The World of Galaxies Gerard and Antoinette De Vaucouleurs in Paris

The World of Galaxies Gerard and Antoinette de Vaucouleurs in Paris. 1962. Harold G. Corwin, 1r. Lucette Bottinelli Editors The World of Galaxies

Proceedings of the Conference , 'Le Monde des Galaxies" Held 12-14 April 1988 at the Institut d' Astrophysique de Paris in Honor of Gerard and Antoinette de Vaucouleurs on the Occasion of His 70th Birthday

With 183 Illustrations

Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Harold G. Corwin, If. Lucette Bottinelli Department of Astronomy Observatoire de Paris, University of Texas Section de Meudon Austin, TX 78712 92190 Meudon U.S.A. France

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publications Data Symposium, Le monde des galaxies (1988 : Paris, France) The world of galaxies: proceedings of the Symposium, Le monde des galaxies, in honor of Gerard and Antoinette de Vaucouleurs on the occasion of his seventieth birthday / Harold G. Corwin, Lucette Bottinelli, editors. p. cm. 1. Galaxies-Congresses. 2. Vaucouleurs, Gerard de, 1918- 3. Vaucouleurs, Antoinette de. I. Vaucouleurs, Gerard Henri de, 1918- II. Vaucouleurs, Antionette de. III. Corwin, Harold G. IV. Bottinelli, Lucette. V. Title. QB851.S94 1988 523.1 ' 12-dc20 89-10084

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ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-9358-0 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-9356-6 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4613-9356-6 This book is dedicated to the memory of Antoinette de Vaucouleurs (1921 - 1987) who helped to show so many of us the way through The World of Galaxies. Comite d 'Honneur

Mesdames et Messieurs:

H. Alfven (Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden) V. A. Ambartsumian (Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory, Armenia, U.S.S.R.) A. Berroir (INSU , France) F. Bertola (Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Italy) E. M. Burbidge (University of California, San Diego, U. S. A.) G. Burbidge (University of California, San Diego, U. S. A.) G. Courtes (LAS, Marseille, France) W. Cunningham (University of Texas at Austin, U. S. A.) R. D. Davies (University of Manchester, England, U. K.) C. Dewitt-Morette (University of Texas at Austin, U. S. A.) H. Elsasser (Max-Planck-Institut fUr Astronomie, Heidelberg, F. R. G.) S. Feneuille (CNRS, France) C. Frejacques (CNRS, France) H. van der Laan (ESO, Garching bei Miinchen, F. R. G.) N. U. Mayall (Tucson, Arizona, U. S. A.) G. Monnet (Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope, Hawaii, U. S. A.) J.-C. Peeker (College de France, Institut d'Astrophysique, Paris, France) N. G. Roman (Chevy Chase, Maryland, U. S. A.) E. Schatzman (Observatoire de Nice, France) B. Takase (Tokyo Astronomical Observatory, Japan) G. Wlerick (Observatoire de Meudon, France) L. Woltjer (ESO, Garching bei Miinchen, F. R. G.)

Scientific Organizing Committee

J. Audouze J. Heidmann J. Bahcall E. Khachikian F. N. Bash (co-chair) P. van der Kruit M. Capaccioli (co-chair) D. Sciama K. C. Freeman H. J. Smith L. Gouguenheim R. B. Tully

Local Organizing Committee

L. Bottinelli P. Fouque Y. Bousquet M. Gros S. Collin J .-C. Peeker ( chair) F. Delmas

VI Introduction

From 12 April to 14 April 1988, 120 of Gerard and Antoinette de Vaucouleurs's friends and colleagues gathered at the Institut d' Astrophysique in Paris to cel• ebrate Gerard's 70th birthday and his remarkable career in Astronomy. The gathering also honored the memory of Antoinette (who died 29 August 1987 after a long illness) and her own no less remarkable career. This volume collects the 24 invited review papers and the 60 contributed poster papers presented at the meeting.

