Indian Science from 1910 to 1930, a Cognitive-Philosophical Analysis

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Indian Science from 1910 to 1930, a Cognitive-Philosophical Analysis On the Peripheries of Western Science: Indian Science from 1910 to 1930, A Cognitive-Philosophical Analysis A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Deepanwita Dasgupta IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Ronald Giere December 2010 ©Deepanwita Dasgupta, December, 2010 "There needs to be greater recognition that what is called Western science drew on a world heritage, on the basis of sharing ideas that make science what it is. The sharing culture of science must be recognized as an important organisational tradition , which continues to be significant today." — Amartya Sen , New Scientist, No 2340, 27 April 2002 (italics mine) i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A journey like this requires mentors, friends, and several supporters along the way. Additionally, I completed this project while being half-a-world away from my home country. For the first time in my life, I was away from my family and from the culture in which I was used to think, write, and function. Thus, my journey in producing this dissertation resembles somewhat the journey of the scientists that I have written about. Like them, I too had taken up a new practice that originated in the contexts of a different culture; like them I too was seeking to adopt that practice in order to make it express something new, exporting it to an altogether different context. My thanks go first to Ronald Giere, my advisor, who patiently stayed with me while I stumbled through many false turns and an equally numerous number of partial and incomplete drafts. Not only was he stuck with the job of reading and correcting all my drafts— the usual task of an advisor—he was additionally charged with the task of editing out my numerous non- standard usages of English, which made the process of advising certainly very interesting on both sides! I thank my wonderful committee members, whose feedback allowed me to arrange my views into some sort of a coherent framework, especially in the last few weeks when we were working towards the final draft of this dissertation. Naomi Scheman urged me to engage more deeply with the claims that I was making—which made me rewrite several paragraphs and at least one entire section. Alan Love wanted me to place more emphasis on certain important distinctions that I was making in my text, and finally, Paul Johnson wanted my project to be clearly demarcated from other similar projects. I benefitted from all of their suggestions. My thanks go to all of them for their insightful comments and their suggestions. To my friend James McAllister, I owe a special ‘thank you’ for his company, conversation, and above all, for his steadfast love during all these years when I was writing this dissertation. He always believed my project to be worthwhile, even when both of us disagreed about the specifics of how this project must be accomplished. I owe also a special thank you to Prof. Joseph Margolis, who wrote letters in my support when I applied to the graduate program in Philosophy in Minnesota, and whose support letters actually got me admitted into the program. My thanks go to Subrata Dasgupta and to Susan Hawthorne for their continued conversation, exchange of views, and above all, for their emotional support. To Kathryn Plaisance, I owe heartfelt thanks for providing me with a crucial input about the organization of my dissertation which caused me to rewrite the entire first chapter (thank you, Katie!). To my friends Karen Treiber, Amel Khalfaoui, and Pamela Ludford— my main social supports during all these years in Minnesota—I say ‘thank you’. I appreciate your concern about my well-being, and will always remember the many wonderful evenings that I have spent in your company and in your house. Finally, my thanks go to the Philosophy Department at the University of Minnesota, which has been my institutional home for the last eight years, and which provided me with a fellowship under the Graduate Research Partnership Program (GRPP) in 2008, and two other similar summer fellowships during the summers of 2004 and 2005. I thank the Center for Philosophy of Science at the University of Minnesota, which offered me a year-long Visiting Fellowship during 2002, which is how I first arrived at Minnesota. I thank the organizers of the Society for Philosophy of Science in Practice (SPSP) Conference in 2009, and more recently the Science, Technology and Society (STS) Conference, 2010 at the University of Texas, Austin, for ii giving me the opportunity to articulate my views before a sympathetic audience. My thanks go also to the Department of Strategic Management (SMO) at the Carlson School of Management at the University of Minnesota, for providing me with continued opportunity to be part of their courses on business ethics, which allowed me to see how the practice of business often mirrors the practice of science. Lastly, I say ‘thank you’ to the wonderful staff of the Philosophy Department, to Judy Grandbois, Anita Wallace, and Pam Groscost for their continued support during the years of my graduate program. Finally, this dissertation is given with love to my parents, to Anil and Manisha Dasgupta, who always told me that there is no greater good in life than knowing things well, even when such efforts take you halfway across the world. iii ABSTRACT That newcomers often take up science remains a prominent feature of scientific practice. Thus, around the established centers of scientific knowledge there grows up a periphery, consisting of various types of newcomers: self-trained