Gros S. Collin J .-C. Peeker ( chair) F. Delmas VI Introduction From 12 April to 14 April 1988, 120 of Gerard and Antoinette de Vaucouleurs's friends and colleagues gathered at the Institut d' Astrophysique in Paris to cel­ ebrate Gerard's 70th birthday and his remarkable career in Astronomy. The gathering also honored the memory of Antoinette (who died 29 August 1987 after a long illness) and her own no less remarkable career. This volume collects the 24 invited review papers and the 60 contributed poster papers presented at the meeting. Gerard de Vaucouleurs Gerard de Vaucouleurs was born on 25 April 1918 in Paris, where he spent his boyhood. He became an active amateur astronomer in the early 1930's, making extensive observations of Mars, Jupiter, and variable stars (including the bright supernova of 1937 in IC 4182). He also began life-long interests in astronomical photography and galaxy cataloguing during this period. In 1939, he met the director of the Paris transport system and an equally avid amateur astronomer, Julien Peridier. De Vaucouleurs worked at Peridier's private observatory at Le Houga in southwestern France on and off throughout the next decade. His undergraduate work was in mathematics, astronomy, and experimental physics; this, combined with his interest in observational astronomy, formed his life-long empirical approach to science. After spending 18 months in the French army early in 1939 - 41, Gerard returned to the Peridier observatory and then, in 1943, to his studies at the Sorbonne, where he met Antoinette. They were married in October 1944, and both eventually became graduate students at the Institut d'Astrophysique (1945 - 49). It was there that they were fellow students of J.-C. Pecker, and were influenced by Jean Cab annes (at the Sorbonne), Paul Couderc (Observatoire de Paris), and Daniel Chalonge (Institut d'Astrophysique), among others. De Vaucouleurs's intensive studies of photography led to the publication of several books on photography including Manuel de Photographie Scientifique with J. Dragesco and P. Selme, perhaps the most thorough exploration of prac­ tical scientific photography ever to see print. He then applied this knowledge of photography to the problem of the distribution of light in nebulae: the r 1/ 4 law was first published in 1948, a year before he received his (first) doctorate. Vll viii Introd uction Always a prolific writer, he already had half a dozen books to his credit by this time, and his 1949 thesis (on Rayleigh scattering of light) is the 79th in his list of over 500 published books, papers, articles, reviews, and reports (a nearly complete list of these is given in Gimrd and Antoinette de Vaucouleurs - A Life for Astronomy, published in 1989 by World Scientific). In 1950, the de Vaucouleurs emigrated to London where he produced a weekly radio science program for the French Section of the BBC. The next move was to the Commonwealth Observatory at Mt. Stromlo in Canberra, Australia in 1951. This marked a return to active observational astronomy for de Vaucouleurs. It was here that he called attention in 1953 to the belt of galaxies stretching across the northern sky, and a similar flattened structure in the south. He was the first to interpret these as superclusters of galax­ ies. In doing so, he pioneered modern studies of the distribution of galaxies throughout the universe. The Australian years also saw the completion of a first revision of the Shapley-Ames catalogue of bright galaxies, a survey of the southern Shapley-Ames objects with the 30-inch Reynolds Reflector, extensive work on the Magellanic Clouds, and continued observations of Mars and vari­ able stars. This work culminated in 1957 with his earning a D. Sc. degree from the Australian National University. Short stays at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona (1957 - 58), and at Harvard College Observatory in Cambridge, Massachusetts (1958 - 60) preceded the de Vaucouleurs's move in 1960 to the newly-formed Astronomy Department at the University of Texas in Austin, where they finally settled. Research at Lowell - where de Vaucouleurs met and was strongly influenced by Harold Johnson - centered on photoelectric observations of galaxies. In charge of Harvard's planetary research program, de Vaucouleurs began a project to map the surface of Mars, and was among the first to apply computers to the deter­ mination of precise positions of Martian surface features. These studies yielded the rotation rate of Mars to a precision not surpassed until the reduction of Viking spacecraft data in the 1970's. At Texas, de Vaucouleurs continued his studies of the photometric properties of individual galaxies, superclusters and the distribution of galaxies, and map­ ping the surface of Mars. He developed an interest in kinematics of galaxies, and built the "Galaxymeter," a device that successfully combined a photoelec­ tric photometer, an image tube spectrograph, a Fabry-Perot interferometer, and a photographic reducing camera. Though a few simple changes in the optical path of the instrument switched it from one mode to another, the de Vau­ couleurs used it mostly for obtaining interferograms of late-type galaxies rich in Ho: emission. The First Reference Catalogue of Bright Galaxies, co-authored with Antoinette, appeared in 1964, and found immediate application in the first all-sky survey of galaxy groups, de Vaucouleurs's contribution to the classic Galaxies and the Universe. The series of photoelectric observations of galaxies in the Johnson UBV system begun by de Vaucouleurs at Lowell in 1957 is still in progress today at McDonald; this may be the longest-running extragalactic Introduction IX observing project in the history of Astronomy. The de Vaucouleurs produced a Second Reference Catalogue of Bright Galaxies in 1976, helped in this endeavor by Harold G. Corwin, Jr. Though he realized very early in his career that determining distances to galaxies would be vital to understanding their properties, de Vaucouleurs's in­ tense concentration on the problem of the distance scale really began in the mid-1970's.
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