Gerard de Vaucouleurs

Gerard de Vaucouleurs was born on 25 April 1918 in Paris, where he spent his boyhood. He became an active amateur astronomer in the early 1930's, making extensive observations of Mars, Jupiter, and variable stars (including the bright supernova of 1937 in IC 4182). He also began life-long interests in astronomical photography and galaxy cataloguing during this period. In 1939, he met the director of the Paris transport system and an equally avid amateur astronomer, Julien Peridier. De Vaucouleurs worked at Peridier's private observatory at Le Houga in southwestern France on and off throughout the next decade. His undergraduate work was in mathematics, astronomy, and experimental physics; this, combined with his interest in observational astronomy, formed his life-long empirical approach to science. After spending 18 months in the French army early in 1939 - 41, Gerard returned to the Peridier observatory and then, in 1943, to his studies at the Sorbonne, where he met Antoinette. They were married in October 1944, and both eventually became graduate students at the Institut d'Astrophysique (1945 - 49). It was there that they were fellow students of J.-C. Pecker, and were influenced by Jean Cab annes (at the Sorbonne), Paul Couderc (Observatoire de Paris), and Daniel Chalonge (Institut d'Astrophysique), among others. De Vaucouleurs's intensive studies of photography led to the publication of several books on photography including Manuel de Photographie Scientifique with J. Dragesco and P. Selme, perhaps the most thorough exploration of prac• tical scientific photography ever to see print. He then applied this knowledge of photography to the problem of the distribution of light in nebulae: the r 1/ 4 law was first published in 1948, a year before he received his (first) doctorate.

Vll viii Introd uction

Always a prolific writer, he already had half a dozen books to his credit by this time, and his 1949 thesis (on Rayleigh scattering of light) is the 79th in his list of over 500 published books, papers, articles, reviews, and reports (a nearly complete list of these is given in Gimrd and Antoinette de Vaucouleurs - A Life for Astronomy, published in 1989 by World Scientific). In 1950, the de Vaucouleurs emigrated to London where he produced a weekly radio science program for the French Section of the BBC. The next move was to the Commonwealth Observatory at Mt. Stromlo in Canberra, Australia in 1951. This marked a return to active observational astronomy for de Vaucouleurs. It was here that he called attention in 1953 to the belt of galaxies stretching across the northern sky, and a similar flattened structure in the south. He was the first to interpret these as superclusters of galax• ies. In doing so, he pioneered modern studies of the distribution of galaxies throughout the universe. The Australian years also saw the completion of a first revision of the Shapley-Ames catalogue of bright galaxies, a survey of the southern Shapley-Ames objects with the 30-inch Reynolds Reflector, extensive work on the Magellanic Clouds, and continued observations of Mars and vari• able stars. This work culminated in 1957 with his earning a D. Sc. degree from the Australian National University. Short stays at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona (1957 - 58), and at Harvard College Observatory in Cambridge, Massachusetts (1958 - 60) preceded the de Vaucouleurs's move in 1960 to the newly-formed Astronomy Department at the University of Texas in Austin, where they finally settled. Research at Lowell - where de Vaucouleurs met and was strongly influenced by Harold Johnson - centered on photoelectric observations of galaxies. In charge of Harvard's planetary research program, de Vaucouleurs began a project to map the surface of Mars, and was among the first to apply computers to the deter• mination of precise positions of Martian surface features. These studies yielded the rotation rate of Mars to a precision not surpassed until the reduction of Viking spacecraft data in the 1970's. At Texas, de Vaucouleurs continued his studies of the photometric properties of individual galaxies, superclusters and the distribution of galaxies, and map• ping the surface of Mars. He developed an interest in kinematics of galaxies, and built the "Galaxymeter," a device that successfully combined a photoelec• tric photometer, an image tube spectrograph, a Fabry-Perot interferometer, and a photographic reducing camera. Though a few simple changes in the optical path of the instrument switched it from one mode to another, the de Vau• couleurs used it mostly for obtaining interferograms of late-type galaxies rich in Ho: emission. The First Reference Catalogue of Bright Galaxies, co-authored with Antoinette, appeared in 1964, and found immediate application in the first all-sky survey of galaxy groups, de Vaucouleurs's contribution to the classic Galaxies and the Universe. The series of photoelectric observations of galaxies in the Johnson UBV system begun by de Vaucouleurs at Lowell in 1957 is still in progress today at McDonald; this may be the longest-running extragalactic Introduction IX observing project in the history of Astronomy. The de Vaucouleurs produced a Second Reference Catalogue of Bright Galaxies in 1976, helped in this endeavor by Harold G. Corwin, Jr. Though he realized very early in his career that determining distances to galaxies would be vital to understanding their properties, de Vaucouleurs's in• tense concentration on the problem of the distance scale really began in the mid-1970's. Drawing on his extensive background in physics and mathematics, he developed a broad-based approach to the distance scale problem that relies not on just two or three distance indicators, but over a dozen. His series of seven papers "The Extragalactic Distance Scale" in The Astrophysical Journal stand as models of his way of doing proper observational astronomy: collect all the data one can, analyze them carefully by looking for and correcting systematic errors, and only then use the data for their intended purpose. Always keenly aware of the value of collaboration, he has developed an inter• national following of colleagues and co-authors. Astronomers in France, Italy, Great Britian, Norway, Australia, Argentina, and half a dozen other countries have worked with him on his many projects. A current example is the Third Reference Catalogue of Bright Galaxies being readied for publication by not only the de Vaucouleurs and Corwin, but by Ronald Buta, George Paturel, and Pascal Fouque, the latter two in France. L. Bottinelli and L. Gouguenheim have enjoyed a collaboration with de Vaucouleurs for many years, studying the HI properties of galaxies, particularly as they apply to the distance scale work. De Vaucouleurs's many students are similarly spread far and wide, and his papers have appeared in virtually all of the world's major astronomical publications. Throughout his career, he has also devoted a surprisingly large percentage of his output to writing for the public or for amateur astronomers. Of the many awards and honors that de Vaucouleurs has received for his work and writing (including the Herschel Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society, the Henry Norris Russell Lectureship of the American Astronomical Society, election to the U. S. National Academy of Sciences, and lately, election to the Academy of Sciences of Argentina), perhaps none has pleased him more than the Janssen Prize of the Societe Astronomique de France, awarded to him and Antoinette for their lifetime of work together devoted to Astronomy.