autodidacts, people from different disciplines as well as researchers from other cultures and other communities. As new communities join the previously-existing core group, the size of the network increases, setting up complex relationships of collaboration and competition among members of the community. Behind most of the scientific communities that today exist in the non-West, there lies this kind of a complicated history of origin. And yet, within the existing philosophical models of scientific practice that we have with us today, there seems to be no account that can tell us how such newcomers—who become scientists mainly through their own individual efforts—function in science. This seemed remarkable to me when I first started reading the literature of philosophy of science during my initial years in the graduate school. Scientists from the non-West constitute one such prominent group of newcomers who often work from the peripheries of scientific knowledge. In his well-known model of the expansion of Western science into the locations of the non-West, George Basalla (1967) considered peripheral science, i.e., science practiced outside of Europe and North America, to be an instance of diffusion: thus stating, in effect, that those who accept science under such circumstances, accept it as a recipient . As is well-known, this model has been extensively criticized and it has also been suggested that science is perhaps a case of a moving metropolis, that the centers of established knowledge in science shift dynamically over time. However, precisely how the metropolis of science shifts from one place to another and how the newcomers who join the practice of science function within it, remained unclear. Thus, Basalla’s model might have been rejected, but nothing adequate so far has been put into its place. This dissertation is an attempt to think about this long-neglected topic. It seeks to understand peripheral scientific communities and peripheral interactions, and the growth of scientific knowledge within those non-standard contexts. It is about those scientists whose research take place outside of the main community, and yet who often contribute quite significantly to the stock of scientific knowledge. It is written in the belief that there is more to peripheral science than passive acceptance and manifest individual difficulty, that it is intrinsically interesting, and that it tells us a story about science itself, especially about how science is socially organized, and the epistemic consequences of such organization. Hopefully, here is a new topic that can be elucidated by further research—by myself, and by others, who I hope, will join me soon. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................... ii Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... iv List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ viii List of Figures ................................................................................................................................. ix Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... x Part I: The Theoretical Framework 1. Science and Peripherality: The Newcomers and the Outsiders of Science 1.1. Does Peripherality Exist in Science? ................................................................................. 1 1.2. Peripheral Science and the Non-West ................................................................................ 8 1.3. How Peripherality Emerges out of Social: Science as Social Knowledge……………… 12 1.3.1. An Idealized Scientific Community................................................................
Recommended publications
  • Análise Vibracional E De Transições De Fase Em Dielétricos Ferróicos E De Baixa Simetria
    UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MINAS GERAIS INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS EXATAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM FÍSICA RAFAEL MENDONÇA ALMEIDA ANÁLISE VIBRACIONAL E DE TRANSIÇÕES DE FASE EM DIELÉTRICOS FERRÓICOS E DE BAIXA SIMETRIA Belo Horizonte – MG 2015 RAFAEL MENDONÇA ALMEIDA ANÁLISE VIBRACIONAL E DE TRANSIÇÕES DE FASE EM DIELÉTRICOS FERRÓICOS E DE BAIXA SIMETRIA Tese de Doutorado apresentado ao Programa de Pós­graduação em Física da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais como um dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Doutor em Física. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Roberto Luiz Moreira. Belo Horizonte – MG 2015 Almeida, Rafael Mendonça. Análise vibracional e de transições de fase em dielétricos ferróicos e de baixa simetria. / Rafael Mendonça Almeida. – Belo Horizonte, 2015. 163 f. Impresso por computador (fotocópia). Orientador: Roberto Luiz Moreira. Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Programa de Pós­ Graduação em Física, 2015. 1. Espectroscopia Raman. 2. Espectroscopia no infravermelho. 3. Análise de Dispersão. 4. Dielétricos. I. Título. CDU 543.4 Dedico este trabalho aos meus pais, Manoel e Maria Vitória, aos meus irmãos, Gerson, Danilo, Cristina e Débora, a meu filho, João, e a minha esposa, Zilda. AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço a Deus por abençoar­me todos os dias, oferecendo o pão de cada dia, perdoando as dívidas, livrando do mal, e concedendo saúde para trabalhar e estudar, mesmo nos momentos mais diversos. Afinal, antes de “Deus ajuda quem cedo, madruga”, “Deus ajuda quem trabalha!”, como diz o Bob. Ao meu orientador de doutorado, Prof. Dr. Roberto Luiz Moreira (Bob), agradeço por não DESISTIR de mim nas adversidades. Agradeço pelos conhecimentos com que me agraciou no trabalho quase cotidiano do Laboratório de Infravermelho e de Transições de Fase, nos mais diversos sistemas estudados.
