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Chicago Natural History Museum Geology, Dr. Austin L. Rand, Curator of been invited by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Founded bt Marshall Field, 1893 Birds, Robert K. Wyant, Curator of Eco- Service to participate in deep-water investi- Rooaerelt Road and Lake Shore DiiTc, Chicago 5 nomic Geology, Dr. Fritz Haas, Curator of gations to be conducted in the Gulf of Mexico Telephone: WAbash 2-9410 Lower Invertebrates, and a member of the during a cruise of the government ship botanical staff—are slated to go to San Oregon. Curator Woods and Robert F. THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES Salvador for collecting and research in their Inger, Assistant Curator of Fishes, will Stanlet Field Lbstbk Armour fields. This work under continue their successful cave-fish studies Sbwell U Avery Samuel Insull, Jr. respective got way in Wm. McCobmick Blair Henry P. Ishah in 1950 when the Museum dispatched Dr. underground caverns of Missouri and Leopold E. Block Hughston M. McBain Walter J. Cumminos William H. Mitchell Norman C. Fassett, Professor of Botany Arkansas. In 1950 they worked in similar Clarence B. Randall Albert B. Dick, Jr. and Curator of the Herbarium of the Uni- caves in and Howard W. Fenton George A. Richardson Tennessee, Indiana, Illinois. Joseph N. Field Solomon A. Smith versity of Wisconsin, to this field in Sep- Marshall Field Albert H. Wetten John P. Wilson tember for the of Marshall Field, Jr. collecting aquatic plants. ALBERT B. WOLCOTT, 1879-1950 OFFICERS He will remain until about June. Emil Curator of Exhibits in the Albert Stanley Field ••?"»»''•"' Sella, B. Wolcott, a Museum employee Ptrtl Vxet-Pnmdnt Marshall Field of and Samuel H. for died on December Albert B. Dick, Jr. Stamd Vtct-Prmimt Department Botany, thirty-four years, 8, Third Viee-PrtsideiU Samuel Insull, Jr Grove, Jr., Assistant in Plant Reproduction, in the DuPage County Convalescent Home, Solomon A. Smith Trtasurer CUFPORD C. Gregg Director and Setrelary will leave for various parts of Florida in at the age of 81. Mr. R. Molar AnittanI Seentart John January to collect exhibition material. Wolcott was born in

Bryan Patterson, Curator of Fossil Mam- Bloomington, Illinois, THE BULLETIN mals, and Orville L. Gilpin, Chief Preparator on January 9, 1879. EDITOR of Fossils, will continue collecting from early While still a youth he Clifford C. Gregg Director of Ou Muttum Cretaceous mammal bearing deposits in became interested in a in which have been CONTRIBUTING EDITORS Texas, project they insects, especially for several seasons. on one Pauls. Martin Chief Curator of Anihropolon engaged beetles, family Thbodor Just Chief Curator of Botany of which he soon Sharat K. Roy Chief Curator of Galon FOSSIL-FISH COLLECTING Karl P. Schmidt Chief Curator of Zooion specialized. He be- MANAGING EDITOR Dr. Robert H. Denison, Curator of Fossil came a noted authority H. B. Harts Public Relatione Couneel Fishes, will collect material in his field and the author of from middle Devonian limestone deposits nearly forty papers on in central and northern Ohio. A. B. WOLCOTT the small Members are requested to inform the Museum During July bright-color- of address. promptly o( changes or August Curator Denison will collect ed checkered beetles, from Devonian limestone and shales in the Cleridae, some of which are commonly western New York and Silurian fish fossil seen on flowers. SIXTEEN EXPEDITIONS localities in New York and Pennsylvania. In July, 1908, Mr. Wolcott was appointed PLANNED FOR 1951 George Langford, Curator of Fossil as an assistant in the Division of Insects in Plants, will make a series of field trips to the Museum, and in January, 1914, he was Sixteen expeditions are scheduled to go obtain material of the Coal Age in the area transferred to the then newly formed N. W. into the field for the Museum in 1951, it is near Wilmington, Illinois, and will collect Harris Public School Extension of the Mu- announced by Colonel Clifford C. Gregg, upper Cretaceous and Eocene fossil plants seum. In this department his artistic skill Director. in Tennessee and Mississippi. and knowledge of insects were very useful The operation will be the largest-scale Philip Hershkovitz, Assistant Curator of in preparing exhibits of insects and other 17th Southwest Archaeological Expedition, Mammals, will continue the Colombian material in the small portable cases that are which will continue the work of past expedi- Zoological Expedition upon which he has circulated in the Chicago schools. tions in the New Mexico prehistoric culture been engaged since 1948. In 1942, his failing health and diminishing field. Dr. Paul S. Martin, Chief Curator Eugene S. Richardson, Jr., Curator of eyesight compelled him to end his Museum of Anthropology, again will be the leader, Fossil Invertebrates, will collect inverte- duties, as well as the research work he did and his chief assistant will be Dr. John B. brates of the lower Paleozoic period in for many years on his chosen family of Rinaldo, Assistant in Archaeology. It is various parts of the West. beetles, to which he devoted all of his spare in the new season to continue the planned time. His extensive and valuable collection research so successfully begun in 1950 in SEEKS AFRICAN BIRDS of beetles of the family Cleridae and his dry caves where an abundance of material Harry A. Beatty, of New York City, books and papers pertaining to them he of a perishable type was obtained. New ornithologist who collected for the Museum generously donated to the Museum when caves will be opened in 1951 with the ob- in Liberia during 1946-47, will collect birds he retired. The Museum published his jective of finding artifacts of additional and other animals in selected areas in French Catalogue of North American Beetles of the kinds to fill in sequences incomplete because Equatorial Africa. Family Cleridae in 1947. of in the Tularosa Cave stratigraphy gaps Karl P. Schmidt, Chief Curator of William J. Gerhard of the 1950 operation. Zoology, Clifford H. Pope, Curator of Curator Emeritus of Insects will attach The Department of Botany Amphibians and Reptiles, and Colin C. an expedition of its own to the Southwest Sanborn, Curator of Mammals, will continue Last Call for Entries Archaeological Expedition. Dr. Hugh C. various branches of field work within the of Nature Photos Cutler, Curator of Economic Botany, will United States. Chief Curator Schmidt will which has for its conduct this expedition, resume field trips for reptiles and amphibians January 15 is the deadline for entries in of the of purpose comparison types vegetable in Texas in the spring. Each year he covers the Sixth Chicago International Exhibition food products found in Tularosa Cave with a selected area. Curator Pope will continue of Nature Photography to be held at the in this area the crops that grow today. his investigation of salamanders in Arkansas. Museum February 1 to 28, inclusive, under Curator Sanborn will continue his survey of the auspices of the Nature Camera Club of SAN SALVADOR PROJECT mammals of Arkansas in co-operation with Chicago and the Museum. Several members of the Museum staff— colleagues at the University of Arkansas. Silver medals and ribbons will be awarded Dr. Sharat K. Roy, Chief Curator of Loren P. Woods, Curator of Fishes, has in the various print and slide classifications. January, 1951 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Pages MARIANAS EXPEDITION EXCAVATES ANCIENT 'GHOST HOMES' By ALEXANDER SPOEHR Marianas was to forward back of a beach by CURATOR OF OCEANIC ETHNOLOGY expedition push lay directly designated the understanding of man's early history in invading American marines during the war Its field work completed, the Museum's that section of the Pacific called Micronesia, as Blue Beach. A second objective of the 1949-50 Anthropological Expedition to the in which the Marianas lie. Most of Micro- expedition on Tinian was to investigate the Marianas Islands has returned to Chicago, nesia is administered today by the United largest latte house in the Marianas, known where the bone and stone tools, pottery. States, as a United Nations trust territory, as the House of Taga. Taga is an old the islands having been captured from Chamorro culture hero, a man believed to Japan in World War II. have been of great size, who built his house of shore at Tinian's A previous BULLETIN article described giant stone pillars on the some of the earlier excavations conducted harbor. in 1950 the Museum on where by Saipan, THE blue SITE the headquarters of the expedition were Blue of a dozen maintained. Although the final results of The Site consisted large, the work will not be known until the field stone-pillared houses strung end-to-end back beach. At one time collections have been studied thoroughly, of, and paralleling, the in this article the remaining excavations of there may well have been additional houses, whose have since At the Museum expedition will be briefly pillars disintegrated. described. the center of this string of houses was the largest structure, with pillars over 9 feet GHOSTS AND STONE COLUMNS high and with an over-all length of 60 feet. this center house to the The characteristic feature of most of the Probably belonged local or served a communal purpose. surviving prehistoric sites in the Marianas chief, Back of the houses, the earth was found to are groups of stone columns or pillars. contain areas filled with charcoal Locally, these are called latle. Many of densely the Chamorros—the native people of the and broken utilitarian pottery, indicating 'THE HOUSE OF TAGA' Marianas—believe that these latte mark that this was the area where the cooking Massive stone columns on the island of Tinian, ancient graveyards that still remain the was done. To the seaward side, a number Part of the capstone on top of the colutnn in the homes of ghosts of the dead of olden times. of small refuse mounds were found, where has broken o0. The one in the fore- background These ghosts wander among the living today unwanted trash was dumped. As in the ground has broken off, too, probably under the and can be seen as vague shapes and appari- case at burials were found under weight of its capstone. Column with capstone is Saipan, at or at dusk. more than 16 feet high. tions, particularly night just the houses and toward the seaward side. have the to harm the They power living by And fortunately, as was also the case on causing illness, and so are feared and avoided. crew were ornaments, and all the other objects and Saipan, the fears of the digging It took a great deal of and tact artifacts excavated from the shores of those diplomacy allayed by the careful and respectful manner to convince the native digging crew that if far-off Pacific islands await the patient excavations at latte sites were carried on in study necessary to unravel the secrets of a a properly respectful manner the ghosts of pa.st lived hundreds of years ago by men the ancient dead would not harm those that long since dead and forgotten. The Museum had come to pry into the secrets of the past. for many years has maintained an interest The latte sites are indeed in the peoples and cultures of the Far East burial places. are for the and the Pacific. A major objective of the They simple reason that the stone pillars, or latte, were the foundation posts for houses, and the ancient dwellers of these houses had the custom of burying -THIS MONTH'S COVER- their dead under the house, or immediately to the seaward side of the house. The stone The king of Arctic beasts is pillars are not gravemarkers, but merely the shown in our cover illustration. most solid type of house post available to The polar bear, Thalarctos mari- the original builders. timus, is truly a "maritime sea- LATTE bear." It is a veritable symbol SITES OF TINIAN of the It is the polar region. only The previous Bulletin article described member of the bear that group the excavation of two latte sites on Saipan. swims at its boldly sea, seeking Following the completion of the Saipan food on ice floes. Its SOUTH PACIFIC -DIG' long, yellow- excavations, the expedition shifted its activ- ish-white fur blends in with its Chamorro workmen excavations on an ities to the nearby island of Tinian—known commencing ancient "latte'* or stone-pillared house at the Blue normal background of ice and to the modern world as the base from which Site, Tinian, for the Museum's Archaeological Ex- snow, over which it hunts for the first atom bomb of World War II was pedition to the South Pacific. seals. The bear itself polar adjusts flown to Japan to be dropped on hapless so well to life in warmer climates Hiroshima. On Tinian two major lalte sites in which the burials were unearthed. The that it is a familiar in zoos sight were dug. One of the expedition's objec- further satisfied that the and is known to school child men were ghosts every tives was to find a latte village site as in our cities. The cover of these ancient dead would be honored to larger undisturbed as possible—the Saipan sites shows of a habitat have their bones repose in the modern steel picture part had been considerably disturbed—and we in Hall 16. storage cases at the Museum, in company group were fortunate in locating a relatively intact village, which we called the Blue Site, as it (Continued on page i, column 3) Page i CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN January, 1951

NEW FOSSIL REPTILE AND AMPHIBIAN EXHIBITS when alive. It is reasonably safe to say, By RAINER ZANGERL however, that Bradysaurus was a sluggish dwellers much as the were. cukatob of fossil reptiles early reptiles animal and sf)ent most of its days in shallow It can be as has been done in stated, lakes and swamps. There, the unquestion- The Division of Vertebrate Paleontology these that the exhibits, amphibians pioneer- ably great weight of its body would have has completed the first three exhibits in a ed and the the reptiles completed conquest been largely supported by the water. of the skeletons program remounting superb of the land. The most important step in and received of early reptiles amphibians this process was probably the evolution of of as a from the University Chicago gift. a "land egg," an egg that is so constructed MARIANA 'GHOST HOMES'— These exhibits now be seen in Ernest R. may that it will not dry out readily, even though {Continued from page S) Graham Hall (Hall 38). its shell must be porous, and will provide with skeletal friends from The amphibian and early reptile exhibits the developing embryo with enough food distinguished other of the world. were designed to answer a number of ques- substances to complete its early stages of many parts to the current views about formation and inside the tions pertinent organ growth pro- THE HOUSE OF TAGA the origin of these animals, as well as to tected enclosure of the egg shell. The second latte site at Tinian—the House of Taga— is truly impressive, despite the fact that all the stone pillars except one have collapsed. Originally, there were twelve massive stone pillars, each sur- mounted by a capstone, the pillar and capstone rising to a height of 16 to 17 feet. Each pillar and capstone together weighed approximately 15 tons. The quarry from which these stones came is located about a mile south of the site. Although it is probable that the pillars at the House of Taga were erected through the use of an earth ramp, how they were transported from the quarry by a people who—so far as we can tell—had no of the NEW ADDITION TO FOSSIL REPTILE EXHIBITS knowledge wheel remains a mystery, if one does not Skeleton ol Bradysaurus baini, a sizable pareiasaur reptile from the Karroo o( South Africa. The speci- accept the ancient Chamorro legend that men is displayed in Ernest R. Graham Hall (Paleontology—Hall 38). for a being with the great strength of the giant Taga, the construction of such a show them as free-mounted skeletons. There All this, however, is not enough. The house was no great feat. is little doubt in the minds of most paleon- early development of the embryo itself had The House of a final tologists that the amphibians evolved from to be modified in accordance with the Taga represents of the prehistoric Chamorro pre- fishes, and among the latter from a group changed circumstances of development. The flowering with and better house known as lobe-fin fishes, or crossopterygians. embryo had to be enclosed in a separate occupation bigger columns. At the House of the We do not yet know a specific animal that fluid-filled container, and a sack to receive Taga, expedi- tion simk a series of test trenches into the is clearly intermediate in its bodily structure the waste products had to be provided. not so much to find artifacts con- between the fishes and the amphibians. We Numerous embryonic blood vessels cover subsoil, with the lalle as to find are thus left to wonder how, for instance, the latter and the food-containing yolk sac, temporary Taga out what beneath them. At the Blue the paired fins of the ancestral fish became and serve to carry oxygen to and carbon lay Site the soil was so shallow that a walking limbs in the amphibian. The pro- dioxide away from the embryo. Needless previous was The House of cess must have involved not merely the to say, the conquest of the land by the occupation precluded. was built on sand— appendages but also a large portion of the reptiles involved far more changes than Taga, however, literally an old dune at least 20 feet in In body. The fins of a fish suspended in one would be led to believe by comparing depth. the test was found under- water are not used, ordinarily, to support the rather similar construction of the trenches, pottery the latte to a of some the weight of the body. They are attached skeletons of early amphibians and reptiles. lying Taga depth six feet, that the site had been to small girdle bones and muscle groups at indicating MANY RETtJRN TO WATER a earlier the the lower sides of the fish. The limbs of occupied by people than builders of House. an animal walking on land, however, must Having once conquered the land, a great Taga's the entire weight of the animal. many reptiles returned to the water. Some support LATTE CULTURE AND ANTECEDENTS Thus the major difference does not lie in of them became swamp dwellers, others went the actual shapes of the fins and the limbs to sea. Among the latter are the well-known The many latte sites of the Marianas are but in their connections with the principal ichthyosaurs (fish-lizards) whose external ap- sufficiently alike and the material recovered supporting structures of the body as a whole. pearance is that of a fast-swimming shark, from them sufficiently similar so that we the plesiosaurs whose body has been de- can allocate them all to a latte culture. This WIDE VARIATIONS scribed as resembling a snake pulled through culture reached its climax with the House In speaking of early amphibians we are a turtle, and many other kinds that lived of Taga. In addition to /aMe-building, the inclined to think of them only as a group entirely in an aquatic environment. culture is characterized by a distinctive of animals that arose from the fishes and The third exhibit houses the unbelievably set of pottery types, by a mixed fishing- in turn led to the origin of the reptiles. We bulky skeleton of the pareiasaur, Brady- agriculture economy, and by a characteristic should not forget, however, that the am- saurus, a native of South Africa. The set of shell, bone, and stone tools. From phibians underwent adaptive radiation on bones of this barrel-bellied vegetarian are documentary and archaeological sources we their own. Many of them became specialized so large with respect to the over-all size of know that the latte culture endured until the swimming predators, bottom-dwelling scav- the skeleton that few students can agree as Spanish conquest of the Marianas in the engers, mud-burrowers, and some were land- to the probable posture the animal assumed 16th and 17th centuries, but how far back January, 1951 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 5 in time the culture goes is still a matter of earning degrees of bachelor of science and SOCIAL SECURITY EXTENDED conjecture. However, on several sites on master of science at the latter. From 1906 TO MUSEUM EMPLOYEES Saipan and Tinian, the Museum's excava- to 1909 he was a member of the faculty at Effective January 1, employees of the tions found evidence of a more ancient non- New Mexico State College. In 1909 he was Museum were brought under the provisions Ja«e-building occupation. How old this appointed to the botanical staff of the of the social security law as recently amend- earlier occupation is cannot yet be deter- United States National Museum, Wash- ed by Congress to cover non-profit institu- mined with any degree of exactness, but ington, D.C., where he served until 1928 tions of this type. To make this practicable, the geological evidence indicates a probable and achieved a notable reputation, which the Museum's own private pension plan antiquity of some 750 to 1,000 years. was further enhanced by his work later at was adjusted by action of the Board of Though man may have been in the Marianas Chicago Natural History Museum. Mr. Trustees. The private pension will continue at an even earlier time, at our still Standley is the author of many important present on a modified basis in combination with the tentative time scale cannot penetrate further botanical works. Among the most notable social security benefits. The combination back than this approximate date. published by Chicago Natural History of the two will give each employee a con- The story of those early wanderers who Museum are Flora of Yucatan, Flora of the siderably larger pension than either plan first voyaged into the expanses of the Lancetilla Valley, Honduras, Flora of Costa would provide by itself. Pacific's blue waters is still largely unknown, Rica, The Forests and Flora of British Hon- but the Museum expedition was successful duras (in collaboration with Samuel J. in the a ahead Common Weeds, several families of pushing anthropologist step Record), Audubon Society Lecture in his task of on the sound plants for Flora of Peru (by J. Francis reconstructing, Offered January 13 basis of knowledge that only archaeology Macbride), and Flora of Guatemala (in The second lecture in the current series can provide, the culture history of the vast collaboration with Dr. Julian A. Steyer- Oceanic area. mark). Works published by the United of the Illinois Audubon Society will be States National Museum include Flora of given Saturday, January 13, at 2:30 p.m. in New Mexico collaboration with E. O. James Simpson Theatre of the Museum. STAFF CHANGES (in MUSEUM Wooton), Flora of the District of Columbia The lecture is "Saguaroland," by Karl Two of the Museum's Curators were (with A. S. Hitchcock), Trees and Shrubs of Maslowski of Cincinnati. Mr. Maslowski, has retired from active duty as of December 31, Mexico, and Flora of Glacier National Park. distinguished naturalist-photographer, before audiences in the 1950. They are William J. Gerhard, Curator Other publications include monographs of appeared Museum several times. a color film of Insects, and Paul C. Standley, Curator the families Allioniaceae, Chenopodiaceae, "Saguaroland," of the Herbarium. As both are desirous of Amaranthaceae, and Rubiaceae in North made in Arizona, shows great canyons, desert and the cactus. continuing scientific research, they will retain American Flora, published by the New scenes, birds, giant Botanical Flora Barro Admission is free to the general public. connection with the Museum, each having York Garden ; The of been appointed Curator Emeritus in his Colorado Island, published by the Arnold division. Arboretum; and Lista Preliminar de las of a Cell Mr. Gerhard is a veteran of nearly fifty Plantas de El Salvador, in collaboration with Potentiality service on the Museum staff—the Dr. Salvador Calderon, published privately years' If a single cell, under appropriate condi- service record of staff in San Salvador. Mr. conducted longest any member Standley tions, becomes a man in the space of a few the staff in 1901 as the for Natural now living. He joined following expeditions Chicago years, there can surely be no difficulty in Museum: Sewell Botanical Assistant Curator of Insects, became Associ- History Avery understanding how, under appropriate con- ate of Insects in and Curator to Curator 1921, Expedition Guatemala, 1938-39; Stanley tions, a cell may, in the course of untold of Insects in 1936. Born in 1873 near Field Botanical to Guatemala, Expedition millions of years, give origin to the human Reading, Pennsylvania, Mr. Gerhard was 1940-41; Chicago Natural History Museum race. educated in the schools of that area and at Expedition to Middle Central America, Herbert Spencer, in Principles of Biology Temple College in Philadelphia. He was 1946-47; and expeditions to El Salvador, Jessup Student on Insects at the Academy Honduras, and Nicaragua in 1948, 1949, of Natural Sciences in from and 1950. Philadelphia Of all the funny things that live, in 1895 to 1898. Before to the Museum coming Promotions Woodland, marsh or bog he collected butterflies in Bolivia. In the That creep the ground or fly the air, the of his duties here he in local The in the of the course engaged vacancy curatorship Funniest thing's a frog. —Anonymous entomological field work. He is the author Division of Insects caused by the retirement of various papers on entomological subjects. of Mr. Gerhard has been filled by appoint- He is a member of several scientific societies, ment of Rupert L. Wenzel as Curator of including the American Association for the Insects. Mr. Wenzel first became associated pointed Curator of the Herbarium to succeed Advancement of Science, the Entomological with the Museum as a volunteer assistant Mr. Standley. Dr. Steyermark joined the Society of America, the Illinois State in the Division of Insects in 1934 while still Museum in 1937 as Assistant Curator of Academy of Science, and the Chicago a student. After completing his professional the Herbarium and was named Associate Entomological Society. preparation at Crane Junior College, Central Curator in 1948. Dr. Steyermark was Mr. Standley, as Curator Emeritus, will Y.M.C.A. College, and the University of educated at Washington University, Henry reside permanently in Honduras and there Chicago, he was appointed Assistant Curator Shaw School of Botany, and Harvard Uni- will continue for the Museum his Central of Insects in 1940. versity and has earned degrees of bachelor American plant studies that have been his Also effective January 1, Henry S. Dybas, of arts, master of science, master of arts, principal activity for several years past. Assistant Curator of Insects, was promoted and doctor of philosophy. Before coming He joined the staff of the Museum in 1928 to Associate Curator of Insects. Mr. Dybas to the Museum he was on the staff of the as Associate Curator of the Herbarium and has been associated with the Museum since Missouri Botanical Garden in St. Louis, became Curator of the Herbarium in 1937. 1941, beginning as Assistant in the Division biology instructor in a high school at Uni- Mr. Standley was born in Avalon, Missouri, of Insects. He completed his education at versity City, Missouri, and ecologist and in 1884. He completed his education at Wilson Junior College, Central Y.M.C.A. taxonomist on a special survey of the Clark Drury College in Springfield, Missouri, and College, and the University of Chicago. National Forest in the Ozark Mountains of New Mexico State College, Mesilla Park, Dr. Julian A. Steyermark has been ap- Missouri. Page 6 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN January, 1951

NEW RADIOCARBON METHOD FOR DATING THE PAST contain such a small amount of carbon 14 By DONALD COLUER that the error in counting becomes very by cosmic rays (neutrons). The carbon-14 CURATOR OF SOUTH AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY large, so that the effective range of the atoms thus created combine with to AND ARCHAEOLOGY oxygen method with present techniques is something form carbon which becomes mixed dioxide, less than 20,000 years. But there exists a and the first COMMONEST usually in the earth's with the atmosphere vastly method for enriching or concentrating the THEquestion asked by visitors to archaeo- of carbon dioxide con- greater proportion carbon 14 in a sample that may make it logical digs and museums is "How old is carbon atoms. The carbon taining ordinary possible to obtain useful dates back to 30,000 it?" This general curiosity about the age 14 then enters all living things, which, years. At present the year error in dating of made man in the is shared the life are in things by past through process, exchange samples ranges from 5 to 10 per cent. for it is to with the This is by archaeologists, impossible atmosphere. exchange Although carbon 14 is present in all the of ancient civiliza- carried out in reconstruct history through photosynthesis plants. organic matter, certain kinds of material have been found to be most useful for dating. These are plant material and wood, charcoal, shell, antler, burned bone, dung, and peat. Unburned bone appears to be unreliable because it is more easily altered chemically than these other materials and hence may lose or gain carbon-14 atoms by exchange during the time between death of the animal and the present. This method has the disadvantage that the sample to be dated must be destroyed by burning. However, in most cases this is not serious because the size of th* sample needed is relatively small. The minimum amount of pure carbon necessary for a ANCIENT EGYPTIAN BOAT CONFIRMS RADIOCARBON DATING single counting run (the amount of carbon of one of the deck from this exhihit in the Museum^s Hall of was one of A piece planks Egypt (Hall J) placed in the Geiger counter) is 8 grams the ancient of known used Dr. Willard F. at the Institute for Nuclear Studies of samples age by Libby (about a third of an ounce). Since the the University of Chicago to check the radiocarbon method dating. The vessel was a mortuary boat of carbon content of different materials King Sesostris III of Egypt, who died about 1850 B.C. organic varies, the size of the sample needed to tions without chronology. In the absence Dr. Libby has shown experimentally that yield this much pure carbon also varies. In it is to 2 of written records, like those left by the all living matter contains a constant propor- general, necessary have about of material or 1 to 3 ancient Egyptians and Mayas, archaeolo- tion of carbon 14, which is about one ounces plant wood, ounces of 4 ounces of 5 to gists have had to depend on indirect methods trillionth of a gram of carbon 14 to each charcoal, shell, ounces of or one to several for determining time sequences in the past. gram of carbon 12. This constant propor- 10 dung peat, and or burned For the The single exception is that of the American tion results from the equilibrium between pounds of antler bone. Southwest where, thanks to the tree-ring the rate of formation of carbon 14 and the greater accuracy obtained by making two runs these method of dating, it has been possible to rate of disintegration of the carbon 14 independent counting quantities trace with great accuracy the history of contained in the atmosphere, in the ocean, would need to be doubled. Indian cultures the and in all during past 2,000 years. living things. HISTORY OF PROCESS The indirect methods, such as stratigraphy, When a plant or an animal dies, it ceases brief review of the of the typological cross-dating, and correlation of to be in exchange with the atmosphere and A history of radiocarbon will human remains and artifacts with geological hence there is no further intake of carbon 14. development dating help nature of the method. events and climatic changes, are laborious But the carbon 14 contained at death goes to make clear the In after the of and inaccurate and do not yield dates in on disintegrating at a constant rate, so that 1934, shortly discovery artificial Dr. A. V. Grosse years but only relative sequences. the amount of carbon 14 remaining is pro- radioactivity. existence of radio- The new method of radiocarbon dating, portional to the time elapsed since death. predicted the possible developed by Dr. Willard F. Libby at the Given the carbon-14 content of contem- active elements produced by cosmic rays. 1946 Dr. that natural Institute for Nuclear Studies of the Uni- porary living matter and the disintegration In Libby predicted or "cosmic" carbon 14 would be found in versity of Chicago, promises to revolutionize rate of carbon 14 (the half-life), it is possible matter. he and dating problems in archaeology. This to calculate the age of an ancient organic living The following year Grosse checked this method determines the age of things that sample from the amount of carbon 14 it hypothesis by testing methane derived from lived during the past 20,000 years by measur- contains. gas sewage (an and found carbon 14 to be ing the amount of carbon 14 they contain. organic product) SAMPLES ARE BURNED in the amount. Carbon 14 is an unstable (radioactive) present expected heavy form of carbon with an atomic The laboratory procedure consists of burn- The next step was to test the assumption weight of 14. Normal, stable carbon has ing the sample to be dated, reducing it to that carbon 14 was present in the same an atomic weight of 12. The half-life of pure carbon, and measuring its radioactivity concentration in all living matter. This carbon 14 is about 5,500 years. This means (rate of atomic disintegration) in a specially research, called by Dr. Libby a "world-wide that an ounce of carbon 14 is reduced by constructed, extremely sensitive radiation assay of natural radiocarbon," consisted of decay to half an ounce in 5,500 years, that counter (a form of Geiger counter). The measuring the earbon-14 content of con- half the remainder decays during the next measurement is expressed in terms of the temporary living material from various parts 5,500 years, leaving a quarter of an ounce, number of carbon-14 disintegrations per of the world, various latitudes, altitudes, and so on. minute per gram of carbon. This value is and geographical situations. This Museum Carbon 14 is constantly being formed in 15.3 for contemporary living samples, 7.65 contributed to this part of the research by the earth's upper atmosphere as the result for samples 5,568 years old, and 3.83 for furnishing from the botanical and anthropo- of the bombardment of nitrogen-14 atoms samples 11,136 years old. Very old samples logical collections wood samples from the January, 1951 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 7

Pacific Ocean, South America, Europe, the Chiricahua stage in Arizona. Samples Africa, and the Near East. These measure- of charcoal, bark, and wood from the riFTV YEARS AGO ments, made by Dr. E. C. Anderson, con- Hopewell culture of Ohio (Hall of Indians AT THE MUSEUM firmed the assumption and established the before Columbus— Hall 4) were also given value for the carbon-14 content of present- to Dr. Libby. These turned out to be day living matter. considerably older than archaeologists had Compiled by MARGARET J. BAUER believed. EGYPTIAN BOAT PLANK USED Full assessment of the results of the final From the Annual Report of the Director for the 1901: The next phase, carried out by Dr. J. R. phase of Dr. Libby's research on radiocarbon year Arnold and Dr. Libby, consisted of testing dating has not been made. But the general "Publications.—This means of recording the dating method by measuring some consistency of the results, including the the results of original research and also of ancient samples of relatively accurately dates on samples from periods older than recent acquisitions proves eminently satis- known age. These were wood from Egypt 5,000 years, for which there are no absolute factory, and, judging from the complimen- and Syria, a sample of wood dated by tree- dates for checking, leaves little room for tary references made from time to time by rings, and a piece of old redwood. They doubt that the method is sound and that ranged in known age from 1,300 to 4,600 dates accurate within the experimental error years. One of the Egyptian samples, which of the method can be obtained. Radio- was supplied by this Museum, was a piece carbon dating is destined to have a very of deck plank from the mortuary boat of important role in archaeology, both in in- King Sesostris III, who died about 1849 B.C. creasing the accuracy of its findings and in This boat is on display in the Hall of reducing the amount of time and effort Egyptian Archaeology (Hall J). The dates devoted to problems of dating. This will obtained on this and the other samples mean that, in the future, archaeologists agreed with the known ages within the can move on with greater facility to the calculated error of the method. syntheses and generalizations that are the The final phase of this research has con- ultimate aim of their work. sisted of further checking of the method by The method will be extremely useful dating selected archaeological and geological also in the aspects of geology, paleontology, samples of unknown age. An effort was and paleobotany dealing with events and made to obtain from various parts of the processes that occurred during the past African wart hog group, originally installed in 1901 world samples whose relative age had been 30,000 years. Dr. Libby has already ob- by the late Carl E. Akeley, who collected the speci- tained dates to the time of the last established by the usual archaeological and relating mens. It is now on exhibition in Carl E. Akeley geological methods. In some instances it glaciation in North America and Europe. Memorial Hall (Hall 22). was possible to secure several samples com- These dates indicate that the last glaciation from different of a stratified was more recent than ing layers single considerably accepted prominent scientists and journals, the These stratified series were estimates. It will be deposit. particu- geological possible standard reached is very high." A Synopsis valuable in the with additional work to date the retreat of larly testing consistency of of the Mammals of North America and the the and this in- the carbon-14 dates obtained. Up to the glaciers quite accurately, Adjacent Seas was complimented as follows: more than 150 of formation will have a crucial on " present samples unknown bearing 'The book is well printed, though on glazed from North and South time estimates for the whole Pleistocene age America, Europe, paper that is probably ill-adapted to with- and the Near East have been dated. which is estimated to have These period, variously stand constant use. This, however, was in from a few centuries to lasted from to range age more 400,000 1,000,000 years. rendered necessary by the profuse half-tones and relate to Radiocarbon will also more than 20,000 years, the problems dating give with which the text is illustrated. As if of man in North and South reliable information on the time dating early required to compensate for the brevity of the text, the Archaic Indian cultures of the for the formation of new America; species among the book is illustrated with a profu.seness eastern United States; the early cultures of plants and animals. In these and many hitherto unknown in similar works. The the and the other carbon-14 to be Southwest, Mexico, Peru; Late ways dating promises plates and text figures contain half-tone an Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic periods extremely important scientific tool. reproductions of photographs of the skull in and the Near Europe East; and the last and teeth of at least one representative of in North America and glaciation Europe. NEW MEMBERS nearly every genus and sub-genus. The TEST MUSEUM SPECIMENS The following persons became Museum standard of excellence of these figures is Members between November 16 and De- very high, and no equally successful applica- Among these samples were several furnish- cember 15: tion of photography to zoological illustra- ed this Museum. Two were of by portions Contributors tion on so extensive a scale has hitherto wooden from the Nazca " implements Early Miss Lillian A. Ross been made.' culture on the south coast of Peru, excavated Associate Members "Installation.—A of the a in striking group by Museum expedition 1926. Dr. John T. Miss B. Con- Beatty, Margaret northern Wart was on exhibition 's results show them to be about Hog placed Libby over, Paul William Cutler, Philip S. Gold- in the West Court and has already attracted 2,000 years old, which is consistent with berg. other carbon-14 dates obtained from Peru- Annual Members much attention." This group was collected vian samples. Two other samples were Hilmar A. Andresen, Meyer Birk, Her- and prepared by Carl E. Akeley. Mrs. charcoal from hearths belonging to the man H. Bruns, Ruth Orton Camp, V. F. Bernard W. I. Dob- Chiricahua stage of the Cochise culture in Chappell, Culver, Dr. Chester J. A. E. western New Mexico. These hearths were kin, Farmer, Gibbs, False facts are highly injurious to the J. W. Huddleston, N. J. Lavezzorio, F. B. discovered by the Museum's 1950 South- progress of science, for they often endure Milhoan, Eari W. Muntz, E. H. Omara, west Archaeological Expedition. The car- long; but false views, if supported by some Lester C. Rogers, James F. Ronayne, bon-14 date indicates that these hearths evidence, do little harm, for everyone takes William L. Runzel, Jr., Bernard G. Sang, a salutary pleasure in their falseness. were in use about 2500 B.C. This date is Fred M. Schwarz, N. Raoul Sklar, Stewart proving consistent with one obtained from a site of Tauber, Reno R. Walker. Charles Darwin, in The Descent of Man Pages CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN January, 1951

DALLWIG TO LECTURE Cutler also lectured before the Botany Club JANUARY LECTURE TOURS, ON LIVING RACES at the University of Chicago on "The DAILY EXCEPT SUNDAY

History of Corn.". . . Dr. Julian A. Steyer- Races and Their Way of Life" is Tours of exhibits, under the guidance of "Living mark, Curator of the Herbarium, lectured the title of the afternoon lecture to staff are conducted after- Sunday last month before the Men's Garden Club lecturers, every be given during January by Paul G. Dallwig, noon at 2 o'clock, except Sundays and cer- of Mundelein and Libertyville. the Layman Lecturer. Mr. Dallwig will tain holidays. On Mondays, Tuesdays, present this lecture on January 7, 14, 21, Thursdays, and Saturdays, general tours and 28. GIFTS TO THE MUSEUM are given covering all departments. Special In this lecture Mr. Dallwig takes his subjects are offered on Wednesdays and Following is a list of the principal gifts listeners on an imaginary trip around the Fridays. A schedule of these follows: received during the last month: world, from the depths of jungle Torests Wed., Jan. 3—The Land of the Mummies to the of He illustrates his palaces princes. Department of Anthropolofiy: {June Buchwald). bronzes lecture with the 101 made by From: Estate of Susie I. Grier—65 speci- Jan. 5—Animals in Action. Illus- Malvina Hoffman depicting the various mens of ethnological material, United States, Fri., trated introduction in Meeting Room living races of mankind, the finest exhibition Panama, and Dutch Guiana. {Jane Sharpe). of racial portraiture to be found anywhere Department of Botany : Jan. 10—Climate: Cause and Effect in the world, and weaves a human-interest Wed., From: Dr. L. J. Mo.—43 Gier, Liberty, {Anne Stromquist). story around each one of these bronzes. specimens of algae, Missouri; Dr. H. B. S. The lectures will at 2 p.m. and end Fri., Jan. 12—Chinese Fundamentals: begin Womersley, Adelaide, South Australia—32 p.m. there will be an Ancient Foundations of the Chinese Way at 4:30 Midway specimens of algae. South Australia; Dr. of Life. Illustrated introduction in Meet- intermission for tea and other refreshments Isabella A. Abbott, Pacific Grove, Calif.— ing Room {Harriet Smith). in the Museum Cafeteria. 109 specimens of algae, Hawaiian Islands; — Members of the Museum may use their Herman Silva, East Lansing, Mich.—234 Wed., Jan. 17 Natural Storage of Food: of and and Other Plant Parts membership cards to attend these lectures specimens algae, Tennessee adjoining Seeds, Roots, states; Donald Richards, —199 {Miriam Wood). without advance reservations. All others, Chicago cryptogams, Mt. Shasta, Calif.; Dr. Chester Jan. 19—The Indian and His Art. except out-of-town visitors and representa- — Fri., S. Nielsen, Tallahassee, Fla. 131 specimens Illustrated introduction in Meeting Room tives of the press, must make advance of algae. North Carolina and Florida; Dr. Buchwald). reservations to attend the Sunday lectures. {June Walter Kiener, Lincoln, Neb.—305 speci- be made mail or tele- Wed., Jan. 24—Circus Animals {Jane Reservations may by mens of algae, Nebraska; Dr. Chester S. Sharpe). phone (WAbash 2-9410). The lectures are Nielsen, Tallahassee, Fla., and William free. Culberson, Cincinnati—82 specimens of Fri., Jan. 26—Plant Adventurers: Heroes, Mr. Dallwig will not appear at the Mu- algae. North Carolina and Tennessee. Fighters, Killers, and Acrobats. Illus- trated introduction in Room seum during February because of an out-of- Meeting Department of Geology: town lecture tour. He will return in March {Marie Svoboda). From: Saskatchewan Provincial Museum, to "Behind the Scenes in Our Wed., Jan. 31—Denizens of the Deep: present Saskatchewan—a fossil jaw, Canada; Marine Animals {Lorain Farmer). Museums." Allen M. Hard, Tuscaloosa, Ala., and Robert Mich.—fossil H. Hard, Flint, turtle frag- Persons wishing to participate should Alabama; of ments, University Tennessee, apply at North Entrance. Tours are free. Knoxville—cast of fossil turtle fragments. The Museum will be closed on New Year's STAFF NOTES Department of Zoology: Day. From: Boardman Conover (deceased)— Karl P. Schmidt, Chief Curator of approximately 18,000 game birds; Walther Buchen, Chicago—128 bats and a bird skin, Wis.—2 Zoology, last month attended the Confer- Tarrant, Walworth, snakes, Wis- Kenya Colony, Africa; Harry Hoogstraal, Mt. 111.— ence on the Caribbean at Mid-Century, — consin; Macy Parkman, Sterling, Cairo, Egypt 6,802 insects and allies; a bird skin, Illinois; Lillian A. Ross and held at the University of Florida, in Gaines- — Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield, 111. Laura Brodie, Chicago—a snake, Indiana; ville. He participated in the round-table 3 mammals and 6 birds; Lincoln Park Zoo, Dr. Orlando Park, Evanston, 111.—311 speci- discussions of Caribbean problems and — 6 Chicago 5 adult and newborn jerboas; mens of fishes comprising 16 species; H. E. served as consultant on museum techniques John G. Shedd —91 — Aquarium, Chicago— Woodcock, Chicago 4 butterflies. Nova for the Department of Biology at the fishes; Dr. Sidney Camras, Chicago 678 Scotia and New Brunswick; Richard Russell, identified university .... Henry S. Dybas, Associ- pinned and flies. United States; Belleville, 111.—14 specimens of land shells, G. and A. ate Curator of Insects, left late in December Margaret Bradbury— Phyllis Illinois. for studies of collections at the U. S. National Madden, Chicago 2,823 fishes, comprising 99 lots of 28 species, Illinois; Peabody Library: Museum in Washington, D.C., the Phila- Museum, Cambridge, Mass.—86 fishes of From: Estate of Susie I. Grier; Dr. Henry delphia Academy of Sciences, the American William 16 species, Red Sea, and a collection of Field, Washington, D.C.; Wardwell, Museum of Natural in New History York, 10 lots of various invertebrates, Iran, Iraq, Chicago. and the Museum of Comparative Zoology and Saudi Arabia; Col. Luis E. Pena, at Harvard University .... Miss Elaine Chile—a and 2 Santiago, catfish, Bolivia, Technical Publicatons Issued Bluhm, assistant in anthropology, pre- fly paratypes, Chile; N. L. H. Krauss, The following technical publications were sented a paper before the American Anthro- Honolulu, Hawaii—8 lizards, Fiji Islands, a Dominican issued recently by Chicago Natural History pological Association meeting in Berkeley, and snake, Republic. From: Colin C. Sanborn, Museum: California, on sandals found last summer in Highland Park, 111. —a bird skin, Illinois; William J. Ger- Tularosa Cave, New Mexico, by the Mu- Botanical Series: Vol. XIII, Part III, No. 3. hard, Chicago—a bird skin, Illinois; Harvey seum's Archaeological Expedition to the Flora of Peru. By J. Francis Macbride. M. Goldschmidt, Putnam Valley, N.Y.— Southwest .... Dr. Theodor Just, Chief November 17, 1950. 222 pages. 93 lizards, snakes, frogs, and salamanders, Curator of and Dr. C. Botany, Hugh United States; Dr. Maurice L. Richardson, Fieldiana: Zoology, Vol. 31, No. 40. Report Cutler, Curator of Economic Botany, re- Lansing, Mich.—a collection of 26 marine on a Collection of Birds from Oaxaca, cently conducted several botanical seminars shells, California; Joseph H. Shirk, Peru, Mexico. By Emmet R. Blake. No- at the University of Illinois, Urbana. Dr. Ind.—3 brown-bear skulls, Arizona; Ross vember 29, 1950. 26 pages. $0.25.

PRINTED BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PI.ESS ULLETIN Vol.22,Na2-February 1951 (jJiicago Xaliiral Illslorij MuHciini

6th Chicago International Nature Photo Exhibit February 1-28 Paget CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN February, 1951

Chicago Natural History Museum changed. The teaching museum, and with ecology, a synthetic biology that studies the Founded bt Marshall Field, 1893 it research in systematic zoology and often interaction of plants and animals and their RooMTelt Road and Lake Shore DrlTe, Chicago 5 in systematic botany as well, all but dis- joint dependence on the environment, and 2-9410 Telbfhonk: WAbash appeared from the American collegiate scene. thus again takes the professor to the field.