Antoinette de Vaucouleurs

Antoinette de Vaucouleurs, born in Paris on 14 November 1921, studied math• ematics, physics, and astronomy at the Sorbonne from 1944 to 1948. Beginning her career in research in 1949 at the Institut d'Astrophysique, she worked in spectroscopy, finding new doublets and perturbations in the infrared spectrum of potassium. She also assisted her husband in many of his early observational studies of galaxies in France. While in England in the early 1950's, she volun• teered her time as a research assistant at the University of London's Mill Hill x Introduction

Observatory, measuring parallax plates. In Australia, Antoinette not only continued with her help to her husband's work, but carried on her own work in spectroscopy. This culminated in her publication in 1957 of the first quantitative spectral and luminosity classifications of 366 southern early-type stars. While at Lowell Observatory, reducing her husband's first UBV photoelectric photometry of galaxies, she noticed that the U-band data for several bright Seyfert galaxies fluctuated by several tenths of a magnitude, much more than would normally be allowed by observational error alone. She pointed this out to Gerard who told her, "Of course galaxies aren't variable." He suggested that night sky fluctuations were responsible, and was very contrite a decade later when the variations of the Seyfert nucluei were firmly established by other observers. The episode serves to illustrate Antoinette's acumen and attention to detail that served her well as she continued the enormous efforts involved in producing the Reference Catalogues at Texas. Her last work was the literature search for the data that will appear in the Third Reference Catalogue. She continued her work in spectroscopy after the move to Texas, but her attention shifted more and more to galaxies. Her name appears on several long lists of redshifts of galaxies, and her work with her husband on the bar of the LMC was the first quantitative analysis of the stellar population of a galaxy from its spectrum. She took over the chore of handling most of the data reduction from the many observing runs at McDonald that she shared with her husband. Again, her meticulous attention to detail caught many errors in the literature and in the data that would otherwise have gone undetected. She was passionately dedicated to astronomy, and authored or co-authored over 60 research papers and books during her career. She contributed to count• less other papers, often turning down a co-authorship when she felt that her often vital work deserved no more than an acknowledgment. She was just as dedicated to her husband, and it may be that her greatest contribution was not her own remarkable astronomical skill, but the fact that she used it to fully support Gerard and his work during their long journey together to study the galaxies.