    [Show full text]
  • Charles Fabry
    8961 Sl!VW - tZZ oN :nrJmlSN!IW NOI.Lv.:>n&nd ,· e PUBLICATION MENSUELLE DE L'AS­ SOCIATION AMICAL! DD ANCllNS ELEVES DE L'ECOLE POL YTIECHNIQUI la jau·ne (A.X.) et e REDACTION ET PETITES ANNOHCIS : A.X., 17, RUE DESCARTES, PARIS 5" TEL. 033-32-83 la rouge e ABONNEMENTS: A L'A.X 15 F POUR L'ANNEE PRIX AU NUMERO : 1,50F MARS 1968 N° 224 e PUBLICITE : S.N. MERCURE 4, PLACE FRANZ LISZT, PARIS 100 TEL. 824-97-73 SOMMAIRE Page Editorial . 1 CEREMONIE DU CENTENAIRE DE CHARLES FABRY . 2 SomlRaire . 3 Comité d'honneur . 4 Introduction d'accueil, par le Général MAHIEUX . S Charles Fabry et la science de l'éclairage. Souvenirs sur Charles Fabry, par M. Yves LE GRAND . 9 Charles Fabry et l'Institut d'Optique, par M. Pierre FLEURY . 13 L'œuvre scientifi.que de Charles Fabry, par M. Alfred KASTLER • . 16 Charles Fabry, Physicien et Professeur à !'Ecole Polytechnique, par M. Louis LEPRINCE-RINGUET . 22 Quelle importance présentent les matières premières pour l'industrie sidérurgique ? par A. BUREAU (1929) . 27 Thèse de Doctorat américain: Ph. CIARLET (1959) . 32 lnformationi intéressant tous ingénieurs • . 33 A l'Ecole Polytechnique : La médaille Raymond BERR . • • . • . • • . 34 Lo vie sportive à l'Ecole . 3S Une gronde enquête sur Io situation des ingénieurs diplômés . 39 Informations générales . 40 Le coin du discophile . 41 Bibliographie . 42 INFORMATIONS POLYTECHNICIENNES G.P.X. 4S Séance du Conseil d'administration de l'A.X. du 5 décembre 1967 . 47 Appel à Io camaraderie polytechnicienne pour des « Correspondants sociaux » .
    [Show full text]
  • The World of Galaxies Gerard and Antoinette De Vaucouleurs in Paris
    The World of Galaxies Gerard and Antoinette de Vaucouleurs in Paris. 1962. Harold G. Corwin, 1r. Lucette Bottinelli Editors The World of Galaxies Proceedings of the Conference , 'Le Monde des Galaxies" Held 12-14 April 1988 at the Institut d' Astrophysique de Paris in Honor of Gerard and Antoinette de Vaucouleurs on the Occasion of His 70th Birthday With 183 Illustrations Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Harold G. Corwin, If. Lucette Bottinelli Department of Astronomy Observatoire de Paris, University of Texas Section de Meudon Austin, TX 78712 92190 Meudon U.S.A. France Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publications Data Symposium, Le monde des galaxies (1988 : Paris, France) The world of galaxies: proceedings of the Symposium, Le monde des galaxies, in honor of Gerard and Antoinette de Vaucouleurs on the occasion of his seventieth birthday / Harold G. Corwin, Lucette Bottinelli, editors. p. cm. 1. Galaxies-Congresses. 2. Vaucouleurs, Gerard de, 1918- 3. Vaucouleurs, Antoinette de. I. Vaucouleurs, Gerard Henri de, 1918- II. Vaucouleurs, Antionette de. III. Corwin, Harold G. IV. Bottinelli, Lucette. V. Title. QB851.S94 1988 523.1 ' 12-dc20 89-10084 © 1989 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1989 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden.