In a few places, where there had been It is, therefore, not surprising that there OF TRUSTEES THE BOARD an especially powerful impetus to museum should be signs of active new developments Stanley Field Lbstbb Abmouk studies in the last century, as was the case of university museums—at the University Sewbll L. Aveby Samuel Insull, Jr. Wm. McCormick Blair Henry P. Ishaji at Harvard, or where some strong personality of Illinois, at the various branches of the Lbopold E. Block Hughston M. McBain to renewed studies that re- of at the Walter J. Cummings William H. Mitchell gave impetus University California, University Jr. Clarence B. Randall Albert B. Dick, quired museum material and a museum, as of Florida, and elsewhere. It seems not Howard W. Fenton George A. Richardson Joseph N. Field Solomon A. Smith at the University of California, the uni- impossible that we may witness a complete Marshall Field Albert H. Wetten has or revival of interest and that it will Marshall Field, Jb. John P. Wilson versity museum remained strong museum has renewed its The Museum of become not useful but even OFFICERS vitality. only again at Harvard had the fashionable to maintain a museum in con- Comparative • • Zoology Field . . • PraiiUnl Stanley ; -. Vu*-Prt»uUnt Marshall Field Firit advantage of the immense prestige of Louis nection with our institutions of learning. ALBERT B. Dick. Jr. S4emid Vte*-Prtndnii Samub. Insulu Jr. Third Vict-Pretident and Alexander Agassiz and of an independent The larger museums have lived through A. Smith Treaturer Sou>MON organization and funds. The the whole of rise and decline and CurroRO C. Gregg Dindor and Steretary independent cycle JOBH R. Millab Attutant Secretan University Museums at the University of revival of the university museum, witnessing Michigan underwent reorganization in the the decline with dismay and welcoming THE BULLETIN 1930's under Alexander G. Ruthven, emerg- the revival as a sensible return of attention as the Museums of to the foundations of the natural EDITOR ing Anthropology, sciences, and with the Uni- in and CureoBDC. Gbbgg Dinttor of Ou MuMum Paleontology, Zoology, especially anthropology, botany versity Herbarium, loosely associated under zoology, and geology. CONTRIBUTING EDITORS a general director and housed in a single Karl P. Schmidt Paul S. Martin Chief Curator of Anihropoloty Thbodor Just Chief Curator of Botany building. At Stanford University and at Chief Curator of Zoology Roy Curator of Geology Sharat K. Chief the universities of Kansas and Karl P. Schmidt Chief Curator of Zoology Oklahoma, museum departments were maintained and MANAGING EDITOR Election of Museum Officers have undergone renewed growth. Scattered H. B. Harts PuNte Relatione Couneel over the country are other museum nuclei, At the Annual Meeting of the Board of often of fossils or of insects, in which fields Trustees held January 15, Stanley Field Members are requested to Inform the Museum promptly of changes of address. systematic studies and museum material was re-elected President of the Museum. remain essential for teaching or research. This will be Mr. Field's 43rd consecutive Elsewhere the storage of university col- year in that office. All other officers were UMVERSITY MUSEUMS lections has been precarious, and it has re-elected. They are: Marshall Field, PMrst often been necessary to find a safer and Vice-President; Albert B. Dick, Jr., Second indeed little HUNDRED YEARS ago, more permanent repository for valuable Vice-President; Samuel Insull, Jr., Third more than ago, the teaching A fifty years material. Fortimately the larger municipal Vice-President; Solomon A. Smith, Treas- in the and of zoology and botany colleges museums have grown up during the very urer; Colonel Clifford C. Gregg, Director of North America was accom- universities period of decline of the college museum, and and Secretary; and John R. Millar, Assistant means of museum collec- plished mainly by these have welcomed some of the collections Secretary. such institution, in effect, tions. Every discarded by universities and colleges, some- The remarkable maintained a museum. times purchasing them at a fraction of their Science Establishment at John S. Guggenheim Fellowship Ward's Natural cost and sometimes actually rescuing them Awarded to Dr. Cuatrecasas Rochester, New York, supplied specimens from the dump. and built a most to such museums up Renewal of interest in the study of the Dr. Jose Cuatrecasas, Curator of Co- business in minerals and fossils extraordinary species of animals and plants and in the lombian Botany, completed his contract of all kinds. In and zoological specimens principles involved in their classification has with the Museum in December, 1950. A. its addition. Professor Henry Ward, been evident in the decade since 1940. In Starting January 1, 1951, he assumed his the founder, actively promoted organiza- part this is the result of a change of direction new status as a John Simon Guggenheim of this both at tion of museums kind, colleges in the interest of the students of genetics Fellow. He received this fellowship in as museums and universities and municipal from the laboratory to the outdoor "labora- recognition of his distinguished work on in the larger cities. tory of nature." This has been accompanied the botany of Colombia. While a Guggen- When the biologists at universities, at by university recognition of the science of heim Fellow, Dr. Cuatrecasas will prepare about the turn of the century, turned their a critical catalogue of all plants known to attention to the experimental fields of occur in Colombia, using his own extensive and embryology and genetics, collections as the basis for this work. physiology -THIS MONTH'S COVER- studies of systematic zoology and botany tended to be more and more neglected, and "Volc&n Llaima" is the title of Museum Attendance Rises this had as an inevitable result the neglect the cover picture. It is a photo- of museum collections and the decline of The number of visitors admitted free to graph by Eric L. Bertens, of San- the university and college museum. Where the Museum in 1950 increased to 1,052,420, tiago, Chile, who has entered it some well-established "Old Bison" of zoology while the number of adults paying the in the Sixth Chicago International continued to accumulate specimens—we may nominal admission charge on certain days Nature Photography Exhibition to remember the great Eigenmann collection decreased to 121,241. Children, students, be held at the Museum, February of South American fishes at Indiana Uni- teachers, and Museum Members are always 1-28. The exhibition is sponsored versity— it became a strictly departmental admitted free. The total attendance for jointly by the Museum and the collection, and without a strong museum 1950, free and paid, was 1,173,661, a slight Nature Camera Club of Chicago. total of organization to retain it, it was dispersed increase over the 1,145,359 recorded or sold when the department leadership in 1949. February, 1951 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Pages

MUSEUM RECORDER RETIRES NATURE PHOTO EXHIBIT, STAFF NOTES FROM POSITION FEBRUARY 1 TO 28

Mrs. Michael J. (Elsie H.) Thomas, Re- The Sixth Chicago International Nature At the of the Pacific Science corder of the Museum for many years, will request Photography Exhibition, sponsored jointly Board of the National Research retire from her position on February 1. Council, by the Museum and the Nature Camera Dr. Alexander Curator of Oceanic Mrs. Thomas has been employed by the Spoehr, Club of Chicago, will open in Stanley Field went to to Museum since 1922. She began as a Ethnology, Washington partici- Hall of the Museum on February 1 and in a on secretary in the office of the President, pate special conference, January 12, continue through February 28. From became Assistant Re- coral atoll ecological research .... Donald several thousand entries submitted by both Collier, Curator of South American Eth- corder in 1924, and professional and amateur photographers in and an Recorder in 1926. nology Archaeology, recently gave all parts of the United States and many illustrated lecture on Peruvian Her duties have been archaeology foreign countries approximately 200 of the and a talk on carbon-14 at the dual: she not only has dating best black-and-white prints and 700 color of Urbana. Curator been in charge of University Illinois, slides have been placed on display. The Collier and Dr. B. Assistant maintaining the rec- John Rinaldo, number of entries has increased from year in were interviewed ords of accessions in Archaeology, respec- to year. on carbon-14 and the Mu- all of the scientific tively dating The selections were made by a panel of seum's excavations at Tularosa Cave, New departments and judges using the exacting standards of the Mexico, for the program entitled "Great other divisions of the Photographic Society of America, which Stories in Corn," which is broadcast over Museum—a task re- rates the annual show at this Museum as a the NBC network. quinng accuracy in ELSIE H. THOMAS "Class A" exhibit. This exhibition is the keeping track of largest of its kind in the world devoted hundreds of thousands of specimens— but exclusively to nature photography, and Public School Executives she has also administered the Division of despite its specialized field it is larger than on Museum Visit Publications. In the latter capacity she has many pictorial exhibitions that are unre- in matter. The this supervised the distribution of thousands of The administrative and supervisory staff stricted subject judges scientific works published by the Museum of the Chicago Public Schools held a meeting year were: Conrad Emanuelson, A.R.P.S., in and circulated to all parts of the world in at the Museum on January 6 to review the photographer; John W. Moyer, charge Mu- exchange with other scientific institutions educational services offered for children by of Division of Motion Pictures at the of and individual scientists. It has also been this institution. Herold C. Hunt, General seum; R. Marlin Perkins, Director Merrill her responsibility to keep classified statistics Superintendent of the school system, pre- Lincoln Park Zoo; Tilden, photog- of of Museum attendance, making daily, sided. The entire staff of the Raymond rapher; and Rainer Zangerl, Curator at the Museum. monthly, and annual reports covering the Foundation, headed by Miss Miriam Wood, Fossil Reptiles various classes of admissions— free, paid, presented the program, which began with The exhibition is composed of two main talks in divisions— and color slides. In each special, Members, and others. Meticulous introductory the James Simpson prints attention to the smallest details and high Theatre and the showing of a new Museum division are three classifications: Animal These Doors." This was Plant and General. Silver medals standards of efficiency were characteristic film, "Through Life, Life, ribbons will be awarded in the various of her service. followed by Museum tours showing the and latest additions to the exhibits and a few print and slide classifications. The names Mrs. Thomas is a native of Iowa. In of the exhibits most often requested by of the prize winners will be inscribed on the leaving the Museum she takes with her the school groups. Dr. Sharat K. Roy, Chief Myrtle Walgreen plaque. The prints are gratitude of the institution for her devotion Curator of Geology, and his staff were hosts displayed in fluorescent-lighted panels built to her work over the years and the friendship to the educators in a preview of the new especially for this purpose. The slides are of the Museum staff. All join in wishing geology hall now under preparation, in displayed in rotation in a display cabinet. her years in her retirement. many happy which fossil invertebrates and fossil plants They will also be projected on the screen are to be exhibited (Frederick J. V. Skiff in the James Simpson Theatre on two Hall—Hall Sunday afternoons, February 11 and 18, Technical Publications Issued 37). at 3 P.M. The following technical publications were An illustrated catalogue of the exhibit, issued recently by Chicago Natural History Sunday Layman Lectures available early in March, will be published Museum : Resume in March by the Nature Camera Club. A list of the prize winners and reproductions of some of Fieldiana: Zoology, Vol. 32, No. 7. Birds Because of a lecture tour to other cities their entries will appear in the March oS the Acary Mountains, Southern British Paul G. Dallwig, the Layman Lecturer, Bulletin. Guiana. By Emmet R. Blake. December will suspend his Sunday afternoon lectures 1950. 60 19, pages. at the Museum during February but will on the four in Geological Series: Vol. VII, No. 9. The resume them Sundays March Audubon Lecture February 10 Smithonia Meteorite. By Sharat Kumar (March 4, 11, 18, and 25). In that month The Illinois Audubon Society will present Roy and Robert Kriss Wyant. De- his will be "Behind the Scenes in subject the third lecture in its current series on cember 1950. 6 22, pages. $0.15. Our Museums." Advance reservations (ex- Saturday, February 10, at 2:30 p.m., in the for Museum Members) are Geological Series: Vol. VII, No. 10. The cept necessary James Simpson Theatre of the Museum. for all of the Lectures and La Porte Meteorite. By Sharat Kumar Layman during William Ferguson, of Omaha, Nebraska, Roy and Robert Kriss Wyant. De- Mr. Dallwig's absence in February will be will lecture on "This Curious World in cember 22, 1950. 10 pages. $0.25. taken for the March dates either by mail Nature." The lecture will be illustrated or telephone (WAbash 2-9410). Members with natural-color motion pictures made in Fieldiana: Geology, Vol. 11, No. 2. Diplo- of the Museum are admitted Colorado. The film stresses the to eaulus, A Study in Growth and Variation. upon presenta- danger By Everett Claire Olson. January 12, tion of their membership cards. The lec- natural resources from vandalism and forest 1951. 116 pages. tures are free. fires. Admission is free to the general public. Page i CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN February, 1951

THE OLDEST CORN cent of it is fed to animals in the region in similar structures, and it is likely that the IN THE WORLD which the corn is grown and we consume it grains in wild corn were thus protected. as or beef. A of the re- Pod is in this By HUGH C. CUTLER pork large part corn, then, primitive respect. CURATOR OF ECONOMIC BOTANY mainder is used in industry to make com- In later levels there is a gradual reduction mercial starches and sugars, alcohols, of the covers, a sign that the Indians selected Last summer the Museum's Southwest whiskey, beer, syrups for soft drinks, and corn with more grains and ears that would Archaeological Expedition dug up the best a host of minor products. Paper, for ex- be easier to shell than pod corn. series of remains of food archaeological is often coated with a contain- ample, sizing There is very little variation in the oldest plants ever discovered in North America. In ing corn products, while printing inks for corn ears. Most of the ears are small and Tularosa a cave in west-central Cave, dry or textiles contain corn to paper products nearly of the same size and shape. The New Mexico, the archaeologists uncovered give the ink body. Relatively little of our amount of variation increased and as one remains of the most im- well-preserved corn is used in such obvious as corn ways approached the top levels of the cave most on the cob, popcorn, or corn flakes. of the kinds of corn that are grown in the Corn is usually classified by the character same region today can be found. Here in of the grains, for it is this part that is used Tularosa Cave is a history of plant breeding most often. In popcorn, with the exception that covers about 3,000 years. of the embryo, most of the grain is filled with a hard translucent or horny material TRACING PLANT HISTORY and there is little soft starch within very The story for other cultivated plants can the 1 and In flint grain (Figs. 2). corn there never be so complete as that for corn. is more of this soft much starch, although Corncobs are usually brought to the house the kernel is still completely enclosed by and the grains removed there. The cobs the hard starch. In the dent the kind corns, are then discarded, usually in a refuse heap, of corn our Belt grown throughout Corn but often they are just left about the dwell- and called field the hard generally corn, ings, as was the case of the material that material is confined to a about the band the Museum expedition recovered. In other Fig. 1. Varieties of corn. Left to right: Popcorn, kernel, and the soft starch reaches up to there are few that are flint, dent, flour, sweet, and pod corn. plants parts brought the cap of the grain. In flour corn nearly back to the house and then discarded. Beans, for example, are usually picked in portant native American food plants: com, the pod when dry, dried some more in the beans, and squash, as well as gourds, sun- sun, and, after they have been flailed or flowers, an edible desert primrose, cacti, and trampled, winnowed in a windy spot to grasses. In addition there were strings, remove the crushed bean-pod fragments. ropes, sandals, and baskets made of fibers Fig. 2. Diagrams of corn grains cut longitudinally. Occasional bean seeds are lost in the refuse from yuccas, and cedar bark. grasses, agaves, Left to flint, dent, right: Popcorn, flour, sweet, but this is quite rare. Thus, the rarity of There is an abundance of material, most of and pod corn. bean remains, especially in the lower levels it corn. In the collection are about 38,000 some entire and still grains, corncobs, bearing all the storage material is soft and floury. of and tassels. In fragments roots, stems, The grains of a sweet com like Golden oldest levels of the even the lowest and cave, Bantam are filled with a translucent and corn was the most abundant food plant sweet material that, when it dries, shrinks, present. and the grain becomes wrinkled. It is believed that com from the lowest PROTECTIVE FEl*TURES levels of the cave may be the oldest yet known. Some of the ears are the most This classification is practical for users of primitive kinds that have yet been un- corn, but for studying the development of earthed. A definite date has not been corn from the primitive forms grown by assigned to the lowest levels, but stone the Indians who first occupied Tularosa tools found there are very similar to those Cave other characters are more important. found in nearby sites that have been dated One of these characters is the way in which Fig. 3. Ancient ears of pod corn found in Tularosa at about 2500 B.C. by the radiocarbon the individual grains are protected on the ear. Cave, New Mexico, hy the Museum's Archaeo' described Curator Donald Collier method by In a kind of corn called pod corn, in- logical Expedition to the Southwest in the summer in the Bulletin of January, 1951. dividual grains are completely surrounded of 1950. Approximately 4,000 years old, these are the most ears of com ever discovered. by the chaffy material that surrounds only primitive YEARS OF DEVELOPMENT the base of most corn and usually is not of the does not mean that beans were Most com grown in the United States seen until the grains are removed. In pod cave, uncommon. today is a highly developed product, the com this protective covering is so large (as result of years of effort by the Indians, in the ear to the right in Fig. 1) that the Remains of squashes are usually confined followed by intensive selection by white grains often are completely concealed. Some to stems and fragments of the rind. Indians farmers and, more recently, by scientific ears from the lower levels of Tularosa Cave used the seeds as well as the fleshy parts of breeding done by corn geneticists. Corn is are of this type (shown in Fig. S). The the squash. This is unfortunate because the ' our most important crop and covers more ear to the left still has all of its grains and principal diagnostic characters of some than one-quarter of our croplands each each of these is almost completely covered. squashes are found in the seeds and stems. year. We grow about 60 per cent of the The two ears to the right have lost their Stems are often broken off in the field and com of the world, so much that there are grains, but the cover that once concealed so their frequency in rubbish heaps is no about 1,300 pounds of corn for each person each grain is evident. These are the ex- indication of the amount of squash consumed. each year in the United States. Unlike tremes; yet most of the ears in the lower One of the common food plants found in the Indians of Tularosa Cave, however, we levels have well-developed protective covers. the lower levels of the cave was the wild eat very little of this as corn. About 80 per In most grasses the grains are enclosed by gourd, Cucurbita foetidissima. It is closely February, 1951 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 5

related to the squash and still grows wild MUSEUM RECEIVES PLANTS in the same region. The flesh of most of FIFIY YEARS AGO COLLECTED AT INCHON the wild gourds is bitter, although there are TllK AT MUSKUM It is not often that current military events occasional ones that can be eaten. Usually have a direct bearing on Mu.seum work, only the seeds are used, roasted, so that but they did during the recent Inchon there is an abundance of the discarded Compiled by MARGARET J. BAUER invasion in Korea. An officer in the U. S. fragments of rind with attached fibrous From the Annual the Director Marines, who landed at Inchon, happened flesh. There are many kinds of these wild Report of for the 1901: to be a member of the Wood Collectors gourds, most of them used by the natives year of Society. This is a "non-profit organization of North America for their seeds. It is "Beguest.—The sum $1,000.00 was to the Museum the late of scientists, botanists, wood technologists, likely that some of them are ancestral forms bequeathed by W. Jackson. This to wood collectors, hobbyists, and craftsmen, of the cultivated squashes and pumpkins. Huntington brings mind the fact that the President the for mutual reciprocation and assistance," Some wild gourds are perennials and develop during the movement to amend and its secretary, Archie F. Wilson, of large starchy roots that can be eaten. year supported the law the Inheritance and Flo-ssmoor, Illinois, is a frequent visitor in Occasional fragments of a starchy root in regarding Tax, the is to be on the the Herbarium of Chicago Natural History the Tularosa Cave remains appear to be of Museum congratulated success with which the concerted efforts of Museum. Specimens, sent for identification the wild gourd. the various institutions in the have to Mr. Wilson by members of this society, There were fragments of the cultivated country been the law are often forwarded by him to the Museum. bottle gourd, Lagenaria, in all layers of the crowned, objectionable having been the United States and the In the present instance, this marine oflScer cave. The bottle gourd is the only cultivated repealed by as Mr. Wilson State of Illinois. . . . apparently landed, writes, plant that is known to have been cultivated — "with a in one hand and a saw in the in both the Old and the New World before "Installation. The Curator of the De- gun of that several of other. He has shipped me several logs the time of Columbus. It originated in the partment Zoology reports from there, along with two he could not Old World, for there are many varieties the divisions are exceedingly cramped for room and that further installation of identify and from which he took the en- there, and spread to the New World very speci- mens in these divisions will be difficult." closed herbarium material." early, probably by floating in the sea. The two received to While it is used here only for water jars specimens belong the one a of fir and and containers, in the Old World the young SPRING LECTURES, MOVIES conifers, being species fruits are often eaten. They are rather the other a species of arbor vitae, the latter FOR ADULTS, CHILDREN sometimes known as white cedar in the tasteless, however, and the fact that our eastern United Indians did not eat them may be considered The annual Spring Course of free illus- States. Although these Korean different as evidence of the superiority of available trated lectures for adults on science and plants represent species New World foods and the discrimination of travel and the Raymond Foundation free from those found in the United States, they illustrate the close be- their growers. motion-picture programs for children will relationship existing tween the floras of eastern Asia begin on March 3. These presentations will present GIFTS TO THE MUSEUM continue on each Saturday afternoon and and North America, especially eastern North America. This of the floras of morning throughout March and April. relationship is a list of the these areas is the result Following principal gifts "Alluring Alaska," the first lecture for widely separated received the month: of former connections that existed between during past adults, will be illustrated with motion pic- Department of Botany: tures in color. Frederick Machetanz of Asia and North America millions of years After the land connections From: Dr. Violet M. Diller, Cincinnati, Kenton, Ohio, who since 1935 has traveled ago. between — these continents were cut the Ohio 28 algal cultures; Henry S. Dybas, more than 76,000 miles over all areas of off, ancestors —27 of of our arbor Chicago specimens fungi, Illinois, Alaska, is the lecturer on March 3. The firs, vitaes, and many other and Donald Indiana, Wisconsin; Richards, lecture will be given in the James Simpson genera of plants gave rise to different species Chicago—625 miscellaneous cryptogams; Theatre of the Museum at 2:30 p.m. Re- on the two continents. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Stan- served seats are available to Members upon Various ornamental plants native to ford, Calif.—91 phanerogams. United States; application in advance. Korea have long been favorites in the Bureau of Forestry, Manila, P. I. —22 hand- The same film and a for United States horticulturists and specimens of wood, Philippine Islands. special version among children of the same lecture will be given flower-lovers in general. For example the Department of Geology: by Mr. Machetanz on the morning program beautiful and showy royal azalea (Rhodo- From: University of Chicago, Chicago— for 3. children's a native of March The program will dendron Schlippenbachii) , the 3 fossil reptile specimens, Texas. begin at 10:30 a.m. mountains of Korea, is successfully grown of Department Zooloily: A complete schedule of programs of both in the eastern and southern United States From: Lincoln Park Zoo, —a Chicago adult and children's series will appear in as well as in the Chicago area. It is one of Soci- gorilla (Bushman); Chicago Zoological the March issue of the Bulletin. the earliest of the azaleas to bloom outdoors ety, Brookfield, 111.—4 bird skins; John G. in this region. The Chinese or Oriental Shedd Aquarium, Chicago—a red-tailed arbor vitae (Thuja orientalis), a native of catfish, Amazon basin; Fisheries Depart- — Korea, Manchuria, and northeastern China, ment, Sandakan, North Borneo 89 fishes Library: (marine and fresh-water) 34 is a beautiful evergreen commonly planted representing From: American Anthropological Associa- species, North Borneo; Major Robert Traub, in the southern and Pacific states of this tion, Andover, Mass.; Dr. Henry Field, Washington, D.C.—3 rodents, —J.A.S. England; Wa.shington, D.C; Dr. Maurice L. Richard- country. Parkman, Mt. Sterling, 111.—a bird Macy son, Lansing, Mich.; Dr. Robert H. Denison skin, Illinois; Robert Fleming, Mussoorie, and Prof. Frederick Eggan, both of Chicago. India— 133 insects and allies, India; Harold Mrs. Lura Smith, of Pyongyang, Korea, Hanson, Urbana, 111.—5 Canada goose Raymond Foundation: a missionary worker who mounted plants skeletons, Illinois; Dr. Stanley Auerbach, From: Estate of Susie I. Grier—214 speci- for two summers in the Museum Herbarium Evanston, 111.— 164 insects and allies. United mens of ethnological material, 52 books and and then returned to has made a States; Loren P. Woods and family, Richton other publications; John R. Millar, Chicago Korea, Park, 111.—18 cypress swamp fishes. South —3 kodachrome slides; Ronald J. Lambert, collection of more than 350 Korean plants Carolina. Zion, 111.—3 kodachrome slides. and sent them to the Museum. Page 6 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN February, 1951

SAILOR-ANTHROPOLOGISTS OF THE 18th CENTURY height of the spine, measured from the top of the first of the cervical vertebrae to the By GEORGE I. QUIMBY EVERY thing that concerns natural CURATOB OP EXHIBITS, ANTHBOPOLOGY sacrum. These proportions are taken from and natural that philosophy history, may the divisions of painters. THE last quarter of the 18th century occur in the voyage about to be undertaken 2. The texture and colour of the skin, in there were foixr of IN important voyages round the world, cannot fail to be interesting general and in different parts; and of the exploration made to the Pacific islands and to the art of and contribute to physic, may hair and nails. the northwest coast of America under the its improvement: but the Society of Medicine 3. The particular make of the head, or auspices of Great Britain and France. The conceives, that it ought to confine itself to of the cranium; that of the face, and espe- British voyages were those of Captain James those subjects, which more particularly con- cially of the forehead, nose, eyes, ears, Cook in 1776-80 and Captain George Van- cern the art it cultivates. As the questions mouth, chin, teeth, tongue, hair, and beard. couver in 1790-95. The French voyages it has to propose are somewhat numerous. 4. These different parts islanders are accustomed to disfigure by holes, incisions, and extraneous substances which they in- troduce into them, as well as by oils, and colours prepared from ochres or vegetable juices. It may be of use to describe with accuracy the processes employed by the savages for making indelible marks on the skin; the substances they use for this purpose; how they prepare and apply them; the age or circumstances under which the operation is performed; and particularly the local alterations or deformities, or effects upon the individual, which result from it.

5. Excesses, defects, or varieties in the conformation of parts of the body; as the flattening or elongation of the forehead, the contraction or spread of the nose, the enlargement of the mouth and ears. Are these varieties the regular consequences of natural organization, or the effects of particular practices? Dampier says, that two teeth are wanting in the natives of Van Diemen's Land: is it from nature, or are Thus the two mouths ob- EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY ANTHROPOLOGY they extracted: served by Cook's sailors in the inhabitants A picture from the report of the French expedition led by Captain J. F. G. de la Pcrouse in 17S5'8S. of the American coast, near Prince William's It shows French scientists at work with Polynesians on Easter Island, where the expedition stopped en route to the northwest coast of America where further studies were made. Sound, are produced by a transverse incision

made through the lower lip. . . . has been said on the were those of Captain J. F. G. de la Pcrouse it will arrange them under heads, forming Scarcely any thing use of the two hands. The in 1785-88 and Captain Etieime Marchand so many divisions belonging to the different question respect- in 1790-92. branches of the medical art. ing ambidextrous persons, or the preference of one hand to the has not The instructions from their respective other, yet SECTION I the attention of natu- governments to the captains of these ex- sufficiently engaged Anatomy. Physiology it is of therefore to in- ploratory voyages contained directives to ralists: importance The Structure of the Huinan Body, and the whether the which our navi- study the natural history of the regions quire, people, Functions of its Parts. both hands visited. Natural history in these directives gators may visit, employ equally in their or use one in included what is now called ethnography, MOST travellers have written on the labours, preference; and whether the in favour of ethnology, applied anthropology, and physi- general structure and form of body of the predilection the be cal anthropology. In the instructions to La people they have met with in different right, among polished nations, any more than the effect of It Perou^, physical anthropology is included countries: but it is well known, that their thing prejudice. is of also to under anatomy and physiology, which in descriptions commonly abound with mis- importance inquire, whether, those who are accustomed to turn are included in the "art of physic." takes and exaggeration. There is every among people there be who use their feet The following section on physical anthro- reason to expect more accuracy from the go barefoot, any as as their and for the same pology is quoted from the journal of the men of science who accompany Mr. de la readily hands, voyage of La Pcrouse (La Perouse, 1799, Perouse, and they are requested particularly purposes. I, pp. 136-139), a copy of which is in the to notice the following points. 6. We have no positive information re- of dif- Museum Library. It indicates the interests, 1. The ordinary structure of men and specting the comparative strength It be well to make trial methods, and problems of the "physical women; the long and short diameters of the ferent men. would — which the inhabitants of anthropologists" the practitioners of the head; the length of the superior and inferior of the burdens, — not been "art of physic" of the late 18th century. extremities, measured from the articulation countries, where nature has QUESTIONS PROPOSED BY THE SO- at the shoulder to the end of the middle debilitated by effeminancy and the customs in are able to CIETY OF MEDICINE to the navi- finger, and from the head of the thigh to adopted polished nations, and of the can over gators accompanying Mr. De La Perouse, the end of the great or of the second toe; carry, ground they pass in a both and running. read at the meeting of the 31st of May, the circumference of the pelvis, the width given time, walking 1785. of the chest, and that of the shoulders; the 7. The nature of the sense of sight. February, 1951 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 7

hearing, and smell, is capable of furnishing is the term of life in different climates? facts the or important respecting strength 11. The quickness or slowness of the weakness of their organs. Much has been pulse, compared with that of Europeans, said of the acuteness of smell among which is about sixty-five or seventy pulsa- it would be to savages: interesting verify tions in a minute. this, and to examine whether this acuteness 12. The relation of the colour of the skin of smell do not exist to the detriment of to that of the fluids. In men of more or some other sense . . . less swarthy complexions, has the colour 8. The voice, and the greater or less of the spermatic fluid, the medullary sub- distinctness of articulation, are of impor- stance of the brain, and the blood, any tance to be examined, as well as the expres- analogy to that of the skin? Among those sion of and pleasure, pain, joy. who are black is there any variation of 9. The age of puberty in males and colour found in individuals, such as pale

females. . . . How do the women conduct or white negroes, &c.? Is this variation the themselves during pregnancy? . . . Do they consequence of disease, or of a constitution swaddle their infants, or what methods do altered by the influence of climate, as is they employ instead of swaddling? Are any supposed of negroes transported into cold practices adopted with regard to children countries? . . . as soon as born, as moulding their heads, We take no notice of giants, or pigmies, or washing them? Do the mothers suckle or men with tails, and the like, because these them? And to what Are more age? boys pretended freaks of nature have never been born than girls? seen, except by ignorant or prejudiced 10. How many children die from the travellers, or existed only in their heated time of birth to the age of puberty? What imaginations.

CORRECTION

In the January issue of the Bulletin (vol. 22, no. 1, page 4) a picture of Sphenacodon ferox from the Early Permian of North America was printed by mistake instead of the picture showing the skeleton of Bradysaurus baini from the Karroo Formation of South Africa, for which the caption was written. Both specimens are illustrated below.

1 Page 8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN February, 1951

find if there were time to stop and explore selection." Paleontologists, ecologists, and Books more fully these avenues. But a volume geneticists alike have come to reject the of only 163 pages, which includes 51 illus- "tooth and claw" interpretation of the trations, has to hurry to cover so many and struggle for existence. A gladiatorial theory (All books reviewed in the Bulletin are such complicated aspects of bird life. In of existence (the phrase is that of Thomas H. available in The Book Shop of the Museum. line with this, when any extensive planting Huxley) was made current by the followers Mail orders accompanied— by remittance are or game management project is proposed, and disciples of Darwin in the latter part promptly filled The Book Shop pays the one is advised to get in touch with one's of the 19th century. When applied to human postage on shipments.) county agent or other government official relations this concept of evolution afforded who can give advice based on his own local the basis for the monstrous belief in human OF ATTRACTING BIRDS. HANDBOOK experience. war as inevitable and natural and thus in P. Jr. Illustrated By Thomas McElroy, itself This now seen to be A two-page bibliography is given. Lists of good. view, Guenther. Alfred A. by Lambert Knopf, has in selected references and background reading essentially false, been a factor bring- 1950. 51 New York, xi+163 pages, text about of the calamitous destruc- for the subject of each chapter would have ing much Price figures. $3. tion of the civilized world and its resources been more useful, however, and a more effective aid to those who will want to in the first half of the 20th century. Whether or not birds live in your garden explore the vistas so sketched. Much better than his inter- or fields depends on whether or not food, attractively over-hasty Darwin understood that there is water, and cover for living and for nesting Austin L. Rand preters, selection for to as available to them. This volume the ability co-operate are by Curator of Birds well as for the for overt McElroy sets forth how one can attract capacity struggle. Overt struggle, in its turn, has been shown to birds and gives directions for making feed- be far less effective than the slow trans- ing stations, bird baths, and nest boxes, as THE MEANING OF A EVOLUTION, formation of the differential as for food But it populations by well planting plants. of the of Life and Its Study History selection of and this far this. It relates the birds hereditary characters, goes beyond for Man. George Gay- Significance By is now as the most clue and their needs to land use and conservation regarded important lord Simpson. Yale University Press, to the methods of evolutionary change. generally. Attracting birds is briefly covered, 1949. xv-f-364 pages, 38 text figures. from window boxes and From the standpoint of a strict mechanist. landscaped gardens Price $3.75. for song birds to farms, ponds, and waste- Dr. Simpson subjects a group of recent philo- lands for game birds. Trees, shrubs, and In this important and timely book one of sophic interpretations of evolution to sharp The works in pond plants are listed with their attractions. the most eminent of living paleontologists critique. question, exemplified du Human invoke vital- A chapter on predation asks for an presents an authoritative summary of the by Nouy's Destiny, ism or finalism, or both, as essential to the intelligent appraisal of hawks and owls. vast accumulation of information from fossils of as They have a proper place in the scheme of that forms the basic factual record of the explanation adaptation and, further, essential to a reconciliation of religion and things. Even the cat is not wholly con- evolution of life on earth. This record ex- science. Their several authors how- demned. It is pointed out that predation, hibits two main types of evolution: the appear, to be unaware of modern evolu- along with other factors such as climate and progressive (under various meanings of the ever, quite tion—any studies in the field of or, disease, must eliminate many young birds word) and the radiating, which last produces heredity for that matter, of the factual record of each year or we would be inundated with the vast variety of forms of life, accounts birds and they would starve. However, at mainly for the "origin of species," and makes paleontology. such places as feeding stations, where high it necessary for the layman to add to his When Dr. Simpson turns to the further populations of birds are artificially main- meanings for the word "radiation" the interpretation of the meaning of evolution tained, it obviously becomes necessary to evolutionary one of adaptive differentiation to ourselves, he comes to grips with the false eliminate the predator that is trying to eat in varied environments. antithesis between religion and science that has become a source of weakness in the the birds you want to watch. The second part of the book gives an societies of civilized man. We need The very good advice is given to well- exposition of the modern biological interpre- plainly as much as did our forebears in an unscien- meaning people who would like to bring a tation not only of the paleontological record tific the inward strengthening and stabi- chirping fledgling into the house and but of current thought in those life sciences age lization that is rooted in our feel- personally care for it to leave its care to that are of major importance to an under- religious and instincts. Because the its own parents. However, orphaned young- standing of evolution. This refers especially ings importance of science in the modern world cannot be sters may need to be raised, and directions to the completely modern phase of the study denied, whereas its conclusions seem to are given for this. Sick birds, McElroy of heredity marked by return to an active earnest persons to be at variance with rightly says, should be returned to a protec- interest, from the base of its own data, in many religious beliefs, the importance of religion tive cover (if not painlessly eliminated) in evolutionary problems. These two parts of itself and of the associated ethical the hope that nature will aid recovery. The Meaning of Evolution form an abbrevia- systems has been allowed to decline. I as Directions are given for treating broken tion and popularization of Dr. Simpson's believe, Dr. evidently does, that it is the wings, but I wonder if broken-winged birds more technical work. Tempo and Mode in Simpson of man or woman to examine should not rather be treated like sick birds. Evolution. The more popular work thus duty every his own attitudes and beliefs and to achieve Brief sections treat bird study, bird band- meets a conspicuous need in the intellectual a working personal religion of his own. In ing, and sanctuaries as community efforts life of our times, namely the summarization this final of The Evolution in nature study. and interpretation of the technical literature part Meaning of the reader will find of science for the the much clarification of The approach used, relating birds to their intelligent layman by the "Search for an Ethic." I join Dr. environment, and the lack of sentimentality scientists themselves. Simpson, across a considerable divergence are refreshing in a book of this sort. The Among the more important of the correc- of philosophic background, in the profound sections on bird baths, houses, feeding tions of widely held popular misconceptions belief that it is only the truth that can stations, and garden planting are detailed about evolution and its method is the clear make us free. enough to be practical. The other sections statement of the new understanding of the P. are hurried surveys of a series of subjects: principal effective operating forces in evolu- Karl Schmidt glimpses and indication of what one would tion, subsumed under the term "natural Chief Curator of Zoology

PRINTED BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS a^

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'Vol.22,No.3-Mareh,1951 Chicago Natural History Museum

Si Page 2 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN March, 1951

Chicago Natural History Museum (Plant Life—Hall 29) is known as Hedy- -THIS MONTH'S COVER- Founded bt Marsball Field, 1893 chium Gardnerianum. The plant is a native "Flight" is the title of the pic- Roosevelt Road and Lake Shore Drive, Chlcafto 5 of the temperate regions of the Himalayas. ture on the cover. This unusual Telbphokb: WAbash 2-9410 Dr. Wallich first discovered it in Nepal, photograph of a flock of gulls, India, and named it in honor of Edward OF TRUSTEES ranged almost like an Air THE BOARD Gardner, an official of the East India Com- Army Armour STA>a£Y Field Force formation, was awarded an Lester pany and one of the pioneers in Indian Sbwell L. Avery Samuel Insull, Jr. honorable mention in the Sixth Wh. McCorhick Blair Henry P. Isham botany. Leopold E. Block Hughston M. McBain Chicago International Nature Walter J. Cumminos William H. Mitchell Propagated by division of the rhizomes, Albert B. Dick, Jr. Clarence B. Randall Photography Exhibition held at this annual of five Howard W. Fenton George A. Richardson plant develops growths the N. Field Solomon A. Smith Museum during February Joseph to seven feet in height. Its stems, with Marshall Field Albert H. Wettbn under the joint sponsorship of Marshall Jr. John P. Wilson canna-like bear terminal flower Field, leaves, large the Museum and the Nature spikes one foot or more in length. The OFFICERS Camera Club. The photographer Field Praidenl fragrant blossoms are golden yellow with a Stanley is Louis of Marshall Field First Vice-President Ouitt Buffalo, New long projecting red filament. Attractive as Albert B. Dick, Jr Second Vice-President York. Samuel Insull, Jr Third Vice-President the flowers may seem, the late fruiting period Solomon A. Smith Treasurer Clifford C. Gregg Director and Secretary can be equally striking. Each fruit, splitting Millar Assistant John R. Secretary into three orange-yellow segments, reveals seeds of brilliant crimson. This display, along with the green of the bracts and leaves, THE BULLETIN Ethnology, lectured recently to students in results in a colorful array that often remains EDITOR the Department of Anthropology of North- Gregg Director the Museum unfaded for several weeks. Clifford C. of western University on "Field Methods in The living material required for this model CONTRIBUTING EDITORS Ethnology.". . . Donald Collier, Curator of was obtained the of Paul S. Martin Chief Curator of Anthropology through co-operation South American Ethnology and Archae- Theodor Just Chief Curator of Botany the Garfield Park Conservatory, Chicago. in Sharat K. Roy Chief Curator of Geology ology, participated a recent meeting of It later the writer Karl P. Schmidt Chief Curator of Zoology was reproduced by with the Carbon-14 Committee of the Institute the aid of Frank and Samuel H. MANAGING EDITOR Boryca for Nuclear Studies at the University of Assistants in Plant H. B. Habtk Public Relations Counsel Grove, Jr., Reproduction. Chicago .... Miss Elaine Bluhm, Assist- ant in Archaeology, lectured on "Archae- Members are requested to inform tlie Museum ology as a Career" in the Career-Day promptly of clian£es of address. program of the Lyons Township High STAFF NOTES School, La Grange, Illinois. A LILY IS 'QUEEN' Dr. Sharat K. Roy, Chief Curator of Hours March 1 By EMIL sella Visiting Change Geology, flew to El Salvador in the latter curator of exhibits in botany Beginning March 1, spring visiting hours, part of February to begin his expedition. 9 A.M. to 5 P.M., will replace the winter Nearly 130 years ago Dr. Nathaniel He will sf)end several months in geological schedule of 9 to 4. The new hours will Wallich, the great Indian botanist, in a and paleontological field investigations and continue in effect until April 30. monograph of the genus Hedychium de- in research at the laboratories of the In- scribed this ginger lily as follows: "This is stitute Tropical de Investigaciones Cien- tificas, Universidad Autonoma de El Sal- NEW MEMBERS vador, which is jointly sponsoring the project The following persons became Museum with Chicago Natural History Museum. Members between January 16 and Febru- Dr. Austin L. Rand, Curator of Birds, ary 15: left 14 to in this February participate Contributors enterprise for the Department of Zoology. Mrs. Susie I. Grier," Dr. R. H. Whitfield The Department of Botany has been re- Non-Resident Life Memt>ers presented since last year .... Loren P. Dr. T. Allen Woods, Curator of Fishes, left February 12 George to take part in dredging operations in the Associate Members Gulf of Mexico on the United States Fish Louis R. Howson, Arnold H. Maremont and Wildlife research vessel Oregon .... Annual Members D. Dwight Davis, Curator of Vertebrate Arthur C. Allyn, Lucius A. Andrew, Jr., Anatomy, lectured on the animal life of Sidney L. Barber, Mark L. Baxter, Lloyd W. Borneo to the Northwestern University Bowers, William A. H. Brackett, J. Beidler seminar in on 9 . . . . zoology February Camp, John M. Connery, Edmund B. Coon, Leon R. Aboulafla, visiting fellow from Johnson S. Davis, Keith J. Evans, Mrs. the Biological Institute of Tel-Aviv, lec- Evelyn Fries, John H. Golden, Carlton Hill, tured on "Biotopes and Animal Life of E." M. Holt, Mrs. John F. Hutson, W. J. HEDYCHIUM GARDNERIANUM Palestine" to the Ecology Group at the Jack, Miss Lillian K. Jaech, Allen M. James, Tliis model of a of the is a Thomas C. Jones, Waino M. Kolehmainen, lily Ginger family University of Chicago on February 5 . . . . recent addition to the exhibits in Hall Edward J. Cecil E. H. M. plant 29. Dr. Julian A. Steyermark, Curator of Lewis, Magid, Matson, F. Chaloner McNair, Dr. Eugene the Herbarium, lectured on a variety of Mittelmann, C. H. Mottier, G. C. Pound, the queen of the genus, surely there exists botanical subjects recently before the Bilt- Miss Nancy P. Robertson, Clair M. Rodde- not even an Orchidea which exceeds it in more Garden Club, Natural Barrington wig. Dr. Arthur A. Rodriguez, Lee Schooler, Ravinia Garden and any respects." History Society, Club, Paul E. Sieber, Miss Ruth I. Sklower. This recent addition to the plant exhibits Wauconda Parent-Teachers Association .... in Martin A. and Carrie Ryerson Hall Dr. Alexander Spoehr, Curator of Oceanic Deceased March, 1951 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page S THE REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS OF THE CHICAGO REGION BY CLIFFORD H. POPE logical fauna of the area and, in its manders and frogs the scales are lacking CURATOR OF AMPHIBIANS AND REPTII.BS Chicago three cases, one sees all the kinds of lizards, but the patterns can be copied by using IS an whether the open question snakes, frogs (including toads), and sala- other guide marks. ITaverage visitor in a museum would manders that are found within some seventy After a sufficient thickness of plastic has rather see something familiar or something miles of the Loop (the local turtles will be been applied to the inside of the mold, unusual. Will a raccoon or an okapi arouse put on display later). The aim of the plaster and plastic are separated and the the greater interest? Whatever the answer exhibit is to show exactly what species of thin cast is strengthened by the application amphibians and rep- of a filler of one of many sufficiently strong tiles might be encoun- materials. When the plaster has been tered during a day's thoroughly removed, the surface of the outing in the Chicago plastic shines exactly like that of a reptile area. Obviously this or amphibian. Painted plaster, wax, or exhibit will be used tanned skin simply do not have this natural in two ways: from it appearance. It is virtually impossible for some will learn how the layman to tell a live reptile from a plastic to avoid these animals, one, and even the student is fooled. The others where to find plastic specimens are so tough that they them. It is hoped can be bounced on the floor without being that at least a few of badly damaged. Their durability is great those who come to and they do not burn readily. learn how to avoid Every animal in the Chicago exhibit will go away wanting rests on a segment of its natural habitat or to find. This turning home. Recalling how well the animals of a stumbling-block themselves are reproduced, some visitors into a stepping-stone might jump to the conclusion that these i s called educating, attractive little segments of the outdoors and the Museum is an are also artificial. Certainly, it could be educational institu- reasoned, anyone who could make a plastic tion. snake could easily fashion a base of artificial