Acknowledgments

Le M onde des Galaxies was a wonderful conference. Helping us to make it so was our gracious host Prof. Jean Audouze, Director of the Institut d' Astrophysique de Paris. He was ably assisted by the Local Organizing Committee and by Jean Begot, Jacques Fagot, Nicole Hallet, Jean Heidmann, Helena Hedreul, Laurence Lericque, Jean Mouette, and Francoise Warin. These wonderful colleagues to• gether made the meeting run so smoothly that we hardly noticed them doing their jobs. During the assembly of the Proceedings, the editors received invaluable help Introd uc tion Xl from Fritz Benedict, Susan Cady, Charles Geiger, Lucienne Gouguenheim, Con• nie Mahaffey, Cecil Martinez, and Annalisa Palacios. We also appreciate the help of our professional editor at Springer-Verlag, Jeffery Robbins, who guided us through the publication process with skill, humor, and remarkable patience. Table of Contents*

Introduction ...... vii List of Participants ...... xix Welcome and Opening Address Jean Audouze ...... xxv Galaxy Catalogues and Classification

Galaxy Catalogues and Surveys Harold G. Corwin, Jr...... 1 The Updated Version of the Catalogue of Radial Velocities of Galaxies G. G. C. Palumbo, G. Vettolani, G. Baiesi-Pillastrini, and A. P. Fairall 16 A Survey Catalogue of Ultraviolet-Excess Galaxies B. Takase and N. Miyauchi-Isobe ...... 18 The Edinburgh/Durham Southern Sky Galaxy Survey C. A. Collins, N. H. Heydon-Dumbleton, and H. T. McGillivray ...... 21 The AAO Distant Galaxy Cluster Survey Warrick J. Couch, Richard S. Ellis, and David F. Malin ...... 25 Galaxy Morphology and Classification Ronald Buta ...... 29 CCD Observations of a Sample of Emission Line Galaxies P. Focardi and R. Merighi ...... 48 The Manifold of Galaxian Parameters P. Brosche and F.- Th. Lentes ...... 50 Toward an Automatic Classification of Galaxies Monique Thonnat ...... 53 Quantitative Classification of Galaxies S. Okamura, M. Watanabe, and K. Kodaira ...... 75 ·Invited review papers are listed in bold type.

Xlll XIV Table of Contents

An Objective Classification System for Spiral Galaxies and Its Relationship to the [N II]j[S II] Ratio Bradley C. Whitmore and Duncan A. Forbes ...... 95

The Magellanic Clouds

The Magellanic Clouds as Late-Type Barred Spirals 1(. C. Freeman ...... 99 New Results on the Geometrical Structure of the Small Magellanic Cloud D. Hatzidimitriou and M. R. S. Hawkins ...... 108 The Magellanic Irregular Galaxy DDO 50 C. Moss and M. J. Irwin ...... 112 Photometry and Kinematics of the Magellanic Type Galaxy NGC 4618 Stephen C. Odewahn ...... 116 Chemical Abundance and Age in the Magellanic Clouds; with Special Reference to SN 1981A M. W. Feast ...... 118 Ages of Star Clusters in the Bok Region of the Large Magellanic Cloud Gonzalo Alcaino and William Liller ...... 141 Dynamical and Spectral Properties of Some Double Clusters in the LMC M. J(oniizas, M. Chrysovergis, E. J(oniizas, and D. Haizidimiiriou ..... 145 Clusters of the Smalt Magellanic Cloud: L 113 and NGC 411 Anionella Vallenari ...... 149 Automated Identification of Star Clusters in the Magellanic Clouds H. T. MacGillivray and R. K. Bhaiia ...... 152 Star Cluster Population of M 33 C. A. Chrisiian ...... 155 Neutral Hydrogen in the Magellanic System F. J. Kerr ...... 160 The Origin of the Magellanic Stream Simon Wayie ...... 168 H II Regions in the Magellanic Clouds G. Couries ...... 170 Table of Contents xv

Photometric Properties of the Galaxy and of Other Galaxies

De Vaucouleurs's Galaxy John N. Bahcall ...... 188 Dark Halos In Virialized Two-Component Systems of Galactic Mass P. Brosche, R. Caimmi, and L. Secco ...... 198 Kinematics and Chemical Properties of the Old Disk of the Galaxy James R. Lewis and K. C. Freeman ...... 202 Complex Instability of Simple Periodoc Orbits in a Realistic Galactic Potential P. A. Patsis and L. Zachilas ...... 206