    [Show full text]
  • International Ozone Commission: History and Activities
    Information about the author International Association of Rumen D. BOJKOV (*1931) is a citizen of Bulgaria and Canada. He obtained his Ph.D. in physics and mathematics Meteorology and from the University of Moscow (USSR, 1964) and a D.Sc. in atmospheric physics from the University of Rostock Atmospheric Sciences (Germany, 1971). He taught courses on atmospheric physics at the universities of Sofia (Bulgaria), Albany (NY, USA), Cairo (Egypt) and Thessaloniki (Greece), and held research positions at the Canadian Meteorological Service as well as IAMAS Publication Series at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (USA). For many years he worked for WMO in Geneva (Switzerland) as No. 2 Chief of the Atmospheric Sciences Division and later as Special Advisor to the Secretary-General of WMO on Ozone and Global Environmental Issues. From 1984 to 2000 he served as Secretary of the International Ozone Commission IIAMAS Publication Series, No. 2 (IO3C) of IAMAS within IUGG and has been one of IO3C’s honorary members since. Dr. Bojkov published more than 120 refereed scientific papers, a university text-book on atmospheric physics, and he initiated, wrote and edited numerous international reports dealing with ozone issues. Illustration of the topic The severe depletion of Antarctic ozone known as the “ozone hole” was first observed in the early 1980s. The depletion is attributable to chemical destruction by reactive halogen gases, which increased in the stratosphere in the latter half of the 20th century. Conditions in the Antarctic International Ozone Commission: winter stratosphere are highly suitable for ozone depletion because of (1) the long periods of extremely low temperatures, which promote PSC formation and removal; History and activities (2) the abundance of reactive halogen gases, which chemically destroy ozone; and (3) the isolation of stratospheric air during the winter, which allows time for chemical destruction to occur.
    [Show full text]
  • The Three Physicists Chris Dewitt, José Edelstein, and Bayram Tekin
    The three physicists Chris DeWitt, José Edelstein, and Bayram Tekin Citation: Physics Today 74, 3, 42 (2021); doi: 10.1063/PT.3.4700 View online: https://doi.org/10.1063/PT.3.4700 View Table of Contents: https://physicstoday.scitation.org/toc/pto/74/3 Published by the American Institute of Physics ARTICLES YOU MAY BE INTERESTED IN The math behind epidemics Physics Today 73, 28 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1063/PT.3.4614 California dreamin’ Physics Today 74, 36 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1063/PT.3.4678 Tip of the iceberg Physics Today 72, 70 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1063/PT.3.4373 Does new physics lurk inside living matter? Physics Today 73, 34 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1063/PT.3.4546 Magnetic fields for modulating the nervous system Physics Today 74, 28 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1063/PT.3.4677 A quantum leap in security Physics Today 74, 36 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1063/PT.3.4699 Chris DeWitt is an attorney in Austin, Texas. José Edelstein ([email protected]) is a theoretical physicist at the University of Santiago de Compostela in Spain. Bayram Tekin ([email protected]) is a theoretical physicist at the Middle East Technical University in Ankara, Turkey. Thethree PHYSICISTS Chris DeWitt, José Edelstein, and Bayram Tekin Since 1951, the Prize of the Three Physicists has been awarded by the École Normale Supérieure in honor of Henri Abraham, Eugène Bloch, and Georges Bruhat— successive directors of the university’s physics laboratory. These are their stories. s the daughter of two physicists, Bryce DeWitt and Cécile DeWitt- Morette, I was always aware of the profound impact of the Holocaust on the lives of 20th- century scientists.