There are several in- soil, stones, leaves, and grass. However, in teresting things about this instance the ingenuity of Taxidermist the structure of the Walters has worked out a far simpler and new exhibits. It may more effective setting for his deceptively come as a surprise to real specimens. His method is thoroughly some that no actual to saturate a small segment of suitable part of reptile or am- ground or woodland with lacquer solution, phibian is to be seen lift it up after it has dried, bring it into the in the three cases. Museum, and reinforce it with plaster or All the specimens are other suitable material. Thus a vast amount reproduced in a plastic of time is saved and a perfect background material by the special achieved with little effort. On a single trip method invented and into the country a whole series of bases can developed in Chicago be brought back and kept for future use. Natural History Mu- Finally, it should be noted that the seum by Taxidermist Chicago cases have a new style of back- Leon L. Walters and ground and lettering, and include color executed by Walters photographs by Assistant Taxidermist Lam- and Assistant Taxi- bert of the home sites of many of the species dermist Ronald J. displayed. The background of a case may Lambert. The pro- be of more than one color, and the labels, cess is laborious but instead of being printed on pieces of paper the results are superb. as heretofore, are composed by hand of Taxidermist Walters raised letters of different attractive hues. PLASTICIZING NATURE first makes a plaster The total effect is colorful and varied rather Assistant Taxidermist Ronald Lambert is bit J. shown saturating a of woodland mold of the freshly than drab and uniform. Several maps, soil with solution. The when will hold lacquer lacquer, dry, invisibly together killed animal. After painted in an original manner by Miss this segment of the "actual outdoors" so that it may be taken up and used as taking the out Margaret G. Bradbury, Artist for Zoology, part of a Museum exhibit. The close-up in the lower picture shows how the body artistic and add selected ground work has been fitted to the model of a bull snake that will be of the mold he paints lend their own touch exhibited upon it. inside the mold, using interesting information. In the central case liquid plastic colored the patterns of distribution of the local to this provocative question may be, the to match the specimen. One animal may reptiles and amphibians are explained by exhibit most recently placed on display in have as many as fifteen or even twenty a series of maps. Albert W. Harris Hall (Hall 18—reptile colors that will call for as many mixtures. The ranges of these fall into the six and amphibian section) is based on the By correlating the individual scales of a major types or patterns illustrated. Chicago conviction that the familiar commands at reptile with the scale impressions in the lies near the edge of most of these ranges: least as much interest as does the unusual. mold, Walters or Lambert can copy the many prairie species are not found east of The new exhibit consists of the herpeto- pattern with great accuracy. In sala- our area and many eastern woodland or Page i CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN March, 1951

highland species do not occur farther to the by the low temperatures of the last Ice Age. SATURDAY LECTURE COURSE west. Chicago is not merely a railroad When the frozen waters were piled on the BEGINS THIS MONTH terminus. The richness of its animal life continents, the level of the seas was lowered With a range of subjects from Alaska to is due to its position between the central and the British Isles became part of the South America, Mexico to Australia, and prairie and the eastern highlands and mainland. As the glaciers retreated north- Wyoming to Africa and Fiji, the Museum forests. Few fiat regions of its latitude ward the mainland cold-blooded animals will present its annual Spring Course of free are endowed with such rich animal life. re-invaded the British peninsula, but the illustrated lectures on travel and science that should to invasion was cut short by the flooding of A map prove interesting this month. There will be free the lowest areas and the beginning is the little one showing the local by subsequent many lectures and color films on each Saturday formation of the isolating channels such as range of Chicago's only poisonous snake, afternoon March and the Channel. Ireland was isolated throughout April. which is also the area's most dangerous English They will be given in the James Simpson after but two amphibians and one reptile Theatre of the Museum and all will begin (a lizard) had reached it. England was a at 2:30 p.m. little more fortunate. It was snake worship, Limited accommodations make it neces- not real snakes, that St. Patrick drove from sary to restrict these lectures to adults. Ireland. The fact that the inhabitants of Members of the Museum are entitled to Ireland worshipped a form of life that did reserved seats on application. For children, not exist on their island shows that they, free motion pictures will be presented on too, were relatively recent arrivals. To be the mornings of the same Saturdays by the specific, England was separated from the Raymond Foundation. mainland between 8,000 and 9,000 years ago. Following are the dates, subjects, and Farther west is the Berlin where region lecturers: some twenty-two kinds of reptiles and am- phibians occur. Berlin and London are of March 3—ALLURING Alaska course much farther north than are New Both the familiar and the vmusual York and but London a Chicago, enjoys Frederick Machelnnz COMMON WATER SNAKE milder climate and might be expected to have more cold-blooded its dis- March 10—Fiji An example of the amazing plastic reproductions animals; made by Stafi Taxidermist Leon L. Walters. advantage has already been dealt with. Cannibal islands of yesterday around the world from Halfway Chicago Herbert Knapp lies the with nine animal. This little rattlesnake goes under Peking region merely This is due to the March 17—Passport to Safariland its Indian name massasauga. Millions of species. paucity partly conditions that in people live and die here without ever seeing relatively dry prevail Rare pictures of big game in Africa northeastern China. one of these reptiles, and yet the map shows Berry B. Brooks no fewer than five places where it does live, In Amphibians and Reptiles of the Chicago March 24—INTO Central Australia often in abundance. Deaths from its bite Area, published by the Museimi, one may naturalist's are unheard of. A small barefoot child find a detailed account of all local reptiles Record of a travels would be its only likely victim. and amphibians. This book is richly iUus- Alfred M. Bailey

LOCAL FAUNA IS RICH March 31—The Mountain Ascent of Grand Teton in Wyoming History shows that Chicagoans are very Garner proud of their city. Nevertheless, it is Ray not likely that any of the great boosters April 7—VEaJEZUELA VENTURE such as John Stephen Wright or "Deacon" A trip to the world's highest waterfall Bross ever included the rich herpetological fauna as a valuable asset or even realized Nicol Smith that the Chicago area surpasses many other April 14—Early American Indians northern urban areas in number of species, 1950 archaeological' work of the Museum among them the London, Berlin, and Peking FOWLER'S TOAD Paul S. Martin areas. However, upon the arrival of a One of the many specimens on exhibition, repro' New Yorker must be duced by Staff Taxidermist Leon L. Walters* plastic (it painfully admitted) 21—Ancient and Modern Mexico technique. April the local booster would have to sidestep A biologist tours a popular vacation land the subject because New York is located in Fuller a region of exceptional richness that harbors trated with reproductions of excellent draw- Harry J. sixty-four species, or twelve more than ings, photographs, and paintings represent- April 28—Through These Doors Chicago. ing forty-nine of the fifty-two species A glimpse of this Museum's activities If a Londoner comes to town the subject treated. Five of the twelve plates are in John R. Millar should be brought up at once. The region color. The text is not technical. of London can boast of a mere dozen unless No tickets are necessary for admission one chooses to add the few kinds of sea to these lectures. A section of the turtles that are occasionally stranded on the Man Theatre is reserved for Members of the coast. The New York list of sixty-four each of whom is entitled to When Nature, her great masterpiece design'd Museum, includes two of these, whereas such marine two reserved seats. Requests for these And fram'd her last, best work, the human creatures are of course imknown in Chicago seats should be made in advance by mind. except when they arrive on ice. telephone (WAbash 2-9410) or in writ- Her eye intent on all the wondrous plan, London suffers the disadvantage of being ing, and seats will be held in the Mem- various the various Man. on an island that was completely depopu- Sheform'd of stuff, ber's name until 2:25 o'clock on the lated of cold-blooded, back-boned animals —BUKNS lecture day. March, 1951 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 5 PRIZE WINNERS IN 6th NATURE PHOTO CONTEST ANNOUNCED MEDAL WINNERS The Sixth Chicago International Nature The Photographic Society of America Black-and-WhIte Photography Exhibition, sponsored jointly Photographs: awarded two special medals for comple- Animal Life Section: David M. Stanley, Mesa, by Chicago Natural History Museum and Ariz. —Angry Tern. mentary or adjacent colors. These awards the Nature Camera Club of Chicago, which Plant Life Section: Dr. Eliot F. Porter, Santa Fe, were made to R. H. Souers, of Chicago, for N.M.—Agape LecheguUta. was held during February in Stanley Field Water-Lily, and John H. Stanley, of Co- General Section: Otto Litzel, New York City— Hall of the Museum, was the most successful Mud PaUem. lumbus, Ohio, for Last One In—Starves! since these shows began. Color Slides: The judges were Conrad Emanuelson, In the 1951 show there were displayed Animal Life Section: Jack Brennan, Salt Lake photographer; John W. Moyer, in charge City—Arizona Mule Deer. more than 200 large-size prints and more Plant Life Section: G. F. Johnson, State College, Pa. —Roots of Ice. General Section: Pearl E. Schwarts, Chicago— Afterglow. HONORABLE MENTIONS

Black-and-WhIte Photographs: Animal Life Section: Mike Bishop, New York City; H. Lou Gibson, Rochester, N.Y.; W. T. Loke, Singapore, Malaya; Louis Quilt, Buffalo; Dr. Eliot F. Porter, Santa Fe, N.M.; Harry R. Reich, North Tonawanda, N.Y.; Dr. G. B. White, Port Colborne, Ontario, Canada. Plant Life Section: James C. Gilchrist, Landover, Perthshire, Scotland; H. J. Ensenberger, Bloomington, 111.; Dr. Grant M. Haist, Rochester, N.Y.; W. A. Kirkpatrick, Phoenix, Ariz.; Thomas J. Newett, Park Ridge, 111.; Dr. Eliot F. Porter, Santa Fe, N.M.; Reinhart Wolf, Crawfordaville, Ind. General Section: H. M. Bates, Worcester, Mass.; Eric L. Bertens, Santiago, Chile; Mike Bishop, New York City; Blanche Kolarik, Chicago; William G. McClanahan, Lake Charles, La.; Edmund W. Raab, Los Angeles, Calif.

Color Slides:

Animal Life Section: Don Bleitz, Hollywood, Calif.; Edward A. Hill, Fleetwood, Pa.; J. W. Markey, Eaton, Ohio; Mrs. Ethel P. Owen, Riverside, 111.; Alfred Renfro, Santa Barbara, Calif.; Perry J. Reynolds, Detroit, Mich.; Cyril F. Smith, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada; Bertha Townsend, Johnstown, ^Pa.; Mrs. Charles Walgreen, Chicago. Plant Life Section: Mrs. Irene R. Ayres, Los Angeles; Ladislaus Cutak, St. Louis; Mrs. M. Johnson 'FAMILY GROUP" Fuller, Riverside, 111.; Winifred G. Glover, Oakland, 'LAND'S END' Calif.; H. W. Greenhood, Hollywood, Calif.; James L. By Dr. Grant M. Haist, of Rochester, N.Y. Awarded Blanche H. G. Edmund W. of Los Awarded an Kirkland, Chicago; Kolarik, Chicago; an honorable mention in the Nature Photography By Raab, Angeles. Mitchell, Chicago; George W. Purdy, Port Orchard, Exhibition. honorable mention in the Nature Photography Wash.; Perry J. Reynolds, Detroit, Mich.; Arthur J. Exhibition. Scott, Waltham, Mass.; Walter Singer, New York City; Cyril F. Smith, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada; A. Santa R. H. Stewart, Barbara, Calif.; Souers, of the Museum's Division of Motion Pic- Chicago; Bertha Townsend, Johnstown, Pa.; Lewis A. than 700 color slides, submitted by both tures; R. Marlin Perkins, Director of Lincoln amateur and professional photographers in Park Zoo; Merrill Tilden, photographer; all parts of the United States and foreign and Rainer Zangerl, Curator of Fossil countries as well. The accepted pictures Reptiles at the Museum. An illustrated were selected from a total of approximately catalogue of the exhibit, available early in 2,800 pictures. Public projections of ac- March, will be published by the Nature cepted color slides in the James Simpson Camera Club. Theatre on February 11 and 18 were at- tended by more than 1,100 persons. EI Salvador Bird The exhibition was in two divisions, prints Project and color slides, with three classifications in A handbook on the birds of El Salvador each division: animal life, plant life, and is one of the important projects of the general. The first-prize winner in each Division of Birds for 1951. This work, classification has been awarded a silver part of the project in which the Museum medal, and ribbons for honorable mention is co-operating with the State University of were awarded to other entries in each El Salvador, is being undertaken by Melvin 'WHITE-BELLIED SEA EAGLE' classification. Names of the prize winners A. Traylor, Jr., Research Associate in Birds, By W. T. Loke, of Singapore, Malaya. One of the will receive subscriptions to the Bulletin who is preparing the descriptions and keys pictures in the Nature Photography Exhibition. of the Museum and other rewards. from specimens in the Museum, and Dr. Austin L. Rand, Curator of Birds, who left The increasing success of these annual Trapp, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; N. E. Weber, Bowmansville, Pa. in February to spend six months in El events is due in a measure photographic large General Section: Mrs. Irene R. Ayres, Los Rev. H. Salvador studying the birds there and writ- to the efficient work of members of the Angeles; Bielenberg, Oil City, Pa.; Jack Brennan, Salt Lake City; Byron S. Crader, Glendale, ing the remainder of the text. Nature Camera Club of Chicago, to H. G. Calif.; Don Ferguson, Salt Lake City; Joseph B. Gill, Salt Lake City; Earl E. Harris, Montebcllo, Calif.; Mitchell, its president, and especially to its G. Lewis Johnson, Winthrop, Maine: Russel Kriete, Chicago; Angel de Moya, Havana, Cuba; J. A. Pasco, exhibition committee, of which H. J. Elmhurst, III.; Ben Randall, Orinda, Calif.; Mattie The photographic files of the Museum C. Lake Johnson is chairman. Sanford, Salt City; Ethel Schroeder, Chicago; Hy Seldidge, Honolulu, Hawaii; C. E. Swink, Villa contain more than 100,000 negatives of Ruth Dr. C. C. Following are lists of medal winners and Park, 111.; Wclty, Chicago; Wendle, material in the exhibits and collections Sandpoint, Idaho; Adolf Vignale, New Toronto, study awards of honorable mention: Ontario, Canada. and of field work all over the world. Page 6 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN March, 1951 THE TOND SCUMS' ARE ALGAE; THEY HELP KEEP FISHES ALIVE By HANFORD TIFFANY filaments are occasionally found in arctic although yellow and orange pigments are RESBASCH ASSOCIATE IN CKYPTOaAiaC BOTANY* and alpine areas. Oedocladium is compara- also present. The association of these three has Nearly everyone noticed green growths tively much more restricted in distribution. pigments is similar to that obtaining in the in pools, ponds, ditches, and lakes as well It was first discovered in Germany some flowering plants. The cell-wall has been as on soil, along shore, and in aquaria. sixty years ago and has not been found examined chemically and found to contain of these are often Many growths algae, there since. It is currently known from cellulose, pectic compounds, and small inelegantly referred to as pond scums. The India, Puerto Rico, and scattered areas amounts of chitin. When the vegetative angler is not likely to think of the algae representing the eastern and southeastern cell divides, especially in Oedogonium, there when pursuing his favorite sport, but well United States. Most of its species are remains a terminal portion of the old cell- are food- he might. The algae the primary terrestrial, associated with other soil algae, wall known as an apical cap. The caps makers of the water, just as other green moss protonema, and liverworts. The appear as transverse rings or lines at the that on plants perform necessary process species of Oedogonium and of Bulbochaete upper end of the cell, and in Oedogonium land; and the fishes directly or indirectly are very common in the Central States area, the number of such apical caps corresponds for no are dependent upon the algae food: the prairies, and southeastern United States. to the number of times the cell has divided. algae, no fishing. The Oedogoniaceae has no close relatives, It is an old adage that there is a place and some features of its reproduction are for everything and that everything should unique. The contents of a single cell may be in its place. Perhaps it was from just break through a circular rent in the upper such vague beginnings that the science of end of the wall, emerge in an amoeboid taxonomy arose—the naming and classify- fashion, and develop into a flagellated cell ing ("putting in their places") of things. known as a zoospore. Many flagella occur Among the algae there are levels of rela- on each zoospore, forming a ring just back tionships, from individuals to large assem- of the anterior end. The zoospore swims blages of related individuals that have around in the water for a half-hour or so, received names and rank. The "top brass" settles upon some substrate, and undergoes are the phyla, the classes, and the orders, cell divisions that result in another plant. but they will be ignored in this article, and Occasionally non-flagellated spores are form- we shall start with the family. Prominent ed from the vegetative cells. Such repro- among fresh-water algae is the family, duction is referred to as asexual. Oedogoniaceae. LIFE CYCLE This particular family of plants has three members: Oedogonium, BulhochaeU, and Sexual reproduction can scarcely be de- Oedocladium. Each of these three has the scribed without the use of certain terminol- rank of genus (pi. genera) and is composed ogy, some of which is unique for the Oedo- of few to many subordinate captains and goniaceae. A vegetative cell may increase lieutenants known as species and varieties. in size, change its form and shape, and be- come an oogonium (egg-case), within which 'swollen fruits' a single egg is formed from the protoplasm. The name Oedogonium comes from two The oogonia may occur singly or in series. Greek words meaning "swollen fruits," re- Other vegetative cells may undergo divi- ferring to the swollen reproductive cells sions, resulting in one or more much smaller in the filaments. Bulbochaete also stems cells, called antheridia (sperm-cases). The from two Greek words translated "bulbous Fig. 1. The three genera of Oedogoniaceae dis' protoplasm of each antheridium may develop cussed in Dr. Tiffany's article: upper left—Bulbo- bristles," in reference to the laterally placed into one or two sperms. Oogonia and chaete, lower left—Oedocladium, and at right— hairs on the cells. Oedocladium antheridia occur in the same vegetative Oedogonium. may filament, is from the Greek too, indicating two features or they may occur in separate filaments. of the plant: branching and swollen repro- Thus some plants may be thought of as The three genera are easily distinguished ductive cells. Oedogonium is a large genus, male, or sperm-producing; others as female, one from the other with a hand lens or composed of some 335 species that differ in or egg-producing; while still others are microscope but are difficult to identify size, nature of reproduction, cell-wall mark- both and otherwise. They grow attached to various hermaphroditic, bearing eggs ings, and shapes of sexual cells. Bulbochaete sperms. Sex organs are mature in about substrates by means of special holdfast cells, has about 70 species, with similar bases for two after the and antheridia although they may be separated from their days oogonia delimitation. Oedocladium with 10 species become differentiated from the moorings and live for some time floating in vegetative is the smallest of the three. genus water. The filaments of Oedogonium are cells. Both Oedogonium and Bulbochaete are not branched. Both Bulbochaete and Oedo- The emergence of sperms from the an- widely distributed throughout the world in cladium are branched filaments, but the theridia and subsequent fertilization of the such fresh-water habitats as permanent and latter do not have the bulbous hairs so egg appear to have a certain rhythmic temporary ponds, lakes, and streams. None characteristic of Bulbochaete. recurrence. Maximal sexual reproduction is marine, although three or four species has been observed in one species to occur CELL STRUCTURE have been reported from brackish waters. between midnight and 4 a.m. A second few on and A grow damp soil, vegetative The vegetative cell of the group is more lesser emergence of sperms and union with or less cylindric with a rather rigid wall and eggs take place between noon and 4 p.m. a net-like the wall. Some sexual may occur sporad- •Dr. Tiffany is William Dewring Professor of Botany chromatophore adjoining reproduction at Northwestern He is author of University. Algae, The predominant color in the chromatophore ically throughout the day. Sexual union the Grass of Many Waters and co-author of Textbook of Botany, is green, due to the presence of chlorophylls, may take place within a few minutes after March, 1951 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 7 the escape of the sperm from the antheridium. that occurs nowhere else in the biological NEW LAYMAN LECTURE: In appearance the sperm looks like a small world. In some species the small cells BEHIND THE SCENES' zoospore, and its escape from the antheridium formed by divisions of the vegetative cell After a month's absence for a lecture tour follows the same pattern as that in the do not produce sperms. Instead they to other cities Paul G. Dallwig, the Layman zoospore, described above. The sperm dis- produce flagellated cells that look like sperms Lecturer, will resume in March his popular integrates within twenty to thirty minutes but are physiologically different. When Sunday afternoon appearances at the Mu- if no sexual union occurs. The egg is not these cells (androspores) are liberated from seum. "Behind the Scenes in Our Museums" motile and remains within the oogonium. their spore-cases (androsporangia), they is Mr. Dallwig's subject this month, and he In the wall of the oogonia at specific places come to rest on or near an oogonium but will present this lecture on March 4, 11, 18, often characteristic of the species, there never enter it. Upon germination of the and 25. The lectures will begin at 2 p.m. develop pores or slits that allow for the androspore a miniature sperm-producing and end at 4:30 p.m. Midway there will entrance of the sperm into the egg-case. plant, called a dwarf male, is produced, be an intermission for tea or other refresh- After union of the nucleus and remaining epiphytic on the larger filament. sperm egg ments in the Museum Cafeteria. the becomes a with- Terminal cells of the dwarf male become nucleus, egg zygote, The March lecture covers the and which normal origin drawing somewhat from the oogonial wall antheridia, develop sperms. history of museums the world over and and a wall of its own. The There then may ensue fertilization of the forming zygote describes the collections of in the as noted strange early usually remains dormant for about a year, egg exactly same manner "curiosities and rarities," of which Mr. it resume earlier above. although may activity some were "so that The thus Dallwig says gruesome or remain dormant for several years. Upon androspore upon germination they caused people to go home and have of the the number of produces another filament, although it is germination zygote, bad dreams." Mr. will also small and This Dallwig tell chromosomes is halved and usually four epiphytic. would indicate the story of the development of modern are formed. liberation from potentialities similar to those of the zoospore. zoospores Upon museums and how the behind-the-scenes the old oogonium, the zoospores after a Germination, however, occurs only near the operations of a great museum are carried short of into new egg, thus indicating some attraction to the period activity develop on. He will outline the research activities filaments. egg but not sufficient to cause fertilization. of such institutions and tell how they fill There is an added feature to the sexual Perhaps the androspore may be regarded their place in our educational system and reproduction in some of the Oedogoniaceae as a modified sperm that has retained some what their value is to the community. This of sexuality: it degree lecture is illustrated with the Museum's cannot unite with the most modern exhibits and habitat groups egg but can grow if in ^4A^oa(0O'ui^/n that demonstrate the modern trend in its immediate vicinity. illumination, art, color, etc. These microscopic Members of the Museum may use their algae are found in the membership cards to attend the-se lectures stomachs of many without advance reservations. All others, aquatic animals, in- except out-of-town visitors and representa- cluding some fishes, tives of the press, must make advance re- and are even eaten by servations to attend the Sunday lectures. such mammals as Reservations may be made by mail or tele- cattle and squirrels phone (WAbash 2-9410). The lectures are that chance to be near free. shores where Oedo- goniaceae grow. Algae are mostly annuals, Audubon Lecture March 18 definite seasons having "In the Hills of Gold," the fourth lecture of vegetative develop- in the current series of the Illinois Audubon ment and reproduc- Society, will be given Sunday, March 18, tion, although some at 2:30 p.m., in the James Simpson Theatre species persist through of the Museum by Olin Sewall Pettingill, Jr., the winter months in of Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota. the vegetative state. Dr. a Dormant Pettingill, distinguished ornithologist zygotes, and a fine photographer, has on four oc- and the akinetes, casions presented lectures in the Museum's buds" of "resting series. His talk will be illustrated with Oedodadium are the color films made in the Black Hills of South usual structures re- Dakota. sponsible for survival Museum Members and Audubon Society during non-growing members may be seated in the reserved seasons. Zoospores section of the Theatre upon identifying be formed may any themselves through their membership cards. time during vegeta- The public is invited to attend this lecture, tive activity, and new which so effectively supplements the Mu- in plants develop seum's Satuday-afternoon lecture series. which other zoospores are formed. In this way the number of plants may increase The Oedogoniaceae are green plants that rapidly, and some can carry on photosynthesis. 1 hey may be Fig. 2. Life cycle of Oedogonium: A and C, sexual reproduction; B, asexual species form large mats considered one of the "crop' plants of reproduction (see text for details). Enlarged glass models of these stages may habitats. be seen in Martin A. and Carrie Ryerson Hall (Plant Life—Hall 29). in areas of quiet water. aquatic Pages CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN March, 1951

FREE SATURDAY MOVIES snakes, Mexico;— Karl P. Schmidt, Home- MARCH LECTURE TOURS, FOR THE CHILDREN wood, 111. a bird skin, Homewood; Dr. DAILY EXCEPT SUNDAY C. H. Seevers, Homewood, 111.—a Spencer Julian A. The Raymond Foundation will present mechanical microscope stage; Dr. Tours of exhibits, under the guidance of 111.—a bird skin, its annual Spring Series of free motion pic- Steyermark, Barrington, staff lecturers, are conducted every after- Illinois; Loren P. Woods, Richton Park, tures for children on Saturday mornings noon at 2 o'clock, except Sundays and cer- 111.—2 frogs. South Carolina. throughout March and April in the James tain holidays. On Mondays, Tuesdays, Simpson Theatre of the Museum. All of Library: Thursdays, and Saturdays, general tours the nine programs begin at 10:30 a.m. On From: Karl P. Schmidt, Homewood, 111.; are given covering all departments. Special two of the programs the explorers who made Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, subjects are offered on Wednesdays and Mass. the films will be on hand to tell their stories Woods Hole, Fridays. A schedule of these follows: to the children. A third personal appearance Fri., March 2—Plant Travelers: Natural- will be that of Miss Lorain Farmer of the ized Foreign Plants. Illustrated introduc- who will talk to the children Museum staff, tion in Meeting Room (Marie Svoboda). in connection with a film about local natural lEW Y£ABS AGO Wed., March 7—Dry Bones: Stories about history of the Chicago area. M THE MUSEUM Skeletons (Lorain Farmer). Children may come alone, accompanied by adults, or in groups from schools, etc. Fri., March 9—The Adventures of Carl CompUed by MARGARET J. BAUER No tickets are needed. Akeley. Illustrated introduction in Meet- From the Anntial the Director ing Room (June Buchwald). Following is an outline of the programs: Report of for the 1901: year Wed., March 14—Hats and Hair-dos: March 3—ALumiNG Alaska —Work in this division has "Taxidermy. Primitive Styles in Head Ornamentation Remote and seldom-seen Alaska been unusually active, and results of the (Harriet Smith). Talk Frederick Machetanz very highest character have been attained. by Fri., March 16—Snake Stories. Illustrated New methods in mounting specimens have introduction in Meeting Room (Lorain March 10—ANIMAL Tales been and in a adopted consequence perfec- Farmer). Also a cartoon tion of work never before attained has been March 21—Fair-Weather Friends: secured. Five large groups are nearing Wed., March 17—Life in Bible Lands Those Animals that Appear with completion, one of zebra and four of the Spring (Jane Sharpe). Palestine 2,000 years ago Virginia deer in spring, summer, autumn, Also a cartoon and winter, this last distinguished by a Fri., March 23—Alp and Avalanche: wealth of accessories and detail never before Mountain Areas of the World. Illus- March 24—Pacific Adventure trated introduction in Room . . Meeting attempted in this class of work. . islands (Anne A naturalist in the Mid-Pacific "Anthropology.—Important accessions in Stromquist). Talk by Alfred M. Bailey this Department have resulted from several Wed., March 28—Tomorrow's Plants: expeditions in the Fruits, Seeds, and Seedlings (Miriam March 31—Story of Communications field: Mr. [Charles F.] Wood). Also a cartoon I Newcombe the among Fri., March 30—Adapt or Become Extinct. I Haida Indians, Dr. Illustrated introduction in Room April 7—Springtime in Holland Meeting [Merton L.] Miller (Jane Sharpe). Also a cartoon '^it/l^l^mtk^ among the tribes of ^^^^B^^S^ Persons wishing to participate should 14—Sunrise Serenade ^^^^^ the Shahaptian stock, April apply at North Entrance. Tours are free. Dr. [J. W.l Hudson in Strange dances of well-known birds ^V^K^ I jK^ California, Assistant Also a cartoon Curator [Stephen C] Technical Publications Issued —Trailside Adventures Simms among tribes April 21 The technical were of the Pyman and following publications In the Chicago region issued recently by Chicago Natural History Yuman stock. Assist- Talk Lorain Farmer Museum:- by ant Curator [Charles Owen the April 2»—Favorite Legends and Fables among Fieldiana: Geology, Vol. 11, Nos. 3 and 4. Apache and Navajo Also a cartoon Evolution and Classification of the Osteo- and Curator tribes, straci and The Exoskeleton of Early Ost£0- [George A.| Dorsey straci. By Robert H. Denison. January among the Osage, GIFTS TO THE MUSEUM fL.| 19, 1951. 64 pages. $1. Pawnee, and Wichita is a list of the Following principal gifts tribes." Fieldiana: Zoology, Vol. 31, No. 41. A received the month: during past The accompanying illustration shows a Review of the Woodpeckers Chrysoptilus melanochloros and C. melanolaimus. Department of Botany: 26-foot-high gn"avepost of the Haida Indians, By Melvin A. Jr. From: William L. Brown, Johnson, Iowa one of the important accessions of 1901. Traylor, February 16, 1951. 18 —4 herbarium specimens, Arizona; Escuela The upper part of this post of red cedar is pages. Agricola Panamericana, Tegucigalpa, Hon- hollowed out to make space for a coffin, — of duras 2 specimens flowering plants, which was in the before raising placed post I cannot but think that he who finds a Dr. F. Honduras; Sidney Glassman, Chicago it in a vertical This position. unique of and evil in- —553 phanerogams, Honduras; Instituto certain proportion pain memorial column, now separated into two Agropecuario Nacional, Guatemala City, separably woven up in the life of the very sections, may be seen in Joseph Nash Field Guatemala—6 phanerogams, Guatemala. worms, will bear his own share with more Hall 10—Northwest Coast Indians). (Hall courage and submission. Department of Zoology: H. in "On the Educa- From: Chicago Zoological Society, Brook- Thomas Huxley, field, 111.—a crocodile and a snake, India On Museum visits, relax and lunch in the tional Value of the Natural History and Peru; Lillian A. Ross, Chicago—2 Cafeteria. Sciences"

PRINTED BV CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS Vol.22,No.4-Aprill951 Chicago Natural History Museum

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-. •«cr Paget CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN April, 1951

Chicago Natural History Museum world's markets. The map was made for -THIS MONTH'S COVER- FOUNDBD BT Maksball Fibld, 1893 the Northern Consolidated Air Lines of The musical trill of the common Rooaerelt Road and Lake Shore Drlre, Chlcafto 5 Anchorage, which is sending it on a tour toad heralds the coming of spring Tblbtbokb: WAbash 2-9410 of the United States, and Chicago is the in the Chicago area and is one of second city to receive it for exhibition. It the most characteristic sounds of THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES was displayed previously in the building of The inflated throat- Lbstkk Armour Stanlby Field the of the Interior in Wash- April nights. Samuel Jr. Department Scn-KLL L. AvBRY Insull. sac of frogs and toads forms a Wm. McCoRMicK Blair Henry P. Isham ington, D.C. From Chicago it will go to Lbopolu E. Block Huohston M. McBain sound box that their voices cities the nation under gives Walter J. Cuhhings Wiluam H. Mitchell principal throughout B. Randall great carrying power. Flashlight Albert B. Dick, Jr. Clarence the auspices of the General Federation of Gborge A. Richardson Howard W. Fenton photography of singing frogs and Joseph N. Field Solomon A. Smith Women's Clubs. Marshall Field Albert H. Wbtten toads is a special activity requiring Marshall Field. Jr. John P. Wilson Miss Hannah spent several months in great skill on the part of a nature Alaska obtaining on-the-spot data for her OFFICERS photographer. Our cover picture map as well as painting a number of land- Stanley Field Pmident was made by Cleveland P. Grant, Marshall Field Finl Viee-Pretident scapes. She is well known for her work at Albert B. Dick, Jr. Second Viee-Pmulent formerly a member of the staff of Samuel Insull, Jr. Tkird Viee-Praident the Museum School in Boston and the Art Solomon A. Smith Trtaturer this Museum and now a well- Students League in New York and for her CUFroRD C. GriGG DinctoT and Secretary known lecturer who has appeared John R. Mnuui Aetitiani Secretarn sketches of costumes for the Mardi Gras on several occasions before Mu- balls in New Orleans during the past five seum audiences. The picture is years. THE BULLETIN used with his kind permission. EDITOR Direclor Ou Miutitm Clotord C. Grbgg of Audubon Lecture April 18

CONTRIBUTING EDITORS The fifth and last lecture in the current Paul S. Martin Chief Curator of Antkropolon series of the Illinois Audubon Society will Thbodor Just Chief Curator of Botany on "Relation of Birds to Plant Life in the Sharat K. Roy Chief Curator of Geolofy be given Wednesday, April 18, at 8 P.M. Karl P. Schmidt Chief Curator of Zoology American Tropics.". . . Dr. Alexander in the James Simpson Theatre of the Mu- Spoehr, Curator of Oceanic Ethnology, MANAGING EDITOR seum. The lecture is "Canada West" by has been appointed chairman of the H. B. Hartb PubKc RelaHom Coutuel Bert Harwell, of California. Mr. Harwell newly formed subcommittee on Pacific is known to hundreds of thousands of people archaeology his lectures at of the National Research Council. He also Membo^ are requested to Inform the Museum through evening Yosemite promptly of changes of address. National Park where he was Park Naturalist has been appointed chairman of the program for eleven years. He has extraordinary committee for the annual meetings of the ability in imitating the songs of birds. His American Anthropological Association to MOOD FOR APRIL film, which he made in the wilds of western be held in Chicago in November, 1951 .... Canada, shows many close-up views of birds Donald Collier, Curator of South American The year's at the spring and mammals. Ethnology and Archaeology, has been ap- And the day's at the mom; pointed chairman of the local Morning's at seven; arrangements committee of the latter in The hiUside's dew-pearled; organization The lark's on the wing; connection with the November meetings. The snail's on the thorn; STAFF NOTES God's in his heaven— All's ipHh the world. NEW MEMBERS right Colin C. Sanborn, Curator of Mammals, —Browning The became and Rupert L. Wenzel, Curator of Insects, following persons Museum have returned after a successful Members h)etween February 16 and March This the charm of al- completing expresses spring, 15: field trip to examine a bat colony in a mine though it may seem a bit too joyous for the shaft at La Salle, Illinois. Curator Sanborn Annual spring of 1951! Members studied the bats and Curator Wenzel the Edward R. Adams, George A. Auer, parasites infesting them .... John Bayalis, Carl H. Beiser, Dr. Albert E. Coulon, Museum has been elected MUSEUM IS CHOSEN Photographer, Samuel A. Crabtree, Howard Q. Day, Mrs. FOR ALASKA EXHIBIT vice-president of the Chicago chapter of the Lewis J. Day, Miss Kitty Doody, G. Lane Biological Photographers Association .... Eldred, Allen B. Gellman, George M. Gibbs, was Chicago Natural History Museum D. Dwight Davis, Curator of Vertebrate Mrs. Eleanor Y. Guthrie, Mrs. William H. as the location for the selected Chicago Anatomy, recently addressed the Conserva- Highstone, Robert W. Hunker, Wallace I. showing of a giant pictorial mural map of tion Council of Chicago on "Conservation Kargman, Edwin P. Keller, R. C. Larkin, Mrs. Rev. Alaska painted by the noted portrait and Problerhs in Borneo." Karl P. Schmidt, Lloyd Lewis, Ignatius Macholz, Gunnar C. Macki, G. M. Magee, John M. mural artist, Muriel Hannah, of New York. Chief Curator of will address the Zoology, G. John A. 15 feet 9 McGregor, Harry Mitchell, The mural, measuring '2 by feet, Council on April 9 on "Conservation as Muldoon, Jr., Eugene E. Mulhem, John was shown in Albert W. Harris Hall (Hall 18) Related to in Peru and Ger- Agriculture William Paschal, Al Robandt, H. R. Samp- of the Museum for more than three slightly . . Curator of many.". Emil Sella, Exhibits son, Mrs. Angeline Spieth, Floyd E. Thelen, weeks in March. in the Department of Botany, and Samuel W. Lewis Ultsch. The special feature of the map is that it H. Grove, Jr., Assistant Artist-Preparator, has no names of single towns or locations have left for Florida on a botanical field but, instead, is spotted with vividly colored trip .... Dr. Julian A. Steyermark, Cura- Exhibits in Hall H of material from the pictures that show at a glance where Alaskan tor of the Herbarium, recently lectured Philippines are arranged to emphasize the industries are located, where various wild before the Barrington Lions Club on "Ad- outstanding characteristics of the cultures animals are found, where gold is mined, and ventures in Collecting in Venezuela" and of the principal pagan groups throughout where fish and seals are caught for the before the Greater Chicago Cage Bird Club the archi|>elago. April, 1951 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Pages

WHEN OZARK WITCH HAZEL Ozark witch hazel growing, the flowers LAYMAN LECTURER TO TELL BLOOMS—IT'S SPRING! opened on the branches on the same day, STORY OF DIAMONDS showing that the Ozark species responded Bv JULIAN A. STEYERMARK "The Romantic of the Diamond" to the sudden mild of late Story CURATOR OF THE HERBARIUM temperatures is the subject for April of the Sunday after- February and early March alike around Toward the end of a conversation noon Layman Lectures by Paul G. Dallwig, winter, Barrington and Lisle, Illinois. this lecture on in the Chicago region often turns to signs who will present April 1, 8, FLOWERING COMPANIONS the current season. of spring. For some people the appearance 15, 22, and 29, closing of a robin is a it Mr. Dallwig's next appearances at the hopeful sign. Actually, It might be supposed that only the Ozark Museum after the end of this month will doesn't mean much, since robins may be witch hazel stands out as the first flower of seen all winter For the be in the autumn. The April lectures will locally long. others, the spring, regardless of the outside tempera- of their northward begin at 2 p.m. and end at 4:30 p.m. Mid- sight geese winging way ture. Actually, however, snowdrop {Galan- or the or of way there will be an intermission for tea croaking, trilling, peeping frogs thus nivalis) and certain species of crocus toads is of or other refreshments in the Museum and significance (see cover picture (not the popular Dutch crocus that blooms of this month's in ex- cafeteria. Bulletin). But, my later), natives of the Old World, may be perience, the Ozark witch hazel (Hamamelis April being the "Diamond Month," this vernalis) beats all other contenders for the lecture gives the fascinating story of the honor of welcoming the glorious season of diamond from the finding of the first springtime. Regardless of how we may diamonds in India, Brazil, and Africa to feel about the outside temperature going the present great diamond industry. The above 70" F to be convinced that spring is lecture covers the intriguing stories of love, really here and whether we like to admit it hate, greed, and murder attached to the or not, the opening of the first flower should successive ownership of the world's famous decide for us when spring has really started. historic diamonds. A three-act stage Apparently few people realize that a dis- dramatization is presented by the Layman Act tinct type of a native American witch hazel Lecturer: Act I.-The Original Find; III. blossoms in early spring. When witch II.—The Diamond Rush; Act —A Trip will be a hazel is mentioned, nearly everybody thinks through a Diamond Mine. There of the eastern witch hazel {Hamamelis social half-hour in the Museum's Gem Room virgitiiana), found in rich woods in the after the lecture. Chicago area and blooming in late fall or Members of the Museum may use their early winter (September through December). membership cards to attend these lectures The four narrow strap-shaped petals of without advance reservations. All others, each flower are bright yellow and lighten except out-of-town visitors and representa- up the drab woodlands of late fall and early tives of the press, must make advance res- winter when all or most of the leaves have ervations to attend the Sunday lectures. fallen from the trees. Reservations may be made by mail or tele- phone (WAbash 2-9410). The lectures are NOT NATIVE TO CHICAGO AREA free.

In contrast to the wild witch hazel of the Chicago region that blooms toward the close of the year, the Ozark witch hazel is a EASTERN OR COMMON WITCH HAZEL melis) also includes other species that are Hamamelis a stranger in this area, its natural range being virginiana, showing flowering and rather remarkable in their season of flower- fruiting branch with dead leaves. This is a native of to the southwest of us in southern Missouri, ing. Of four species found in Asia, two of the Chicago area and blooms in late fall or early and where them {H. and H. mollis) are often Arkansas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, winter (September through December). The Ozark japonica and are it hugs the gravel and sand bars along the witch hazel (Hamamelis vernalis) resembles this, cultivated in the United States but has flowers that from to streams of timbered hilly country. There, appear January April unusual in that they bloom during the winter and are more red- to orange-colored. in its native haunts, it starts blooming in brilliantly months, even when the temperature is late December and continues blossoming down to zero. Another New World species until late March or early April. Its blossoms found in bloom about the same time in the of witch hazel of which little is known is are usually quite fragrant and more red Chicago area as the Ozark witch hazel. In one found wild in Mexico (//. mexicana). and orange in color than the distinctly yellow fact, it was noted this year, as previously, Besides the witch hazels the family in- flowers of the eastern witch hazel of the that the snowdrop started to bloom on cludes about 20 other genera found chiefly Chicago region. When grown around the March 5 when the witch hazel also opened. in the subtropical and warm temperate Chicago area, the Ozark witch hazel adapts Mr. Kammerer informed me, likewise, that regions of both hemispheres. Some are itself very nicely and favors us with its on January 3 of last year, when Ozark familiar to us. For example, the very showy flowers. According to records of witch hazel was in bloom at the Morton striking and handsome tree, sweet gum the Morton Arboretum near Lisle, Illinois, Arboretum, snowdrop and some crocus (Liquidambar Slyraciflua), is a native of which were kindly furnished to me by E. L. species were sharing the limelight as first the United States, Mexico, and Central Kammerer, the Ozark witch hazel has started bloomers. Among the native species of America. The genus Fothergilla of the to blossom there as early as January 5, as the Chicago region, the skunk cabbage southeastern United States, with showy during the comparatively mild winter of {Symplocarpui foelidus) is, of course, the clusters of flowers, is often cultivated. 1950. Mr. Kammerer states that in previous first to blos.som. Its peculiar hood-protected Other genera cultivated in this country years the earliest record for the Ozark blossoms arise in great profusion above the and belonging to the same family are witch hazel there was January 25. This wet soil of swamps in which it grows and Disanihus, Distylium, Parroiia, Parrotiopsis, year, following a very severe winter, the in late February and early March its flowers Corylopsis, Fortunearia, Sycopsis, and Sino- Ozark witch hazel did not bepn to flower attract insects that may be out at this time. wilsonia. A genus recently described is at the Morton Arboretum until March 5. It should be mentioned here that the genus Matudaea, found in Mexico and Central North of I Barrington, where have some to which the witch hazel belongs (Hama- {Continued on page 8, column 1 ) Page i CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN April, 1951

FOUR MORE SATURDAY MOVIES ARE OFFERED FOR CHILDREN time this white matter settles out, leaving the clear pale-yellow oil above. Now the The Raymond Foundation will continue April 14—SUNRISE Serenade "barometer" is ready to work. It is believed its annual Spring Series of free motion Strange dances of well-known birds that whenever the weather becomes un- pictures for children on Saturday mornings Also a cartoon settled a fine cloud of the precipitate will rise into the clear oil. If the bad weather continues for some time, the fine cloud will become murky. Hurricanes are said to produce a rapid and violent reaction of this type. When fine weather is once more MOVIE DAY returning, the oil is quickly as clear as the AT THE sky. MUSEUM The actual value of this "barometer" as a forecaster was not ascertained because Youngsters only two (one made by the drip process and reflect avid one by the boiling method) were under interest in my observation for only a short time. During Saturday this time there were two periods of bad morning weather, both coming on very rapidly. On programs each occasion the storm glasses reacted as of the expected by becoming cloudy, and they Raymond cleared again with the gradually clearing Foundation weather. But the change came on so suddenly that the question of forecast was not settled.