Photometry of Early-Type Galaxies and the r 1/ 4 Law Massimo Capaccioli ...... 208 Box- and Peanut-Shaped Bulges of Disk Galaxies Ralf-liirgen Dettmar ...... 229 The Luminosity Law of Ellipticals; A Test of a Family of Anisotropic Models on Eight Galaxies G. Bertin, R. P. Saglia, and M. Stiavelli ...... 232 "Box/Peanut" -Shaped Galactic Bulges Martin Shaw ...... 235 Surface Photometry of NGC 3379 with a Tektronix 2048 x 2048 CCD Camera - Comparison with the Luminosity Profile of de Vaucouleurs and Capaccioli Harold D. Ables, Hugh C. Harris, and David G. Monnet ...... 240 The Geometrical Parameters of Early-Type Galaxies and the Local Density Roberto Rampazzo and Lucio M. Buson ...... 244 On the Nature of Compact Elliptical Galaxies Ph. Prugniel ...... 247 Two-Color Studies of Isophotal Contours in E - SO Galaxies A. Bijaoui, J. Marchal, and R. Michard ...... 250 Models of Spectral Energy Distribution of Elliptical Galaxies Guido Barbaro and Fabrizio M. Olivi ...... 252 Photometry of Disks in Galaxies P. C. van der Kruit ...... 256 A Study of the Sombrero Galaxy (NGC 4594) Ralf-Jiirgen Dettmar ...... 276 XVI Table of Contents

Visible and Near Infrared Photometry of NGC 4736 M. Prieto, C. Munoz-Tunon, J. Beckman, A. Campos, and J. Cepa .... 279 Computer Processed Color Images of Spiral Galaxies Philip E. Seiden, Debra Meloy Elmegreen, and Bruce G. Elmegreen .... 283 Modelling the Luminosity Distributions of Edge-on Spiral and Lenticular Galaxies Martin Shaw and Gerard Gilmore ...... 286 Near-Infrared Imaging of Edge-On Galaxies Richard J. Wainscoat ...... 290 Photometric Decomposition of Galaxies F. Simien ...... 293

Kinematics and Dynamics of Galaxies

Kinematics of Early Type Galaxies Roger L. Davies ...... 312

Models of the r l / 4 Law James Binney ...... 332 Rotating Cores in Elliptical Galaxies Ralf Bender ...... 339 NGC 4546, the Double-Spin SBO Daniela Bettoni and Giuseppe Galetta ...... 341 Radio Emission and Optical Properties of Early Type Galaxies M. Calvani, G. Fasano, and A. Fran'ceschini ...... , ..... ,344 Interacting Pairs of Elliptical Galaxies E. Davoust, Ph. Prugniel, and J. Arnaud ...... 348 Isophotal Twisting in.Jsolated Elliptical Galaxies Giovanni Fasano and Carlotta Bonoli ...... 351 The Formation of Elliptical Galaxies Jean-Luc Nieto ...... 356 Imaging Fabry-Perot Interferometry in Extragalactic Astronomy William D. Pence ...... 359 A Circumnuclear Ring of Enhanced Star Formation in the Spiral Galaxy NGC4321 Robin Arsenault, Jacques Boulesteix, Yvon Georgelin, and Jean-Rene Roy " ...... 373 Table of Contents XVll

An Intensive Study of M 81 Frank Bash ...... 377 H I and CO Emission in the Hot-Spot Barred Spiral NGC 4314 J. A. Garcia-Barreto, F. Combes, and C. Magri ...... 387 Optical and Radio Properties of Nearby, Non-Cluster Spirals G. Giuricin, F. Mardirossian, and M. Mezzetti ...... 390 A Physical Model of the Gaseous Dust Band of CentaurusA Richard A. Nicholson, Keith Taylor, Joss Bland, and Linda S. Sparke .. 393 CCD Observations of Gas and Dust in NGC 4696: Implications for Cooling Flows? W. B. Sparks and F. Macchetto ...... 397 NGC 2777: Amorphous - and Young? Jack W. Sulentic ...... 401 VLA Observations of Unusual H I Distributions for Coma Cluster Spirals Woodruff T. Sullivan III ...... 404