    [Show full text]
  • 2016 02 Epanewsletter.Pdf
    European Photochemistry Association Décembre 2006 NEWSLETTER No. 91, December 2016 General information about the European Photochemistry Association is available at: www.photochemistry.eu Newsletter Editor: Prof. Maurizio D'Auria Dipartimento di Scienze Università della Basilicata 85100 Potenza, ITALY © 2016 Dipartimento di Scienze, Università della Basilcata ISSN 1011-4246 Printed in the United Kingdom by Media Services, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU EPA Newsletter 4 December 2016 CONTENTS EPA EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE .............................. 6 EDITORIAL ................................................................. 8 President’s Letter ............................................................................ 8 PUBLICATIONS .......................................................... 9 The 2016 Nobel Prize in Chemistry: molecular machines under the spotlight, a lot of photochemistry in the game............................................................................................ 9 History of photochemistry and photophysics in France from the birth to the present - A guided tour of the laboratories across the "Regions" - Part II ....................................................................... 14 Towards rules to understand photoinduced dynamics in organic molecules ..................................................................................... 82 Fluorescence spectroscopy as useful method to predict photodynamic efficacy ................................................................ 88 Novel
    [Show full text]
  • CABANNES, Jean (1885-1959) Jean Cabannes Est Né À Marseille Le 12 Août 1885
    CABANNES, Jean (1885-1959) Jean Cabannes est né à Marseille le 12 août 1885. Son père Albert fut économe au lycée de Nice. Il fit ses études secondaires au lycée de Nice. Il entra en 1906 à l’École normale supérieure. Reçu à l’agrégation en 1911, il devint en 1913, après son service militaire, l’élève de C. Fabry. Après cinq ans d’interruption due à la guerre, il soutint à Paris en 1921 une thèse de doctorat ès sciences : Sur la diffusion de la lumière par les molécules des gaz transparents. Il fut alors nommé maître de conférences (1920) puis professeur de physique (1924) à la faculté des sciences de Montpellier. En 1937, il fut nommé maître de conférences à la Faculté des sciences de Paris et succéda quelques années plus tard à Aimé Cotton dans sa chaire et à la direction du Laboratoire de Recherches Physiques de la Sorbonne. Il fut nommé membre de l’UAI en 1935. Frappé par la maladie un an avant sa retraite, Jean Cabannes est mort aux Lecques (Var) le 31 octobre 1959. Les recherches d’optique et de spectroscopie atmosphériques ont tenu une place importante dans l’œuvre de Cabannes à partir de 1940, pour la plus grande partie en collaboration avec Dufay. L’origine de la lumière du ciel nocturne était encore très mystérieuse. Cabannes identifia en 1938 la raie jaune signalée par Slipher en 1929 dans son spectre avec le doublet D du sodium, grâce à un étalon interférentiel construit par Couder. La présence inattendue du sodium dans la haute atmosphère était ainsi établie.