From several Bermudians questioned no explanation was forthcoming concerning why the storm glass works. It was suggested that the reaction that occurs is through April in the James Simpson Theatre April 21 —Trailside Adventures brought on of the The four by change in the atmospheric pressure and Museum. remaining pro- In the Chicago region at 10:30 a.m. that the material is sensitive to this change. grams begin Talk Lorain Farmer by How this could be the Children may come alone, accompanied possible when reacting is sealed in a is by adults, or in groups from schools, etc. April 28—Favorite Legends and Fables system tightly glass bottle not in of lack No tickets are needed. Also a cartoon explained. However, spite of Following is an outline of the programs: explanation, many Bermudians have far Another series of children's movies will more faith in their shark-liver oil than in April 7—Springtime in Holland be given on Thursday mornings in July the official weather forecasts. Also a cartoon and August. To call any sort of weather-sensitive device a barometer is a common practice. Strictly speaking, a barometer is an instru- Sea of this learned of SHARK-LIVER OIL USED Expedition Museum ment for recording changes in atmospheric IN 'BAROMETERS' an entirely unexpected use for the abundant pressure. Here in the United States there liver oil of the By LOREN p. woods nurse-shark (Ginglymosloma) have been produced instruments consisting curator of fishes in the bottle "barometer," the aid and guide of a thermometer alongside a sealed glass of all Bermuda sailors and fishermen. To tube filled with a mixture of alcohol and FACT that shark livers are rich in prepare a shark-liver-oil-"barometer," one water with a small amount of dissolved gum THEoil is known to fishermen wherever obtains the fresh liver usually of a nurse- camphor to which has been added some sharks are caught. The livers of certain shark or one of the other varieties of small ammonium chloride and potassium nitrate. kinds of sharks are larger and contain more sharks common in the waters about the The technical term for such an instrument is oil than others. Within the past ten years islands. The kind of shark apparently is "baroscope." With changes in temperature the oil from the liver of certain sharks living not so important as the condition of the the amount of precipitate changes regardless along the Pacific Coast of the United States liver, which must, according to all accounts, of whether or not the temperature change is and Mexico has been found to be especially be white or at least pale in appearance. accompanied by rain or storm. One of these rich in Vitamin D, and the shark fishery for To extract the oil the liver is either instruments was carefully observed during this purpose is of considerable importance. hung in a cloth and the oil allowed to the changeable weather of January and Among less generally known uses of shark- bag drip It out or the liver is boiled and the oil February, 1950. was found that with a liver oil is that employed by ornithologists squeezed out. small of the thus drop in temperature, regardless of other to concentrate a variety of oceanic birds A quantity liquid secured is then in a six to ten-ounce weather conditions, the amount of pre- into a relatively small area so that the birds placed bottle and a cipitate increases and the clear upper fluid may be collected. A shark liver is allowed corked, although screw-top becomes as did the shark- to macerate in a tub. The collector then bottle apparently works just as well. Direc- cloudy exactly tions some are that the bottle liver oil. In spite of belief and the use of puts out to sea, splashing a dipper full of given by words like "barometer" and oil and broken-down liver tissue into the must be hung in the sun, by others that the "baroscope," "barometer" will work as well no does not water every yard or so, thus forming a just atmospheric pressure evidently matter where it is have to do with the in slick or "petrel trail." After the oil is all placed. anything changes gone, he has but to return along his baited Liver oil that is extracted by either of the solution. Thus the conclusion arrived trail and shoot the birds that gather from the two methods described above contains at is that such instruments are interesting far and wide. a considerable amount of white flocculent from the standpoint of folklore but are The ichthyologists of the Bermuda Deep- precipitate in suspension. In a very short apparently useless as weather forecasters. April, 1951 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 5

BIRD APARTMENT HOUSES bank that is roofed with the same few LECTURES ON SATURDAYS of as a real By AUSTIN L. RAND square yards turf, apartment CONTINUE IN APRIL CURATOR OP BIRDS house of cliff dwellers. But the term has The Course of free lectures on been used in connection with a West Indian Spring NOW AND THEN, in our press, travel and science illustrated with natural- where a dozen were nest- blasts woodpecker, pairs EVERYappear against crowded living color motion will continue in a dead tree and "the trunk was pictures through conditions in our the ing single cities, especially on afternoons in the James a veritable house" April Saturday tenements where are apartment (Wetmore people crowded to- Simpson Theatre of the Museum. The and Lincoln, 1934). A similar situation gether. Often there is the implication that lectures at 2:30 p.m. exists in the naked-faced barbet of West begin this of is unnatural and ab- type thing Limited accommodations make it neces- Africa. This makes a hole in a normal. And when we look about us bird, too, yet sary to restrict these lectures to adults. dead tree for its nest, like a woodpecker, in the bird world we see that gregariousness Members of the Museum are entitled to and colonies of 30 to 50 birds may be is a common trait. We have only to re- reserved seats on For found in a dead while application. children, the flocks nesting single tree, member great of starlings and free motion will be on other dead trees pictures presented blackbirds in the autumn or the massed near-by, apparently equally the mornings of the same Saturdays by the suitable, are untenanted. Colonies of flights of water fowl. Not only in traveling Raymond Foundation. hundreds of nests of cliff swallows, the nests Following are the dates, subjects, and touching and overlapping, may be under lecturers: the eaves of a single barn or, as they used to be and some still are, on the sheltered April 7—Venezuela Venture side of a cliff. But as these birds had nothing A trip to the world's-highest waterfall to do with the of the making roof, perhaps Nicol Smith these, too, do not deserve to be rated as — apartment houses. April 14 Early American Indians In southern South America there is a 1950 archaeological work of the Museum monk parakeet that makes a real tenement. Paul S. Martin It nests colonially in tree tops, and the April 21—Ancient and Modern Mexico nests of sticks are placed so close together A biologist tours a popular vacation land that they merge and form a single mass, up J. Fuller to 9 feet across, in which each parakeet Harry has its own nest. Similar to this is the palm April 28—Through These Doors chat. This West Indian bird is small and A glimpse of this Museum's activities thrush-sized, dull in color, brownish with a John R. Millar streaked breast, and nothing remarkable to look at; but it carries amazingly large No tickets are necessary for admission sticks, a little thinner than a lead pencil to these lectures. A section of the and up to two feet or more long, to the Theatre is reserved for Members of the top of a palm tree and there makes its bulky Museum, each of whom is entitled to community nest. two reserved seats. Requests for these seats should be made in advance by BUILD NESTS CO-OPERATIVELY telephone (WAbash 2-9410) or in writ- Rudi J*fMMn These stick nests, which may be four feet ing, and seats will be held in the Mem- and more across, are conspicuous and regular ber's name until 2:25 o'clock on the and in feeding but also at nesting time birds features of the landscape in Hispaniola. The lecture day. may gather together, and some birds nest colony consists of four to eight pairs of in such close association that the terms birds, and each has its own apartment in "apartment house" or "tenement" are the bulky structure and its own passageway been still bigger, for part of it had broken really applicable. to the outside. But in the parts of the the branch on which it rested its weight and The martins' house on our lawn with community nests that hold the individual fallen to the ground. perhaps dozens of closely spaced rooms nests together and cover them, there are Sir Andrew Smith, the early ornithologist (some houses have as many as 200 rooms) is roughly defined passages running through of South Africa, has written that when these a case in point. The neat martin house of the interlacing twigs of the top of the nest birds start a colony they first make a roof boards is a man-made thing; but before the so that the birds can creep almost under of coarse grass. The group to which the white man came to this continent and before cover. Apparently some of the work is sociable weaver belongs gets its name from the Choctaw Indians hung up groups of carried on in common, for as many as half the remarkable ability some of them have hollow gourds for the martin colonies to a dozen birds may be working close together, of weaving their nesting materials. But the use, the martins nested in colonies. Even pulling and twisting twigs more firmly into sociable weaver neither plaits nor weaves in recent years certain colonies that we place (Wetmore and Swales, 1931). its roof. It puts the roof together in the might consider unprogressive have been The sociable weaver is the most advanced form of a well-made hay rick with a fairly reported as using such diverse nesting situa- apartment builder. It, like the palm chat, definite thatching arrangement so that the tions as among the boulders of a lake shore has little of distinction in its appearance, water runs off. This is a community effort. in Minnesota and the closely spaced wood- being mostly dull brownish with a black Under this roof each individual pair makes pecker holes that riddled a dead pine in face. But in its home country, on the its own separate nest. These apartment Florida. And probably it was always thus. savannas of Rhodesia in South East Africa, houses are used year after year, but last The martins like company at nesting. its huge community nests in the savanna year's chambers are not used, new ones trees may be seen from afar. The largest being made under the roof each year. And CUFF DWELLERS, TOO community nest Friedmann saw, when he so the apartment house grows bigger and Perhaps it would not be proper to con- was studying the bird there, was about 25 bigger until the weight of the mass may sider a colony of bank swallows, each with feet long, 15 feet wide, and 5 feet high and break the branches and cause a part or the a separate burrow in the same small cut contained about 96 nests. This might have whole to fall to the ground. Page 6 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN April, 1951 FISHES THAT TAKE ABODE WITHIN OTHER ANIMALS By ROBERT KANAZAWA damsel fishes of the genus Amphiprion, PORHER ASSISTANT, DIVISION OF FISHES family Pomacentridae, and the large brightly most in One of the interesting subjects colored sea anemones. Instead of occupying the 1 ealm of nature is the association of one a hole or cranny like the other members of creature with another in of varying degrees the family, these damsel fishes have a living dependence. All these relations fit into the house, a house so protected that no foe general heading of "symbiosis" (living to- dares attack them when they enter the gether). There is the association called flower-like portal of their strange abode. parasitism (derived from the Greek word This living home is within the tentacles of sea anemones of large EXTREME MUTUALISM the genera Stoichactes An association between the damsel and Discosoma. Anem- fish, Amphi- prion, and the sea anemone. Discosoma. Courtesy ones of this kind are of D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc.— from "The Ways of widely distributed in Fishes" by L. P. Schuiz and E. M. Stern, of the Indo-Pacific re- U. S. National Museum. gion. Their tentacles are equipped with have been found in a single sea anemone. hundreds of deadly The damsel fishes recognize the species of stinging organs that sea anemone normally utilized and disregard paralyze any organ- others. isms, including fishes, BRING FOOD TO HOST that come too close. How the damsel fishes Extensive series of experiments with these escape death or injury damsel fishes and sea anemones were carried from these myriad oiit at the Silliman Institute in the Philip- COMMEiNSAUSM stinging organs re- pines. For observation an anemone of the mains a damsel fishes, An association between a sucking fish, Echeneis, and a tiger shark. Part of mystery. type frequented by specimens the Bahamas group in Hall of Fishes (Hall O). Some authorities be- of Amphiprion of the right species, and other lieve that they must small fishes of similar sizes were placed in "para," meaning beside, plus "sitos," mean- be immune to the nettle-cell venom. an aquarium with shrimps and other tidbits. ing food), in which one creature lives on or All the species of Amphiprion inhabit sea A marked difference in the behavior of the in another organism from which it directly anemones and dwell with them in mutual damsel fishes and that of the other fishes gets nourishment; mutualism (from the Latin relation. At least six species are known to was observed. The latter seized a fragment word "mutuus," meaning exchange), in live in as many species of anemones. A of food and scurried away to some nook to which two different organisms live in associa- male and female damsel fish usually take eat it in safety. Upon devouring one tion, each gaining benefit from the other; up residence in a sea anemone. Both parents morsel they returned for more. On the other commensalism (derived from the Latin root care for the eggs usually laid near the base hand, the damsel fishes darted upon the "com-," together, plus "mensa," table), for cif their host. After hatching, the young food, seized a mouthful, and dropped it animals eating at the same table, usually damsel fishes rise to the surface and have a among the tentacles of the sea anemone. with a larger host; and inquilinism (derived period of planktonic life, after which they They returned for other bits, which in turn from the Latin word "inquilinus," meaning descend to the bottom in search of a home were quickly placed in storage. When the dweller in another place), in which one for themselves. When not enough homes food was exhausted, the damsel fishes en- creature lives in the abode of another with- are available, several fishes are found in a entered the charmed circle of stinging out benefit to the host or even within the single host. As many as seven damsel fishes, tentacles and feasted at their leisure. Thus, body of a host without injury to it. These ranging in length from 10 mm. to 100 mm. the sea anemone and damsel fishes were different types of associations are found both abundantly fed. among the fishes, both with each other and The shrimps and other small fishes with other animals. wandering too close to the tentacles were A parasitic association exists in the case promptly killed, but when a damsel fish of the small South American catfish Stego- darted among the tentacles they curled phiUis inaidiosiis, which is known to live in away from the dauntless tenant. Damsel the gill cavity of its large relative, the loango, fishes are feeble swimmers, never venturing Pseudoplatystoma coruscans. At first the more than a short distance from their home small catfishes were mistaken for the young and fleeing to the safety and seclusion of of the loango, which it was thought were the tentacles when alarmed. Sometimes being carried in its mouth; later they were the damsel fishes bite off a mouthful of interpreted as mess-mates living on small tentacles or feed upon the mucus or buds organisms drawn into the mouth of the large of the tentacles. Dutch investigators at fish. Later discovery attests that the cat- Batavia, Java, found that the damsel fishes fish is a true parasite, living among the gills help the sea anemones by carrying away of its host and feeding on its lifeblood. rejected food and waste matters, by circulat- Other species of the same family are now ing water, and by rubbing over ailing parts known to have similar habits. of the anemone. MUTUALISM Another curious association of mutualism AT HOME IN TENTACLES An association between the man-o*-war fish, is found between the Portuguese man-o'-war, Nomeus, and the Portuguese man-o*'war fish, An association of mutualism is found a of the Physalia. Courtesy American Museum of Natural floating jelly-fish genus Physalia, between several species of brilliantly colored History in New York City, and the beautiful man-o'-war fish of the Avril, 1951 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 7

genus Nrnneus. The man-o'-war fish, a few thuria, a relative of the starfish and the sea inches long, seeks shelter among the deadly urchin. The pearlfish spends most of its Books tentacles of the Physalia, which, like the time in the cloaca and the alimentary canal sea anemone, possesses hundreds of deadly of the sea cucumber, sometimes entering the stinging organs, called nematocysts, by loop of the intestinal canal and occasionally (All books renewed in the Bulletin are means of which it paralyzes its victims. the respiratory tree. By wiggling its body, available in The Book Shop of the Museum. These beautiful fishes are similar in color the pearlfish enters its host either head or Mail orders accompanied by remittance in- to the jelly-fish, with cross bars of purplish tail first. Sea cucumbers living in deeper cluding an allowance for postage are promptly color. The man-o'-war fish is thought to waters may contain as many as seven pearl- filled.) possess some immunity to the poisonous fishes. Often the same fish seeks shelter organs, and in return for this protection within the mantle cavity of the pearl oyster, THE FRESH-WATER ALGAE OF THE probably liires other fishes to destruction. an association that sometimes proves fatal UNITED STATES. Second Edition. By to the pearlfish, for it occasionally becomes Gilbert M. Smith. McGraw-Hill, New ADHESIVE HITCHHIKERS imprisoned by the oyster and its body sealed York, 1950. viii-|-720 pages, 559 text The relation of commensalism is found up in layers of mother-of-pearl. Pearlfishes figures. Price $10. between the remoras or sucking fishes, of are also found to seek shelter within large the family Echeneidae, and the sharks. specimens of sea urchins and starfishes. Perhaps nothing has given greater impetus The sucking fishes are remarkable for the This association seems to be a one-sided to the study of fresh-water algae of this possession of an oval adhesive disc placed affair; the pearlfish receives shelter from the country than the original issue of this book on the broad flat upper surface of the head. sea cucumber and apparently gives no benefit in 1933. Now an enlarged and considerably With these discs the sucking fishes attach in return. revised edition has appeared. Some general themselves to the bodies of sharks, mantas, information has been added to the three barracudas, swordfishes, whales, turtles, or APRIL LECTURE introductory chapters. Many more genera even to bottoms of ships. In this way they TOURS, have been introduced as the author has are not only protected from their enemies DAILY EXCEPT SUNDAY considered the published reports of them to but also are to new be reliable. The difference transported feeding Tours of exhibits, under the guidance of conspicuous Once a shoal of fishes between the two as out in grounds. among they staff lecturers, are conducted every after- editions, pointed soon detach themselves and swim the is the omission here of actively noon at 2 o'clock, except Sundays and cer- preface, descrip- about in of a fresh tions of in the smaller This pursuit prey, seeking tain holidays. On Mondays, Tuesdays, species genera. when their have been be in the interest of but anchorage appetites Thursdays, and Saturdays, general tours are may saving space, satisfied. When the host is on some it seems to me that the result is the omission feeding given covering all departments. Special other the fishes obtain of a deal of information about the animal, sucking may subjects are offered on Wednesdays and great some of the in the water. that is henceforth available to the fragments floating Fridays. A schedule of these follows: algae The young of these flshes are known to take student only when he consults the first Wed., April 4—Nature Magic: Disappear- refuge frequently in the mouth and gill edition. With only the genera treated in ing Acts and Deceptive Devices (Harriet chamber of their host. It seems the sharks detail, the new edition will be found useful Smith). pay little or no attention to the young hitch- primarily as a textbook for the classroom, hikers and so far no remains of sucking fishes Fri., April 6—The Story of the Dunes. containing a larger quantity of information have been found in their stomachs. Remoras Illustrated introduction in Meeting Room than is to be found in the same author's are shown in their regular association with (Marie Swboda). Cryptogamic Botany, Volume I (1938). sharks in the underwater Museum's Bahama Wed., April 11—Animals in Art (Jane The various groups of algae are here group (Hall O). Sharpe). treated as divisions of the plant kingdom An association of inquilinism is found rather than as as were in the Fri., April 13—Gilding the Lily: Make-up classes, they between the hake relative young squirrel (a and Related Ornamentation by Primitive first edition. The key to genera has been of the cod about 2 to fish), Urophycis chuss, Peoples. Illustrated introduction in Meet- enlarged, and many references have been 6 inches in and the length, giant scallop, ing Room (Harriet Smith). added to the bibliography. The illustra- Pecten magellanicus. The young squirrel tions are excellent. Wed., April 18—Killers: Animal, Vegetable, hake seeks shelter within the shell of the and Mineral (Anne Stromquisl). The text is well printed except for a scallop. The sea snail, Liparis lineatim, a number of the 20— and Sounds of pages (in copy made available tadpole-like fish with a sucking disc, takes Fri., April Sights Spring: Flowers, Birds, Frogs, etc. Illustrated to me by the publishers) in the Division refuge in the shell of the large scallop, introduction in Room (Miriam Certain errors in Pecten tenuicostatus. In the West Indies a Meeting Chlorophyta. spelling Wood). (like Chlorotylium cataractum instead of little cardinal fish, Astrapogon stellatus, has C. cataractarum) have been carried over a curious association with a large sea snail, Wed., April 25—Natural History Facts and Fallacies from the first edition; others Phor- a conch, Strombtis gigas. The cardinal fish (Lorain Farmer). (like seeks shelter and in the mantle phyrosiphon instead of Porphyrosiphon) are safety cavity Fri., April 27—Animal Pets of Other here first introduced. Dr. has of its large host. These fishes are generally Countries. Illustrated introduction in Smith in- found with their snail hosts in waters from Meeting Room (June Buchwald). cluded many generic names published since two to five meters in depth. Another ex- 1935 without benefit of Latin descriptions. ample is a goby, a little fish whose pelvic Since these names are illegitimate according Official Visitor from Japan fins are modified into a funnel-shaped disc, to the international rules of nomenclature, of the that often lives within the shells of oysters, Hiroto Honda, secretary general it seems to me unfair that the unsuspecting other bivalves, conches, and sponges. These Science Council of Japan and Japan Acad- beginning student should be initiated into of Anthro- associations show a one-sided benefit with emy, visited the Department a new field of science in terminology in March. Mr. Honda was sent to no apparent benefit to the host. pology condemned by the International Botanical the of all relations is this country to make a study of various Among strangest Congresses. that found between the pearlfishes, Carapus, scientific institutions in the United States Francis Drouet a small eel-shaped fish a few inches in length, and to find out how much integration there and the sea cucumbers of the genus Hoh- is between the sciences and daily life. Curator of Cryptogamic Botany Page 8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Apra, 1951

OZARK WITCH HAZEL— marine invertebrates. Gulf of Mexico; Dr. J. A. Sandakan, North Borneo—12 (Continued from page S) Tubb, f IFIY YKARS AGO bats, Sandakan, North Borneo; Irwin L. Rhodoleia are America. Bucklandia and Young, Chicago—2 adult male gorilla Ai UIK MUSKUM interesting Asiatic members of the family. skeletons, Cameroon.

AN OLD FAMILY Library: Compiled by MARGARET J. BAUER From: Dr. Fay-Cooper Cole, Santa The witch hazel family, as a whole, must From the Annual Report of the Director Barbara, Calif.; Eugene S. Richardson, Jr., be very old. Fossil remains referable to for the year 1901: Winnetka, 111.; L. C. Stuart, Ann Arbor, this family date back millions of years to "Mr. Surber, the regular collector in the Mich.; Rupert L. Wenzel, Oak Park, 111. the late Cretaceous. We should, therefore, Department of Zoology, resigned in the look with great appreciation upon these early spring and Mr. Edmund Heller was interesting plants that are so welcome in STANLEY FIELD HALL engaged to succeed him. He is now at work earliest spring as well as late fall. Whether on the Pacific coast, where he has been Every visitor entering this museum by we agree with the weather man or not, spring unusually successful, having in a short either the north or south entrance finds was already heralded some time ago by the space of time added a number of species himself immediately in Stanley Field Hall, appearance of the Ozark witch hazel and not represented in the collections. The named in honor of Stanley Field, who has its companions, the snowdrop, crocus, and visit of Mr. Meek, accompanied by a been the institution's President and one skunk cabbage. Later on, the other early volunteer assistant, to southern Mexico for of its foremost Benefactors for more than bloomers, such as the pussy willow, snow the purpose of collecting mammals, fishes, forty years. It occupies the great central trillium, and hepatica, will follow. reptiles and insects, was highly important. nave, extending some 300 feet or practically The collection of fishes obtained was the length of the building and reaching naturally the largest and most important GIFTS TO THE MUSEUM seventy-five feet to the sky-lighted roof. from a scientific standpoint, as it will With its tall Ionic pillars and the series of Following is a list of the principal gifts furnish more material to work out the arches overlooking it from the galleries on received during the past month: geographical range of the North American the second floor, it carries out to the full the forms which are foimd in southern Mexico, Department of Anthropology : beauty of the classic Greek architecture and the limit of South American fishes From: Kitty Faust, Evanston, 111.—a piece that marks the building's exterior. At each which are found in Central America and of tapa, Polynesia. end, across the hall, is a larger archway. which go north into southern Mexico, that The arch at the north is flanked by heroic size Department of Botany: has been collected in that country." Southern sculptures representing "Natural Science" From: Department of Botany, [Mr. Meek's Mexican collections turned Methodist Dallas, Tex.—29 and "Dissemination of Knowledge," while University, out to be of great scientific importance.] Texas; of Botany, Uni- at the south are figures emblematic of algae, Department * * versity of Wisconsin, Madison—19 Amar- "Research" and "Record." These four F. Floss- anthus, Bolivia; Archie Wilson, statues are the work of an eminent sculptor, A femtir and humerus of a dinosaur, the 111.—10 Korea; Dr. moor, phanerogams, Henry Hering. largest ever discovered (to 1901), were G. S. Winterringer, Illinois State Museum, This hall contains representative exhibits placed on exhibit. The femur pictured Springfield— 125 phanerogams, Illinois. from each of the four scientific Departments below was 6 feet 8 inches high and weighed Department of Geology : of the Museum (Anthropology, Botany, From: Hans E. Chlupac, Vienna, Austria Geology, and Zoology), the aim being to — Missis- 51 gastropod specimens, Austria; give an introductory view of the sciences —an ammonite sippi Geological Survey speci- that come within the institution's scope. okatus, Mississippi; men, Sphenodiscus Some of these exhibits are permanent; others Robert T. Thompson, Cave Creek, Ariz.— are changed from time to time to show new a specimen of specular hematite, Arizona. acquisitions or the results of expeditions. Department of Zoology: — Occasionally a special exhibit is arranged to PYom: Walter Auffenberg, DeLand, Fla. present material related to some timely event a snake, Florida; Dr. Roger W. Barbour, such as the observance of Conservation —26 salamanders, Harlan Lexington, Ky. Week or the centennial of some great man Dorothy E. Beetle, County, Kentucky; of science. Laramie, Wyo.—a collection of non-marine shells, Wyoming and Colorado; Graham —7 Bumside, Laramie, Wyo. mammals, Technical Publications Issued Wyoming; Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield, 111.—a European badger (cap- The following technical publications were tive) and 2 mammals, Peru; Hermano issued recently by Chicago Natural History Daniel, Medellln, Colombia—35 frogs, 4 Museum: lizards, 13 snakes, Colombia; Leo F. Focha, Sebast«pol, Calif.—a collection of marine Fieldiana: Zoology, Vol. 31, No. 42. Am- the shells, California; Harry Hoogstraal, Cairo, phibians and Reptiles of Hopkins- to Karl Egypt—a bird skin, 5 fishes, 344 mammals, Branner Expedition Brazil. By P. 54 lizards, and 91 snakes, Egypt; Leslie Schmidt and Robert F. Inger. February Hubricht, Danville, Va.—a collection of 23, 1951. 28 pages. $0.40. H. W. Menkc with femur of Brachiosaurus. Mr. land and fresh-water shells, various localities; Fieldiana: Zoology, Vol. 31, No. 43. A New Mcnke. a and who acconi' Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago—a cassowary preparator photographer Lizard of the Gentts Varanus from New panted palcontological expeditions, retired frotn (zoo bird); Joe Opat, Hinsdale, 111.—a Guinea. By Robert Mertens. February the Museum stafi in 1904. domesticated chinchilla; Lawrence O'Toole, 23, 1951. 6 pages. $0.40. Evergreen Park, 111.—a chinchilla (captive); 675uiw This then referred J. D. Romer, Kew, Surrey, England—9 Fieldiana: Zoology, Vol. 31, 44. Two New pounds. specimen, to the was later made frogs. Hong Kong; Dr. Glen C. Sanderson, Mammals from Southern Peru. By Colin genus Camarosaurus, Marion, Iowa—a turtle, Iowa; Steward Campbell Sanborn. February 23, 1951. the type of Braehiosaurus altithorax by Springer, Pascagoula, Miss.—a collection of 6 pages. $0.40. E. S. Riggs.

PRINTED BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS ULLETIN VoL22,No.5 -May 1951 Chicago Natural History Museum Paget CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN May, 1951

Chicago Natural History Museum Dr. Detlev W. Bronk, President, and the -THIS MONTH'S COVER- Founded bt Marsbmj. Field, 1893 Trustees of Johns Hopkins University. The scene on our cover shows RoowTcIt Road mnd Lake Shore DrlTe, Chicafo 5 Dr. Theodor Just, Chief Curator of the women of an indian in the Telkphonb: WAbash 2-9410 Department of Botany, was instrumental in village about .\.D. 1750 creating the liaison between the Museum Chicago region OF TRUSTEES corn that has been THE BOARD and the Johns Hopkins authorities. husking Lester Abmour Stanley Field brought from the fields at harvest Sbwbll L. Avery Samuel Insull, Jr. time. Wm. McCormick Blair Henry P. Ishaji As they do their work, they Leopold E. Block Hughston M. McBain GUGGENHEIM FELLOWSHIP joke and gossip in housewifely Walter J. Cummings William H. Mitchell Albert B. Dick, Jr. Clarence B. Randall AWARDED TO CURATOR fashion. The picture represents W. Fbnton George A. Richardson Howard of one of the dio- Joseph N. Field Solomon A. Smith part miniature Curator of Fossil Mam- Marshall Field Albert H. Wbttbn Bryan Patterson, ramas in the new Hall of Wood- Marshall Field. Jr. John P. Wilson has been awarded a John Simon mals, land and Prairie Indians (Mary D. Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellow- OFFICERS Sturges Hall— Hall 5). The new Stanley Field Pmidenl ship for 1951-52. During his tenure of the Marshall Field Pint Viet-Pmiitta hall is described on page 3 in an fellowship. Curator Patterson will carry out Albert B. Dick. Jr. Seeimd Viet-Praidenl article by George I. Quimby, Samuel Insull, Jr. Third Viet-Prttidtnt studies on South American Tertiary verte- Solomon A. Smith Tnannr Curator of Exhibits in the Depart- Dindor and brates. The Marshall Reld CiirronD C. Gregg Seeretam Paleontological of John R. Millar Atmttanl Sterttarg ment Anthropology. Expeditions to Argentina and Bolivia during 1922-27 under the leadership of Elmer S. THE BULLETIN Riggs, former Curator of Paleontology at the EDITOR Museum, brought together magnificent Elaine Bluhm, Assistant in Archaeology, Clifford C. Gregg Director of the Museum collections of fossil vertebrates. Curator also took part in the discussions. Patterson has worked on this material for CONTRIBUTING EDITORS a number of years, and the fellowship Paul S, Martin Chief Curator of Anthropolon Japanese Officials Visit Museum Theodor Just Chief Curator of Botanji award should enable him to bring his studies Sharat K. Rot Chief Curator of Geotogt to a conclusion. Karl P. Schmidt Chief Curator of Zoolon satisfactory Three Japanese officials touring the United Former Guggenheim fellows on the Mu- States to learn American methods of exhibit- MANAGING EDITOR seum staff are Karl P. Schmidt, Chief ing and preserving historical materials re- H. B. Hartb PutMe Retatioiu Coutuel Curator of Zoology, Colin C. Sanborn, cently visited Chicago Natural History Mu- Curator of Mammals, and Dr. Hugh C. seum to observe techniques employed here. Members are requested to Inform the Museum Curator of Economic Dr. were Dr. Jiro liaison promptly of changes of address. Cutler, Botany. They Harada, ofliicial. Jos6 Cuatrecasas, former Curator of Co- National Museum, Tokyo; Kinji Fujikawa, lombian Botany, is now working at the Chief, Administrative Department, Com- JOHNS HOPKINS HERBARIUM Museum under the provisions of a Guggen- mission for the Protection of Cultural RECEIVED AS GIFT heim fellowship. Properties, Education Ministry, Tokyo; and Jiro Arimitsu, member. Commission for the received as a The Museum recently gift Protection of Cultural Properties, Educa- the valuable and historically interesting STAFF NOTES tion Ministry, Tokyo. Dr. Paul S. Martin, herbarium of Johns Hopkins University, Chief Curator of Anthropology, and his Baltimore, Maryland. This herbarium con- associates were consulted by the members of sists of nearly 10,000 specimens, some 2,600 Bryan Patterson, Curator of Fossil this party. of which represent cryptogams (mostly algae Mammals, and Orville L. Gilpin, Chief and mosses), the others being ferns and Preparator of Fossils, are afield on a paleon- New Members flowering plants. Notable collections in- tological expedition to explore the early The following persons became Museum cluded among cryptogams are the Johnson Cretaceous Trinity Sands of north-central Members between March 16 and April 16: collection of algae, largely from the Atlantic Texas in continuation of the successful Coast of North America, North American search begun last year for a fossil micro- .Associate Members mosses of the collection of the Reverend fauna .... Dr. Julian A. Steyermark, Walter C. Alward, Jr., Miss Frances Jeannette Carter. S. M. Newman, and mosses collected in Curator of the Herbarium, recently con- Italy and other European countries by Carlo ducted a botanical field trip in Missouri. Annual Members

Fitzgerald. . . . Donald Collier, Curator of South Carleton B. Adams, Dr. Cornelius M. The collections of flowering plants and American Ethnology and Archaeology, was Annan, Mrs. Arthur M. Blair, Felix P. William S. Mrs. Kenneth L. ferns include those of W. Schimper from a recent speaker before the Chicago chapter Bum, Church, Clark, William S. Deree, James Fentress, Jr., Europe and Jamaica, those of F. Ahlberg of the Archaeological Institute of America. A. J. Frystak, Truman K. Gibson, Jr., and J. E. Zetterstedt from Scandina\-ia, His topic was "Maya Civilization.". . . Dr. George D. Hardin, Mrs. Paul W. Hayes, those of E. Stahl and Lerch from Europe, Alexander Spoehr, Curator of Oceanic William E. Hayes, John W. Heddens, Dr. those of McKenzie from the South Sea has been awarded a National Ethnology, Donald J. Heffner, E. N. Hope, Nye Islands, those of the late Professor D. S. Research Council grant to complete docu- Johnson, Dr. Leonard F. Kowalski, LeRoy Johnson from Jamaica, and many others, mentary research in connection with the Krabill, Dr. Harold Laufman, Irving G. especially specimens from Maryland and Museum's Micronesian Anthropological Ex- Lederer, Mrs. Josiah O. Low^, Mrs. Hugh other parts of the United States. As many pedition that he conducted in 1949-50 .... McCulloch, B. F. McNamara, Harrj' M. Paul M. Mrs. Edwin W. of these specimens were collected nearly The State Department has awarded George Nacey, Nahmens, Nelson, Mrs. E. N. Ridley, Joseph H. 100 years ago, they represent valuable and I. Ouimby, Curator of Exhibits in Anthro- Schwartz, Leo J. Schwartz, John J. Stahl. welcome records and additions to the Mu- pology, a F^lbright grant to accept an seum's herbaria. The transfer of this invitation to be visiting lecturer at the herbarium as a gift was arranged by Pro- University of Oslo, Norway, in 1952. Patrick Henry anticipated modem soil fessor B. H. Willier, Chairman of the Curator Quimby participated in a conference conservation thinking and practice when he Department of Biology, and his associate. on Hopewell pottery at the Illinois State said: "He is the greatest patriot who stops Dr. Carl P. Swanson, with the approval of Museum, Springfield, April 13-14. Miss the most gullies." May, 1951 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Pages NEW HALL TELLS STORY OF WOODLAND AND PRAIRIE INDIANS By GEORGE I. QUIMBY The Indians of the Northern Woodlands of the Southern Woodlands was character- CURATOR OF EXHIBITS, ANTHROPOUXiY were the Cree, Algonkin, northern Chippewa, ized by large villages, an agricultural of the Woodlands CULTURE Montagnais-Naskapi, Micmac, and Abnaki. economy, and a somewhat elaborate social and Prairies is illustrated 59 new INDIAN by These Indians made their living by hunting, org^anization that emphasized class systems. exhibits created the staflF of the Mu- by fishing, and the gathering of wild foods. The exhibits in this section illustrate cloth- seum's of Department Anthropology. They The exhibits in this section show the area ing, art, tools, weapons, and utensils of are housed in D. Hall Mary Sturges (Hall 5) occupied by these Indians, their dwellings, various southern tribes. on the main floor. The hall is divided evenly household goods, clothing, mode of subsist- between Woodland and Prairie Indians. INDIANS OF PRAIRIES ence, tools, weajwns, and utensils, social THE The half of the new hall Indians forms of showing organization, marriage, family, The half of the new hall showing Indians of the contains the and Woodlands following kinship, inheritance, and religion. of the Prairies contains the following sec- tions: Indians of the Eastern Prairies, In- dians of the Western Prairies, and Indians of the Southern Prairies. The Indians of the Eastern Prairies were the Iowa and the Eastern Dakota. They were farmers and hunters. Part of each year they were sedentary farmers dwelling in villages of bark-covered houses. The •t.a»T>« rMw«*«v* m j*m 9*mmmLMrT rtm» Mu.*a« tm Tvnw rest of the year, particularly in midsummer, they were nomadic hunters of buffalo. Ex- hibits illustrating the culture of the Indians \ A of the Eastern Prairies show their dwellings, mode of livelihood, clothing, and art. The Indians of the Western Prairies were ^L' the Pawnee, the Omaha, the Ponca, the Oto, I the Mandan, the Hidatsa, and the Arikara. The exhibits show the distribution of these ^.- ,9. ^ tribes, the physical appearance of some of the Indians as portrayed by George Catlin in 1832, the houses and households, house- hold FARMING AND HUNTING goods, farming implements, hunting weapons, tools and utensils, clothing, art, DAKOTA IHDIAHS OF THE EASTEBH PRAIRIES games, warfare, and religious practices. One in this section illustrates the Pawnee FARMER-NOMADS exhibit ideas of heaven, another shows the sacred Exhibit contrasting the two phases of the economic liie of Eastern Prairie Indians. The Eastern Dakotas are medicine bundles and other religious para- part-time farmers living a sedentary life in permanent villages. They are also part-time nomadic hunters living in tents. sections: Indians of the Northern Wood- The Iroquois tribes—Seneca, Oneida, lands, Indians of the Southern Woodlands, Cayuga, Onondaga, and Mohawk—are used Indians of the Eastern Woodlands, and in the new hall to illustrate the culture type Indians of the Chicago Region of the Central of the Eastern Woodlands. These Indians Woodlands. lived primarily by farming, but they supple- mented their agricultural products by hunt- CHICAGO AREA FEATURED ing and gathering. Their houses, made of The Indians of the Chicago region were a framework of poles covered with bark, the Illinois, Miami, Potawatomi, Kickapoo, were very large and contained apartments Sauk and Fox, Ottawa, Winnebago, Me- for a number of families, the women of nomini, and southern Chippewa. Not all which were close relatives. The Iroquois of these tribes occupied the area simul- tribes were joined in a confederacy called taneously, but all of them drifted into or the League of the Iroquois. This con- out of the Chicago region in the period federacy established rules and regulations after a.d. 1600. for handling strife among the Iroquois tribes The exhibits in this section of the hall and thus prevented warfare between them. show the distribution of tribes in the The exhibits dealing with the Iroquois Chicago region; the appearance of some of show their houses, households, hou.sehold the Indians as portrayed by George Catlin goods, art, and religious paraphernalia. Of CEREMONIAL CLOTHING in the social of families, interest is a of carved 1832; organization particular display Exhibit from Pawnee Indians ofthe Western Prairies. clans, bands, and tribes; types of clothing wooden masks worn by members of the worn by men and women; types of dwellings; False Face Society, a religious group devoted and others illustrate sacred rituals vegetable foods obtained by farming and to healing the sick. phernalia, and sacrifices. gathering; preparation of food; and hunting, Among the many tribes of the Southern The Indians of the Southern Prairies were methods of transportation, games, art, Woodlands were such groups as the Creek, the and Wichita. household goods and furnishings, warfare, Caddo, Cherokee, Catawba, Choctaw, Semi- Kansa, Missouri, Osage, and religious activities. nole, and Chitamacha. The culture type (Coniinued on page 5, column 1) Page i CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN May, 1951

COLONIES OF ILLINOIS BATS INVADED BY BUSINESS consist of mites, fleas, and bat "bedbugs." BY COLIN CAMPBELL SANBORN These latter live in the cracks in the walls numbers of these which were offered CUBATOB OP MAHHALS bats, of roosting places and come out when to various institutions and biological supply hungry to have a meal of blood from the From the war clouds on the horizon there houses in the city, including Chicago Natural nearest bat. comes to our ears the thunderous threat History Museum. Our indoctrination and introduction to of various types of alphabet bombs. Far- the Museum has an Although adequate the mine was given us by Roy Phlak, the in for sighted businessmen, making plans representation of the local bats, the staff of architect for the company, who showed us this are about the Division of Mammals is in- eventuality, quietly looking always plans of the mine workings and then guided tis to and through the mine. He left us then to our own bat-hunting methods, with a promise to bring a search party if we did not return to La Salle by a certain fixed hour.

The mine, dug into the side of a hill, was comprised of an upper and a lower level. In the upper level the ceiling was low. There were many entrances admitting more light and cold air than desirable in bats' winter bedrooms and so this level was uninhabited.

HANG IN CLUSTERS

The lower level was roughly one large room about 500 feet square, with many halls and their connecting passageways leading away from the one open entrance. It was warm, about 50 degrees, dark, fairly dry, and apparently most acceptable to the bats. We found them in clusters of from two to fifty hanging from ledges on the ceiling or against the walls. Others were solitary, seemingly not needing the companionship or the heat of their kind. Many old drill holes, made for blasting when the mine was in operation, were also occupied by the bats. In some they hung from the top of the hole and in others they lay piled one on top of another helter- skelter, as though, when tired of hanging, had fallen in a In it was WINTERING BATS IN ABANDONED ILLINOIS MINE they heap. all, roughly estimated that there were about In an old limestone mine near the town of La Salle about 5,000 bats were found hibernating. Owners i .f the 5,000 bats in the mine. mine plan to use it as a vault for vital papers in case of atomic war. A careful examination of these clusters and solitary individuals showed that there for underground storage rooms where rec- terested in examining colonies of bats and were four sjjecies of bats in the colony. ords and files can be safely stored outside in identifying the species as a matter of The big brown bat (Eptesicus fuseus), the area of strategic targets. record. Melvin Kahn, president of the represented by not more than a dozen American Record and De- company, generously granted permission to The Storage individuals, hung rather low on the walls, visit the mine and arranged to have its pository Company of Chicago selected an not more than three feet from the floor. old limestone mine near La agent in La Salle act as guide. Salle, Illinois, The pipistrelle {Pipistrellus s^tbflaeus) was for the development of a bomb-proof storage So it happened that on the morning of found in small numbers in one hall well shelter. This old mine, unworked for fifty March 19, with the thermometer at 18 back from the entrance. Its reddish color still flurries of in this years, was used to hide a during the degrees and snow the air, and small size at once identified it. The as "Dry Era" and was tried imsuccessfully Curator, accompanied by Rupert L. Wenzel, majority of the bats were the little brown a but otherwise it had Curator of drove south to examine mushroom garden, Insects, bat (Myotis lucifugus), and they occupied not been of financial value. the bat In of the cold the colony. spite sp>ots on the ceiling and the walls in all parts first hardy bird migrants were making of the cave. The moisture on them, reflected THOUSANDS OF BATS valiant efforts to and snatches of sing, in the rays of our electric lanterns, gave from and red- The company was surprised to find the song robins, song sparrows, them a varicolored appearance so that blackbirds reached us now mine inhabited, however, by some thousands winged faintly some looked white and others almost black. and then on the wind. of bats quietly roosting on the walls and frigid Brought into daylight, however, with the ceiling until spring arrived to arouse them drops of water shaken off, they were all PARASITES STUDIED) from their frigid sleep and to send them the same color. forth to other caves or abandoned mines The interest of Curator Wenzel lay not Among the little brown bats were some where the phenomenon of producing and in the bats themselves so much as in the that seemed to have much larger and broader raising more bats would take place. Un- parasites that live on, and only on, the bats ears and were more yellowish on the under- fortimately, development and construction and that do not transfer themselves to parts than the others. These proved to be work necessitated the removal of some human beings. In this northern area these Trouessart's long-eared bat (Myotis keenii May, 1951 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 5

septentrionalis), whose range includes almost serviced without opening the case. Hang- all of the eastern half of the United States. ing wall-cases along one side of the hall are IWWYEMtS AGO We were very glad to find it because 4 feet high, 6 feet long, and one foot wide. M WW. MUSKUM there are only three previous records of Other cases of varied sizes contain miniature its occurrence in Illinois. It was present dioramas. MARGARET BAUER in small numbers, scattered here and there The story of the Indians of the Woodlands CompUtd by J. the mine. and Prairies is told in terms of throughout dioramas, Working of the dinosaur quarries in Colo- and of selected We brought home twenty bats represent- idea-exhibits, arrangement rado, which were discovered and partially in ing the four species and these Curator specimens carefully planned categories. exploited in 1900, was continued during In the idea-exhibits a Wenzel examined microscopically for para- general, provide several months of the summer of 1901 by social context for exhibits of sites. He found on the little brown bat specimens by a party under the direction of Assistant and the dioramas illustrate ideas three specimens of a flea (Modopsylla in- category, Curator Elmer S. Riggs. The work involved and activities that would be signis) hitherto poorly represented in the extremely considerable blasting, tunneling, and the difficult or to Museum collection and two or three species impossible convey by speci- construction of a temporary ferry. alone. Various tones of have of mites. No "bedbugs" were found in the mens green been used as colors for the cave and none on the bats, but this was not background exhibits of the Indians of the Woodlands surprising as they are not very active during cold weather. and shades of yellow for the Indians of the Prairies. Throughout the hall there has This colony of bats is the largest known been an effort to avoid overcrowding within close to Chicago. The mine did not appear the cases. to be used as a breeding place during the summer, but it is possible a few bats might MAPS AID VISITORS be found in it then. How long the bats Labels are brief and composed of cut-out have used the mine cannot be estimated. letters, except for a general label that is It is to be hoped that all their retreats will printed and framed. With each general not be taken from them because bats are label there is an accompanying map showing important in the destruction of noxious location or distribution of the Indians repre- insects. sented. The effects of the policy of Moscow reach Clothing is displayed on manikins of even into the underground roosting places papier-mache. These manikins are feature- of bats! less and stylized so that attention is focused on the clothing. The old-style manikins NEW INDIAN HALL— were poor substitutes for reality and fre- quently drew attention to such a degree {Continued from page S) that the observer did not notice the clothing, These Indians, who made their living by which, after all, was the point of the exhibit. farming and by hunting the buffalo, lived The exhibits in the new hall were planned in houses made of poles that were covered by the curatorial staff of the Department of with reed mats or grass thatching. The Anthropology and executed by Artist Gustaf exhibits in this section show their house Dalstrom. The installations were under- types, household goods, tools and utensils, taken by Preparator Walter C. Reese. clothing, art, and warfare. Dioramist Alfred Lee Rowell is responsible Two general exhibits are displayed in the for the dioramas, and Ceramic Restorer John Pletinckx the manikins. new hall. One shows the Asiatic origin of made the Indians, their spread in America, and the various culture areas that had been WORK OF ART STUDENTS established the time of The by discovery. IN other deals with the modification of Indian SPECIAL EXHIBIT culture brought about by contact with the Drawings of mammals, birds, and other culture of the White men. subjects displayed in this Museum form a special exhibit by students in the Junior DISPLAYED IN MODERN MANNER School of the Art Institute of Chicago that The new hall is well lighted and the will be held in Stanley Field Hall from May 1 newest exhibition techniques have been em- to 31, inclusive. The students represented ployed. Each exhibition case has individual are those whose classes meet periodically in illumination so that the complete contents this Museum for special work on nature in are easily seen, and every effort has been art and design. Two members of the made to add to the attractiveness of the Natural History Museum staff, Gustaf exhibits. The upright floor cases have been Dalstrom, Artist in the Department of painted a neutral gray color and are placed Anthropology, and Douglas E. Tibbitts, back to back in order to make a compound Staff Illustrator, made the selections for the case 4 feet wide, 12 feet long, and 7 feet exhibit. Mrs. C. S. Hewlett, Head of the high. Each half of such a compound case Junior School, co-operated in judging the provides an exhibition space about 12 feet work. The exhibit includes productions long, 7 feet high, and 2 feet wide. For both of the classes for students from 10 to protection against damage by moths and 17 years of age and of the general drawing other insects, each floor-case is equipped classes for first-year students from 18 to with a built-in fumigating tank that can be 40 years of age. Page 6 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN May, 1951

BIRDS OF A GARDEN Purple-flowered Bougainvillea drapes pines pleasing medley that fills the garden. They IN SAN SALVADOR and hedges. Against this vivid tropical are typical wrens in behavior, hopping color, constant watering has kept a green about with tail cocked up, but they are By AUSTIN L. RAND* and beds of roses and zinnias for than an CURATOR OF BIRDe lawn, struggle large wrens, larger English valiantly but wanly under these alien skies. sparrow, and as such less fussily nervous son and I live in a My Stanley guest and jumpy than many of their smaller house called Villa It is No. zoo LIONS ROAR Margarita. 3, relatives. Colonia America, above the city of San Beyond our hedges we see a corner of a The not unlike our Salvador and across the from the great-tailed grackles, city native and mud hut, mango paw-paw trees, bronze grackle but with much longer tails, Tropical Institute where we spend our days and a lonely coconut palm that raises its are the noisiest if not the most musical of studying birds. The altitude, about 2,300 head against the sky. Across the road the our garden birds. The male, all black with feet, is to ameliorate the great enough roof of the fort it is shows; below the house a contrasting white eye, displays with if not the and the midday heat, brightness, of the of El the national president Salvador, fluffed-up feathers and a squealing whistle mornings are pleasantly chilly. museum, and the zoological garden, from or a chirping chuckle; the female, more we sleep under blankets and are at Though which last, night, we hear the roar of brownish in color, answers with a chatter glad to pull them up under our chins, one lions. across the Beyond, city, rises the and a flickering of wings. And at all hours bulk of the of impressive Volcano San of the day their whistles, squeals, chirps, Salvador, usually blue-gray now in the heat and chatterings burst out. haze of the dry season. We notice other visitors from the north MYSTERIES TO SOLVE spending the winter here. An olive-sided We usually associate nest-building with flycatcher that was perhaps hatched in the breeding season. But; the white-bellied Canada perches in one of the pines. Except wrens I've mentioned carry on nest-building for being silent it looks quite at home. throughout the year, even though they nest Baltimore and orchard orioles visit the during only a short season. Right now, flower trees; yellow warblers flit through one party of six or so is building two nests trees and shrubbery, gleaning for insects; in a fan-palm by our door, and by watching flocks of cedar waxwings, demure and quiet them I hope to unravel some of their as always, perch in our trees in passing; and mysteries. Though it's still the dry season dull-colored little flycatchers that might be some birds have begun nesting, perhaps least flycatchers or wood pewees sit up with- influenced by the greenery and the watering out giving a call note as a clue to their identity. And silent, small, grayish-olive flycatchers are hard to identify, not only when alive but even when they are museum specimens.