The Local Supercluster

Support for Three Controversial Claims Made by Gerard de Vaucouleurs R. Brent Tully ...... 408 A Connection Between the Pisces-Perseus Supercluster and the Abell 569 Cloud? C. Balkowski, V. Cayatte, P. Chamaraux, and P. Fontanelli ...... 420 Automatic Algorithms for Grouping Nearby Galaxies P. Fouque, G. Paturel, P. Chamaraux, A. Fruscione, and J. F. Panis .. 423 A Study of the Southern Supercluster Shyamal Mitra ...... 426 Dwarf Galaxies, Voids, and the Topology of the Universe Trinh X. Thuan ...... 428 The Local Supercluster and Anisotropy of the Redshifts Vera C. Rubin ...... , ...... 431 Local Supercluster Velocity Field from Unbiased B-band T-F Distances L. Bottinelli, L. Gouguenheim, and P. Teerikorpi ...... 453 Spiral Galaxies as Indicators of the Hubble Flow R. D. Davies and L. Staveley-Smith ...... 456 XVlll Table of Contents

Flat Edge-On Galaxies and Large-Scale Streamings Igor Karachentsev ...... 459 On the de Vaucouleurs Density-Radius Relation and the Cellular Intermediate Large-Scale Structure of the Universe Remo Ruffini ...... " ...... 461 Analytical Models for Large-Scale Structure in the Universe T. Buchert ...... 473 The Distance-Redshift Relation in the Inhomogeneous Universe Laurent Nottale ...... 477 The Impact of Space Projects on Extragalactic Research R. A. E. Fosbury ...... 480 Radial Distribution of Radio Emitting Galaxies in Clusters L. Feretti, G. Giovannini, and T. Venturi ...... 489 An Unusual Red Envelope Galaxy in an X-ray Selected Cluster Isabella M. Gioia, B. Garilli, T. Maccacaro, D. Maccagni, G. Vettolani, and A. Wolter ...... 492 Blue Compact Dwarf Galaxies in the W Cloud of Virgo George Helou, G. Lyle Hoffman, and E. E; Salpeter ...... 496 Intergalactic Dust as Seen in Emission Bogdan Wszolek, Konrad Rudnicki, Paolo de Bernardis, and Silvia Masi 499 Spectral Evolution of Galaxies B. Rocca- Volmerange and B. Guiderdoni ...... 502 The Cosmic Distance Scale

Distance Relationships G. Paturel ...... 505 Local Calibrators and Globular Clusters David A. Hanes ...... 510 Distances to the Galaxies M 81 and NGC 2403 from CCD I-Band Photometry ofCepheids Wendy L. Freedman and Barry F. Madore ...... 531 Distances From H I Line Widths in Disk Galaxies L. Gouguenheim ...... 533

The Dn - Log (J' Relation for Elliptical Galaxies: Present Status and Future Work David Burstein ...... •...... 547 Concluding Remarks Frank Bash ...... , ...... 567 List of Participants

Ables, H. D. U. S. Naval Observatory, Flagstaff, Arizona, U. S. A. Alcaino, G. Instituto Isaac N ewton, Santiago, Chile Arsenault, R. European Southern Observatory, Garching bei Miinchen, F.R. G. Audouze, J. Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, France Bahcall, J. N. Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey, U. S. A. Balkowski, C. Observatoire de Meudon, France Barbaro, G. Dipartimento di Astronomia, U niversita di Padova, Italy Bash, F. N. Astronomy Department, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, U. S. A. Baxter, D. A. University College, Mathematics Institute, Cardiff, Wales, U. K. Bender, R. Landessternwarte Konigstuhl, Heidelberg, F. R. G. Bertin, G. Classe di Scienze, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy Bertola, F. Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Italy Binney, J. J. Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, U.K. Bonoli, F. Osservatorio Astronomico di Bologna, Italy Bonoli, C. Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Italy Bottinelli, L. Observatoire de Meudon, France Brosche, P. Observatorium Hoher-List der Universitiits-Sternwarte Bonn, F. R. G. Buchert, T. Max Planck Institut, Garching bei Miinchen, F. R. G. Burbidge, E. M. Center for Astrophysics and Space Science, University of Cal• ifornia, San Diego, La Jolla, California, U. S. A. Burstein, D. Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, U. S. A. Buson, L. Osservatorio Astrofisico, Asiago, Italy Buta, R. Astronomy Department, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, U.S. A. Calvani, M. Istituto di Padova, Italy