    [Show full text]
  • Daijoz Table Des Matieres
    L'esprit des institutions, Vequilibre des pouvoirs Melanges en l'honneur de PIERRE PACTET 2003 DAIJOZ TABLE DES MATIERES Preface, par Didier MAUS, president de l'Association francaise des consti- tutionnalistes XXI Esprit des institutions et e'quilibre des pouvoirs, par Claude GOYARD, professeur emerite de FUniversite Pantheon- Assas (Paris II) 1 L'ESPRIT DES INSTITUTIONS Le droh international de la liberte de religion ou de conviction a l'epreuve desfaits, par Abdelfattah AMOR, president de l'Academie internationale de droit constitutionnel, rapporteur Special de la Commission des droits de l'homme des Nations unies sur la liberte de religion ou de conviction, vice-president du Comite des droits de l'homme des Nations unies 19 Ordre public et liberte de conscience (Apercu sur la laiche a la francaise, la montee des inte'grismes, U prob lerne du tchador), par Daniel AMSON, avocat ä la Cour, professeur des Universites .. 33 A propos d'une cohabitation difficile entre le droitpenal et le droit consti- tutionnel (Le crime de haute trahison), par Rafäa BEN ACHOUR, professeur ä la Faculte des sciences juri- diques, politiques et sociales de Tunis, secretaire d'fitat aupres du ministre de I'Education charge de l'innovation pedagogique 49 XIV L'ESPRIT DES INSTITUTIONS, L'EQUILIBRE DES POUVOIRS Le juriste francais et Institution des autorites administratives indepen- dantes en Afrique, par Jean DU BOIS DE GAUDUSSON, professeur ä l'Universite Montesquieu-Bordeaux IV, directeur du Centre d'etudes et de recherches sur les droits africains et sur
    [Show full text]
  • Charles Mannebach Grandes
    ACADÉMIE ROYALE DE BELGIQUE ANNUAIRE 1978 EXTRAIT NOTICE SUR CHARLES MANNEBACK par Marc DE HEMPTINNE et Maurice A. BIOT. BRUXELLES - PALAIS DES ACADÉMIES Annuaire de I’ Acadt?mie En effet, les pôles d’intérets de notre confrère étaient multiples. Ils se situaient non seulement dans les domaines scientifiques mais aussi dans les domaines artistiques et littéraires. I1 expri- mait souvent l’admiration qu’il portait à Dante dont il lisait l’œuvre dans la langue du poète, il admirait aussi Bergson. Il lisait et relisait les grands classiques en sciences, dont entre autres « The theory of Sound N de Lord Rayleigh et les « Scientific papers » de Clerk Maxwell qui étaient en quelque sorte pour lui des livres de chevet. Charles Manneback était particulièrement doué pour l’enseignement qu’il aimait. La clarté de ses exposés, son soucis de précision et son dévoue- ment à ses élèves en faisaient un professeur inou- bliable. C’est sans doute à son père Joseph Louis Manneback, Secrétaire General au Ministère de l’Agriculture, d’une conscience professionnelle et d’un dévouement à toute épreuve, un de ces grands premier commis de l’État, auxquels notre pays devait sa grandeur au debut du siècle, que Charles Manneback devait ses exceptionnelles qualités et que nous devons de l’avoir gardé parmi nous. C’est en effet Manneback père, qui conscient de ce que son fils pouvait apporter à son pays, l’influença de façon décisive pour qu’il accepte une chaire à l’Université Catholique de Louvain alors qu’il était fortement attiré vers l’Amérique et que les possibilités qu’on lui offrait là-bas étaient -2- Notice sur Charles Mannebach grandes.
    [Show full text]
  • History and Activities
    Information about the author International Association of Rumen D. BOJKOV (*1931) is a citizen of Bulgaria and Canada. He obtained his Ph.D. in physics and mathematics Meteorology and from the University of Moscow (USSR, 1964) and a D.Sc. in atmospheric physics from the University of Rostock Atmospheric Sciences (Germany, 1971). He taught courses on atmospheric physics at the universities of Sofia (Bulgaria), Albany (NY, USA), Cairo (Egypt) and Thessaloniki (Greece), and held research positions at the Canadian Meteorological Service as well as IAMAS Publication Series at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (USA). For many years he worked for WMO in Geneva (Switzerland) as No. 2 Chief of the Atmospheric Sciences Division and later as Special Advisor to the Secretary-General of WMO on Ozone and Global Environmental Issues. From 1984 to 2000 he served as Secretary of the International Ozone Commission IIAMAS Publication Series, No. 2 (IO3C) of IAMAS within IUGG and has been one of IO3C’s honorary members since. Dr. Bojkov published more than 120 refereed scientific papers, a university text-book on atmospheric physics, and he initiated, wrote and edited numerous international reports dealing with ozone issues. Illustration of the topic The severe depletion of Antarctic ozone known as the “ozone hole” was first observed in the early 1980s. The depletion is attributable to chemical destruction by reactive halogen gases, which increased in the stratosphere in the latter half of the 20th century. Conditions in the Antarctic International Ozone Commission: winter stratosphere are highly suitable for ozone depletion because of (1) the long periods of extremely low temperatures, which promote PSC formation and removal; History and activities (2) the abundance of reactive halogen gases, which chemically destroy ozone; and (3) the isolation of stratospheric air during the winter, which allows time for chemical destruction to occur.