MEET FEATHERED NATIVES

But having acknowledged the winter visitors, we'll go on to what really interests us, the natives. Our first morning in San ENTRANCE TO VILLA MARGARITA Salvador we were awakened by a three- thrush-like that we came From here the members of the Museum's project note, song quickly travel daily to their research laboratories at the to associate with dawn and dusk. Its Instituto Tropical de Investigaciones Cientificas of author, we found, was a thrush that, except El Salvador. Photo by Sharat K. Roy, Chief Curator for its dusky color, would pass for an of Geology aad a member of the project. American robin, with the same size and shape, the same way of sitting, hopping, glance at the garden in which our spacious and flitting its tail. But it was a bird of house is set would tell you it was in the the dark places. It never came out on the The house, of stuccoed brick and tropics. lawn but delighted in haunting the ground tile, has its entrance heavily draped with in shady nooks and corners, indicating orange-flowered trumpet vines. Two low perhaps that before it became a garden flank the red-flowered fan-palms steps; bird it lived in the forest. A late riser but hibiscus and crotons with gay leaves line a noisier and more persistent songster is the the circular drive. There are and orange white-bellied wren. These wrens are always lime trees beyond, and two araucarias (im- in parties, and a party includes our garden ported from the Australian region) and two in its beat. They leave no cranny unex- VILLA MARGARITA GARDEN SCENE one with a white- feathery palms, drajjed about the shrub- plored, hopping through This is the setting in which the members of the flowered vine, stand beside the garden exit. bery, on the ground, and on tree trunks Museum's Salvadorean Project are housed in San A group of long-leafed pines, similar to (one that I saw exploring a hole in a tree Salvador. Photo by Sharat K. Roy, Chief Curator those that grow higher in the mountains, is of Geology and a member of the project. forty feet up I at first mistook for a wood- in one comer. Hedges on each side of the pecker). They don't neglect the house, garden, one of them of bamboo, insure either, and go poking about the tiles and in our garden. A pair of kis-ka-dee fly- privacy. There is a red-flowered pito tree. the crevices of downspouts, looking for their catchers, bold brown and yellow birds with insect food. One bird will start singing conspicuous eye-stripes and about the size in of the *Dr. Rand is a member of the current Salvadorean several rollicking liquid notes that are of a kingbird, are building one a research of this Museum and Project, joint activity repeated over and over, and other birds of araucarias on our drive. The call of the the Instituto Tropical de Investigaciones Cientificas, El Salvador. the party will join in until we have a querelons, from which they get their name. May, 1951 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 7 bursts out periodically, at any time of day, There are other interesting things in our MAY GUIDE LECTURE TOURS, especially when a neighboring pair visits garden besides birds. There are lines of DAILY EXCEPT SUNDAY them. Several female grackles are carrying parasol ants carrying bits of leaves to their Tours of exhibits, under the guidance of grass for nests into feather-palms and mango homes. There's a crested climbing lizard staff lecturers, are conducted every afternoon trees. A pair of yellow-billed blue pigeons more than a foot long that lives in our hedges at 2 o'clock, except Sundays and certain sit side by side, the male cooing as it rocks and a small gecko-like lizard with a brown holidays. On Mondays, Tuesdays, Thurs- deeply back and forth; then the pair peck head that lives in our garage. One night a days, and Saturdays, general tours are given fondly at each other's heads and necks and rustling in a feather-palm made us shine a covering all departments. Special subjects finally visit a certain branch on the other light there to find a beautiful, bright-tawny, are offered on Wednesdays and Fridays. A araucaria, where I hope they will place their big-eyed and big-eared mouse that climbed schedule of these follows: nest. up into our trumpet vine and disappeared. The flowers, of course, attract many There are a few yellow buttlerflies, but so Wed., May 2—Bag and Baggage—Travel birds. Hummingbirds dart in and out, far not many, and none of the big, brilliant, Kits from Primitive Lands (Harriet though as yet I have not identified these blue ones that I've seen in the country. Smith). vivid-emerald and I don't living jewels, It's still the dry season. Not a drop of Frl., May 4—Baby Animals. Illustrated know how many kinds there are. The red- rain has fallen in the month we've been introduction in Meeting Room {Lorain flowered tree is the favorite of the pito here. At midday it's intolerably bright, Farmer). Baltimore oriole and of another black-and- but clouds are from the coming up today Wed., May 9—Indians of Prairies and orange oriole that is resident. They feed low country. The other night we smelled Woodlands (June Buchwald). by plucking a bloom, holding it under one rain. Soon the wet season will start and a hole in the Fri., May 11—The Flowers that Bloom in foot, pecking base, poking then, I expect, we'll find that our garden, the Illustrated there for a for and Spring. introduction in moment, perhaps nectar, its inhabitants, and its visitors will change Meeting Room (Marie Svoboda). then letting it drop and picking another with the season. flower. A big dull-colored sparrow with Wed., May 16—A Spring Walk in the white eyebrows and a white stripe in its Woods (Miriam Wooid). throat is also fond of these but it flowers, GIFTS TO THE MUSEUM Fri., May 18—Our Migratory Birds. Illus- feeds in quite a different way. It picks trated introduction in Meeting Room Following is a list of the principal gifts the flowers and swallows them, after some (Jane Sharpe). received the month: manipulation in its bill. during past Wed., May 23—"There's No Place Like It is not birds alone that eat these blooms. Department of Anthropolo^: Home"—Housing Through the Ages the one sees the local Through country From Mrs. Fred L. Starbuck, North- (Marie Svoboda). into trees or people climbing pito breaking brook, 111.—a copper spearhead. Frl., May 25—The Roaming Romans— off the blooms with poles. These blooms, Department of Botany: Ancient Rome and Her Empire. Illus- I'm told, are used in flavoring their frijoles. trated introduction in Meeting Room I've tasted blooms and find them much From: Dr. Margery Carlson, Evanston, pito (Anne Stromquist). 111.—51 southern Dr. like green beans. The bottle-brush tree cryptogams, Mexico; E. C. Cocke, Wake Forest, N.C.—3 algae, Wed., 30— No tour. Memorial next to the pito tree is favored by a different May Day Carolinas; Dr. Violet M. Diller, Cincinnati— Museum as 9 a.m. class of birds that feed in a different manner. holiday. open usual, 20 algal cultures, Cincinnati; Dr. Sidney F. to 6 P.M. into the blooms for insects or They poke Classman, Chicago—23 cryptogams, Caro- nectar. The chestnut-and-black orchard line Islands; Albert Greenberg, Tampa, is one oriole of the most persistent visitors; Fla.—a Cryptocoryne Grifiithii in flower, it tries to drive out the other species so that Florida;— Ray Grow and Simon Segal, Chi- a mammal, Cuba;— Harold A. Dundee, it can keep the whole tree to itself. But cago a LyCOpodium, Indiana;— Dr. Faiistino Lawrence, Kan. 4 salamanders, Arkansas; little green warblers also swarm there. Miranda, Mexico City 6 plants (isotypes), Rev. Brother Hermano Daniel, Medellin, Dr. Reuben Coral Colombia—35 4 and 13 Most surprising to me is that the white- Mexico; Lasker, Gables, frogs, lizards, Fla.—3 Gulf Linda F. bellied wrens can turn into flower-birds. algae. Stream, Florida; snakes, Colombia; Gaerdes, Okahandja, Newton, London, England — 2 algae, Southwest Africa—250 moths and butter- Clinging right side up or head down, they Anglesey Island, England; Oregon Wood flies and 35 beetles. Southwest Africa; compete with the orioles in feeding at the Chemical Co., Springfield, Ore.—a sample Joseph La Pointe, Harvey, 111.—2 sala- blooms. of raw Douglas-fir wax, Oregon; V. W. manders, Indiana; Lewis E. Long, Bluefleld, These are of some the thirty or more birds Proctor, Columbia, Mo.—2 algae, Boone Nicaragua—300 insects, Nicaragua; R. H. I've seen in our garden. Others include two County, Missouri; Dr. Albert Saeger, Ness, Tower Lake, 111.—a mammal. Lake tanagers that come occasionally, a little Kansas City, Mo.—a Chlorochytrium, Mis- County, Illinois; A. J. Nicholson, Billings, dove that walks our drives and coos from souri; Dr. E. E. Sherff, Chicago—119 Mont.—20 batflies. New Caledonia; Pea- 23 Near East 1950— our shrubbery, swallows and swifts that negatives and descriptions, Hawaii and body Museum Expedition, Mexico; F. A. Swink, Chicago—2 plant a collection of marine and land shells. Near fly overhead, and, toward evening, screech- specimens, Illinois; F. A. Swink and A. S. East. ing flocks of parrots that pass on swiftly Rouffa, Chicago—a Trillium nivale, Illinois; beating wings. Motion Pictures: Dr. L. 0. Williams, Tegucigalpa, Hon- Indiana University, Division of Adult duras—a Pinus caribaea and 3 plant speci- VULTURES ALWAYS PRESENT —2 16mm color mens, Honduras; Institute Agronomico do Education, Bloomington sound-films. Vultures, strictly speaking, are not garden Norte, Belem, Par4, Brazil—4 phanerogams, birds. But no EI Salvador scene is complete Brazil. Library: without them. In the mornings when From: Dr. Walter Briese, Chile; Department of Zoology; Santiago, they're sailing low, looking for breakfast, Mrs. Hedwig Mueller, Chicago. From: Department of Zoology, Uni- their shadows cross and re-cross our lawn. versity of Arkansas, Fayetteville—2 bats, No doubt would come down if there they Arkansas; Arkansas Game and Fish Com- was for we see them on main streets The of civilization food, mission, Little Rock—2 wolves, Arkansas; development Egyptian and perched in yards of the houses in the Theodore F. Beimler, Brownsville, Tex.—a from before the tenth dynasty (about 2200 poorer parts of town, playing their role of snake, Texas; Chicago Zoological Society, B.C.) to the Roman period (about a.d. 200) scavengers. Brookfield, 111.—a bird skin (cage bird) and is shown in Hall J. Pages CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN May, 1951

'SECOND-HAND' BUILDING needed. It is remarkable that this type of MUSEUM RADIO PROGRAMS, BY SEA DWELLERS construction results in a perfectly definite SATURDAY AFTERNOONS and of integument for By EUGENE S. Jr. recognizable shape RICHARDSON, Through the courtesy of the American CURATOR OF FOSSIL INVERTEBRATES each of the many species practicing it. Broadcasting Company, Chicago Natural Other borrowing Foraminifera select only THESE DAYS of shortages and im- History Museum is on the air each Saturday grains of a given color from among thousands pending shortages we don't sneer at afternoon at 4:30 P.M. over station WENR IN of grains of slightly different hues. Others, anyone who uses second-hand lumber, pipes, in Chicago (and at 2:30 p.m. on the coast- with infinite pains, delve about over a wide or shingles to build his house. We wish to-coast network of ABC) in a new program area, selecting only the rare flakes of mica we had some, too. But we can't help entitled "Exhibit A." sparsely scattered among the sand grains remarking his similarity to certain inverte- On this members of the or the still rarer spicules (tiny stiffening program Mu- brates, both living and fossil, that have seum's scientific staff are interviewed in the rods) remaining from dead and dissipated been found to build Museum exhibition where relate sponges. The material used and the shape halls, they their houses the same about exhibits of the resulting "shell" are in each case many things outstanding way. The practice of that would not be to most Mu- reliable means of identifying the species. apparent our old friend, the seum visitors—how the material was col- Most of the forms of hermit of higher shell-building crab, taking lected in the field, how it was prepared for over an sea animals use only mineral substances abandoned exhibition—and give details of natural chemically removed from the sea water, as whelk shell is a dif- that cannot be told within the do the normal Foraminifera. history ferent sort of real- shell-building limited space of exhibition labels. To date, Their shells are principally composed of estate operation alto- those who have appeared on the program He's calcium carbonate ("lime"). But in even gether. just include John R. Millar, Deputy Director of such a relatively advanced group as the buying an old house, the Museum; Karl P. Schmidt, Chief a probably with mort- Curator of Zoology; Dr. Paul S. Martin, gage on it. Chief Curator of KEY TO FIGURES Anthropology; Bryan Figure 1 Among the simplest Patterson, Curator of Fossil Mammals; and, Figure 1: Textularia smithvillensis, a fora- animals, the single- in a program about the preparation of the minifer irom an Eocene sand deposited 25 are the celled Protozoa, Foraminifera, very million years ago. It built its **shetl'* of sand famous gorilla Bushman, D. Dwight Davis, common as fossils though microscopic in grains. Model by Artist Joseph B. Krstolich Curator of Vertebrate Anatomy, Taxi- for a new exhibit in Frederick V. Skif} size. Most of them build shells that look J. dermist Leon L. Walters, and Joseph B. Hall (Hall 37). rather like tiny snail or nautilus shells, very Krstolich, Artist in Zoology. Figure 2: Xenophora crispi, a sea snail beautiful productions indeed when examined Scheduled for in the near that ornamented its shell with carefully appearances chosen rock and shell fragments. Many of future are Dr. Theodor Just, Chief Curator the decorative have fallen o&. pieces of Botany, Loren P. Woods, Curator of Fishes, and Robert K. Wyant, Curator of Economic Geology. Other museums partici- sea-snails, there are some that patronize the pating in the program are the Art Institute "second-hand market." The Museum pos- of Chicago, Museum of Science and In- sesses some shells of from Xenophora crispi, dustry, Chicago Historical Society, and the Quaternary deposits of Palermo, Sicily. Adler Planetarium. Although the shells are built almost entirely of lime, they are ornamented with regularly placed fragments of rock, broken shells, and Botanical Collectors even whole shells of small scallops, clams, Back From Florida and snails. When one of these is dislodged, The Botanical Field to Florida con- a perfect impression of it remains in the Trip ducted Emil Curator of limy shell, as an impression of a removed by Sella, Exhibits, ornament would remain in the cement of a and Samuel H. Grove, Jr., Artist-Preparator, fancy gatepost. The name of this decora- has completed its work and returned to the tively inclined snail, translated from the Museum with a large collection of flowering high-sounding scientific language, means plants. Included are species native to Crisp's (in Latin) foreigner-bearer (in Greek). Florida and species introduced from tropical Figure 2 As usual the scientific name turns out to countries. In a little less than five weeks have been well devised to provide a brief the expedition covered a large part of the But some of the under the microscope. as well as a name. description state, including the Everglades, Lake Okee- Foraminifera, and we can't call them either With a history of the re-use of building chobee, the Miami area, and Key West. lazier or smarter than the rest, build their materials extending back to an antiquity Studies were made at two experimental protective coats of materials picked up antedating man himself, no one need blush gardens maintained by the United States from that best-stocked of all junk yards, for using whatever he can get when he finds the floor of the ocean. government. himself with a house to be built. Usually the sea floor in any limited area is covered with a limited assortment of Museum Pensioner Dies materials: round angular large quartz grains, Learn the birds what the thickets from food John Anderson, employed as a carpenter small quartz grains, partly rounded feldspar yield. in the of Anthropology and in grains, or similar objects, dominantly of a Department Learn from the beasts the physic of the field, the Division of Maintenance from 1920 single variety. Most of the borrowing The art the bee receive, his retirement on in Foraminifera pick these up as they glide of building from until pension 1942, along the bottom, fastening one here, one Learn of the mole to plow, the worm to died April 7. Mr. Anderson was born in there, on their soft unprotected bodies as weave. —PoPE Sweden in 1869.

PRINrED BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS ULLETIN Vol.22,No.6-Junel95l Chicago Naiiiral llistorij Museum Pagei CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN June, 1951

Chicago Natural History Museum However inept and ridiculous on land, the not been dug from a "bone-dry" cave. Such FOUNDBD BY MARSHALL FiBLD, 1893 loon probably will be remembered with specimens are unique because they are the Roosevelt Road and Lake Shore Drive, Chlcaeo 5 nostalgia by all who associate burgeoning first to be recognized as part of the Mogollon Telephone: WAbash 2-9410 spring and luxuriant summer with forest- culture (a "new" culture that the Museum bordered northern lakes. has been investigating for seven seasons) and OF TRUSTEES THE BOARD Emmet R. Blake the first to have been carefully removed Stanley Field LmTEB Armour Associate Curator Birds under scientifically controlled conditions and Sbwbll U Avery Samuel Insull, Jr. of Wm. McCormick Blair Henry P. Isham therefore documented as to place in the cave Leopold E. Block Hughston M. McBain and as to order or dating. Walter J. Cummings Wiluam H. Mitchell chronological Albert B. Dick, Jr. Clarence B. Randall ARCHAEOLOGISTS TO DIG HowARD W. Fenton George A. Richardson ANTEDATE ANASAZI Joseph N. Field Solomon A. Smith IN CAVES OF SOUTHWEST H. Wbtten Marshall Field Albert The second remarkable about the Marshall Field, Jr. John P. Wilson By PAUL S. MARTIN thing chief curator, department of anthropology materials recovered by the 1950 expedition OFFICERS is that although many of the objects are Stanley Field Prendent In June, the Museum's seventeenth South- «'•»' Viei-Prmdefti similar to those found in caves of the Cliff- Marshall Fibu> west will leave Albert B. Dick, Jr.* Stcond Viee-Praidmt Archaeological Expedition Dweller or Anasazi culture, our specimens Samuel Insull, Jr Third Vice-PrttidnU for western New Mexico to continue excava- TreaturtT Solomon A. Smith are earlier (that is, older) than Anasazi Clippobd C. Gregg Direelor and Stcretary tions in caves in Pine Lawn Valley. The John R. Millar Aatittant Secretary (Basket-Maker-Cliff-Dweller) objects. success of the cave excavations of the pre- The third noteworthy observation about 'Resigned ceding season was so dramatic that further our materials is that from them research in a cave is imperative. perishable (by the carbon-14 or radiocarbon method THE BULLETIN Digging in a cave is far from pleasant. of dating, described by Curator Donald EDITOR The dust and heat are oppressive; and the Collier in the Bulletin of January, 1951) we CUFPORD C. Gregg Director of Uu Mutenm wearing of masks and goggles—an uncom- have obtained the information that our plain fortable and trying experience—is absolutely CONTRIBUTING EDITORS brown pottery is the earliest dated pottery Curator Anthropology necessary to give protection from toxic, Paul S. Martin Chief of of in the Southwest and that it Curator (as now) Thbodor Just Chief of Botany nuisance, and pneumonoconiosis-producing Sharat K. Roy Chief Curator of Geology was manufactured shortly before the begin- Karl P. Schmidt Chief Curator of Zoology dusts. Added to these discomforts is an- ning of the Christian era. other—inadequate ventilation. The caves MANAGING EDITOR The fourth remarkable fact about our H. B. Harte Public Relatione Counsel that we excavated in 1950 and the one to 1950 materials is that we uncovered more be done in 1951 are small—about 40 feet than 38,000 corn cobs (all of which were deep by 30 feet wide at the mouth and 6 shipped to the Museum for intensive study ABOUT OUR COVER— feet or less high. At the end of a day, the by Dr. Hugh C. Cutler of the Department MANY VACATIONISTS who spend workers look as if they had been working of Botany), plus many other vegetable their summers in the north woods the in soft-coal mines. TO products, such as beans, gourds, squash, loon and its eerie, laughing cry are the have wondered why we did not Many and wild foods. This is the largest collec- of the Canadian wilderness. use a electric fan for ventilating the personification large tion of archaeological foods covering an Rivers and lakes of the northern coniferous cave and large flood lamps for lighting. The extensive period of time that has ever been belt are its preferred habitat during the answer is simple: no "juice." brought together. In the bushels of corn, warmer months. However, breeding pairs found the earliest and most ISOLATION A PROTECTION Dr. Cutler also occur southward to the northern portion primitive corn that has come to light up of this country, as shown in the Michigan for us, these caves are usually Fortunately to the present time. The age of this corn summer scene on this month's Bulletin far removed from roads and trails and high- has not yet been determined, but we guess cover. The illustration represents part of tension electric lines. I say "fortunately that it will prove to be about 2,000 or 2,500 a habitat group in Hall 20. for us" because if the caves were easy of years old. Loons are beautifully adapted to their access they would have been stripped and leave it aquatic habitat and seldom except pilfered long ago by vandals. But since MORE SPECIMENS REQUIRED when cross-country flights we have to take the with the bad in during migration good Although we recovered a large quantity are Their legs, placed near the all of we the fact that a necessary. phases life, accept of unique materials, we need many, many rear of the are virtually useless for cave is never body, "good" (that is, undisturbed) more. For one thing, we have no objects near an electric line. walking. power Hence, good from several periods (a.d. 500- * * * important and ventilation are our lighting beyond 700 and A.D. 900-1300). Therefore we lack ON LAND the bird hobbles reach. A be portable generator might used, a complete sequence. Second, we have only with much difficulty, using its wings but the of one is and WHEN expense prohibitive; one or two items of particular classes or as crutches and even its bill to assist its the of one to or near problem transporting categories of objects. For example, we movements. Little wonder that it spends the cave would be difficult if not impossible. found only one fire drill, one complete bow, most of its life in the more appropriate Therefore we along without forced venti- get one gee-string, only portions of spear- element and even builds its nest at the and for illumination we use lation, portable, throwers, portions of darts, and incomplete water's edge, preferably on an island. electric chargeable, wet-battery lamps. pieces of other objects. when the loon How different the picture of last summer's were The results dig Naturally, it is impossible to make any no bird excels the loon is afloat! Probably for several reasons. Readers of noteworthy generalizations on the basis of one specimen in swimming and diving, a reputation that the Bulletin may recall that the expedition or an incomplete one. Therefore, one of is well established but often challenged by than returned with more 1,000 perishable the prime goals of the 1951 expedition is to incredulous canoeists. — as objects such clothing, sandals, weapons, augment the 1950 collection, to fill out * * * ornaments, basketry, agricultural tools, fire- recognized gaps, and to try to find new PREY largely on fish, which making equipment, rope, snares, netting, classes or kinds of materials. LOONSare captured with apparent ease, and and miscellaneous wooden objects. These luckless loons have been snared on set hooks materials are dubbed "perishable" because Members are requested to Inform the Museum as much as 90 feet below the water's surface. they would have turned to dust if they had promptly of changes of address. June, 1951 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page S CHICAGO AMATEUR OEM CRAFTSMEN DISPLAY THEIR CREATIONS

A notable display of gems and jewelry to J. L. Cunningham, chairman of the polished opals, with a value running into prepared by Chicago amateur craftsmen will General Exhibition Committee. It was a thousands of dollars. be open to the public in Stanley Field Hall woman—Selma Jenner—who spent months PLAN ANNUAL EVENT of the Museum from June 1 to 30, inclusive. searching Chicago's beaches for granite The exhibit, sponsored by the Chicago pebbles, which she cut and polished into This year's exhibit represents the begin- Lapidary Club, consists of the prize-winning attractive objects d'art, and so diligently did ning of an ambitious program by the creations entered in that organization's she pursue this hobby that her entry in the Chicago Lapidary Club. It is proposed to First Annual Amateur Handcrafted Gem contest, filling nine large boxes, numbered continue these events each year, on an ever- and Jewelry Competitive Exhibition. Total more than 700 specimens. Another con- growing scale that eventually may include value of the exhibited objects is approxi- testant—one who specialized in the fabricat- craftsmen from all over the Middle West. mately $150,000. ing of jewelry pieces—was Mrs. Florence It is also planned to continue annually at Objects in the exhibit range from granite Kibbler Renaker, an instructor in the the Museum the thirty-day display of the

Photo courtesy Chicago Part Photo courtesy Chicago Park District A PREVIEW OF GEM SHOW TYPICAL AMATEUR GEM SHOP

Mrs. Florence Kibbler Renaker, one of Chicago's amateur jewelry craftsmen, Amid scenes like this were made the creations in precious gems and metals to examines some of the precious stones and fabricated jewelry pieces submitted be shown at the Museum in June. Orville McGill (le(t) is in the automobile for the Chicago Lapidary Club's exhibit which will be open to the public at the business. Jack Best is an engineer, Juanita Parsons is a high-school tcacher~but Museum from June 1 to 30. in their spare hours all arc gem crahsmen. pebbles picked up on Chicago beaches and American Academy of Art, who last year results. Even this year, with only two polished into ornamental stones of the high- gained wide fame for another exploit of an months of promotion, interest was stimu- est beauty to precious stones valued in the altogether different nature when, alone, lated far outside the Chicago area to which thousands of dollars. More than 150 she traveled on a rubber raft the length of the contest was limited and inquiries were amateur craftsmen of Chicago and suburbs the Colorado River and through the Grand received from many persons in other states. participated in the contest. The exhibit Canyon. Mr. Cunningham expects that within a few represents the best of their work in gem The contestants were classified into three years the number of entries will reach several thousand. cutting and in the fabrication of brooches, groups: novice, intermediate, and advanced rings, bracelets, necklaces, pendants, tie- lapidary and jewelry craftsmen. The con- clasps, and other jewelry. In their creations test and exhibits include nine divisions: TWO SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES contestants used than a hundred the more (1) individual gems; (2) specific gem col- different kinds of and TO MEET AT MUSEUM precious semiprecious lections; (3) general gem collections; (4) stones materials as well as silver and gem polished slab collections; (5) polished speci- The American Society of Mammalogists were and gold. Among the contestants men collections; (6) individual jewelry; (7) and the American Society of Ichthyologists of three clubs members Chicago lapidary jewelry sets; (8) jewelry collections; and and Herpetologists will be guests of Chicago of classes in work conducted and lapidary (9) special pieces. Because of this broad Natural History Museum during their in five field houses of the Chicago Park range, the ribbons, gold cups, and other annual conventions this year. The mam- District, as well as many persons unattached trophies awarded reached a total of 98. malogists will meet from June 27 to 30, to any organization. The prize-winning entries, including multiple inclusive, and the ichthyologi.sts and her- collections comprising many pieces, bring petologists from June 28 to 30, inclusive. WOMEN IN TOP RANKS the exhibit as presented at the Museum up An estimated 250 to 300 members from the The contestants represent many and to several hundred specimens. The en- United States, Canada, and Mexico will widely varied walks in life. The number thusiasm with which these craftsmen engage attend the meetings. of women participating was about equal in their hobby is illustrated by Chairman The daily sessions consisting of the read- to the number of men, and their enthusiasm Cunningham himself, whose entries totaled ing of scientific papers and discussions will and skill equaled that of the men, according 23, one of which alone included 250 cut and be held in the Museum. BULLETIN June, 1951 Page h CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM

the We like to make BIRD-MAN'S ADVENTURES barred, have solid doors that close them; of country. longer A has one but when open there are half-length shutters trips afield by jeep. The institute IN EL SALVADOR for that make at least a pretense of keeping jeep for the use of maintenance, and Bv AUSTIN L. RAND* Sharat K. out the vulgar gaze and let in air. Glimpses field trips by the geologist (Dr. CURATOR OF BIRD6 from the a botanist from past them show a surprising variety of Roy) Museum, and I are at work in the a chemist from an My son Stanley things. Behind one window may be a Germany, Germany, El ourselves. tropical research station of Salvador, room with stacks of firewood for sale; entomologist from France, and de or take turns knowTi officially as Institute Tropical behind another, a bedroom. Behind others So we combine our field trips de la Universidad In the month and a half Investigaciones Cientificas may be a little general store, a charming using the jeep. El Salvador. The institute, that we have been here we have made four Autonoma de living room, a tailor shop, a patio with is We have been twice to Lake a pleasant, cool, one-story building, palms and greenery, a kitchen with dining trips by jeep. with the the situated on the edge of the city, room or restaurant. And once, in a village, Ilopango, where lake and streams vary behind it. we went Volcano of San Salvador rising I looked in and saw a mule. From the out- habitat and birds swarm. Once for Two wings contain working quarters side the windows all look alike. to Santa Tecla, where coffee plantations Ad- week- biologists, chemists, and geologists. predominate, and once we made a long AFIELD - ministrative offices connect the two wings, ADVENTURES end trip to the cloud forest, where the high In construction next the for us was to see two and there is a library. Once at the institute our day starts offi- point of trip to the institute is a three-story guest house Trips into the field for more than • cially. The institute is laid out so that work quetzals. will modem quarters for a or so need and that supply living can be done there, with material brought day special jjersonnel Food and water, as in any five guest-workers. in and kept there. But the value and the preparation. The director of the institute, genial Dr. must be looked after for importance of a biological station should be tropical country a man with his medical health and the must have Carlos Llerena, busy in studying nature at first hand in the field. reasons, camp and with civic duties, finds time an attendant. practice So we set out to see, study, and collect as visit the institute. The Week when all work many mornings to much as we can. Only necessary writing Over Holy (Easter), director is Dr. Adolf Meyer-Abich, the Salvadorean government geolo- technical and preparation keep us in the institute. stopped, and the Dr. Helmuth who is interested in philosophy To work on foot from the institute has gist who works at the institute. of science. and Meyer-Abich, kindly took us under his wing history its adventures. Dodging the bulldozers — we the and showed us the country from end to end THE MANANA MOOD the construction crews go through from Anamaros and Santa Rosa to Metapan. little groves and the gullies where there we for the coastal lowlands we saw It's a pleasant, friendly atmosphere are a few trees left. There's a rustle in a Except here. There is of the hustle most of the accessible by car: the live in nothing bush. We look, expecting a tinamou, and country that characterizes our northern coffee scattered trees and and bustle see a chicken or a cow or a pig. Up in a farmlands, fincas, doesn't done today, old lava and cornfields on steep life. If something get tree there may be a boy getting green forest, fields, is tomorrow. Gradually we hillsides. It's the dry season now, and there always mangoes or a woman gathering pito flowers been to accept this pleasant most trees are leafless, except the mangos have brought to flavor the frijoles for the evening meal. of matiana. The first time it took two and the trees along the water courses, dry idea Our collecting that involves shooting neces- to a from the post or otherwise. The is bleached pale weeks get manuscript sitates constant vigilance. We want espe- grass we But by the time it had nests. red, or yellow, or whitish, and most water office, raged. cially to find and study orioles' a to our from courses are From the pine forests at taken month get equipment Orioles nest on the tips of branches, but dry. American Airways and into use we La Palma and at San Jose, where the pines Pan the people here have a habit of climbing the of the country. start at 800 meters we looked up had accepted philosophy trees and lopping off branches for firewood. altitude, one hundred our binoculars at the little bits of In the long Tna, say years more, This removes the orioles' favorite nesting through no one will know the difference. cloud forest that lap over the mountain places, and makes the area less attractive more time from Honduras and come down to Though we spend commuting to them. tips I did in we don't begrudge meters altitude. than Chicago, Finally we come to farm country, where 1,800 the time. We go past little sidewalk and fields and hedges, tiny coffee plots, MILES DON'T COUNT where women are out restaurants patting banana clumps cover the country cut up and them on an iron plate Miles and kilometers lose their value tortillas cooking by brush filled ravines, and the houses are over an fire; past pack animals loaded as an indicator of distance in this country. open farther apart. Birds are generally common, tins of what must be milk; past once off the one main with great and we record things like the habits of the The roads, highway, wheeled oxcarts loaded with firewood; oxcart tracks. To the traveler hours two- russet-tailed sparrows that recall our white- are vendors of little bits of this and that, minutes are units of distance. It's past crowned sparrow, the big, long-crested, blue- and to and to know that the to from religious pictures cigarettes and-white magpie-jays, and the white- more important trip are with all 45 minutes than that the sweets. There big shops, too, throated saltator whose song recalls the Ilopango takes one could for; but it is kilometers. the amenities hope towhee's "Drink your tea." distance 15 for is touches like the children naked but Everywhere we go we keep our eyes open CUCKOOS a tiny shirt and the women with huge baskets cows LURE for birds. Everything is grist for our mill. balanced on their heads that intrigue us. Our main at this institute is to write One project we have in hand is on the object Sometimes we down the streets where the sections on the habits of the birds for go efficiency of cows as beaters for anis. Anis farm in their and the a book Birds of El Salvador, people bring produce, are black, grackle-sized cuckoos that, despite forthcoming snail's at which we travel allows us which is to be translated into Spanish and pace their short legs, walk about in the grass to the contents of the baskets. used the here. We have a good inventory catching insects. But if there is a grazing by people Still more are the glimpses we start on it for in the Museum Melvin intriguing cow in the vicinity the anis go to it, stand now, of what on behind the doors of Research Associate, has already catch goes about its head, and catch the insects the Traylor, Jr., the houses. In most sections of the city done the and the keys. These cow scares up. Tentatively we think the descriptions of the rise from the side- the birds we see. Little the walls buildings ani catches twice as many insects in a given we use to identify walks. and tall windows, often as our notebooks fill with data Doorways time by following a cow as it does by its by little, chests with own unaided efforts. and our collecting specimens, •Dr. Rand is a member of the current Salvadorean our But on foot we can reach only a little we see our way to goal. Project of Chicago Natural History Museum. June, 1951 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 5 DAHLIAS—NEW FACTS ABOUT THESE GARDEN FAVORITES By earl E. SHERFF knew nothing of a Swedish Professor Andreas tural varieties. authorities research associate in systematic botany By 1934, report- Dahl or of the name Dahlia that was to ed that a total of no fewer than 14,000 an entirely new kind of be created later on, in Professor Dahl's named varieties of dahlias had been intro- RECENTLYdahlia was found in southern Mexico, honor, for the genus containing these in- duced into the floral trade. a kind that grows perched on the trunks of teresting plants. And so they had their Today the number continues to grow, lofty forest trees, makes its way upward own dialectic names for the various kinds and at the dahlia shows held each autumn to a height of some 75 feet, and then clambers known to them, such as aeocoili (or water- in our larger American cities thousands of visitors crowd about the exhibits to gaze at and admire some of the latest novelties. In Chicago, the largest and most important dahlia show is the one held every year at "dahlia time" in Garfield Park Conserva- tory. The throngs are often so vast at this famous show that visitors must fit them- selves perforce into a sort of prison lockstep and march in single file past the exhibits at little more than a snail's pace. With few exceptions, the great multitude of cultivated varieties of dahlias seems to have come from the two originally known species (Dahlia pinnata and D. coccinea) raised by Cavanilles in the Royal Garden at Madrid about 1790 and the cactus dahlias from a single freak plant that "flowered in Europe for the first time in 1864." With the passing of time, the confusion in the identification of the numerous varieties has become so great as to discourage most botanists from at- tempting to identify them or even to specu- late as to their derivation. Sometimes a garden variety with queer foliage, as for example the "Bishop of Llandoff," is en- countered in collections and from its leaf- pattern suggests an admixture of a pure native stock, in this case of Dahlia scapigera.

MacDOUGALL'S DAHLIA, THE ONLY KNOWN EPIPHYTIC SPECIES Plants of this weird species are perched at varying heights midway up the trunks of tall trees in the cloud' forest in Mexico. They send their roots downward and their shoots upward. Reaching the tree-tops, at times 75 feet above ground, they sprawl over the branches, bedecking them with billowing masses of snowy white blooms, as shown in illustration above. over the topmost branches, bedecking them cane) and cocoxochitl (or caneflower). with billowy masses of snow-white blooms Late in the eighteenth century Cervantes, (see illustration). With this find we have director of the Mexican Botanical Garden, been made to realize that our knowledge of sent dahlia seeds to Spain. From these the dahlias has been far from complete, in spite great Spanish botanist Cavanilles raised of the fact that for more than a century numerous plants at Madrid, these plants and a half few garden flowers have so becoming the basis of his new genus Dahlia thoroughly intrigued great sections of the and its first published species. flower-loving public in this country and About the same time, so we read, the Europe as have dahlias. French botanist, Nicholas Thierry de The early history of these flowers is Menonville, sent seeds to other parts of wrapped in obscurity. It is known, however, Europe. Presently introductions were made that their native home was in Mexico and into England and Scotland. Horticultural Central America. Long before they were exhibitions soon came to feature new conquered by the Spaniards, the inhabitants forms. Indeed, the two species that were of these countries treasured dahlias in their first planted in Europe and Great Britain CLOSER VIEW OF MacDOUGALL'S DAHLIA and Fences were were found to be so unstable private public gardens. genetically The defoliated wind-beaten stems of the previous ofttimes built out of canes cut from stems that "new forms" were obtained in almost season, with remnants of the former flowering' are an feature of tree-dahlia coun- of the taller sorts, and these canes, taking endless profusion. Almost imperceptibly heads, interesting try. The photograph shows the well-known nursery- root, in due time put forth leaves and there arose a craze for new and larger (or man and botanical explorer and collector, Thomas flowers without any urging. As may sometimes smaller) and more beautiful (or MacDougall, at a habitat in southern Oaxaca, Mexico. readily be understood, these early people sometimes merely more freakish) horticul- Plants are presumably Dahlia excelsa. Page 6 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN June. 1961 but usually our definite knowledge amounts Mexico during the 16th century, and of to "four minus four." other writers since then, and also of the reports brought back from various Mexican A UNIQUE DAHLIA GARDEN and Central American localities by collectors, Recently the Royal Horticultural Society leaves no doubt that tree-dahlias were in England has set about trying to remedy known and prized for centuries before this situation. It has established at Wisley European botanists came to know them. (in Surrey) a unique dahlia garden, wherein Not until 1838, however, was the first tree- seeds from every obtainable wild or feral dahlia given a conventional scientific name. kind of dahlia can be planted. In this way It was described and illustrated by the great English botanist, George Bentham, under the name Dahlia excelsa. The circumstances attending its discovery make most interesting reading. A consign- ment of Mexican plants had been received in 1830. It had been protected on the out- side with some thick branches or stems, the better to withstand the long, rough journey across the Atlantic. These were found to be showing signs of life. Out of curiosity CANE-LIKE STKMS OF TREE-DAHLIA they were planted in open groimd and A single flowering-spray. grew to a height of ten feet, but perished when winter came. (The writer is reminded this new kind of dahlia, it Dahlia of one of his own experiences. Two sturdy calling excelsa. He stated that the plants grew pieces of tree-dahlia stem were used by thirty feet tall in their native country. him as stiffening rods for roUed-up maps when he returned to this coimtry from So regal is Dahlia excelsa in general Guatemala in 1949. The pieces of stem appearance, especially during the early were planted in huge pots of soil and within winter months when loaded with its many SINGLE FEET A LEAF, TWO LONG a few weeks had produced plants, one eight lavender-rayed, "single-flowered," mostly is from a tree-dahlia it is Specimen (Dahlia excclsa) feet tall.) upturned heads, that used in various standing at the side door of Santo Tomas Church in of Mexico and Guatemala In 1834, William Bates imported cuttings parts neighboring Chichicasteoango, Guatcfnala, famous for the smoke- and even in California for ornament. In worship rites of the Quiche Indians. and roots of the same plant from Mexico, the at the south side of the where he had collected it in the Valley of rectory garden famous Santo TomSs Church in Chichicas- it is hoped to roll back our dahlia knowledge Mexico on October 7 of that year. Soon to the time when our cultivated dahlias material was distributed to various horticul- tenango, Guatemala, visited by many tour- ists each to see the were in their pristine state. Once the few tural centers. A plant in the greenhouse of year quaint Mayan the writer found two dozen native or spontaneous kinds of dahlia the Liverpool Botanical Garden grew religious ceremonials, mammoth in the autunm of 1949. are established at such an experimental twenty feet tall. Soon afterward, Bentham clumps From one of the stems some farm where they can be studied through the published an illustration and description of average-sized leaves were obtained the kind yeaars by geneticists, it may be possible to through of the in Don interpret our modem "cultigens" more permission presbitero charge, one of which is shown in an easily. Santiago Gil, illustration. It was two feet To many dahlia enthusiasts, a dahlia's accompanying In a state of the old leaves importance increases with the size of its long. nature, break or beaten the flowering-head. However, in our far South- away get away by wind, and for months to come the denuded stems west, where cultivated specimens of the stand skeleton-like. so-called tree-dahlias may be foimd, many residents themselves on the or pride height NATIVES DRINK SAP perchance the robust stature of their dahlia in and plants. Unlike other dahlias, which seldom Much more abundant, Guatemala southward to is Lehmann's tree- grow more than three to six feet tall, tree- Colombia, Dahlia a with more dahlias grow usually from eight to twenty dahlia. Lehmannii, plant feet tall. The lower foot or so of their stem compound leaves and mostly narrower leaf- it has stems tends to be woody and perhaps three inches segments. Like Dahlia excelsa, at the thick. This portion sends up one or more completely cross-partitioned joints. this is divided into tall, bamboo-like branches or subordinate In way the stem many vertical each several inches stems, the stem-leaves mostly dying ofif chambers, long, be filled with below, which gives a nude or barren appear- and these may water>' sap acocotli or water a ance to the plant. Numerous leaves are (cf. cane). Many thirsty native has his thirst with this left toward the top, however, and the great quenched sap. at in Guate- inflorescence at the very top, often six feet Specimens growing Antigua, writer to have across and with up to perhaps three hundred mala, were foimd by the A SINGLE 34 INCHES leaves to three feet These were "single" dahlias, is a sight long to be LEAF, ABOUT LONG up long. remembered. This dry leaf is from another tree-dahlia (Dahlia %igorous specimens growing at the experi- Lehmannii), seed of which had been collected by mental farm of the Iowa State College- PRIZEU) FOR CENTLTIIES Hawkcs and plant raised at the Wisley grounds of Guatemala Tropical Research Center. They the Royal Horticultural Society in England. The An examination of the of Dr. had been the Director, Dr. I. E. writings leaf was obtained for Dr. Sherfi by the society*s planted by Francisco Hernandez, who botanized in director. J. S. L. Gilmour, in late autumn, 1950. Melhus, who had obtained specimens June, 1951 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 7 directly from the great Volcfin de Agua of the height of the plant is root. This time nearby, where the plants abounded in the I estimated the total height of one plant to Books roadside thickets. The leaf illustrated was be 75 feet. Because of the weakness of the very kindly supplied by J. S. L. Gilmour, roots, we were unable to haul down a plant Director of the Royal Horticultural Society's from the ground, but by climbing a tree we {All books reviewed in the Bulletin are Gardens in England. It was about 34 were able to dislodge a shorter specimen. available in The Book Shop of the Museum. inches long in the dry state. The Dahlia grows on a number of tree Mail orders accompanied by remittance in- was on Perhaps the most dazzling of the tree- species. The plant we pulled down eluding an allowance for postage are promptly an and a were on an dahlias for sheer beauty of flowering-heads Oreopanax number filled.)