xix xx Participants

Capaccioli, M. Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Italy Caulet, A. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Al• abama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, U. S. A. Christian, C. A. Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope, Kamuela, Hawaii, U.S. A. Collin, S. Institut d' Astrophysique de Paris, France Corwin, H. G. McDonald Observatory and Astronomy Department, Uni• versity of Texas, Austin, Texas, U. S. A. Couch, W. Anglo-Australian Observatory, Epping, N. S. W., Australia Courtes, G. Laboratoire d'Astronomie Spatiale du CNRS et Observa• toire de Marseille, France D'Onofrio, M. Osservatorio Astronomico, Padova, Italy Davies, R. L. Kitt Peak National Observatory, Tucson, Arizona, U. S. A. Davies, R. D. University of Manchester, Nuflield Radio Astronomy Lab• oratories, J odrell Bank, England, U. K. Davoust, E. Observatoire de Toulouse, France Dettmar, R.-J. Radioastronomisches Institut der Universitiit Bonn, F. R. G. Feast, M. W. South African Astronomical Observatory, Cape Province, South Africa Federici, L. Osservatorio Astronomico di Bologna, Italy Feretti, L. Istituto Radioastronomia, Bologna, Italy Focardi, P. Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universita di Bologna, Italy Fosbury, R. A. E. Space Telescope - European Coordinating Facility, Euro• pean Southern Observatory, Garching bei Miinchen, F.R.G. Fouque, P. Observatoire de Meudon, France Freeman, K. C. Mt. Stromlo Observatory, Canberra, A. C. T., Australia Galetta, G. Dipartimento di Astronomico, Universita di Padova, Italy Garcia-Barreto, J. Instituto de Astronomia, Universidad Nacional de Mexico Gioia, I. M. Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S. A. Giuricin, G. Dipartimento di Astronomia, Trieste, Italy Gouguenheim, L. Observatoire de Meudon, France Gros, M. Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, France Grosbol, P. European Southern Observatory, Garching bei Munchen, F. R. G. Participants xxi

Hanes, D. A. Astronomy Group, Physics Department, Queen's Uni• versity, Kingston, Ontario, Canada Hatzidimitriou, D. Department of Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, U. K. Hayli, A. Observatoire de Lyon, France Heidmann, J. Observatoire de Meudon, France Helou, G. IPAC, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, U. S. A. Henning, P. A. Astronomy Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, U. S. A. van der Hulst, J. M. Netherlands Foundation of Radioastronomie, Dwingeloo, The Netherlands Kerr, F. Astronomy Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, U. S. A. van der Kruit, P. C. Kapteyn Laboratorium, Groningen, The Netherlands van der Laan, H. European Southern Observatory, Garching bei M iinchen, F. R. G. Lafon, J.-P. Observatoire de Meudon, France Lewis, J. R. Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge, England, U. K. MacGillivray, H. T. Royal Observatory, Edinburgh, Scotland, U. K. Madore, B. F. California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Califor• nia, U. S. A. Malin, D. Anglo-Australian Observatory, Epping, N. S. W., Aus• tralia Martin, P. Departement de Physique, Universite Laval, Quebec, Canada Marziani, P. Osservatorio Astronomico di Pad ova, Italy Masnou, J.-L. Observatoire de Meudon, France Michard, R. Observatoire de Nice, France Mitra, S. Astronomy Department, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, U. S. A. Moss, C. Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge, England, U. K. Nicholson, R. Royal Greenwich Observatory, East Sussex, England, U. K. Nieto, J.-L. Observatoire de Toulouse, France Nottale, L. Observatoire de Meudon, France Odewahn, S. Astronomy Department, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, U. S. A. Okamura, S. Kiso Observatory, Japan Palumbo, G. G. C. Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universita di Bologna, Italy xxu Participants