    [Show full text]
  • Louis De Broglie Et La Diffusion De La Mécanique Quantique En France (1925-1960) Adrien Vila-Valls
    Louis de Broglie et la diffusion de la mécanique quantique en France (1925-1960) Adrien Vila-Valls To cite this version: Adrien Vila-Valls. Louis de Broglie et la diffusion de la mécanique quantique en France (1925-1960). Autre [cond-mat.other]. Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2012. Français. NNT : 2012LYO10218. tel-00993036 HAL Id: tel-00993036 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00993036 Submitted on 19 May 2014 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Ecole Doctorale E.P.I.C. (Education, Psychologie, Information et Communication) THESE Présentée pour obtenir Le titre de docteur en Epistémologie et Histoire des Sciences et des Techniques par Adrien Vila Valls Louis de Broglie et la diffusion de la mécanique quantique en France (1925-1960) Thèse dirigée par Jan Lacki et Hugues Chabot Soutenue le 14 Novembre 2012 devant le jury composé de : Olivier Darrigol (Rapporteur) Directeur de recherches – CNRS Olival Freire Junior (Rapporteur) Professeur – Universidade Federal da Bahia Philippe Lautesse (Examinateur) Professeur – Université Lyon 1 Jean-Paul Martin (Examinateur) Directeur de recherches – CNRS Jan Lacki (Directeur de thèse) Directeur de recherches – CNRS Hugues Chabot (Directeur de thèse) Maitre de conférences – Université Lyon 1 1 Remerciements Je souhaite tout d’abord exprimer ma gratitude à Hugues Chabot et Jan Lacki qui me suivent maintenant depuis quelques années.
    [Show full text]
  • La Vie Et L'œuvre Scientifique De Auguste Rousset
    La Vie et l'Œuvre Scientifique de Auguste Rousset La vie et l'œuvre scientifique de Auguste Rousset, Correspondant de l’Académie 27 octobre 1905 - 11 octobre 1997 par Christian Bordé, Correspondant de l’Académie Introduction re, l’effet Raman et la luminescence. Ces Né à Lunel (34) le 27 octobre 1905, méthodes optiques permettent de déterminer les Auguste Rousset s’est éteint le 11 octobre 1997 à structures des molécules organiques et leur Arcachon (33), dans sa quatre-vingt douzième organisation dans les liquides ou dans les cris- année. Il repose aujourd’hui à Sommières (30), taux moléculaires. L’optique moléculaire, la ville de son enfance, qu’il n’oubliera jamais. physico-chimie et la chimie structurale doivent Même ses collaborateurs connaissaient parfaite- beaucoup à l’œuvre scientifique d’Auguste ment les caractéristiques de cette petite ville du Rousset. sud de la France. Une vie d’enseignant et de chercheur Il est d’abord assistant à la faculté des Issu d’un milieu modeste, il passe toute sciences de Montpellier (1929), puis professeur son enfance à Sommières dans une famille de de physique générale à la faculté des sciences viticulteurs encore active aujourd’hui. Il conti- de Bordeaux (1937), où il crée en 1945 le labo- nuera toujours à passer ses vacances à ratoire d’Optique Moléculaire, équipe associée Sommières, où il retrouvera ses copains d’en- au CNRS n° 16 (1945-1972), qu’il dirigera jus- fance. Sur la terrasse des cafés de Sommières, le qu’en 1970. De 1970 à 1978, il poursuit son long des quais de Vidourle, on ne parlera pas de activité comme professeur à l’université de Pau.
    [Show full text]