. . . branches of the Dahlia is the handsome Dahlia imperialis, first oak species. The GUIDE. described from Mexican material by Bene- are quite solid and the heavier ones are GEM HUNTERS' By Russell P. took down MacFall. Science and Mechanics Publish- dict Roezl. The writer raised noble speci- distinctly woody. The plant we — — stems roots ing Co., 1951 mens of this species for several years in the and photographed had and Chicago, (second edition). 187 with illustrations. Price greenhouses of the University of Chicago up to 5 cm. in diameter, and the juncture pages, $3. of the roots stems a (where the plants were faithfully cared for and formed heavier, This book well be used as an intro- through the kindness of the head-gardener, almost bulbous structure." may duction for or who is M. J. Costello) and of the Chicago Teachers anyone, young old, IMPETUS TO RESEARCH interested in the hobbies of mineral College. The great candelabra-like panicle popular or amateur work. at the top bore numerous "single" dahlias It may be observed here that with the collecting lapidary By in the book an extensive list that were often seven inches across. The discovery of this new dahlia, outstandingly including of mineral localities in the United States and usually eight rays sometimes were white different because of its epiphytic habit of several on how to about suffused with faint lilac and at the base growth, its roots up to two inches thick and chapters go collect- and the author streaked with blood-red or in some years thirty-five or more feet long, its stems solid, ing identifying minerals, answers two of the most (even on the same plant!) uniformly lilac woody, up to two inches thick and thirty-five important questions the amateur collector: "Where throughout. While in the other tree-dahlias or more feet long, and with branches sprawling confronting can I find it?" and "What is it?" From his the heads point outward or upward, in for considerable distances over tall forest trees, of as an amateur Dahlia imperialis they nod or droop and are a new impetus may well have been given to thirty years experience collector the author has also included distinctly bell-shaped. the scientific study of dahlias. Possibly, as many hints to the has been done in the past with the stems of helpful guide beginner in ob- NEW SPECIES DISCOVERED information that will tree-dahlias, the stems of MacDougall's taining make his hobby more informative and About 1936, Thomas MacDougall of New dahlia may be grafted by the horticulturist enjoyable. York was on one of his many trips of botani- into roots of low-growing kinds, so that Harry E. Changnon cal in southern he can be raised for exploration Mexico when manageable specimens Curator of Exhibits, Geology chanced upon a strange white-flowered scientific and other purposes in ordinary dahlia sprawling along over the tops of greenhouses. For the present, however, forest trees. He obtained seed from plants there seems no doubt that this remarkable AMERICAN INDIAN BEADWORK. By on Cerro Chivato, in what is probably dahlia typifies an entirely new section W. Ben Hunt and J. F. "Buck" Burshears. territory of the village of San Jose Quianite (described by the writer elsewhere in a The Bruce Publishing Co., Milwaukee, area fifteen or so in its (in the general miles west- forthcoming article) genus. 1951. 63 pages, 19 text figures, 54 half- southwest of Tehuantepec, Oaxaca). In Moreover, since the small terminal flower- tones, 13 color plates. IMce $5. recent he has revisited the years same ing sprays customarily preserved as her- area several This useful book is a guide to the funda- general times, accompanied by barium specimens represent so inadequately one or more of his native mentals of beadworking and ideas for design. helpers. Paths the true character of a species like Dahlia were slashed into the dense Methods and directions for doing different jungle-growth Macdougallii, only field studies of the taller of the cloud-forests where the types of beadwork are clearly described and peculiar sorts in their native haunts, we may con- dahlias were after the illustrated. Moreover, there is a good growing and, greatest fidently assert, can be of much value here- of and selection of pictures of regional and tribal difficulty, flowering fruiting speci- after for drawing descriptions. The new were obtained for scientific Indian design for the beadworker to copy mens study. The Pan-American automobile highway, now were found to a or use as a stimulus for his own designs. plants represent species nearing completion, passes within a moderate to all our Some of the methods described are sewed quite foreign previous concepts distance of Santo TomSs Teipan, this of dahlia and to constitute indeed a new beadwork, loom work, and rosette making. dahlia's type locality. Elsewhere, too, the There are also instructions for making bead species. highway winds through dahlia country. It looms, sorting beads, sewing with sinew, and Late last year this species was described may well become a means whereby many of for using skins or leather. for the botanical world under the name our younger and more enthusiastic botanists Dahlia From the illustrations This book is admirably suited to meet the Macdougallii. can penetrate deeply into the tropical forests needs of boys' camps, scout leaders, and some idea may be obtained perhaps of the of southern Mexico and of Guatemala and bizarre nature of this persons interested in handicraft. striking novelty. Mr. add immeasurably to our knowledge of on December MacDougall revisited, 2, 1950, these attractive plants. Meanwhile we George I. Quimby the forest where for several he very years hope that tree-dahlias and epiphytic dahlias Curator of Exhibits, Anthropology had been his more recent collections making may one day make their appearance at our of it. This was a stretch of cloud-forest local dahlia exhibitions. at a height of from 7,000 to 7,500 feet above the town of Santo Tomds Teipan (in the The Medora Site, West Baton Rouge Parish, same area as Cerro Chivato above cited). Technical Publications Issued Louisiana. By George I. Quimby. April His letter of December 12 states: "I find 10, 1951. 58 pages. The following technical publications were that the plants are epiphytic, at least to Fieldiana: Vol. No. 1. issued recently by Chicago Natural History Zoology, 33, Philip- and that the roots extend down begin with, Museum: pine Zoological Expedition, 19^6-19^7, the tree trunks and then ramify into the Narrative and Itinerary. By Harry Hoog- humus on the ground. Approximately half Anthropological Series, Vol. XXIV, No. 2. straal. April 18, 1951. 86 pages. Pages CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN June, 1951

LECTURE TOURS IN JUNE, Switzerland, on a trip to a number of DAILY EXCEPT SUNDAY famous vertebrate fossil localities in South IIFIY YKARS AGO Dakota, Wyoming, Utah, and Nevada. Dr. Tours of exhibits, under the guidance of M THE MUSKUM Zangerl will spend a few days at the paleon- staff are conducted after- lecturers, every tological laboratories of the University of MARGARET BAUER noon at 2 o'clock, except Sundays and California at Berkeley. Compiled by J. certain holidays. On Mondays, Tuesdays, From the Annual Report of the Director and tours Thursdays Saturdays, general LAYMAN LECTURER TOPS for the year 1901: are given covering all departments. Special PAST SUCCESSES "Photography, Illustration, and Printing.— are offered on and subjects Wednesdays Each of these divisions reports unusual Returning to the Museum after an absence Fridays. A schedule of these follows: progress, both as regards equipment and of two years to present his eleventh season work accomplished. The addition of more 1 — Sea Animals. Illus- Fri., June Strange of Sunday afternoon lectures, Paul layman floor to the office has it introduction in space printing made trated Meeting Room G. scored his success as Dallwig greatest to increase the which was (Lorain Farmer). possible staff, the Layman Lecturer during the 1950-51 recently done. The employment of an artist June 6—Lands of Sum- season. the five months in which Wed., Perpetual During in the division of illustration must be noted mer: The Tropics (Anne Stromquist). he lectured, with a different subject each with satisfaction, being an acquisition which month, requests for reservations ranged Frl., June 8—Toys: Playthings from Aleut had been much needed." to Zuni. Illustrated introduction in Meet- from 1,500 to 2,200 a month. The type of ing Room {Harriet Smith). lecture he presents, part of which involves inspecting exhibits in the Museum's public Wed., June 13—Strange Ancient Customs U. OF C. PRESENTS FOSSILS halls, made it necessary to limit attendance {June Buchwald). Chicago Natural History Museum has to between 150 and 200 persons. Thus, The World's Gardens: recently received the paleobotanical collec- Frl., June 15— unfortunately, many who requested reserva- Illustrated intro- tions of the Walker Museum of the Uni- Domesticated Plants. tions could not be accommodated but were duction in Meeting Room {Miriam Wood). versity of Chicago as a gift from that institu- placed on the waiting lists, some of which tion. These extensive collections have been Wed., June 20—What to Wear: Unusual will carry over into the new season beginning assembled during a period of nearly fifty Materials Used in Clothing {Marie next autumn. Those attending the twenty- by expeditions, purchase, and dona- Svoboda). one regularly scheduled lectures of the years from individuals. in- two ones that took care tions many They Fri., June 22—Other Worlds: The Solar season, plus special clude fossil plants from various geological System. Illustrated introduction in Meet- of some of the overflow requests, numbered ages and from many countries. Coal- ing Room {Anne Stromquist). 3,466. measure plants, from the Pennsylvanian — As in his past seasons, Mr. Dallwig's Wed., June 27 Fragrant Plants: Perfumes, constitute the of Lectures continued to of period, largest single part Incense Layman be one Spices, {Miriam Wood). the collections. These will col- the most popular features ever offered by supplement June 29—Wisdom of the Wild: lections of this already Fri., Special the Museum, and public response has been type possessed by Habits of Animals. Illustrated introduc- the Museum. Specimens from other Paleo- most gratifying. Both the Ofiice of the tion in Meeting Room {Jane Sharpe). zoic and from the Mesozoic and Director and Mr. Dallwig himself have been periods, Cenozoic as well, provide records from ages flooded with letters of appreciation by those not heretofore in the who attended these Sunday afternoon events. represented paleo- botanical collections. This gift will permit Many requests are already coming in for both in exhibition and STAFF NOTES reservations for the 1951-52 season. expanded activity research in the field of paleobotany. Mr. Dallwig's subjects during the season Dr. B. E. Datilgren, Curator Emeritus just concluded were: "Life—What Is It," Everett C. Olson of has returned to the Museum "The Caveman Knew His Botany, Way Around," Research Associate, Fossil Vertebrates after a four-month expedition to Cuba, "Living Races and Their Way of Life," where he collected palms and other plants. "Behind the Scenes in Our Museums," and . . . Dr. Theodor Just, Chief Curator of "The Romantic Story of the Diamond." GIFTS TO THE MUSEUM Botany, will leave in June on a field trip Following is a list of the principal gifts to collect fossil plants in Arkansas, Okla- New Members received the past month: homa, Texas, other parts of the Southwest, during and California. Toward the end of the The following persons became Museum Department of Botany: Members between 17 and 15: month he will join Karl P. Schmidt, Chief April May From: Herbarium, Department of Botany, Curator of Zoology, at the meetings of the Associate Members University of California, Berkeley—140 Society for the Study of Evolution to be B. Herbst, Leonard O. Krez LeRoy algae, eastern China; William A. Daily, held in California. Before Berkeley, leaving Annual Members Indianapolis, Ind.—50 algae, Indiana; R. L. on this Dr. Just attended the annual — trip. Mrs. Henry Warren Austin, O. H. Banker, Dunkeson, Willow Springs, Mo. 26 phan- meeting of the Division of Geology and A. M. Brown, Mrs. Stanley M. Burrell, Dr. erogams, Missouri. Geography of the National Research Council Thadd F. Bush, Richard L. Droege, Conrad Department of Zoology: in Washington, D.C Dr. Sharat K. R. Emanuelson, Rogers Follansbee, J. T. A. — Roy, Chief Curator of Geology, currently Georgeson, Prof. John W. E. Glattfeld, From: Mrs. C. Birdsall, Chicago 2 J. S. E. P. Laura Chi- a member of the Museum's project in El Grasty, Jr., Joseph Henry, bird-of-paradise skins; Brodie, Sveinbjorn Johnson, Marvin B. Joyce, John cago—8 sunfishes and 30 top minnows. Salvador, has been granted permission by Juley, Harry F. Keller, W. A. Mayfield, South Carolina; Harry Hoogstraal, Cairo, the Salvadorean government to conduct L. A. Miller, H. K. Nickell, Henry C. Egypt—257 frogs, 447 lizards, 22 snakes, research in areas recently ravaged by Nygren, Dr. Leo Oppenheimer, Mrs. Paul 348 mammals, and 25 fishes, Yemen, South- an .... Dr. Rainer earthquake Zangerl, Rowan, Leon D. Sayers, Mrs. Charles W. west Arabia; Royal Ontario Museum of Curator of Fossil Reptiles, will accompany Schonne, Robert T. Sherman, E. H. Teichen, Zoology, Toronto, Canada—2 bird skins, Professor Bernhard Peyer, Director of the George Von Gehr, Mrs. William Ernest Canada; John G. Shedd Aquarium, Chicago Zoological Museum, University of Zurich, Walker, Edward N. Wentworth. —11 fishes, miscellaneous.

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Wir* Page 2 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN July, 1951

Chicago Natural History Museum to their school curriculum. Proving that -THIS MONTH'S COVER- Founded by Marshall Field, 1893 man's prime interest is in himself is the fact Our cover an RooMTcIt Road and Lake Shore DriTe, Chlcafto 5 that the most popular subject-matter was picture represents outpost in a typical tropical cloud Telephone: WAbash 2-9410 the hall of prehistoric people. Rainy May forest on the border between El days brought zoo-lovers to our animal halls, Salvador and Honduras. It is in THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES placing animals second in the popularity Armour Stanley Field just such localities that Dr. Austin Lester poll. Third place goes to Egypt, where Sbwell U Avery Samuel Insull, Jr. L. Rand, the Museum's Curator Wm. McCormick Blair Henry P. Isham even the mechanical equipment for the Leopold E. Block Hughston M. McBain is of of Birds, currently conducting Walter J. Cuhmings William H. Mitchell x-raying Harwa, 3,500-year-old Egyptian field of Albert B. Dick, Jr. Clarence B. Randall broke down under the strain. ornithological work and George A. Richardson mummy, Howard W. Fenton which he writes in his article on Joseph N. Field Solomon A. Smith Marshall Field Albert H. Wbtten MUSEUM 'ENTRUSTING' page 3: "The forest is filled with Marshall Field, Jr. John P. Wilson a semisolid, Satisfaction in her efforts is gained by the slithering something OFFICERS that is back and guide-lecturer when she receives letters from moving, flowing Pretidenl Stanley Field forth through it. It gives an eerie, Marshall Field Firtt Virt-Pretident the children after a tour. Here are some Steond Vitt-Pmident lost- world feeling of a living pres- Samuel Insull, Jr. Third Vict-Pmidtnl Solomon A. Smith Treasurtr ence everywhere about you. It's Cufford C. Gregg Direetor and Secretary really dark . . . And even though John R. Millar Aaitlanl Stcretary not rainy, it's wet . . . everything is dripping." THE BULLETIN EDITOR CurpORD C. Grbgg Director of IM4 Mtueum CONTRIBUTING EDITORS One little girl confided that the Paul S. Martin Chief Curator of Anthropolon proudly Thsodob Just Chief Curator of Bolann bag clutched in her right hand contained Shakat K. Roy Chief Curator of Geolon Karl P. Schmidt Chief Curator of Zoology four sandwiches, three eggs, an apple, and MANAGING EDITOR three cupcakes, while the left hand enveloped H. B. Harts PubUc Rdatiane Coumel a half-dollar coin for supplementary food- stuffs. The lunchroom display eN-idently proves so tempting that on occasion a Members are requested to inform the Museum A BUSY DAY AT MUSEUM of changes of address. child with no hesitation plops that lunch, promptly Special buses, bringing groups of school children over which his mother so from communities in several states. )am parking area. lovingly labored, into a near-by wastebasket to choose the fare on exhibit. The thirsty little people THE 'MONTH OF CHILDREN" choice bits from such letters of third-graders: consumed 16,000 bottles of soda pop, 9,300 "The Museum was very nice, because you BRINGS ITS THRONGS half-pints of milk, and 9,200 ice cream cones. expressed your words so well"; "Thank you By JUNE BUCHWALD Total attendance for the weekdays was for shooing us around the Museum"; "I RAYMOND foundation LECTURER 28,000 with full house from 11:00 to 12:30 had lots of fun, seeing the bones from the — every day. May is customarily the month of flowers dinosaurs, and other Prehistoric animals. and symbols of peace, quiet, beauty. This, And the dummies [mummies] were so good 'BROWSING' NOT PASSIVE true in however, does not hold Chicago prepared"; "The Museum was very en- celebrate After lunch came the browsing period Natural History Museum where we trusting. The exhibits were very entrusting. intended for individual observation accord- May as the "month of children," and peace Last night I dreamed of giant dinosaurs— ing to personal interests. However, brows- and quiet is shattered by thunderous foot- the bones of the dinosaur made me shiver ing is a loose term, and in this case included falls, echoing calls, and unexplainable noises as if I had been dunked with cold water." children are of only capable producing. Regardless of how many times a guide All past attendance records were broken travels the same route, she finds interest this year. School boys and girls poured in in the variety of groups and in the questions both entrances of the Museum about 70,000 asked of her: "Are the Eskimos stuffed?" strong, representing most of Illinois, Indiana, "How do you preserve the mummies?" Michigan, and Wisconsin. The revolving "Will those ostrich eggs hatch some day?" doors spun around as the energetic young- "How did those penguins get into that sters burst in, restrained only by the fearless case?" "My mother doesn't believe about guards who checked their progress imtil a the storks. Do you?" Most popular ques- teacher, harassed but grateful, finally tion of all is, "When do we eat?" emerged from the rear entanglement. Of To accommodate these seemingly starving school it the unscheduled organized groups children, the guides, lunchroom attendants, asked is estimated that about 20 per cent guards, and maintenance staff co-operated for tours and about 20 per cent mistakenly and labored to plan an efficient schedule were scheduled for tours. thought they each day using all facilities —cafeteria, YOUNGSTERS INSPECT SARCOPHAGUS baskets to Speaking of tours, the Raymond Founda- lunchroom, picnic-room, and One ol the Raymond Foundation school groups in tion staff of seven lecturers gave 247 lecture- hold the unusually large lunch bags the the Hall of Egypt. tours to 8,000 children and had to turn down children carry. In fact, after thorough about 125 groups totaling 4,500 children. research and calculation, it is estimated the everything from hide-and-seek to elevator- Of course, in addition to out-of-town school average child carries in his brown No. 20 riding. John, the elevator operator, was in groups on field trips, the Chicago Public paper bag or in his mother's size-7 shoe box great demand. Too often when he answered Schools (the largest number since 1941) (his own would be too small) two sandwiches, the insistent buzzer, he would find a group came in for tours on specific subjects related an apple, orange, cookies, cake, and candy. (Continued on page 3, column 1) July, 1951 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Pages EL SALVADOR'S CLOUD FORESTS, QUETZALS, AND RAVENS By AUSTIN L. RAND growth. And they seem more than clouds. magnificent moonrise over banks of mist CURATOR OF BIRDS The forest is filled with a semisolid, slithering and clouds, and valleys far below. the FOREST occupies highest something that is moving, flowing back and Next morning we started on the wary and crests in El Salvador. CLOUDpeaks ridge forth through it. It gives an eerie, lost- little mules. Again I admired the sure- And this cloud forest assumes a im- strange world feeling of a living presence every- footed strength of the little beast that in the minds of here. portance biologists where about you. It's really dark in the carried my 250 pounds up these steep The extent of these forests is not great, forest then. And even though not rainy, trails. Hard by the cattle station was an a score or so of miles probably only square it's wet. The moisture condenses on the enormous eucalyptus tree, at least five feet all told. Most of them are difficult to reach leaves, the moss is saturated, and every- in diameter. Of course we'd been told that and are not of the they typical country. thing is dripping. El Salvador was an old country, that the these are Perhaps very things their attrac- It was Mira-mundo, "the lookout over Hacienda San Jos6 where we got the mules with other of tion. Compared most parts the world," where we first visited the cloud was more than 200 years old. And the old the country—cornfields, pastures, coffee iincas, and brush—that have a long dusty dry-season, the cloud forest is truly tropical with its lushness and greenness throughout the year. My son Stanley and I have visited three of the four important cloud forests here. It's an old story to me, of course. I've lived month after month in dripping mist- filled cloud forest that stretched for hundreds of miles in Madagascar and New Guinea. But to Stanley, fresh from temperate climates, these cloud forests fulfilled all his ideas of what a tropical forest, a teeming jungle, should be. The tall trees were heavy with epiphytes and lianas, there was undergrowth galore that made forcing a way through the forest very difficult, and here and there were shrubbery glades. When the clouds were not down and the sun shone, the undergrowth was in twilight, even at midday, and the glades sparkled by contrast. As Stanley said, now he knew what Kipling meant when he had the HUMID UPPER TROPICAL ZONE VEGETATION ON LOS ESESMILES Ethiopian and the leopard look into the forest and say that all they could see was forest. It took us three hours by jeep and coffee plantations and cleared fields told spots and streaks. The patches of light a six-hour climb by mule beyond a hard the same story. But this old giant of a and dark make no patterns at all to an road to reach these few square miles of blue-gum tree, an import from Australia in uninitiated eye. cloud forest. The jeep was faster than the one of the most inaccessible parts of El mules, but the mules were more comfortable. Salvador, drove the fact home to me in a AN EERIE PRESENCE We spent the first night in the bunkhouse way that nothing else had done. How different it is when the clouds are of a cattle station, in an atmosphere that We climbed over grass and shrub slopes. down! And the clouds are usually down, recalled a ski hut in the Alps: the chill (for Ahead we saw the tapestry of the forest in the for clouds and not rain give the perennial it's chilly at 5,000 feet mountains canopy. The colors were green-olive, brown- drives the chill moisture that makes cloud forests possible. in the tropics, and the damp olive, gray-olive, and rust-color, with many Then the clouds swirl through the glades, in), the lantern light, the bare interior of a dark blotch where a gap in the canopy through the trees, and finally into the under- the building, the wind whistling outside, a let us look into the shrubbery beneath. Almost completely lacking were the vivid greens and yellow-greens that even in the 'AlO/VrW OF CHILDREN"— and fortitude were dexterity, patience, dry country we'd left below were common the two women, but {Continued from page i) required by young they along the waterless water courses. report that the situation was relieved some- of children on the second floor who had just what by the fact that most of the children LIKE A TUNNEL run up the stairs for the pure joy of riding were attracted by the same item—the down again, making this vicious circle over At an entrance like a tunnel the trail mystifying magnetic mummy, King Tut, and over. Patient John philosophizes, "Any- went into the forest. Across the top of selling for 50 cents. This fascinating fellow thing moving is the greatest attraction for the entrance a lilac-flowered shrub had plus the souvenir rings, the chenille fuzzy children." flung a branch. Then we were in a world pins, and the glass figures helped to double Finally, the teacher called a halt to the of shadows and dull green, the inside of the sales in the month of May. visit, and all prepared for an exit, which, the cloud forest. A friendly proprietary, In we make this of course, was past the book and souvenir closing may suggestion the Freund Company of San Salvador, had to teachers: be like else? shop. Here the teacher was forced to give Why everyone placed a house in a clearing in the forest "only five minutes now" to choose some The average teacher usually plans her class at our disposal. This was very near the little memento. So the two Book Shop visit to the Museum in spring. To avoid point where the boundaries of El Salvador, attendants stood their ground as the horde crowded halls and crowded schedules, bring Guatemala, and Honduras meet. The care- of 35 to 40 youngsters attacked. Speed, your students in January or February! taker, who was there with his wife, child, Page i CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN July, 1951 mule, cow, and dog, looked after us for our spicuous bird. It sat up on dead twigs on When we visited the Volcano of San few days' stay. the outer edges of the treetops, and from Salvador we had to leave the jeep at San It was the dry season, and so part of each there made rapid rallies, in typical fly- Jos6 on the shoulder of the mountain and day was fine. But mornings and evenings catcher fashion, for insects. get a local guide to show us where the trail the clouds extended over from the Atlantic started for the two-hour climb on foot. It VISITORS FROM THE NORTH slopes to drench the forest and then were always amazes me how mountain people dissipated in the hot dry air that covers This is my first trip to the American disregard the slope of mountains. They most of £1 Salvador. Ravens, of the same tropics, and I was thrilled to see two species travel in spurts at a fast walk, or even a species that range over the northern parts representing American families I'd never run, with rests here and there. And they of the Old and New World, came croaking seen before. One was one of the wood- keep up their rapid pace for distances that about the clearing, especially when the hewers, birds that, like gigantic brown have a lowlander gasping in amazement as mists were dense. Now, as well as associat- creepers, spiral up tree trunks. The other well as from lack of breath. They climb ing these birds with the Tower of London was one of the toucans, a jay-sized green with as little apparent effort as a plainsman (where they used to, and perhaps still do, bird with an immense bill that gives it a walks on the level. Our guide was like this. keep a pair), with Poe's "Nevermore," and head-heavy appearance, like a hombill, that But there's a corollary to the endurance of with spruce forests, I'll always associate came into the quetzals' tree just after they mountain people, as we found in New them with mist in a tropical cloud forest. left it. Then there were old friends spend- Guinea. Mountain people when they get ing the winter here while their summer on the level have no more endurance than THE QUETZALS APPEAR home was in the grip of an Arctic winter: plains people in the hills. a from the northern The quetzal is of course the most famous yellow-bellied sapsucker The forest patch on the summit of San forests that looked out of of the cloud-forest birds. Nearly as large spruce-aspen Salvador, the volcano that overlooks the as a with almost a place, going from bare place to bare crow, plumes yard long, place capital and gives it its name, is fine and tall, on the tree the back and plumes glittering green and vivid trunks, avoiding epiphytes; but it is much dryer and has fewer epiphytes and a Wilson's warbler pink below, the male is a magnificent bird. yellow, black-capped than the other forests. Here jays, of a that the It is recorded as a shy bird, shunning man gleamed through shrubbery, ap- species blue with a black head, gathered in as much at home as in the dwarf and his clearings. I hardly dared hope parently bands, calling in the tree tops. They were bushes of the Mackenzie Mountains. to see one. But before breakfast I was out the only conspicuous forest birds on our trail This forest a few walking the in the half light of dawn. Mira-mundo and square trip. Even more interesting to us was the The forest was drenched, but the mists miles of forest on another hill to the east country just below the forest and above the were rolling back, and the rising sim was along the Honduras border called Los coffee. Here were planted flower gardens— are just touching the tops of the tallest trees. Esesmiles the only places where the not the vivid blooms of the tropics but of Ahead of me I heard a half whistle, half Central American backbone mountains familiar northern things: fields of roses, hoot, and in a moment two quetzals came with its cloud forests spills over into extreme geraniums, daisies, pinks, carnations, and flying to perch in a tree directly overhead. northern Salvador. Originally there was the like. At this high altitude they thrive One, the male, had long flowing plumes. probably much cloud forest on the central and are gathered to be sold in the cities. The other was its mate. of volcanoes San presumably Though range (Santa Ana, Salvador, Here we found several birds new to us. were in I could see little San Miguel, and San Vincent) and they plain sight, perhaps The most important perhaps was a dingy color in the shadowy light. Then, on the coastal Balsam range, but most of morning little flycatcher that only an expert's eye as if for the male made a circular it has into coffee or bush, and now my benefit, gone would recognize as the second record for into the Its what's left is a few square miles on Santa dancing flight up sunlight. El Salvador. The most spectacular, how^- iridescent back its vivid Ana, its subsidiary cones, and perhaps a green gleamed, ever, was a mocking-bird with deep blue red flanks and belly glowed, and its undulat- square mile on San Salvador. upper parts, white under parts, and a lovely — three feet —added visited the Santa Ana area on one of ing plumes nearly long We rich song. grace to its movements. This %new of the the smaller peaks locally known as Frog quetzals was one of the grandest pieces of Mountain. We went all the way by jeep, good luck I've ever had. To have even up through the coffee and red dust, the grass, SUMMER LECTURE TOURS glimp>sed them would have satisfied me. and shrubbery, into the old crater. Inside GIVEN TWICE A DAY Here I had one practically perform for me. the crater is what is called Frog Lake. During July and August, conducted tours But birds generally were hard to find in Perhaps in the wet season it may be a lake of the exhibits, under the guidance of staff the forests, as I've found usual in such swarming with frogs, but it was a grassy lecturers, will be given on a special schedule: mountain forests. There were only a few meadow grazed by cows when we saw it. trails on the inside of the was exceptions. Along the were two species Around it, rim, light, Mondays: 11 a.m.—The World of Animals of tiny hummingbirds that continually rather dry cloud forest. (general survey of the animal exhibits); startled me by buzzing in my ears, and A one-day trip to a cloud forest is the 2 P.M.—General Tour when I turned to look they would be some- act of an optimist. We snatched things Tuesdays: 11 A.M.—Places and People where else. One was slaty below, with white here and there. Every different place you (general survey of the anthropology ex- head and seemed to be visit seems to have a few different, markings, always things hibits); 2 P.M.—General Tour chasing another one. The other was glitter- no matter how similar the places appear, 11 A.M.—Green ing green above, with a metallic violet gorget and this forest, though poor and scrawny, Wednesdays: Magic (gen- eral survey of the exhibits); 2 p.m.— that had elongated comers. They seemed was no exception. We found cloud-forest plant General Tour to "own" certain glades, perched there, species new to us. Robins, like our bird in squeaked, and supped at inconspicuous size and shape but dusky and with a chest- Thursdays: 11 A.M. and 2 P.M.—General flowers in the shrubbery. A little tan- nut collar, sang loudly in the trees. A little Tours breasted flycatcher was another species that cloud-forest warbler with a brown breast Fridays: 11 A.M.—Secrets in Stones (gen- defied what seemed to be the almost imi- mark gleamed through the branches and eral survey of the geology exhibits); versal rule of cloud-forest birds. It neither And twigs. strangely, white-winged doves, 2 P.M.—General Tour skulked in the shrubbery nor dashed away the same species as we have in the southern after a glimpse of me. If not the most United States, cooed from the forest edge There are no tours on Saturdays and common, it certainly was the most con- where they were apparently nesting. Simdays, or on Wednesday, July 4. July, 1951 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 5 MORE ABOUT EL SALVADOR—A BOTANIST^S VIEWPOINT By NORMAN C. FASSETT* The road up the mountain south of Jucuapa which ranges from El Salvador into South miles east of San in Some sixty Salvador, is incredibly dusty in the dry season, in- America and is closely related to E. thermalis. Central American of El Sal- the republic credibly muddy in the rainy season, and Alegria is now a region of tragedy and the traveler look southward vador, may incredibly steep in all seasons. It climbs sadness. Early in May, the mountains across a narrow valley to Jucuapa ("Hoo- from the land of bananas and coconuts to trembled, and thousands of persons who coo-dh-pah") and Chinameca ("Cheen-ah- the land of coffee. Coffee is grown in the made their homes on their slopes became m&y-ca"), built on the flanks of a series of shade of trees, and the mountain side that homeless. Chinameca was destroyed, and volcanos that parallels the highway for from the highway appeared to be a vast Jucuapa was such a shambles that the forest proves to be a debris, with countless buried dead, was vast coffee grove. burned. At least six smaller towns, center- Then the coffee groves ing on the Merry Little Lake, are listed as give way to native almost uninhabitable. forest. Near the very A recent letter from Dr. Helmut Meyer- summit of the moun- Abich, geologist at the Instituto Tropical tain, at an altitude of de Investigaciones Cientificas, tells of some something more than effects of the earthquake.* When the a mile above sea level, mountain shook, great landslides cascaded the road, which has into Lake Alegria. Scores of enormous been circling the boulders rolled down the cliffs into the lake.

moun tai n , turns The lake and its scanty flora have prob- sharply to the right, ably survived .such disturbances in the past. climbs abruptly over But severe changes are always possible in a ridge, and descends this region. There was a lake in the crater steeply to Lagunita of VolcSn San Salvador, which boiled away, Alegria. literally, following the earthquake of 1917. Alegria means There is Laguna las Ranas, occupying a crater in western San Salvador. In recent "merriment" or "re- years it has become dry, and the cracked joicing." This little surface of what was once its bed is covered lake of merriment is now with a dense turf of Eleocharis Sello- actually in the crater wiana. of VolcSn Tecapa. It is nearly round, about * A on the Dr. Sharat K. 300 yards in diameter, report earthquake by Roy, the Museum's own geologist now in El Salvador, will and surrounded by the appear in an early issue of the Bulletin. abrupt walls of the old crater. Although Paleontologists Sift forest grows on the 15 Tons of Sand cliffs and a lake oc- An idea of the strain imposed by scientific cupies the crater, the research upon the patience and endurance volcano is not quite of its practitioners may be obtained from dead. Hot lava is not the experiences of Bryan Patterson, Curator far beneath the sur- of Fossil Mammals, and Orville L. Gilpin, face, and on the shores Chief Preparator of Fossils, who washed and are springs of hot sifted more than fifteen tons of sand in water, bubbling and search of tiny, almost microscopic specimens steaming and giving of fossil vertebrates on their recent expedi- off an evil sulphurous tion to northern Texas. The operation was smell. Two species of THE TRAGIC 'LITTLE LAKE OF REJOICING' somewhat similar to the placer method of plants have adapted Lake Alegria, deep in the crater of the volcano Tccapa in EI Salvador, is sur- gold mining. The geologists returned to to life in was taken several weeks before themselves rounded by high steep walls. This photograph the Museum last month, bringing as a result the recent masses of earth and rocks the water charged catastrophic earthquake precipitated great of their herculean task some 1,600 pounds frotn the cliffs into the waters of the lake. with poisonous vol- of concentrate. Still further sifting of this canic products. One will be required to complete the work of miles. From the the is an which makes a green coating twenty-five highway, alga, culling the fossil specimens. and is aggregations of red-tile roofs do not appear on the rocks probably responsible Operations were conducted in the same color of the whole lake. like cities of ten thousand or more inhabit- for the pea-soup general area as in the two preceding years. of the ants, but people are crowded closely to- The other is a small sedge, genus The first discovery in the Texas area of gether in El Salvador. Eleocharis, which grows in shallow water early Cretaceous mammal-bearing deposits The peak of a cone-shaped volcano seems close to the hot springs. This is of particular was made by Museum men in 1949. scarcely the place to look for a lake, but interest in view of the occurrence of a similar Yellowstone that is exactly where Lake Alegria is located. sedge in the hot springs of The gem collection of the Museum is one National Park, appropriately named Eleo- of the best in the world. Cut and uncut charis thermalis. The of of Professor of Botany, University of Wisconsin. sedge Lagunita specimens nearly every known precious the Wisconsin Alumni liesearch Founda- Sponsored by Alegria has been identified by Dr. H. K. and semiprecious stone are displayed in tion and Chicago Natural History Museum, the author collected aquatic plants from September, 1950, to Svenson, of the American Museum of H. N. Higinbotham Hall (Hall 31), many March, 1951, as of the Institute Tropical de guest of of historic interest. Investigaciones Cientificas in El Salvador. Natural History, as Eleocharis Sellowiana, them great Page 6 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Jtdy, 1951

A CLOSE evidence that the LOOK pre-Incaic name for Vira- (6) For a possible migration from the cocha was "Con-Tici" or "Ilia AT 'KON-TIKI' Tici," and Northwest Coast of America to Polynesia, at a later date sometimes "Con Tici Vira- By ALEXANDER SPOEHR Heyerdahl mentions similarity in art styles CURATOR OF cocha." That the "Tiki" OCEANIC ETHNOLOGY Polynesian and between the two regions. It was long ago the Peruvian "Tici" are the same is doubtful. that the BEST-SELLER, Kon-Tiki* has suggested art of the Maori of New Occasional chance occurrences of the same Zealand and that of the Northwest Coast THEdeservedly caught the imagination of word or word element in two unrelated were similar. A closer and more critical the American public. This story of a voyage languages is a common while of from the coast of Peru to the Tuamotu phenomenon, inspection Polynesian and Northwest the etymology of the Peruvian "Tid" is far Coast art made later students has not Islands of Polynesia, made in a balsa raft by from certain. indicated similarities that are built to Inca specifications, ranks with the convincing. (2) Hyerdahl considers the art style of Also that the Northwest Coast Indians had best tales of adventure. The first purpose stone carvings on Easter, Pitcairn, and the canoes in A.D. 1100 is not of the undertaking was to demonstrate sea-going known; Marquesas Islands in Polynesia so similar nor are they ever known to have made that the ancient Peruvians were capable of long, to pre-Inca (presumably Tihuanaco) carv- canoe in historic making voyages over such a tremendous open-sea voyages early times. ings in Peru that they must be products of distance in their own type of sea-going CONTRARY EVIDENCE the same people. These carvings may seem vessel. The Kon-Tiki expedition is sound similar to Heyerdahl; they have never im- The principal proof that it could have been done and is argument against Heyer- pressed critical students of the area as being dahl's theory is found, however, in the a convincing answer to the skeptics who large alike. body of contrary evidence that ties denied the feasibility of such voyages. Poly- (3) He gives credence to the observations nesia to Micronesia and in turn to South- The second purpose of the trip was to of the early Dutch explorer Roggeveen that eastern Asia—a of evidence that he lend support to the belief of Thor Heyer- body among the people of Easter Island were has deliberately and even dahl, the leader of the expedition and author ignored implied light-skinned individuals, presumably de- does not exist. The Polynesian of the book, that the peoples and cultures languages scendants of while he to the of Polynesia are derived from the New Kon-Tici, suggests belong Malayo-Polynesian family, that the red stone caps placed atop the which stretches in a great from World. This theory is outlined briefly in bridge massive Easter Island across Micronesia and the book and through the introduction of carvings represent Polynesia Malaysia the red hair of the early Peruvian migrants. to the Southeastern Asian island bits of evidence is given implicit validation archipela- The Roggeveen expedition account is known goes. The outrigger canoe is found across by Heyerdahl. However, it is one thing to to have been much exaggerated. Poly- this same belt and, contrary to much demonstrate the possibility of making the popular nesians are quite light-skinned on body belief, is perfectly capable of close voyage in a Peruvian-type raft. It is quite sailing parts not exposed to the sun and undoubt- to the wind and a different thing to demonstrate that the making long easterly edly have a Caucasoid-like strain in their voyages in the trade-wind al- Pol>Tiesians actually came to their island latitudes, racial ancestry. But that this strain can be the double-canoe was the favored home by raft and canoe from the shores of though to the Con Tici Vira- craft. the Americas. As a museum curator and a assigned legendary Polynesian open-sea A series of cocha and his followers, or that early historic Oceanic food plants, such as the professional anthropologist, both of whom taro, Polynesians included numbers of white- coconut (for which there is no evidence are suggested in Kon-Tiki as being rather large good skinned individuals, is quite unproven. that it was in the New World at the time misguided and hopeless conservatives, I (4) Heyerdahl stresses the fact that the of discovery), bananas, and breadfruit as should like to point out a few reasons why were a well as the domesticated link Heyerdahl's ingenuous reconstruction of Polynesians "pure stone-age people" pig, Polynesia and states that "there were no cultures in to the Old World rather than to the New. Polynesian prehistory is more novel than the world of These are a few of cultural probable. any reproductive capacity" only many traits at the probable time of the Polynesian that militate against Heyerdahl's theory. VIRACOCHA LEGEND migrations except in the New World. What There is also negative evidence to be Heyerdahl uses as evidence the Peruvian is meant by "reproductive capacity" is not considered. If Polynesians are in large part legend of Viracocha, said to have been an clear. However, the Peruvians at this time sea-faring Peruvians, why are not funda- ancient, blond, light-skinned hero-god who were using copper for building ties and other mental traits such as the highly developed was supposed to have come to Peru with objects and technically were not a stone-age Peruvian textile arts and ceramics found in some followers of similar tyjje in pre-Inca people. On the other hand, peoples who Polynesia, for the raw materials exist there? times, stayed for a time, and vanished. were skillful stone workers were living at the Also, if Viracocha and his cohorts were Heyerdahl believes that Viracocha and his same time in both Malaysia and Micronesia blond or red-headed and light-skinned, they colleagues actually existed, that they were to the west of the Polynesians. were presumably Caucasoids, and why has responsible for the development of a culture (5) The sweet potato and the gourd are not a well-defined Caucasoid element been in Peru called Tihuanaco (though it is not two New World plants that most students found in pre-Inca skeletal material? Pre- explicitly named in the book), and that about accept, with Heyerdahl, as being in Poly- history of the Andes and Polynesia is not A.D. 500 they took to their balsa rafts and nesia at the time of European discovery. such a misty unknown as the book implies. sailed to Polynesia, which they proceeded Whether they were brought by Peruvians These criticisms are not directed against to populate with their offspring. Later, or whether Polynesians voyaged to the New the idea that actual voyages were occasion- about A.D. 1100, Polynesia was supposed to World and returned with them is not certain. ally made by Peruvians to Polynesia. This have been invaded by Indians from the However, Heyerdahl actually made the trip seems highly probable. Criticism is directed Northwest Coast of North America, who in a Peruvian raft, while there are no re- against the idea that the Polynesians merged with the previous wave of migrants corded voyages of Polynesian canoes making migrated en masse from the New World to form the historic Polynesian race and a round-trip voyage to South America and and that Polynesian culture owes its primary who evolved the historic Polynesian culture. back, although long voyages were likewise patterning to New World sources. This A few criticisms seem to be in order: possible in canoes. Yet this is slim evidence latter belief adds spice to the grand story 1 for a migration theory and, as it has been of Kon-Tiki belief ( ) Heyerdahl equates the Polynesian god Heyerdahl's voyage. The is like Tiki with Viracocha because there is some f)ointed out, saying that, because the remains nevertheless an enthusiasm of the "Irish" potato is derived from South author rather than the most probable ex- * Kon-Tiki, by Thor Heyerdahl (Chicsgo: Rand America, Irishmen are ipso facto migrants planation for Polynesian origins, based on McNally, 1930) from South America also. a critical appraisal of the evidence. July, 1951 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 7 SOUTH AMERICAN AND ORIENTAL FISHES ACQUIRED STAFF NOTES The Museum has recently purchased the observer with some knowledge of fishes, and collection of fishes of the Carnegie Museum many little-known species are included in Col. Clifford C. Director, and Gregg, in Pittsburgh, an outstanding collection his collection. Karl P. Chief Curator of Zool- Schmidt, famous for its South American and Oriental Nearly all of the material in the Carnegie attended the annual of the ogy, meeting fishes. No extensive work on the fresh- collection was studied, sorted, and selected American Association of Museums held in water fishes of South America or on the before it was sent to the Museum, and be- 2. Col. is Philadelphia May 31-June Gregg marine fishes of the a member of the council of the association. Far East is possible a Chief Curator Schmidt presented paper without consulting of on "The Function University Museums." this basic collection.

. . . Chief Curator Schmidt has been elected In the early part of of the American of Arts a Fellow Academy the century Carl H. and Sciences. He an address recently gave Eigenmann, pre-emi- "The of Domestic Animals" on Origins nent authority of his before the Midwest Humane Conference. day on the fresh- ... An expedition to collect upper Cretace- water fishes of South ous and Eocene fossil plants in Alabama, America, and his Mississippi, and Tennessee was begun last students amassed and month by George Langford, Curator of described most of the Fossil Plants, and Dr. R. H. Whitfield, South American mate- Associate in Fossil Plants .... Dr. Paul S. rial in the collection. Chief Curator of Martin, Anthropology, Of the 575 species in- Curator of Oceanic Dr. Alexander Spoehr, cluded, nearly half are I. Curator Ethnology, George Quimby, represented by types. Dr. B. Assist- of Exhibits, John Rinaldo, This part of the collec- Curator of and Miss ant Archaeology, tion is of especial value in Elaine Bluhm, Assistant Archaeology, also because it con- annual of the attended the meetings Society tains specimens from for American held in Evanston Archaeology nearly all sections of recently. Dr. Martin was chairman of a South America. session at which Dr. Spoehr presented a The Oriental fishes of Dr. paper on the archaeology Saipan, and comprise about one- a of the Rinaldo was appointed member third of the Carnegie FISHES 'LANDED' FOR CHICAGO Executive Committee .... Dr. Martin lec- collection and are both Packing the collection of exotic fishes of the Carnegie Museum for transfer to Natural Museum. tured and showed his motion picture, "In- marine and fresh- Chicago History a of dians Before Columbus," at meeting the water species. In Club at the of Anthropology University this portion there are approximately 1,753 cause of this there is very little duplication. Illinois in Urbana .... Dr. attended Spoehr species, of which 143 are represented by The geographic areas represented are those a in of the meeting Washington advisory types. They are from many places in the in which our Division of Fishes has not for the Pacific Science Board's coral group Orient but principally from Japan, Formosa, carried on extensive field work, and therefore to final for the atoll program complete plans and Korea. The Oriental collections were the great majority of species are especially Board's atoll research project for the current made and studied by David Starr Jordan worthwhile additions to our study collections. Gilbert Islands .... summer in the Donald and his associates and by various Japanese Our number of types will be more than Curator of South American Eth- Collier, ichthyologists. In addition to these Oriental doubled. Incorporation of the Carnegie and attended the annual nology Archaeology, collections there are 1,364 lots of fishes material will make it possible to utilize the of the Division of meetings Anthropology from moderately deep (100 to 300 fathoms) South American material that we already of the National Research and Psychology waters off eastern Japan. These fishes were have and will greatly aid in working on our in .... Colin C. Council Washington San- collected by Allan Owston, a shipmaster, marine fishes. Curator of en- born, Mammals, recently who spent fifty years cruising and collecting LoREN P. Woods gaged in studies of Philippine mammals at in Japanese waters. Owston was a careful Curator of Fishes the U. S. National Museum in Washington, D.C., and the American Museum of Natural in New York. He History particularly the Herbarium, has recently been engaged in Mexican Salamander Studies of for studied type specimens rodents com- botanical field studies in the Ozark region Clifford H. Pope, Curator of Amphibians pletion of a research project .... Dr. of Missouri. and Reptiles, plans to leave for the Mexican Theodor Just, Chief Curator of Botany, highlands about July 1, where he will study has left on a field trip to the southwestern the habitat relationships of woodland sala- United States and California. He will also Annual Published Report manders. The salamander fauna of Mexico attend the Sixth Annual Meeting of the The Annual Report of Colonel Clifford C. is of special interest because of its isolation for the of Evolution in Berk- Society Study Gregg, Director of the Museum, to the and its similarity to that of our own southern where he will be ley, California, joined by Museum's Board of Trustees, has just been highlands. Many of the Mexican species Chief Curator of Schmidt .... Zoology published by the Museum Press. Distribu- have been but recently discovered and are Miss Lorain Farmer, Museum guide- tion of copies to all Members of the Museum therefore little known. Investigation of the lecturer, recently appeared on Martha will be made at an early date. The Report, woodland salamanders of the southern Crane's radio program on WLS and told a book of 142 pages, gives details of all Appalachians already has been carried on about the work of the Raymond Foundation principal activities of the institution for for several years, and so the time is favorable .... Dr. Julian A Steyermark, Curator of 1950 and contains 24 illustrations. for an investigation in Mexico. Page 8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN July, 1951

SPECIAL GEM EXHIBIT July 5—Nanook of the North MOVING TO LOOP Robert Flaherty's film tells of a fihy ykars ago Eskimo and their The First Annual Amateur Handcrafted typical family Al }HK MUSEUM struggle for life in the far North Gem and Jewelry Competitive Exhibition, held during June in Stanley Field Hall of July 12—The Ant and the Grasshopper Compiled by MARGARET J. BAUER the Museum under the of the auspices The well-known story of the ant and to be one The for Chicago Lapidary Club, proved the grasshopper is told in color original plan establishing the Natural movies, the actors being puppets Chicago History Museum building in Grant Park in close relation to the Also a cartoon — Art Institute of Chicago and the subsequent July 19 Indian Stories of Today vicissitudes undergone by the plans for the How Indians are living today and institution (then known as Field Columbian where Museum) that resulted in its present location Also a cartoon form an interesting part of the history of

July 2fr—Dick Whittington and His Cat

l^'"^- *»'--- >:t..\~ ' (presented by Cole Marionettes) -'"--"-^'^'^ ii>-'iY|ii''^' yf;.~:^ ''"^~"t.