Patsis, P. A. Department of Astronomy, University of Athens, Greece Paturel, G. Observatoire de Lyon, France Peeker, J .-C. Institut d' Astrophysique de Paris, France Pence, W. D. Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, U. S. A. Poulain, P. o bservatoire de Toulouse, France Prieto, M. Instituto de Astrofisica de Canaries, Universidad de La La• guna, Tenerife, Spain Prieur, J .-L. Observatoire de Toulouse, France Prugniel, P. Observatoire de Toulouse, France Pucacco, J. Istituto di Fisica, Universita "La Sapienza," Roma, Italy Rampazzo, R. Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Milano, Italy Rifatto, A. Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Italy Roberts, M. S. National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Charlottesville, Vir• ginia, U. S. A. Rosino, L. Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Italy Rubin, V. C. Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. Rudnicki, K. Jagiellonian University Observatory, Krakow, Poland Ruffini, R. International Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Diparti• mento di Fisica, Universita di Roma, Italy Sancisi, R. Kapteyn Laboratorium, Groningen, The Netherlands Secco, L. Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universita di Padova, Italy Seiden, P. E. IBM Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York, U. S. A. Shaw, M. A. Department of Astronomy, The University of Manchester, England, U. K. Simien, F. Observatoire de Lyon, France Smith, H. J. McDonald Observatory and Astronomy Department, Univer• sity of Texas, Austin, Texas, U. S. A. Sparks, W. B. Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, U. S. A. Sulentic, J. W. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Al• abama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, U. S. A. Sullivan, W. T. Department of Astronomy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, U. S. A. Tammann, G. Astronomy Institute, University of Basel, Binningen, Switzer• land Taylor, K. Anglo-Australian Observatory, Epping, N. S. W., Australia Teague, P. F. Mt. Stromlo Observatory, Canberra, A. C. T., Australia Participants XXlll

Thonnat, M. I. N. R. I. A., Valbonne, France Trinchieri, G. Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Firenze, Italy Tully, R. B. Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, U. S. A. Vallenari, A. Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Italy de Vaucouleurs, G. McDonald Observatory and Astronomy Department, Uni• versity of Texas, Austin, Texas, U. S. A. Vettolani, G. Istituto di Radioastronomia, Bologna, Italy Wainscoat, R. J. NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, U. S.A. Wayte, S. Mt. Stromlo Observatory, Canberra, A. C. T., Australia Westerlund, B. E. Astronomical Observatory, Uppsala, Sweden Whitmore, B. C. Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, U. S.A. Wlerick, G. Observatoire de Meudon, France Gerard de Vaucouleurs and His Friends at the Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 14 April 1988 . Welcome and Opening Address

Jean A udouze Le Directeur, Institut d'Astrophysique, Paris, France

Honneur, emotion, et tristesse, sont les trois mots franc;aise par lesquels je voudrais ouvrir ce colloque international "Le Monde des Galaxies," organise it la fois en l'honneur du Professeur Gerard de Vaucouleurs et it la memoire de Madame Antoinette de Vaucouleurs. Yes, we all have been very sad to learn, at the end of the summer of 1987, of the death of Antoinette de Vaucouleurs who is so much and so closely associated with the scientific work we are going to cel• ebrate during these three days. Professor Gerard de Vaucouleurs, we share with you this immense loss and we of course dedicate this meeting to the memory of your wife. When Jean-Claude Pecker asked me to host this meeting, and when you, Gerard de Vaucouleurs, wrote to me that you feel as if you are a member of Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, I felt that the choice made by the organising committee to have this meeting here, and the very kind appreciation of Gerard, is indeed one of the highest honours which has been bestowed on this Institute during the decade I have worked here. Gerard and Antoinette de Vaucouleurs were among the very first scientists who have belonged to this Institute. After having been chosen by Professor Jean Cabannes as one of his graduate students, you Gerard, completed here your thesis work on Rayleigh diffusion in gas and liquids. Here you have been Attache de Recherche au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique from 1945 to 1950, and you have benefitted from the support of Henri Mineur and Daniel Chalonge who foresaw your dedication to extragalactic astrophysics, and your exceptional scientific talents. It is in this Institute that the most famous galactIC luminosity relation in r 1/ 4 , now known as the de Vaucouleurs law, was established. Jean-Glaude Pecker will evoke more precisely and completely than I can the main steps of your magnificent scientific career, and will list your many achievements. I will just end up these few welcoming remarks by saying that the French astronomical community is very proud to have exported to the U. S., and especially to one of the most powerful states of the Union, two of the best representatives of our community. Je terminerai en vous redisant, tres cher Gerard de Vaucouleurs, toute notre respectueuse amitie et affection et en reaffirmant que cette maison est vraiment

xxv XXVI Audouze la votre. Au nom de tous les membres de l'IAP, je suis tres heureux d'accueillir ici les participants au symposium "Le Monde des Galaxies" qui se tient en votre honneur et d'ouvrir les travaux de ce colloque.