.- This is a real marionette show, not [ a movie August 2—Beiaver Valley (a Walt Disney film) The finest of nature photog- PRIZE-WINNING JEWELRY raphers helped to produce this Mrs. Helen Cooke (center) displays a malachite story of the animals and life bracelet that won "best tn show'* gold cup in the in a typical beaver pond pMffQQDQC First Annual Amateur Handcrafted Gem and Jewelry Competitive Exhibition of the Chicago Lapidary Also a cartoon Club held at the Museum during June. Other prize- August 9—Seal Island winning creations are worn by Gloria Johnston (left) and Carolyn McNerney, Patricia Stevens models. (a Walt Disney film) MUSEUM PLAN IN EARLY 19O0's shows site This color movie tells about the Map the one-time proposed for what was then known as Field Columbian Museum. The new of the most successful and interesting special fur seals of the Pribilof Islands building was to have been located on the lake front has and it at- exhibits the Museum had, Also a cartoon east of Michigan Avenue between Van Buren and tracted unusual public attention. For those Harrison Streets, but this plan was later discarded for the location. who missed this display, it is announced present that a second showing will be held in the GIFTS TO THE MUSEUM State Street store of C. D. Peacock and the Chicago Plan. The accompanying illus- Following is a list of the principal gifts Company from July 9 to 21, inclusive. tration from a newspaper of the early 1900*s received during the past month: To those interested in and qualified for shows one of these plans. The decision was of actual participation in the hobbies of col- Department Botany: reached to keep that part of Grant Park From: of lecting gem materials and fashioning them University California, Berkeley free of further large structures for the sake —180 New Zealand and Islands; into finished gems and jewel creations, the algae, Fiji of the view from Michigan Avenue. The William L. Culberson, Cincinnati—30 algae Chicago Lapidary Club—whose members present Museum building is on lake-front and lichens, Ohio and Kentucky; R. L. call themselves "rockhounds"— extends a land not then in existence. Dunkeson, Willow Springs, Mo.—26 phan- cordial invitation to about member- inquire erograms, Missouri; Dr. William R. Taylor, should be addressed to: ship. Inquiries University of Michigan, Ann Arbor—52 Chicago Lapidary Club, Grand Crossing algae, Bermuda; Dr. Eula Whitehouse, NEW MEMBERS Park 76th Street and South Southern Methodist Dallas—27 Fieldhouse, University, The following persons became Museum 19. Texas. Isgleside Avenue, Chicago algae, Members between May 16 and June 15: Departtnent of Zoology: Contributors From: Margaret G. Bradbury, Chicago— PROGRAMS FOR CHILDREN Charles B. Jr. 6 bats, Missouri; Laura Brodie, Chicago— Cory, ON THURSDAY MORNINGS 27 120 9 and a salamanders, frogs, lizards, Associate Memliers snake. South Carolina; Chicago Zoological The Raymond Foundation will present W. S. Deeming, Kenneth M. Henderson, Society, Brookfield, 111. —an egg of Hum- its annual summer series of free entertain- Costa A. Pandaleon, Mrs. Arthur C. boldt penguin; Dr. James Kezer, Chicago— ments for children on Thursday mornings Prince, E. Hall Taylor. 57 salamanders, North Carolina; John M. for six 5. There will weeks, beginning July Schmidt, Plainfield, 111. —a mammal speci- Annual Memlwrs be five on motion-picture programs and, men (Mustela vison), Illinois; Joseph H. J. C. Bowman, Mrs. Gertrude Cermak, one show. — skulls July 26, pupjjet Two perform- Shirk, Peru, Ind. 3 mammal (Felis R. W. Clyne, William M. Collins, Jr., ances of each program will be given, at concolor subsp.). Edward A. Dougherty, C. W. Edmonds, 10 A.M. and 11 A.M., in the James Simpson Division of Motion Pictures: Mrs. Eari E. Gray, Thad Hackett, Lathrop Theatre of the Museum. The theatre and W. Hull, Walter R. Kolesiak, Joseph M. From: John W. Moyer, Chicago—2 16mm Mrs. I. E. Frank McCal- west entrance of the Museum will be open color films. Lederer, McCabe, John J. H. L. at 9:30 A.M. lister, McDonough, Norby, Library: T. S. Pacer, Dr. Frank J. Padour, E. A. Children are invited to come alone, accom- From: Robert F. Inger, Homewood, 111.; Parker, Mrs. D. J. Peacher, Stephen T. panied by parents or other adults, or in Henry W. Nichols (bequest), Chicago; Pepich, Henry R. Portis, Rev. Cuthbert from clubs and various centers. groups Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, N.Y.; Charles Pratt, Max Pray, E. P. Queri, Harold S. Admission is free. are the dates Following B. Cory, Jr., Homewood, 111.; Kari P. Russell, P. B. Schnering, E. C. Staunton, and titles of the shows: Schmidt, Homewood, 111. C. N. Wesley, C. V. Wisner, Jr.

PRINTED BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS RULLETIN U VoL22,No.8-August 1951 Chicago Natural History Museum Pageg CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN August, 1951

Chicago Natural History Museum shaman or medium. The Indian ritual in -THIS MONTH'S COVER- FOUNDBD BT MARSHALL FiBLD, 1893 which the spirits are consulted is called the Our cover shows the U. S. Fish RooacTcIt Road and Lake Shore DrlTe, Chlcato 5 "Shaking Tent" rite, a name derived from and Wildlife Service's research Telephone: WAbasu 2-9410 the fact that the tent or booth on which ship "Oregon" on her way into the medium sits is shaken violently by the THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES port at Pascagoula, Mississippi. spirits during the seance. The shaking tent Lester Armour Stanley Field The Museum has received im- rite was, and to some extent still is, practiced Srwell U Avert Samuel Insull. Jr. portant additions to its collections Wm. McCormick Blair Henry P. Isham by the Forest Algonkians (Montagnais, Leopold E. Block Hughston M. McBain the of this the tribes of the Plains through co-operation Walter J. Cummings Wiluam H. Mitchell Cree, Ojibwa), Clarence B. Randall division which has Albert B. Dick, Jr. (Plains Cree, Assiniboine, Gros Ventre, government Howard W. Fbnton George A. Richardson permitted scientists from this Joseph N. Field Solomon A. Smith Blackfoot, Crow, Cheyenne, and Kiowa), Marshall Field Albert H. Wbtten institution to participate in the Marshall Field. Jr. John P. Wilson and the Kutenai of the Plateau. cruises. An account of recent Among the Forest Algonkians the medium OFFICERS work by Loren P. Woods, Curator is a man who has gained in a dream revela- Stanley Field PraidnU of Fishes, appears on page 3. In Marshall Field Firwt Viet-Prendent tion the power to summon spirits. The Steond Viet-Pmident the near future it is that called are the of certain ani- expected Samuel Insull, Jr. Third Vic»-Pmidtnt spirits spirits Mr. Woods and Robert F. Inger, Solomon A. Smith TrtatuTtr mals, such as turtle and elk, and independent CurroRD C. Grbgg Director and Secretam .\ssistant Curator of Fishes, will John R. Millar AnUtant S«crttary spirit beings, neither animal nor human. be aboard for exploration in the Occasionally human ghosts are summoned. vicinity of the Florida Keys and The seance takes place at night in a special THE BULLETIN Campeche Banks. The barrel-shaped lodge or booth built for the "Oregon" EDITOR is a converted tuna occasion. It is about four feet in diameter clipper CurroRD C. Grbgg Dirtlor of Ou Mu—um equipped with large double trawl- and seven or eight feet high. The frame- ing winch carrying enough cable CONTRIBUTING EDITORS work of vertical poles set in the ground and Paul S. Martin Curator of to trawl at depths of 500 fathoms. Chief Anthropoloin held by horizontal hoops is covered with Thbodor Just Chief Curator of Boiann Adding to her usefulness in scien- Sbarat K. Rot Chief Curator of Geolon skins or canvas. During the seance the Earl P. Schmidt Chitf Curator of Zoolan tific work are other trawls, trolling medium sits within the booth out of sight lines, hand lines and sonic MANAGING EDITOR of the audience ranged on the ground traps, Public Retatiotu Coumel Loran H B. Hartb around the booth. depth recorder, receiver, radio direction finder, deep sea THEY TELL ALL Members are requested to inform the Museum reversing thermometers, and ba- of of address. The promptly changes From the moment the medium enters the thythermograph. photo- graph is by courtesy of the Fish booth and throughout the seance, which and Wild Life Service. often lasts several hours, the booth shakes SPIRITUALISM AS PRACTICED and vibrates. This vibration is believed to BY AMERICAN INDIANS be caused not by the^ medium but by the summoned, and especially wind By DONALD COLUER spirits shaman is said to have produced fresh blue- The ask what is curator op south AMERICAS ETHNOLOGY spirits. spirits speak, berries at a seance in the dead of winter. AND ARCHAEOLOGY wanted of them, and when told by the Among the Plains tribes a special booth and in all man medium, give the answer immediately or ALL TIMES places was not used. The seance took place in the has striven for emotional after leaving for some minutes in order to AT security by tipi of the medium, who was concealed means knowl- obtain the desired information. seeking through supernatural behind a curtain. Animal spirits were not of the unknown and therefore With the aid of his spirit helpers a medium edge dangerous summoned but only human ghosts. The hidden the barrier is able to secure news of persons hundreds future, or knowledge by shaman was bound with thongs and was of Such of miles away and to learn of events at a space (distance). contemporary released by the ghost. The arrival of the and as the of distance. He may recover lost or stolen widespread practices reading spirit was announced by sounds of wind, tea and articles, or determine the fate of missing cards, leaves, palms, horoscopes, shaking of the tipi, and strange voices, which the of human or overdue persons. And he can discover and summoning spirits through only the medium could interpret. With the back far in the of the cause of and prescribe the remedy for mediums go very history aid of his ghost helpers the medium could civilization. connected or ana- some puzzling maladies. Historically locate lost objects and stray horses, deter- have existed in ancient and some of the tribes mentioned the logous practices Among mine the fate of missing parties of warriors, modem times all over the in order to demonstrate his among peoples shaman, powers, locate herds of game, determine the position has himself bound with before world. firmly thongs of enemy groups, and foretell future events. or communication with the he is in the seance At once Spiritualism, placed lodge. But the shaking tent rite was much less is still the to he is freed spirits of the dead, widely practiced lodge begins vibrate, by important here than among the Forest eminent his and the are tossed in America and Europe. Such spirit helpers, thongs Algonkian tribes. men as Sir Oliver Lodge and Sir Arthur violently through the open top of the booth. Conan Doyle were firmly convinced of the DELIVER THE GOODS Botanist Joins Museum Staff reality of spiritualistic phenomena. In this country groups in the most varied walks of Some of the shamans were famous for E. P. Killip, one of America's leading life often attempt to solve their problems their extraordinary feats. One medium botanists and head curator of the Depart- and look into the future by consulting sent his spirit helpers with a load of furs ment of Botany of the United States mediums. many miles to a trading post from which National Museum at Washington, D.C., they brought back within an hour several until his retirement this year, has been THE 'SHAKING TENT' cases of whisky. Another, during a time elected by the Board of Trustees of Chicago The North American Indians, too, had of famine, ^)roduced in exchange for four Natural History Museum as Research Asso- their troubles and worries. And one of the marten skins a fifty-pound sack of flour ciate in Phanerogamic Botany. "He is a rec- ways that they solved their problems was that his helpers had brought from a post a ognized authority on several families of by consulting spirits through an intermediary hundred miles away. In another case a plants. August, 1951 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page S SCOURING THE GULF OF MEXICO FOR FISHES OF THE DEEP SEA By LOREN p. woods is carried out Stewart Institution fishes taken by his curator op fishes program being by any strange Springer, fishery engineer of the Fish and fishermen, particularly specimens found in the least-known fish fauna in the Perhaps Wildlife Service, who has for many years the stomachs of red snappers. These speci- world is that between 100 and lying 300 made important contributions of specimens mens were usually partially digested, frag- fathoms in the sea along the continental to our Division of Fishes. mentary, or otherwise damaged and repre- This is a shelf. region generally too deep In February of this year I was invited to sented but a small portion of the great for ordinary commercial trawling operations. participate in the seventh cruise of the variety of fishes living on or near the bottom fished In many places reefs and other obstructions Oregon for exploratory fishing in the north- in the depths of 100 to 300 fathoms render trawling difficult and expensive, and west Gulf. During this cruise a search was by the Oregon. Nevertheless they were so, except for a very few local attempts, this made for trawlable areas in rather shallow named and described, and it was largely on water off the coast of northern Florida be- such poor material that our information was tween Cape San Bias and Cedar Keys. This based. This has made procuring fresh part of the cruise was over untried and for material in good condition from nearby the most part coral-covered bottom and areas a very worthwhile undertaking for resulted in loss or severe damage to six purely scientific reasons. trawls. Since most of the trawling was done In this zone conditions of light, salinity, at night, days were spent anchored on and temperature are relatively constant. "snapper lumps," small submerged banks or Day or night, winter or summer, the reefs, handlining at depths from 30 to 60 differences are so slight as to be scarcely fathoms. This produced many of the famous evident. For the animals living in this and delicious red snappers as well as amber- zone many barriers that affect shore- jacks, several kinds of groupers, large moray dwelling forms are not present and wide eels, and smaller species of grunts and geographic distribution is the rule. For snappers. example, temperatures around 100 fathoms ONE OF THE BATFISHES The Oregon's course from Cedar Key to off the coast of North Carolina are practi- This fish, designated as Ogcocephalus, lives on the the Mississippi Delta led us across and cally the same as in the Gulf; many of the bottom at depths of 60 to 100 fathoms. Its ventral the 100-fathom line, and here a fishes taken at this depth are the same also. fins have flexible fingcr-like tips. The rest of the beyond in the fin is stifl for support as it drags itself on the hot' series of twelve trawls were made in depths The deep-water collections made torn. In the underside of the bony horn is a pit from 104 to 305 fathoms. These were by Gulf contain many species whose nearest containing a bulbous bait that may be protruded far the most productive and interesting of relatives are known to live in South African and used as a lure. or Japanese waters at the same depth. This is not so startling as it may seem when we has remained one of the least region explored, consider that, although the distribution is known from chance being chiefly specimens actually or has been more or less continuous, taken from stomachs of other fishes. the intervening areas have not yet been The most of unusual striking example explored. fishes to be found at these depths is the Although the taxonomic studies of the much publicized Latimeria, an example of 900 specimens collected while on the Oregon a living Coelacanth fish, a group that had are not completed, more than 150 species been believed to be extinct since the begin- have been determined. More than half of ning of the Age of Reptiles. Trawlers work- these species were not previously represented at 40 fathoms a few miles oiT the mouth ing in the Museum's collections. This is the of the Chalumna River in South East Africa first time some of these species have been accidentally a large believed ANOTHER BATFISH SPECIE.S caught specimen taken in the Gulf of Mexico, and several to be an inhabitant of the still deeper reefs Top view of a smaller kind of batfish. The body is have been found to be undescribed species. with and buckler-like that lie close to the area trawled. very rough pits, spines of fisheries tubercles resembling warts. Thus a by-product very practical that when U. S. RESEARCH SHIPS work yields material eventually, a .sufficient amount has been accumulated, all the excursions made on this As trawling in such depths is expensive fishing may shed much light on the geographic and a vessel than usual with particular cruise. requires larger distribution of fishes and on their abundance such as modified gear, fishing companies and fisher- Commercially important species and conditions of life on the sloping, muddy men consider exploration of new deep areas flounder, tilefish, and silver hake, species banks so far beyond our sight. too great a gamble. The discovery of deep- important in the mid-Atlantic States and water shrimp beds in the Gulf of Mexico New England trawl fishery, appeared at has aroused much interest, and the United these depths as well as dozens of little- States Fish and Wildlife Service is devoting known smaller species. The New England kinds of considerable time and equipment to explora- goosefish, several other angler fish, tion. A little over a year ago two tuna snipefish, silvery eels, deep-water sea basses, clippers belonging to the Fish and Wildlife sea robins, and gurnards as well as numerous Service were brought into the Gulf of Mexico kinds of invertebrates were emptied from to work on the various fisheries and related the trawl onto the deck. The quantity was SNIPEFISH from 25 to 50 bushels for each oceanographic and biological problems. One phenomenal, Its impressive scientific name is Macrorhamphosus of these, the Oregon, adapted for fishery time the trawl was dragged. scolopax. It was captured with a 65-foot wedge trawl off the bottom in water of 112 fathoms. Its research, is presently engaged particularly In the early days of exploring for fishes mouth is a very small opening right at the tip of the in exploring for new shrimp beds, spotting in the Gulf of Mexico, Silas B. Sterns, an tube-like snout. When alive it is semi-transparent and and interested owner of a off catching tuna, trying and develop- snapper fishery pink and silver. It is about four and one-half inches ing new types of fishing gear. This research Pensacola, regularly sent to the Smithsonian in length on the average. Page i CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN August, 1951 PLAINS INDIANS RECORDED THEIR STORY IN PICTOGRAPHS By GEORGE I. QUIMBY of animal skins. Such biographical records dressed in Spanish style with two companions CUKATOR OF EXHIBITS, ANTHROPOLOGY performed in part the same function as killing three mounted soldiers. One soldier, of North OTHER INDIANS modern military medals and campaign on the ground, is aiming his carbine at America the Plains Indians did not LIKE ribbons, for one could quickly tell from the Bushyhead while Bushyhead, also armed have true were writing. However, they record the battles, wounds, exploits, and with a carbine, strikes the soldier with a rather crude records of events able to keep bravery of the warrior. Moreover, such bow. The act of striking or touching an of on and ideas by means pictures painted records were proofs of a warrior's status enemy with a bow brought great honor to or animal skins. Such pictographic picture- and achievement because in recounting "his the warrior. It was also an act exhibiting concerned with census writing was calendars, deeds of bravery, he could point to the extreme contempt for the enemy. records of famous counts, and biographical pictographic account—a picture record that In the second episode the valiant chief chiefs arid warriors. everyone of his fellow tribesmen could apparently raided a Sioux camp and with Calendrical records were primarily his- understand. his cavalry saber killed five enemy warriors. torical accounts of the outstanding events Often such picture records were autobio- In this fight Chief Bushyhead, dressed in a

A LIFE STORY IN ELEVEN PICTURES ON ANIMAL SKIN This record oi the deeds of a Cheyenne warrior chici will be exhibited in a hall now in preparation in the Department of Anthropology. — of the summer and winter of each year. graphical that is, the warrior painted them Cheyenne warrior's regalia, was not injured, The census records consisted of the names himself. Public opinion, however, prevented but his horse was twice wounded by arrows. deeds that not of Indians in a given tribe or band. For him from claiming any had In episode No. 3, Chief Bushyhead, wear- instance, to record the name of an Indian been witnessed or proved by possession of ing full regalia for war and carrying his called Running Horse there would be a enemy scalps and horses or other \nsible bow and arrow, lance, and shield, is shown simple picture of an Indian's head and near means. escaping from the enemy in a hail of bullets it a picture of a horse running. Sometimes In the collections of Chicago Natural and arrows. His horse has two wounds, but the enclosed in a name picture would be History Museum there is a good example Chief Bushyhead, as usual, is uninjured. cartoonist's balloon connected to the and/or of a biographic record painted on skin. On Episode No. 4 shows the chief in warrior's head a line. by a large tipi-curtain collected for the Museum dress and armed with a lance about to kill in 1904 by James Mooney there is a pictorial a Sioux warrior. The Sioux has shot an UKE CAMPAIGN RIBBONS biography of Bushyhead, a Cheyenne arrow into Bushyhead's shield of tough The biographical records were particularly warrior who was in his prime in the latter buffalo hide. interesting. They recorded the military half of the 19th century. SCALPS HIS ENEMY exploits of chiefs and notable warriors. This biographical painting contains eleven They were painted on shirts, robes, tipi episodes in the military life of Bushyhead. The fifth episode shows Bushyhead scalp- curtains, tipi covers, and shield covers made The first episode shows Chief Bushyhead ing a fallen enemy. The victim had wounded August, 1951 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 5

Bushyhead's horse with his gun which lies is constantly active, and for this reason is tains exhibit varied altitude zones, so that on the ground beside him, Bushyhead's known as "the Lighthouse of Central the tropical, subtropical, and temperate bow and arrows are in the case that tem- America" to sailors, who see its glowing zone forms are assembled close together. porarily he has fastened to the horse's reins peak far out at sea. Several other volcanoes As a result of its dense population, the to keep the horse from wandering off while are quiescent at the present time but are land of El Salvador is naturally quite fully Bushyhead works on the enemy scalp. by no means to be regarded as extinct. developed for agriculture. The principal is coffee. In In the sixth episode the warrior chief, El Salvador represents the Pacific slope export product addition, cotton, and all fruits wearing a feathered war bonnet and carrying of the section of middle-America whose rice, tobacco, cocoa, tropical are Parts of the seacoast to a feathered shield, is shown with two Sioux Atlantic slope is formed by Honduras, which grown. belong the so-called balsam where the trees warriors that he has captured or is about to is larger but much less densely populated. coasts, that the named "balsam capture. Central America may be counted as one of yield erroneously the most of the of Peru" are native. In of the density Episode No. 7 shows Chief Bushyhead, interesting tropical regions spite world. This is the for the of population, there are still sufficient areas armed with lance and shield, and mounted meeting ground animal and and indeed the with original vegetation, especially on the on a horse captured from the Sioux, in the plant life, very of the two American conti- Guatemalan and Honduran border, where act of killing an enemy, perhaps a Pawnee natures, great to the mountains reach a of feet, chief. nents. In addition endemic forms (i.e. height 10,000 and extensive areas of cloud forest are repre- In episode No. 8 he kills with his lance and sented. pistol a Sioux warrior who is hiding in the The main building of the institute is the bushes. The Sioux warrior is carrying a gun. Dr. Meyer-Abich is Technical first of a group of three associated structures. Director of the Institute Tropical ALWAYS VICTORIOUS It contains special laboratories for biology, de Investigaciones Cientificas de chemistry, and geology, with the necessary Episode No. 9 shows him killing an la Universidad Autonoma of £1 equipment for research in these fields, to- enemy, probably a Crow warrior. Bushy- Salvador. This article, translated gether with a special library of about 5,000 head, mounted on his horse, is armed with from his account in German, gives volumes. It has in addition especially good lance and bow and carries his shield of some idea of the needs for scien- photographic facilities, and its own press. buffalo hide. The Crow warrior is carrying tific research in El Salvador, and Additional buildings include a physiological a gun. the reasons for the Salvadorean laboratory, a small marine laboratory on the The tenth episode shows Chief Bushyhead, project of Chicago Natural History Pacific coast, and a forest station in the mounted on his horse and armed with lance Museum. It shows why this Mu- cloud forest region. and shield, about to kill a mounted Pawnee seum, like other scientific institu- The second main building is approaching warrior who is armed with a bow and arrow. tions in the United States and completion and is to provide living quarters No. 11 shows a battle between European countries, has sent Episode for the foreign research scholars taking part the chief and a Sioux warrior. members of its staff to co-operate Bushyhead in the work of the institute. In addition to in the is on his horse and is armed with lance the work of new Central the general director, there are two scientific is a American institution. In this way and shield. The Sioux armed with a a a these are not the assistants, secretary, librarian, Naturally, killed the men aiding only pistol. Bushyhead mechanic, two chauffeurs, a gardener, and Sioux. institute there, but are broaden- four servants. The research staff other than ing the research and adding to The above interpretation of Chief Bushy- the technical director and the two the assistants, head's career from the collections of Chicago military pictographic is to consist entirely of guest scientists from is a of a Plains museum. paintings typical example abroad; the institute is equipped to accom- Such war record. pictographic presentation modate about ten such visitors. At present is reminiscent of the art of the pictorial there are two guest scientists from the United Mexican codices and the two possibly pic- forms confined to El Salvador), many plant States, one from France, and three from Ger- are related. torial systems remotely and animal groups native to North America many. Other North American and German reach their southern limits in this part of research workers are expected in the coming EL SALVADOR STRIVES Central America. On the other hand, we months. These men are guests of El FOR SCIENCE GOAL may find the northernmost representatives Salvador, and are supplied with transporta- of many South American types. El Salvador tion by the institute; there are available at By ADOLPH MEYER-ABICH has tropical lowland plains, and its moun- present an automobile and a jeep. A new institute for scientific research in the tropics was founded last year in El Salvador, Central America, with the ap- proval of the president of the republic and with the active participation of interested circles among the population. The buildings of the institute are to be located in the ninety-acre campus of the "University City," at the edge of the city of San Salvador and at the foot of the volcano of the same name. El Salvador is the smallest but also the most densely populated of all American republics. The country is about the size of Switzerland (or twice the size of New Jersey), and there are about two million inhabitants. It is a product of volcanic SCIENTIFIC LABORATORY IN EL SALVADOR five volcanoes shown on its action, being In this building, when not on trips out into the field, scientists of Chicago Natural History Museum assigned coat of arms. One of the volcanoes, Izalco, to the Salvadorean Project conducted their researches. Page 6 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN August, 1951

OLOMEGA IN EL SALVADOR IS A MECCA FOR WATER BIRDS Bv AUSTIN L. RAND shown only when they fly, or when they adult, slaty plumage, giving them a strange CUttATOR OF BIRDS stand with outspread, fluttering wings. Then mottled appearance. Both the little blue, forward to this to LOOKED trip one sees only the yellow wings. and the big egrets were feeding occasionally noted for its water birds. WE'DOlomega, The stilts, black above and white below, in a manner rather unusual, but not un- of We'd delayed the trip because the dis- are soberly but elegantly attired. They are known, for herons. Flying over the water, 164 kilom- tance from San Salvador, some still more striking for the grace of their they swooped down and picked something, the and this in our eters along paved road, great elongated bills and necks matching presumably fish, from the surface. It was is four and a half hours. We jeep passed long legs, and when they fly you see that far from a neat performance, with broad area of the of the week the earthquake their long narrow wings are adequately flapping wings and trailing legs, but it was before, that had destroyed four villages, proportioned. apparently effective. than the ruins our no more seeing through But we took to our canoe and quickly the cracked walls all the MONARCH OF AIR binoculars, being pushed out. Beyond, it was difficult to damage the houses along the road had Ahead we saw a line of ducks—and then suffered. Flame trees (palo de fuego) had beyond a line of pink that could only be recently come into bloom, and the almost in- spoonbills. But first a frigate bird, perhaps As a member of the Museum's credible orange red of their blooms massed in the most magnificent bird awing, came drift- Salvadorean Project, Dr. Austin the tree tops was startling in its brightness. ing in over the coastal range to cruise over L. Rand, Curator of Birds, has The lake lies only some eight kilometers the lake before disappearing seaward again. been engaged in a comprehensive oB the highway, and the road is safe, though It was a young bird, as indicated by its ornithological study of the Cen- slow. A village, called Olomega, lies at the white head and breast, but already its tral American country, with the southeast comer of the lake and here we mastery of the air was great. We never co-operation of the Instituto had our first \'iew of the water. It's a saw a wing stroke, nor an opening and closing Tropical de Investigaciones fishing village, dirty and odorous, on a of the long scissor tail during the time we Cientificas of £1 Salvador. Dr. flat sloping shore. Here we hired a canoe watched it. Rand returned to Chicago last and guide and put out. The spoonbills, that showed as a line of month. Herewith is his account Before I mention the birds that swarmed pink in the distance, were a disappointment. of some of the more interesting I should briefly mention the lake. It is A few days earlier I had watched a few of the Salvadorean water birds. some four or five miles across with a shallow- solitary birds on the mudflats of the coast. sloping north and west shore, with the They walked about and when they came to Volcano of San Miguel looming up beyond, ponds, or bits of soft mud, they swimg their and the steep, rugged Colinas de Jucuaran estimate how far the lake stretched, for big strange, spoon-shaped bills back and forth rising to south and east, rugged, wooded, un- white birds seemed to be standing every- through it. This does not seem to be using inhabited, shutting the lake off from the sea. where. The first we found to be big white the spatulate tip of the bill to advantage, standing belly deep in the water, for it seems very similar to the manner in EVEN CANOE GOES AGROUND egrets, — perhaps 300 yeards from the shore. They which avocets, with slender bills, feed at It's a shallow lake ibis and herons were were actively fishing, Snatching tiny fish times. But these spoonbills now were rest- wading several hundred yards out in the from the surface of the water as they walked ing quietly along the water's edge in com- water, and to travel about by canoe we had slowly along. I had noted at Los Blancos pany with some wood ibis that completely to skirt the shore far out. Once, 200 yards on the coast near San Salvador that these dwarfed them. Only once were they as from shore we ran aground in the few inches birds often, when watching, kept their sp)ectacular as I had expected —when we of water the dugout drew^. necks stretched up and out, in a rather drifted by more than 100 yards off shore As we walked dowTi to the lake, the first strained and stiff looking attitude. But and the flock rose with the ibis and settled bird that caught our eye was a red-winged here their necks were all curved in a more again, the pink of the spoonbills contrasting blackbird flying along the lake shore with graceful manner, and there was material with the black and white of the ibis. its red epaulets gleaming against the black all about me for scores of Japanese screens. Here and there stumps, or stubs, projected of its plumage in the tropical sunlight. Soon we came to wood ibis feeding along from the water, and on them were cormor- There were grackles, too, but they're every- with the herons. They are white with ants. But what interested me about them where in El Salvador so we paid them little black-tipped wings, but a rather dingy was their swimming about amid a herd of heed and hastened on to the water's edge. white—not the lovely pure white of the cattle that were standing in the water. Here two birds vied for our interest: the egrets. The great, bulky, downward point- These wild fish-eaters were consorting with jacanas and the stilts. Each is adapted for ing bills of the wood ibis were being used in cattle, swimming about their legs, just as marsh life, but in a different way. The the same way as the slender, spear-like bills if they were domestic ducks. This was jacanas are rail-like marsh birds with short of the egrets—to pick fish from the surface, near a fence that ran out into the lake, and legs but very long toes and toenails. Ob- or near it. Both birds were very tame, and perhaps 100 cormorants were perched on viously their feet are adapted for their we could put the canoe to within twenty the fence. These birds, with all four toes habit of running about over the floating yards of them, and then they flew but a webbed, were perching not only on the marsh vegetation, and thanks to the size short distance. There were no small egrets fenceposts, but also on the barbed wire. of their feet, it takes less dense marsh out here—the water was too deep for them, Sometimes it took a bit of teetering back vegetation to hold them up than it would but there were a few snowy egrets, little and forth, but their dexterity was surprising. most birds. Side by side with the jacanas blue herons and one Louisiana heron in And when they took off some jumped off or lily trotters were black-necked stilts. close to shore. The little blues, and there backwards, and turned around as they flew But their modification is in the direction of must have been several dozen, were almost away. When flushing from low perches, long legs (as one might guess from their all in a ragged, mottled plumage, partly they pattered off over the surface of the name); they wade in the water while the the white of the immature plumage, when water for a bit before they were air-borne. jacana walks on the rafts of vegetation. it looks very similar to the snowy egret As they went across the bow of the dugout The jacanas are blackish and rufous except for the dull feet and toes (instead I was surprised to see they were not running birds, but their most striking marking is of black with yellow toes) and partly in the as a duck would, but were making hops. August, 1951 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 7 striking the water with both feet together. the Herbarium, recently conducted a series Pig ducks I've heard these birds called some- of botanical field trips in Missouri. In IW^YEmS AGO where, but had never appreciated the name addition to his Museum explorations, he A! THK MUSKUM before. Now I did as I heard the grunting led a four-day field trip of the Central noises they made. States Section of the Botanical Society of America into the Ozarks. Compiled \>f MARGARET J. BAUER ALL ARE 'ducks,' EXCEPT DUCKS Several little grebes (Colymhus) were BOTANICAL FIELD TRIP From the Annual Report of the Director swimming about, but they were inconspic- for the year 1901: uous. The dark throat and the yellow iris COMPLETES WORK "It would seem from the permanent im- were diagnostic. The boatman pointed The Museum's 1951 Southwest Botanical provements recorded each year that the them out as ducks, that I should shoot. Field Trip has returned from five weeks of is reconstructed. But that swims is a duck: building gradually being here, everything study and collecting in the vicinity of of which a dozen or so were This, as a matter of fact, is true as concerns the coots, archaeological sites in New Mexico excavated the shore were the offices, laboratories, etc., but the growing swimming along "patos"; by the Museum's Southwest Archaeological the cormorants were needs of the Museum and the "patos." Anhingas, Expeditions of the past few years. Most expanding are to occur but not to meet the demand of that known were seen, of the time was spent near Tularosa Cave, processes necessary are But came to what "patos." when we scene of the 1950 operations. The wealth I call ducks—the tree duck— whistling of wild and cultivated plant material un- these the natives called "Pishishi." These earthed by excavations there made it birds. First a flock are magnificent came essential to study the vegetation now grow- —then I saw on by whistling hoarsely them ing about the cave. The remains from Tula- the water. sun shines on their The golden rosa Cave cover a period of about 3,000 bufT plumage until their brilliance rivals years or more and include several roots that that of the spoonbills. could not be identified from herbarium There were other too: things conspicuous, specimens and descriptions of the plants of vultures and caracaras on turkey feeding the region. Dr. Hugh C. Cutler, Curator the water's edge, presumably on fish, of Economic Botany, and Jack Reeves, washed on a little island were ashore; grassy volunteer assistant, collected all the plants a dozen or more herons that flushed green now growing in the region of the cave. one by one as we approached; a pair of bluewinged teal flushed, circled and alighted; a flock of about 20 Franklin's gulls bunched CURATOR TO COLLECT clo.se together on the water; there were shore FOSSIL FISHES OLD-TIME SCIENTIST'S QUARTERS birds, too, in the marshy shore vegetation. Oflice and laboratory of the Curator of the Depart' Robert H. Denison, Curator of Fossil of when the located in its We would have liked to have left the open ment Zoology Museum, will on a former in Park, was known as the shore and some of the Fishes, spend August collecting building Jackson investigated bays Field Columbian Museum. trip in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New where reedy vegetation grew thick and tall; York. One of the of the is to and the far shore where the forest rose at purposes trip obtain specimens of the armored, fish-like the are but an index of the the water's edge. We knew that boat-billed departments vertebrates called ostracoderms, that have of the entire institution. More herons should be here somewhere, as well development been found in certain Silurian rocks in and more each the Museum finds it- as tiger bitterns, and that the hills above year these states. They are of particular interest all the were the home headquarters of the king self equipped to perform necessary because they are among the oldest known vulture populations of El Salvador. labor; not only the technical and scientific vertebrates, and their structure and occur- As we put back for the landing and labor, but the ordinary mechanical work as rence may help to throw light on the early watched the curling crests of the waves well, and the circumstances are unusual history of this important group. Some time whipped up by the freshening wind, marvel- when outside agencies are employed." will be also in the Late of spent investigating ing at the opaqueness the green, algae- "The —There still has to be Devonian rocks in western New York state. Memberships. filled if our water, we thought that here, recorded a decrease in the annual member- A thickness of shales was in station was close was material for great deposited enough, due, as has been this region more than 300 million years ago ships, previously reported, a couple of months' work all by itself. as muds in the bottom of a sea. These to the fact that no effort is made to increase list." as for the shales have yielded a few well-preserved the (In 1951, years past, fishes mostly related to sharks and to a membership trend is upward and the total STAFF NOTES group of heavily armored fishes known as today is close to 5,000. Constant efforts placoderms. toward further increase are now made.)

Dr. Alexander Spoehr, Curator of Oceanic Ethnology, recently returned from SUMMER LECTURE TOURS hibits); 2 P.M.—General Tour Yale University and other eastern institu- 11 a.m.—Green tions where he has been studying docu- GIVEN TWICE A DAY Wednesdays: Magic (gen- eral of the 2 p.m.— mentary material related to his researches survey plant exhibits) ; During July and August, conducted tours General Tour on Micronesia .... Dr. Theodor Just, of the exhibits, under the g:uidance of staff Thursdays: 11 a.m. and 2 p.m.—General Chief Curator of Botany, has returned from will be on a schedule: lecturers, given special Tours a field trip in Texas and Iowa. He also 11 a.m.—The World of Animals — presented a paper on "The Classification of Mondays: Fridays: 11 A.M. Secrets in Stones (gen- (general survey of the animal exhibits); of the the Cycadeoidales" before the sixth annual eral survey geology exhibits); 2 P.M.—General Tour 2 P.M.—General Tour meeting of the Society for the Study of Evolution held in Berkeley, California .... Tuesdays: 11 a.m.—Places and People There are no tours on Saturdays and Dr. Julian A. Steyermark, Curator of (general survey of the anthropology ex- Sundays. Page 8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN August, 1951

The first 60 pages of the book contain a TWO CHILDREN'S MOVIES Books general account of the structure, life-history, SCHEDULED IN AUGUST and classification of butterflies. Much in- On the first two Thursday mornings in teresting information is given in a readable August the Museum nill present the final (AU books reviewed in the BULLETIN are chapter entitled "The Butterfly and its programs in the Raymond Foundation's available in The Book Shop of the Museum. Environment." Included in this chapter annual summer series of free entertainments Mail orders accompanied by remittance in- are such topics as butterflies and plants, for children. There will be two form and performances cluding postage are promptly filled.) protective coloration, behavior, of each program, one at 10 a.m. and one at butterflies and climate, and conservation. 11 A.M., in the James Simpson Theatre of A FIELD GUIDE TO THE BUTTER- There is also a section on collecting and the Museum. The theatre and west entrance FLIES OF NORTH AMERICA. East of preserving specimens. of the Museum will be open at 9:30 a.m. the Great Plains. By Alexander B. Several useful indexes to the butterflies, Children are invited to come alone, accom- Klots. Houghton Mifflin Company, larval food plants, technical terms and panied by parents or other adults, or in Boston, 1951. xiv+349 pages, 8 text general subjects, and a check list of the groups from clubs and various centers. figures, 40 plates (16 in color). Price species, add much to the value of the book Admission is free. Following are the dates $3.75. for quick reference. A short section written and titles of the shows: for teachers and nature leaders contains Butterflies rank with birds and flowers in much useful information based on Dr. Klots' August 2—Beaver Valley possessing some of the most conspicuous and own as a experience teacher, scoutmaster, (a Walt Disney film) pleasing colors and designs in nature. The and counselor. camp The finest of nature little animals is photog- pursuit and study of these Dr. Klots and the are to be publishers to this one of the best entries into the nattval raphers helped produce congratulated on this fine work. story of the animals and life history of our fields and forests. As with Henry S. Dybas in a typical beaver other satisfying avocations, the butterflies pond Associate Curator of Insects can be approached from many points of Also a cartoon view and from many levels of interest and August 9—Seal Island knowledge. There is the satisfaction of Technical Publications (a Walt Disney film) the hunt, the collecting urge, the beauty of The following technical publications were This color mo%ie tells about the the objects, the lure of the great rarity, the issued recently Chicago Natural History fur seals of the Pribilof Islands of the or by lucky capture unexpected, just Museum: the excuse for a pleasant ramble in a natural Also a cartoon setting. Fieldiana: Zoology, Vol. 32, No. 8. The The transition to an interest in the butter- Carotid Arteries in the Procyonidae. By GIFTS TO THE MUSEUM 84 fly as an organism follows naturally and H. Elizabeth Story. May 11, 1951. is a list of the principal gifts leads into the interesting aspects of life- pages. $1. FoUo^ting received during the past month: history, behavior, and adaptation. Here it Fieldiana: Botany, Vol. 28, No. 1. Con- is possible for the amateur to make original Department of .Anthropology: Iributions to the Flora of Venezuela. By and contributions to the knowl- From: William Ryer Wright, Highland important Julian A. and Collaborators. Steyermark 111.—2 late blackware edge of even our commonest butterflies. Park, pwtterj- vessels, May 18, 1951. 242 pages. $4. Peru. The intimate relation between butterflies of and flowers, and caterpillars and their food Fieldiana: Zoology, Vol. 31, No. 46. Re- Department Botany: From: R. Romero Castaneda, plants, tends to direct the attention of marks on and Descriptions of South Bogota, Colombia^89 phanerogams, Colombia; J. butterfly collectors to plants, and many American Non-Marine Shells. By Fritz Soukup, Lima, Peru—47 phanerogams, collectors become amateur botanists as well. Haas. July 6, 1951. 44 pages. $1. Peru; Dr. H. P. Veloso, Santa Catarina, Many a distinguished naturalist has been Brazil—33 phanerogams, Brazil; A. F. a butterfly collector in his boyhood. For — NEW MEMBERS Wilson, Flossmoor, 111. 47 phanerogams, others who have become grocers, stock Texas, and California. brokers, or stone-cutters, butterfly collect- became The following persons Museum Department of Geology: has been an recreation. ing absorbing Members between June 18 and July 13: From: O. A. Gentz, Chicago—star ruby For to the North American and North Carolina; any approach Contributors unpolished crystal. A Field Guide to the Butterflies Miss Vida Woley, Evanston, 111. —carved butterflies, James Witkowsky* of North America, by Alexander Klots, will coral jewelrj'. be an essential work. The book is a splendid .\saociate Members Department of Zoology: addition to the Peterson Field Guide Series Donald R. McLennan, Jr., Miss Lucile From: John G. Shedd Aquarium, Chicago Farnsworth Jr., Charles M. Rhodes, — marine freshwater Dr. and fills a need not met by any other book. Reals, 20 and fishes; Miss Marilyn Jean Wulf. A. Fla.—2 As the title indicates, the book contains Philip Butler, Pensacola, pre- served fishes, Florida; Chicago Zoological descriptions of all the butterflies found in Sustaining Members Society, Brookfield, III. —3 bird skins; Mu- North America, east of the Great Plains, Bert R. Prall seum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of and notes the distinguishing marks of each. Annual Members California, Berkeley—2 birds in alcohol— More than 400 species are illustrated, 247 Herman Balsam, Walter J. Boland, California; Museum of Comparative Zool- of these in full color. The technique of — Frederick W. Boulton, G. L. Clements, ogy, Cambridge, Mass. a collection of non- the marks of each Near T. emphasizing recognition Howard P. Clements, Jr., Dr. Warren H. marine shells. East; Pain, London, was used so in — collection of freshwater species, which successfully Cole, Hitous Gray, Alfred O. Grombach, England a shells, a previous work in the series, A Field Guide Bernard H. Heerey, W. W. Huggett, James Dutch Guiana; University of Michigan Ann Arbor—2 to the Birds by Roger Tory Peterson, adds S. Kemper, Jr., Frank P. Kosmach, Arthur Museum, frogs (paratypes). greatly to the usefulness of the book for Krausman, Dr. Richard M. Oliver, Ben- Division of Motion Pictures: J. D. quick identification. Additional informa- jamin R. Paul, Felix Palm, Purdy, From: John W. Moyer, Chicago—45 F. J. Stannard, Park Teter. tion on the lar\-ae, food plants, and the range 2x2 original color slides and miscellaneous and beha\-ior of each species is given. 'Deceased material.

PRINTED BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS ! 1 ^^^^SW ^^m^ Paget CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN September. 1951

Chicago Natural History Museum That passion is rather common in children, Each two-meter square is shoveled off by Founded by Marshall Field, 1893 but gets lost in most people later on. With- levels, and the refuse is put through a screen RooMTelt Road and Lake Shore Drive, Chicaeo 5 out this passion there would be neither to sift out the artifacts. The discoveries Telbphonb: WAbash 2-9410 mathematics nor natural science. are then put into bags which are marked Albert Einstein with the square and level at which they OF TRUSTEES THE BOARD were found. As a further distinction, plant Stanley Field Lester Armour material such as wood and corn is put in Sewbll L. Avery Samuel Insull, Jr. W«. McCoRMicK Blair Hekhy P. Isham -THIS MONTH'S COVER- one bag while pottery fragments, stone Leopold E. Block Hughston M. McBain and are in Walter J. Cummings Wiluam H. Mitchell tools, projectile points dropped Albert B. Dick, Jr. Clarence B. Randall Schools open in September. another. Howard W. Feston George A. Richardson Joseph N. Field Solomon A. Smith This month's cover picture, show- After a hard day of digging, screening, Albert H. Wetten Marshall Field children between and the crew Marshall Field. Jr. John P. Wilson ing approaching classifying, must get the day's two of the entrance pillars of the finds off the mountainside and back to camp. OFFICERS Museum, is to remind parents, With small, hard objects this is easily done, Stanley Fibi.d Pretidenl Marshall Field FirM Vite-Praidtnt and teachers of all grades from but large fragile items such as mummies, Vic»-Prend*nl Secortd elementary school to the senior whole and skins Samuel Insulu JR Third Vict-Prmdtnt pots, large require pains- Solomon A. Smith Trtasurer class in college, that the portals of taking care in transport to avert damage. C. Grbug Direclor and Stcrttary Cufford the of John R. Millar A«»t»

ARCHAEOLOGISTS EXPLORE CAVE TECHNIQUE OF DIGGING GREAT SCIENTISTS' THOUGHTS Initial trench opening into mouth of Cordova Cave, INTO THE PAST New Mexico, which is being excavated this season ON NATURE AND HUMAN LIFE members of the Museum's By TOM alder by Archaeological Expe- dition to the Southwest. Every inch at each level of 1 do not know what I may appear to the SOUTHW^T ARCHAEOLOGICAL MEMBER, digging is carefully combed for specimens. expedition staff world; but to myself I seem to have been a on the and only like boy playing seashore, The excavation of the Cordova Cave in which carry data such as dimensions, type, in and then a diverting myself now finding Mexico this summer the New by Museum's and use. The various objects are then a shell than smoother pebble or prettier to the Southwest Archaeological Expedition packed and shipped to Chicago where they the ocean of truth ordinary, whilst great an of the provides interesting example become pieces in the gigantic puzzle of lay all undiscovered before me. techniques used by archaeologists to uncover Southwestern Indian civilization which Sir Isaac in David Brewster's the remains of ancient man in America. Newton, scientists are just beginning to solve. Memoirs of . . . Newton This marks the seventeenth year that scientists from the Museum have dug into ruins of Indian dwellings in this area. NEW MEMBERS Among the scenes which are deeply im- This season offers possibilities of yielding The became Museum pressed on my mind, none exceed in sub- following persons of the most and some interesting results, Members between 16 and 15: limity the primeval forests undefaced by the July August certainly the tasks to be done are among the in these hand of man. No one can stand Associate Members most difficult yet tackled. The very location solitudes unmoved, and not feel that there Paul William F. Dr. of the cave has presented a problem from Bechtner, Borland, the breath of his is more in man than mere Winston I. Breslin, L. L. Stephens. the outset. It is situated more than 1,000 body. feet above the floor of Pine Lawn Valley on Non-Resident .Associate Members Charles Darwin, in Journal of Re- a mountain cliff, and one must undergo an Elmer G. Carlson searches . . . of H.M.S. [Voyage Beagk] hour's ride on horseback through rugged Annual Members terrain to reach it from the road. Robert N. Avery, Ray H. Boland, C. Before the actual excavation was To a person uninstructed in natural begun, Wayland Brooks, Homer A. Burnell, Willard the floor of the cave was marked out in a history, his country or seaside stroll is a W. Cole, Lee Cooper, John Doctoroff, series of 2-meter to be in vertical Gillette A. Newton walk through a gallery filled with wonderful squares dug Philip Doern, Elvgren, levels of 20 centimeters to the rock bottom L. Fausey, Robert E. Gooding, Martin C. works of art, nine-tenths of which have their This of Huggett, Kaplan, Sidney M. Keller, faces turned to the wall. of the cave. method surveying Harvey N. John G. permits the objects uncovered to be relocated George Lamb, Lambertsen, Thomas H. Huxley, in Science and Edu- Donald B. Martin, Ralph G. Newman, on a map for purposes of analytical study. cation Essays Harry J. O'Haire, Hunter K. Orr, Charles This research can be conducted years later, D. Preston, Dr. Frederick W. Preston, and miles away from the site. Donald Purdy, R. S. Saunders, Russell J. There exists a passion for comprehension, The technique employed in digging Tumey, Errett Van Nice, Dr. Philip H. just as there exists a passion for music. follows this procedure: Wyckoff. September, 1951 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page S DIORAMAS, COLOR FEATURED IN NEW EARTH HISTORY HALL By EUGENE S. RICHARDSON, JR. of have eaten snails eat CURATOR OF FOSSIL INVERTEBRATES by sculptor George Marchand, Ebenezer, microscopic plants; New York. the same plus seaweed, clams, and oysters; the of October Frederick On evening 1, The diorama illustrated represents, in and large ammonites with grasping tentacles J. V. Skiff Hall in which are shown (Hall 37), natural size, some of the 345 species of capture all three kinds of slower shellfish. fossil and will be plants invertebrates, animals known to have lived in the Gulf of These in turn must die, providing nourish- October 2 it formally reopened; beginning Mexico late in the Cretaceous period, 100- ment for more plants, and perpetuating the will be available to the general public. million years ago. At that time, the Gulf cycle. The old exhibits of these subjects, formerly extended up the Mississippi Valley into The group also illustrates the artistic of the same hall, have been southern Illinois. Fossil shells of the occupying part quality of Mr. Marchand's work, though removed and most of the animals and of others specimens placed represented many the color, an important aspect of the whole, in the collection. There have been collected from in study they may, clay deposited cannot be appreciated from the picture. In

MUSEUM MEMBERS' NIQHT SET FOR OCTOBER I

A special Museum Members' Night, for which all members shortly will receive formal invita- tion cards, will be held on Mon- day evening, October 1, at 8 o'clock. The occasion marks the formal reopening of Frederick J. V. Skiff Hall (Hall 37) in which a three-year task of completely re- vamping the entire presentation of the fascinating subject of fossil plant and invertebrate animal life has just been completed. The hall is now, in effect, completely new, with all old methods of dis- play thrown out in favor of series of bright, colorful and dramatic exhibits which present the story of millions of years of prehistoric life in an easily followed continuity. Outstanding are the many dioramas in which the weirdest creatures of a dim epoch are re- created three-dimensionally amid restorations of scenes on the pri- meval earth on which they lived. Guests will also have oppor- tunity to see the color motion picture film "Through These Doors," which tells the story of Museum activities. They will also be taken on inspection tours of the offices, workrooms, and study collections on the third and fourth HUNTERS AND PREY 100 MILLION YEARS AGO — floors of the Museum. Life-size models o£ ammonites, clams and snails one of the new habitat groups in Frederick J. V. Skiff Hall (Hall 37) which will be reopened as a completely new hall on October 1, with a special evening preview for Members of the Museum. The ancient animals depicted above, like their present-day relatives, spent their time seeking and capturing food. Just as in the modern **web of life," plants formed the basic food even of a the artist must start the flesh-eating creatures. making restoration, with only the shells or other hard portions of the animals. To supply the soft, fleshy of course, still be examined by persons the ancient Gulf and now exposed in the parts of an extinct animal, he must study interested. banks of Coon Creek, in western Tennessee. the appearance of related living forms. The features of the new hall are George Langford, Curator of Fossil Plants, Outstanding color of the models is necessarily imaginary, both in the of and the writer visited that locality two spaciousness arrangement for color is almost never preserved in a fossil. cases and of exhibits in tasteful use years ago to collect shells for the restoration. them, But by a process of logic it is made similar of and in of color, clarity presentation sub- This group illustrates particularly well to that of the living representatives of the ject matter, with emphasis on dioramas. the ceaseless feeding activity at the bottom same group, besides being chosen to blend As a preview of the contents of the hall, of the sea, based on plants as the funda- or contrast pleasingly with the rest of the the illustration accompanying this article mental food. Clams and oysters eat micro- exhibit. shows one of the ten habitat groups made scopic plants and microscopic animals that {Continued on page 6, column S) Page i CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN September, 1951

Gerhard is now the dean represents perhaps FIFTY YEARS AGO—AND TODAY—AT THE MUSEUM the most significant kind of growth in a museum, for the collections become signifi- cant only as they are used. But the effec- By KARL P. SCHMIDT tiveness of the staff in turn depends on the CHIEF CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOIX>GY collections available for exhibition and study. The first really great accession of SEPTEMBER 16, 1951, William J. multiplicity of duties of a curator in relation insects was the aquisition of the Strecker ONGerhard, Curator Emeritus of Insects, to the general public, to the very special collection of butterflies and moths, consisting passes the landmark of fifty years of service public composed of his colleagues, and of more than 50,000 specimens. Mr. to Chicago Natural History Museum. finally to his special science—we may count Gerhard the and all this as to his of un- supervised packing shipping A museum director, Grinnell, secondary example great Joseph of this collection the selfish and service and to the (including accompany- wrote an essay with the title The Museum self-effacing from in of a con- ing library) Reading, Pennsylvania, Conscience, in which he set forth the peculiar living exemplification "Museum 1908. It is thus that science." singularly appropriate importance of detail (and thus of routine) he should now be occupied with the transfer in a museum of natural history. In such a When Mr. Gerhard came to the Museum of these specimens to the new cases made museum the most basic of functions is the in 1901 the total staff in Zoology comprised possible by the major expansion of the divisional quarters now in progress. The reference collection of insects and related groups has grown, under Mr. Gerhard's curatorship, from a few thousand to more than 600,000 specimens.

WELCOMED YOUNG SCIENTISTS

An especially important feature of the Division of Insects under this fifty-year regime has been the encouragement of young entomologists. The Museum may take an especial pride in the distinguished twofold career of William M. Mann, first as a famous professional entomologist and then, by ex- change of avocation for profession, and of profession for avocation, as Director of the National Zoological Park in Washington, D.C. Dr. Mann's interests were encouraged and his ambitions became clear under the guidance of Mr. Gerhard at this Museum. He writes of his application for a job at

this Museum: ". . . the door was opened by a slight, pleasant, dark-haired man. His name was William J. Gerhard, and meeting him was the most fortunate episode of my youth as well as the beginning of a great friendship that has never diminished." Mr. Gerhard's welcome to young entomologists who came to the Museum, and his teaching MUSEUM VETERAN CONTINUES RESEARCH by unobtrusive advice and by example have, in fact, evolved two members of the scien- Witliam J. Gerhard. Curator Emeritus of Insects, collating specimens from a recently acquired collection and staff transferring them to new type of drawers used in this division. The background is formed by the division's tific who essentially grew up in the pamphlet library, which like the insect collection in his charge, has benefited from Mr. Gerhard's meticulous Division of Insects with him—Rupert L. care 50 of Museutn service. during years Wenzel, Curator of Insects, and Henry S. Dybas, Associate Curator of Insects. preservation of its materials, its specimens, the head of the Department, D. G. Elliot; When I came to the Museum in 1922, which constitute basic records of past work S. E. Meek, in charge of fishes and reptiles; good fortune located me in an office opposite or provide the data for future studies. Charles B. Cory, Curator of the then to that of the Division of Insects, in charge These collections and the records that accom- separate Department of Ornithology; Carl of Mr. Gerhard. I was a novice in the pany them require meticulous and continued E. Akeley, Taxidermist-in-Chief, and museum world, and of course entirely un- care. It is this function that requires the Edmund Heller, field collector. Mr. Ger- acquainted with the special procedures and museum conscience, and it is only those hard was most urgently needed, not only special peculiarities of the then Field Mu- who have it who deserve the special museum for the insects, but to assume charge of all seum. My neighbor across the hall proved title of curator. It is a term whose connota- the vast hosts of other invertebrate animals. to be the sympathetic guide, counselor, and tion of honor Mr. Gerhard's fifty-year career The staff of the Department now nunbers 22, friend that I needed. I could have had no has enhanced. Much as all of us on the in addition to full-time and part-time re- better fortune for my induction in the staff have learned from him about the col- search associates, and the Division of Insects department, for Mr. Gerhard's time was lection and preservation and preparation of has held its own in this fifty-year growth, endlessly and unselfishly at my service. I specimens, about the care of the Museum's for it now has a staff of three in addition to could not fail to observe his careful attention Library, about the keeping of the Museum Mr. Gerhard, plus a curator of the now to the most trivial question from a child or records, and about the labeling and installa- separate Division of Lower Invertebrates. from a casual visitor; and it did not escape tion of exhibits—as well as about the The growth in the staff of which Mr. me that he enjoyed an extraordinary degree September, 1951 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 5

14—Adventures Behind a Great of respect from visiting entomological col- Fri., Sept. BIRD PAINTING EXHIBIT, who had occasion to work with the Museum. Illustrated introduction in leagues Room SEPT. 15—OCT. 15 insect collections. Meeting (Lorain Stephens). "Song Birds of America," a series of Wed., Sept. 19—Adapt or Become Extinct TOP AID TO CHIEFS twelve paintings by the noted artist, John (Jane Sharpe). Atherton, will be presented as a special Mr. Gerhard had long before taken over — Fri., Sept. 21 Indians of the Chicago exhibit in Stanley Field Hall of the Museum much of the departmental routine, serving Region, in the period before the city was from September 15 to October 15 inclusive. without title and without adequate recogni- founded. Illustrated introduction in The canvases, 25'x25' and framed, include tion (as far as I could discern) as assistant Meeting Room (June Buchwald). the following popular birds: wood thrush, to the Chief Curator, and often as Acting Wed., Sept. 26—Fossil Facts (Anne Slrom- mockingbird, cedar waxwing, chickadee, Chief Curator. These departmental duties, guist). Baltimore oriole, cardinal, bluebird, flicker, quite distinct from those of the Division of black- 28—Nature's Fall Color Show. meadowlark, warblers, red-winged Insects, seem to have begun with his arrival Fri., Sept. Illustrated introduction in Room bird, and bobolink. at the Museum in 1901, when the head of Meeting (Miriam Wood). The exhibition of these paintings will the department was Daniel Giraud Elliot. correspond virtually with the peak of the Mr. Gerhard has continued these services There will be no tour Monday, Sep- annual migration of birds to the south. the through regimes of the succeeding chief tember 3, on account of the Labor Day Atherton, the artist, is well-known in the curators. holiday, but the Museum will be open. fields of both creative painting and com- It is one of the most important of the functions of a mu.seum that it provides for continuity of its material collections in a fashion and fad-ridden world. As William J. STAFF NOTES Gerhard, now senior member of the staff, looks back on fifty years of work in one of the great museums of the world, he may take Karl P. Schmidt, Chief Curator of more than usual pride in his long career, Zoology, was elected vice president for for it has been in the best museum tradition 1951-52 of the Society for the Study of of continuous service. Certainly the Mu- Evolution at the recent annual meeting seum takes more than usual pride in a dis- held in Berkeley, California. He resigned tinguished Curator of Insects who entered from the treasurership which he has held for the last five and a half .... Dr. its doors for the first time fifty years ago. years Theodor Just, Chief Curator of Botany, LECTURES ON SATURDAYS will participate in a symposium on "Phy- logeny and the Fern-Pteridosperm Complex" BEGIN IN OCTOBER at the meeting of the American Institute of The Museum will open its annual Autumn Biological Sciences to be held in Minneapolis Course of free illustrated lectures on science September 10-12. His contribution to the PAINTING IN SPECIAL EXHIBIT and travel for adults on October will be a entitled "The Saturday, 6, symposium paper Red-Winged Blackbird, one of the twelve oil paint- with "Virginia" by Edward F. Cross. Color Geographical Distribution of Fossil Ferns ings by John Atherton to be shown at the Museum 15-Octobcr 15. motion pictures will accompany the lecture. and Pteridosperms." He will also present Scptetnber Lectures will continue on Saturday after- a paper, prepared in collaboration with Dr. mercial art. Some of his works hang in the noons throughout October and November. Jose Cuatrecasas, Guggenheim fellow, on Art Institute of Chicago, and in three New A complete schedule will appear in the "Synopsis of Fossil and Living Humiri- York institutions: Museum of Modern Art, October Bulletin. All lectures begin at aceae.". . . Miss Audrey Greeley, a recent Whitney Museum of American Art, and 2:30 P.M. and are given in the James Simpson graduate of Rosary College school of library Metropolitan Museum of Art. He now lives Theatre of the Museum. Reserved seats science, has joined the reference staff of the and works in Vermont. are available to Museum Members by Museum Library .... Dr. Julian A. Stey- Arlington, The exhibition of the bird at arrangement in advance, either by mail erinark. Curator of the Herbarium, has paintings the Museum is by courtesy of John Morrell request or telephone (WAbash 2-9410). been conducting a series of collecting trips & Company of Ottumwa, Iowa, which owns in the Ozark region of Missouri .... Dr. Paul the series. SEPTEMBER LECTURE TOURS, S. Martin, Chief Curator of Anthropology, recently gave an illustrated lecture on the DAILY EXCEPT SUNDAYS Free for Children work of the Museum's Archaeological Ex- Programs To October 6 Tours of exhibits, under the guidance of pedition to the Southwest, before a large Begin staff lecturers, are conducted every after- group of residents of Reserve, New Mexico, "Wonderland Tales," a film of stories noon at 2 o'clock, except Sundays and a town near the expedition headquarters. about animals and boys and girls, is certain holidays. On Mondays, Tuesdays, scheduled as the first of the Raymond Thursdays, and Saturdays, general tours Foundation's Autumn Series of free motion Noted Scientists Visit are given covering all departments. Special Museum picture programs for children. It will be are offered on on subjects Wednesdays and Among noted scientists who have recently presented Saturday morning, October 6, a schedule of in Fridays; these follows: visited the Museum are: Dr. Ralph Linton, at 10:30 A.M. the James Simpson Theatre of the Museum. will continue Wed., Sept. 5—Before the Dawn of History Sterling Professor of Anthropology, Yale Programs (Lorain Stephens). University; Dr. Cornelius Osgood, Professor on Saturday mornings throughout October of and November. The October Bulletin will Fri., Sept. 7—Your Vacation in the West: Anthropology, Yale; and Dr. Karin contain a schedule. Indians, Plants, Animals. Illustrated in- Hissink of the Frobenius Institute and complete troduction in Meeting Room (Marie Museum for Ethnology, Frankfort-am- Svoboda). Main, Germany. Dr. Linton formerly was On September 4, the day after Labor Wed., Sept. 12—The Primitive Traveler Curator of Malaysian Ethnology at this Day, autumn visiting hours, 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., (June Buichwald). Museum. go into effect, continuing until October 31. Page 6 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN September, 1951

BIRD-PARASITE STUDY A record is kept of jiist where each speci- EARTH HISTORY HALI^- men is found on the bird. Though the AND AVIAN RESEARCH (Continued from page S) habitat formed the warm close cover of By AUSTIN U RAND by the bird's feathers be to be Seaweeds are present in most of the CURATOR OF BIRDS might thought are not uniform from the view of an insect living in groups, though they generally recog- The entomologist shown in the photo- nizable in collections of where it, it has been found that certain Mallophaga fossils, they graph picking lice off a bird skin is a graduate are rather black may live only on one part of the bird, the represented by shapeless student of the University of Chicago, Ronald marks. In the shown neck for example, and another species per- group here, Mr. Ward. The ornithologist looking on is has used his artistic license haps under the wings. This needs to be Marchand to Emmet R. Blake, our Associate Curator of a dramatic seaweed a checked. This is an elementary ecological produce giving strong, Birds, who has just taken the bird skins out study, comparable to mapping the distribu- dynamic effect to the whole composition. filed of the case where they are in the It is a for the slender tion of birds in a forest where some species proper accessory Museum. ammonites the live in the tree tops, others in the xmder- swooping greedily upon slug- The insects in which Mr. Ward is in- growth, and so on. gish moUusks below. terested are Mallophaga. (Mallophaga, pro- The ten habitat and the 43 other An expert, looking at specimens of Mal- groups cases cover the of lophaga, can sometimes tell what part of subject geologic history as disclosed the fossil and inverte- the bird they came from. For instance, by plants brates with a not short, broad ones live on the neck; long, completeness previously The as the will see narrow ones on the wings. This is adapta- attempted. hall, public it after is tive modification to fit the insect to its life October 1, probably the most and extensive to in the particular part of the bird's plumage elegant display yet given its it inhabits. subject. The new exhibits include 1,339 specimens. SYSTEMATIC RELATIONSHIPS Though we neglected to count the specimens in the old it is from a con- The classification of the various species cases, apparent that several of the of Mallophaga has a bearing on the classifica- temporary photograph individual cases must have contained tion of birds. The generations of Mal- more than that number of Thus lophaga pass from parent bird to young specimens. the bird. There is little chance for the Mal- new exhibits achieve spaciousness. This is seen also in the of the cases. lophaga parasitic on one species of bird to arrangement The 36 cases of fossils and 39 cases of ores pass to another bird species. In the cozy seen in Hall a total of isolation of its feathery host, the Mallophaga formerly 37, 75, are differentiated. Those on each kind of have been replaced by 53 newly built cases. bird have the chance to become a different The increased use of the Museum by guided dictated the wider species. As the birds speciate, the Mal- groups spacing. Besides we have added COLLABORATION IN RESEARCH lophaga may do the same. One would ex- introducing space, pect the most closely related birds to have color in backgrounds as well as specimens. Emmet R. Blake (lelt). Associate Curator of Birds, the marine environment and Ronald Ward, University of Chicago graduate the most closely related Mallophaga on Suiting generally student, work out problems of bird parasites. them, while more distantly related birds of the fossils, the backgrounds of the exhibits would be expected to have Mallophaga that are blue or green. Specimens are in\'isibly essential nounced mal-lof'-a-ga, is a more exact as showed less relationship. fastened to the background, and information about them is in raised well as a more euphonious name for what There is evidence that this is sometimes given letters of a different color. The letters were some people call bird lice.) Mallophaga live the case. Thus, when the systematic rela- first laid out in the form of the words to chiefly amongst the feathers of living birds, tionships of a group of birds are in doubt, be and then with artists' eating feathers and dermal scales and ap- as in the case of the jacanas that show used, sprayed color a parently doing the birds little harm. When relationships to the shore-bird order and by Geology Department preparator, and each one was then the bird dies, the Mallophaga die too and the rail order, or the flamingoes that have individually glued may remain on the dead bird. been considered related to the ducks and in place to make the headings and labels. for and color has To collect Mallophaga for study one must also to the herons and storks, the Mal- Except pink black, everj- been used on the letters. first, of course, catch the birds. This is lophaga may furnish an additional bit of 60,000 and letters are not the where the Division of Birds assumes im- evidence. This can be taken along with The specimens the the feet portance for the Mallophaga expert. We the characters of the habits, the eggs, the only things occupying 2,325 square of case area. There are 46 oil have already collected birds, more than nest, the young, the plumage, the bone, and original John 34 200,000 specimens, and have filed them in the tissue of the bird. These are all weighed paintings by Conrad Hansen, and 43 our steel cases for study. On some of these together, and the bulk of the evidence painted maps drawings, mostly by specimens there are still Mallophaga that determines the final conclusion. Mr. Hansen, 24 diagrams, and 86 models. infested the birds were alive. The several of them the full size when they The entomologist's primary object may diagrams, of a case and as for An interesting point here is that recently a be the taxonomy of the Mallophaga. The serving background new of was removed fossils, are principally the work of Harry species Mallophaga ornithologist's interest in getting together from a of a and Curator of Geology Exhibits. specimen passenger pigeon his collection is avian taxonomy. But both Changnon, described after the bird was Models of animals were made Joseph B. many years come together in the Museum, helping each by of extinct. other. Working together they build better Krstolich, Department Zoology sculptor, Our collection has to be a fruitful and models Emil Sella, Curator proved and higher than can either alone. plant by hunting ground for Mr. Ward. He uses of Exhibits in the Department of Botany. tweezers and brush for removing the insects Keys to the models in the groups are the true there is no natural and a magnifying glass for examining these To scientist, furnished by small paintings made by Miss or the little parasites, many of which may be as object unimportant trifling. From Laura Sparks. Preparators Henry Horback small as one-twenty-fifth of an inch. His least of Nature's work he may learn the and Henry U. Taylor also contributed their prizes he files in vials of alcohol for study. greatest lessons. —Sir John Herschel talents to preparation of the hall. September, 1951 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 7

CONTROL OF EROSION bare from overgrazing. Small sawmills, MUSEUM MOVIE SPECIALIST BY NATURAL MEANS each with a smoking pile of sawdust and IN U. S. SERVICE waste, were workers who lived By C. operated by HUGH CUTLER John W. Moyer, Chief of the Mu.seum's CURATOR OP BCONOMIC BOTANY nearby in rough board shacks. Skinny Division of Motion Pictures, departed cattle foraged over the rough slopes and IN KANSAS and forest fires August 15 on an extended leave of absence found so little grass that they tasted even in New Mexico recently cost millions to accept an appoint- FLOODS the poisonous lupines and larkspurs. In of dollars in property losses and destroyed ment for a special pro- some places so little soil was left, even on large areas of land, yet they are the fore- ject in the information the level, that fences were held up by stones. runners of even greater disasters unless a and educational fields High prices for lumber and meat have carefully considered land policy is adopted. of the U. S. Depart- induced operators to cut as much timber of Though the catastrophes differ, they are ment State's foreign as possible and to stock their range with the result of the same mistake, mismanage- service. His first a.s- all the cattle they can obtain. Most of ment of the land through ignorance or greed. signment is to be in these operators seek quick profits and many The 1951 Southwest Botanical the Far East. Expedition of them work on leased lands or mining had an excellent opportunity to see the effect Mr. Moyer has been gn"ants unused for mining since the first of land-use In associated with the short-sighted policies. Iowa, claims were established. Some of the most Missouri, Kansas, and Nebraska heavy rains Museum for twenty- JOHN W. MOVER overgrazed lands belong to the government. were washing the soil from between the rows two years. Before the Stock raising was a large and powerful of corn, wheat, soybeans, and sorghum even war he was Taxidermist in the Division of industry in the Colorado River Basin by where the land was nearly level. On the Birds. In 1942 he joined the U. S. Navy 1870. Individuals and companies grazed plains of Kansas crop rows went straight as Chief Specialist in the medical research almost without restrictions. They fenced across rolling hills and gullies, providing section of the Bureau of Medicine and as much land as they could and often claimed channels for silt-laden rivulets. Fields Surgery, in which he engaged in the making in court that a man had a right to do this. stretched to the margins of ephemeral of motion pictures. Upon his relea.se from The courts ruled that such fences were streams where banks of naked earth tumbled the Navy in 1946 he returned to the Mu- illegal but often granted title to lands taken into the floodwaters. We had to make seum to head the newly formed Division in this fashion. About 1905 the National several detours in Kansas because roads of Motion Pictures, in which his chief Forests were created and grazing in these were washed out or covered with silt, bridges task was the making of a film on Museum was placed on a permit and fee basis. destroyed, and once because an earthen activities entitled "Through These Doors," The public lands still open to grazing were dam had broken. now in circulation before audiences of educa- then used as hard as possible. Each grazier A few days later we neared the Conti- tional and other organizations. ran as many cattle on the public lands as nental Divide. To the west the lands were he could, for if he did not do this, some other dry. In some places there had been no useful herd took all the forage. The public range rain for five months. At the Divide the times as much dirt as the became seriously overgrazed and with the 4,250 good grass- drought had little effect because steep hills covered The soil destruction of the edible grasses and forage piece. grass-covered had discouraged cattle and lumbermen. The stored most of the rain and it off over plants, cactus, sage, juniper and other un- gave little streams running to the San Juan and a of time while rain on palatable plants dominated the range. In long period falling bare soil between corn rows rushed to the periods of drought thousands of cattle died. streams and rivers a flood of silt. Dry years, with dust storms and the deple- carrying serious flood or is followed tion of the range grasses, brought the Every drought to construct dams for flood Taylor Grazing Act of 1934. This provided by proposals control or for of these for a distribution of grazing permits to irrigation. Many are advocated conscientious but established users of the range at a small by people, a of these are fee, for improvement of the range, and for great many projects designed to benefit a small to administrative management of public range region, provide employ- or lands. This is now done under the Bureau ment, gain power, political advantage for small even the of Land Management of the Department of a group. Lately Army the Interior. Engineers and the Bureau of Reclamation have entered the struggle to build more HOW PLANTS HELP dams, each group seeking to erect more Where do plants come into the picture? and bigger dams. Practically all of the What has botany to do with floods and the proposals are shortsighted and try to treat effect of drought? As far back as we have the symptoms of our most serious national records we know that there have been years defects, not to remedy the basic causes. with heavy rains and others of drought. Many of the dams now built are nearly But heavy rains will penetrate and stay in useless because their basins are filled with soils made porous by roots and cannot silt. Others are in danger of being ruined wash fertile soil away if each droplet is and proposals are made to build even more EXAMPLE OF EROSION TOLL scattered by blades of grass or each rivulet dams to trap sediment before it can reach further It is After lumbering and over-grazing, too little soil dammed and halted by interwoven sod. dams downstream. estimated remains to support the fence posts, so they are In dry years the moisture stored in the that 129-million tons of silt reach Lake braced and rocks. supported by reservoir of humus under the shade of trees Mead each year, yet very little is being done and the sod is slowly given up to water the to eliminate this silt at its source. Colorado rivers were full of clear water and to feed and streams. plants springs RESISTANCE WAVERS seeping from soils shaded by trees and Measurements on adjoining areas of land covered by grass. showed that 399 times as much water ran The government has the power to save But only a few miles over the Divide off a com field as did off soil covered with a the nation's heritage of public lands and trees were being cut and the earth was good sod, and that the farmed soil lost (Continued on page 8, column 1) Page 8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN September, 1951

DEEP SEA EXPEDITION water supply dwindled. Wood cutting and GIFTS TO THE MUSEUM grazing were restricted and check dams built Loren P. Woods, Curator of Fishes, who Following is a list of the principal gifts in Now floods are the the gullies. checked, gully received reported in the August Bulletin on during the past month: is healing, and city wells which once could activities of the Oregon, scientific trawling barely supply 75,000 gallons of water daily Department of Botany : vessel of the United States Fish and Wild- now yield 200,000. From: Dr. C. H. Muller, Santa Barbara, life Service, is again at sea on that ship. Calif.—82 oaks, Texas; Dr. E. E. Sherff, left its home of The Oregon port Pascagoula, WOULD AID RANCHING Chicago—77 Hawaiian phanerogams. Mississippi, August 13, with Mr. Woods Some ranchers claim that grazing regula- of Geolo^: aboard. Department tion would raise the already high cost of L. H. A series of four drags at 10, 20, 30 and 40 From: Bridwell, Forestburg, Tex.— the meat. On contrary, most controlled Ceratodus tooth, Texas; B. Hinton, fathoms is to be made off the mouth of the George grazing results in more economical ranch Presidio, Texas—2 specimens of vanadanite Mississippi River, after which the ship will operation. Each head of cattle needs crystals, Mexico. proceed to the vicinity of the Yucatan sufficient food to grow efficiently. On some shrimping grounds in the Gulf of Campeche. Department of Zoology: lands the forage is so scarce that nearly a There trawling will be carried on from Cayo From: Eduardo F. Acosta y Lara, Monte- square mile is required for each animal while Arenas to Cayo Arcos in 60 fathoms of video, Uruguay—3 bats, Brazil and Uru- on others only a few acres will provide water. A series of deep-water drags will guay; Chicago Zoological Society, Brook- enough food. If the grazing capacity of 111.—a Dr. B. E. be made also on the shelf at the edge of field, cassowary skin; range land is exceeded, the animals spend —a bat, Camaguey, Cuba; the Yucatan Channel. Dahlgren, Chicago most of their time and energy seeking food John N. Dixon, Chicago—a collection of As on his past voyages on the Oregon, it and grow slowiy. Besides eating poisonous lower invertebrates, Tahiti; Dr. Alfred E. Curator Woods will be is expected that —a of a weeds when other forage is gone, they be- Emerson, Chicago paratype termite. enabled to obtain important collections of Fort Bob come weak and susceptible to disease. In Dauphin, Madagascar; Capt. fishes for the Museum. Guillaudeu, San Francisco—4 frogs, 3 a controlled experiment on severely eroded lizards, and a snake, Korea; Edward Brodie lands of the Navajo Reservation livestock Henry, Leesville, S. C.—a snake. South CONTROL OF EROSION— numbers were reduced to the of capacity Carolina; Harry Hoogstraal, Cairo, Egypt— (Continued from page 7) and land the forage, management practices a collection of lower invertebrates, Lower its investment in dams like Hoover Dam. were instituted. After the first three years Egypt and Yemen,— South Arabia; Paul Seventy per cent of the Colorado River the total weight of livestock produced was Keller, Dyer, Ind. a snake, Illinois; Dr.— Basin is in federal ownership despite large greater than ever before even though the Boonsong Lekagul M.B., Bangkok, Slam 2 Siam; Dr. S. A. grants of railroad lands and the home- number of animals was smaller. Erosion bats, Minton, Indianapolis —2 salamanders, 9 frogs, 4 snakes, and 2 steading of many sites. The federal lands and flash floods were greatly reduced. lizards, Indiana; Philip W. Smith, Urbana, are the source of the greater part of the silt LAND MANAGEMENT NEEn)ED 111.; a frog paratype, Illinois; Neal A. in the are the most river; they overgrazed. Weber, Swarthmore, Pa.—a snake and a the Bureau of Land The value of sensible land Although Management management lizard, Iraq. has power to restrict grazing, it does not practices must be taught before progress do this vigorously because grazing interests, can be made with a land policy. The Mu- Technical Publications though they represent only a few people, seum library recently purchased Ten Rivers boards which issue in are strong. The grazing America's Future, the report of the The following technical publications were of ranchers permits are often composed President's Water Resoiu-ces Policy Com- issued recently by Chicago Natural History who depend upon grazing permits and thus mission. Throughout this report on the Museum: must be liberal in their allotments. Even major rivers of the United States are recom- Fieldiana: Vol. No. 45. On officials on the Navajo Indian Reservation mendations that land must be managed Zoology, 31, the Clausiliidae Palestine. were forced to modify their plans to reduce effectively to prevent erosion and too rapid of By Georg Haas. 1951. 24 a tremendous overload of stock because of runoff of water. Yet the greatest amount May 23, pages. $0.40. severe protests from Indians and traders. of space is devoted to dam projects and very Fieldiana: Zoology, Vol. 31, No. 47. Mam- Yet the Navajo Reservation, contributing little of the unfavorable evidence against mals from British Honduras, Mexico, only 2.5 per cent of the water to Lake such projects is presented. This may repre- Jamaica and Haiti. By Philip Hershko- Mead and comprising only 14 per cent of sent the viewrs of the commission, mainly vitz. July 10, 1951. 24 pages. $0.30. the basin, pours 22 per cent of the sediment people with an interest in building dams, into that reservoir. One of the few streams but I believe dams are emphasized because Fieldiana: Zoology, Vol. 31, No. 48. Birds on the reservation, Chinle Creek, often they are tangible projects which can be of Negros Island. By Austin L. Rand. carries more than 47 per cent of sediment presented to taxpayers as located in a definite July 12, 1951. 26 pages. $0.30. by volume. In the accounts of early spot and costing an estimated amount of Fieldiana: Zoology, Vol. 31, No. 49. Review travelers the Chinle is described as a small, money. Programs for watershed manage- of the Subspecies of the Sunbird Nectarinia clear and permanent brook surrounded by ment must cover so many aspects that it is jugularis. By Austin L. Rand. July 12, grassy meadows. Now it is a temporary difficult to present them simply. Keeping 1951. $0.20. stream, deeply entrenched in silt and sand the soil covered with plants, stopping flood gullies. and erosion at the source, and building up Fieldiana: Anthropology, Vol. 36, No. 6. Some opponents of grazing regulations our ground water supplies are of primary Acculturation and Material Culture—/. there have been and wet but lack the say always dry importance, they spectacular By George I. Quimby and Alexander and that of land use will of dams with their periods regulation appeal huge falling water, Spoehr. July 17, 1951. 42 pages. $1. not help the present period. There is con- miles of irrigation canals, and whir of vincing evidence that it will. In 1908 the hydroelectric generators. But unless we lands above Silver City, New Mexico, had wake up and speed our efforts to preserve The two African elephants in the center been lumbered and grazed so that a creek the plants which hold our soil, we will end of Stanley Field Hall were collected and flowing through the main street became a up with silted dams and no fertile soil, a mounted by the late Carl E. Akeley, noted gully 15 to 40 feet deep, from 75 to 200 feet country of deserts like China, devastated explorer, naturalist, and sculptor, who was wide, and a mile long. Wells failed and the alternately by flood and then by drought. once a member of the Museum staff.

PRINTED BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS RULLETIN U Vol.22,No.lO -October 1951 Chicago Natural Ilistoiy Museum

*s NEW HALL OF PREHISTORIC LIFE

Preview for Members

Monday evening, October I, 8 o'clock

{Sec page 3) V'^^

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wmr.^ Pages CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN October. 195i

Chicago Natural History Museum are otherwise unattractive except to the -THIS MONTH'S COVER- Founded bt Mabshall Field, 1893 charmed, often bewhiskered and bespec- cover shows a restoration itooMTcIt Road and Lake Shore DrlTe, Chicago 5 tacled, circle of paleontologists, but even Our of Tblepuone: WAbash 2-9410 then we have never lost sight of the im- eurypterids, extinct crustacean- portance of the subject matter. like creatures that lived about 350 THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES million years ago. This is one of We feel that the new exhibits will dispel the new in Frederick J. \". Lester Armour Stanley Field much of the indifference heretofore mani- groups Samuel Jr. Sbwell L. Avery Insull, Skiff Hall (Hall 37). The hall, Wm. McCoRMicK Blair Henry P. Isham fested in fossils, and that they will lead to Leopold E. Block Hughston M. McBain completely reorganized and new, a interest in, and a more Walter J. Cummings William H. Mitchell greater apprecia- Clarence B. Randall is to be reopened October 1 with Albert B. Dick, Jr. tive use of them. To bring out in bold Howard W. Fenton George A. Richardson a preview at 8 p.m. for Members of Joseph N. Field Solomon A. Smith relief the fact that fossils are not just Field Albert H. Wetten the Museum. Unlike mounted Marshall masses of disinterred remains of the Marshall Field, Jr. John P. Wilson stony animals in Zoology or the plants past, but are documentary evidence of reproduced in Botany, restora- OFFICERS vanished oceans and forests, of the life that Pretidfnt tions Stanley Field has illustrating geologic history Field Finl Vict-PrtndtrU appeared and disappeared, and of the Marshall are the of "scientific SKond Vict-Praident vastness of before the dawn of product Third Vict-Prmdent history man, Samuel Insull, Jr. detective work." It is not possible Solomon A. Smith Treasurer has been our main purpose. By t^is, we Grbgo Director and Stcretary to mount a Cupfobd C. do not that the new exhibits the freshly-killed euryp- John R. Millar AmttarU Secretary imply ai^, terid, as a taxidermist would last word in interpreting the message mount a tiger, nor can the artist fossils bring to us. The story set forth in work with a specimen or accurate THE BULLETIN the hall of today will remain only until it illustration, as in the plant repro- EDITOR appears that it no longer serves its purpose. C. Gregg Director of Uie Aflueum duction laboratory. Instead, a Clifford Sharat Kumar Roy paleontologist, studying frag- CONTRIBUTING EDITORS Chief Curator of Geology mentary fossil specimens of ex- Paul S. Martin Chief Curator of Anthropolon Thbodor Just Chief Curator of Botany tinct plants and animals must K. Roy Chief Curator of Geolagy Sharat a in Karl P. Schmidt Chief Curator of Zoolony guide sculptor making what STAFF MOTES is a re-creation. The MANAGING EDITOR literally restorations in Hall 37 were made H. B. Hartb Public Relatioru Countel Marchand Miss Harriet Smith, of the Museum's by sculptor George under the direction of Dr. Irving Members are requested to Inform the Museum Raymond Foundation lecture staff, is on G. Reimann, of the University of promptly of changes of address. leave of absence until February 15, to make a lecture tour in schools throughout the Michigan. Middle West under the auspices of The FOSSILS ARE FASaNATING School Assembly Service. Her lecture, en- WHEN SHOWN ATTRACTIVELY titled "Treasure House," accompanied by the Museum's color film "Through These Curator of Fossil Invertebrates, and Curator Gems and minerals commonly possess Doors," will carry the message of this Denison spent several days last month in attractions of their own, but fossil inverte- institution to thousands of children and paleontological reconnaissance work near brates and plants probably because of their teachers in many states .... Dr. Sharat K. Mecca, Illinois. stone-like appearance and lack of coloration, Roy, Chief Curator of Geology, has returned the at manifest little appeal for public from his expedition of several months to Museum visitors often the large. go past El Salvador. On his way back, he stopped NEW MEMBERS fossil exhibits, completely ignoring them or in Mexico to make preliminary studies of The following persons became Museum casting but a cursory glance at the cases. the volcano Paricutin .... Henry S. Dybas, for this Members from August 16 to September 7: What has been the reason seeming Associate Curator of Insects, recently joined had failed to indifference? Was it that we Dr. Eliot Williams of the faculty of Wabash Associate Members to the message that could be bring light College, Crawfordsville, Indiana, on an in- Miss Eva Josephine Jolly, Colonel Edward believed we read in a fossil? We had, sect-collecting trip in caves of southern N. Wentworth. readily accepted the challenge that our Indiana. were They accompanied by Rodger Annual Members failure had brought about, and thought of Mitchell, Harry Nelson and Eugene Ray, Charles W. Allen, Sidney M. Boss, Terry ways and means by which we could do justice who were temporarily employed in the Caselli, Valentine H. Christmann, Lyle B. to the fossils and restore them to their Museum's Division of Insects during the Cline, Gordon R. Close, Hugh S. Cloud, rightful place. It has not been easy, but summer .... I. Curator George Ouimby, Kenneth C. Eade, Arthur A. Ehrlich, we believe we have found a satisfactory in of Exhibits Anthropology, has been James P. Ferrall, John A. Ferry, Mrs. in Frederick solution. The new exhibits appointed representative of the Society for Frank Fink, Walter J. Goettsch, Dr. J. V. Skiff Hall (Hall 37), detailed descrip- American Archaeology in connection with Bernard A. Kamm, Sam Laud, Harry F. tions of which will be found on page 3 of the annual meetings of the American Liebrock, F. B. Rowe, Edward Shafer, Harold A. T. N. Stensland. this issue of the Bulletin, may well be Anthropological Association to be held in Stahl, the answer to our problem. Chicago in November .... Donald Collier, We have not sacrificed scientific accuracy Curator of South American Ethnology and Exhibit of Bird Paintings but we have found that pleasing and appeal- Archaeology, has been appointed chairman Continues Until Oct. 15 ing exhibits are not incompatible with it. of the nominating committee for the Society We have further learned that a few carefully for American Archaeology .... Dr. Robert The special exhibit of "Song Birds of selected specimens can tell a story more H. Denison, Curator of Fossil Fishes, has America," a series of twelve painting by eloquently and with greater clarity than a returned from a successful collecting trip to the well-known artist, John Atherton, crowded assemblage of many. We have various areas in the eastern United States. placed in Stanley Field Hall in September, permitted some latitude and indulgence .... Dr. Rainer Zangerl, Curator of Fossil will remain available to Museum visitors when confronted with specimens that Reptiles, Eugene S. Richardson, Jr., until October 15. October, 1951 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page S THREE BILLION YESTERYEARS RETRACED IN NEW EXHIBITS Bv EUGENE S. RICHARDSON, Jr. looking layer of plastic, of a extremely rare, examples of a frozen CURATOR or rosso. INVERTEBRATES covering part though world map. Ancient animals and plants mammoth, a pickled rhinoceros, and a Where are the snows of yesteryear? from the ages before history are there in dried sloth are illustrated by drawings in Villon FRANgois abundance. Many are in the form of this exhibit. MAY LEAVE the asking of the accurate life-sized models shown in natural Another introductory case shows the in- WEquestion to the poets and its answer- surroundings, but more are shown as actual fluence of mutation and selection on evolu- ing to the philosophers or the hydrologists. fossils, from Chicago's quarries, Illinois' tion. This intricate subject is helped along Those snows, at least, have now flowed over coal fields, and hundreds of more distant by specimens chosen to show fossil types that the dam. As we remember them, they were places in the United States and elsewhere. have died out, others that have persisted for long ages, and others that followed evolutionary blind alleys. By means of models arranged on a diagrammatic back- ground, the last introductory exhibit shows the relationship of all groups of animals and plants. On the north side of the hall, the natural groups of animals and plants are arranged

MEMBERS ARE INVITED TO EVENING PREVIEW OF NEW HALL

(Monday, October I, 8 p.m.)

All Museum Members, and their families, are invited to a special preview formally reopening Fred- erick J. V. Skiflf Hall (Hall 37), at 8 o'clock on the evening of Mon- day, October 1 (the doors of the building will be opened at 7:30 p.m.). The hall contains a com- prehensive, completely new series of exhibits illustrating fossil plant and invertebrate animal life and REEF OWI'f.ll KS evolution over hundreds of mil- In a limestone deposited on a reef in the Permian period, 200 million years ago in western Texas, the fossil lions of years. Outstanding fea- shells have been replaced hard, insoluble silica. The models in this new habitat in Hall 37 were cast by group ture is a series of ten habitat from specimens obtained by dissolving the limestone. Sponges and are the most abundant brachiopods crea- of the various animals shown. groups restoring the weird tures of eons ago, made by the noted sculptor, George Marchand. unpleasantly cold, and we're glad that The exhibits, occupying 53 new cases, are In addition, at 8:15 p.m. in the they've gone on their way. arranged in two sequences. On the south James Simpson Theatre, Members But where are the snows of a few hundred side of the hall they constitute a summary may view the color motion picture What of the world was of life in the world through the twelve years ago? part "Through These Doors." This covered with ice a few thousand years ago? geologic periods, a historical sequence. In film tells the of the Museum cases on story What living things ruled the world a few the the north side, the fossils are and its exhibits from expeditions million years ago? arranged by natural groups, forming a collecting in the field all over the biological sequence. To such questions, if a modern Villon world, though the research Entering the hall from the east, from the should ask them, we are prepared to give laboratories and preparators' gallery overlooking Stanley Field Hall, the answers. In Frederick J. V. Skiff Hall studios to the exhibits. visitor sees first a of four cases flank- completed for members group (Hall 37), reopened formally The offices, workrooms and ing the door. These contain introductory of the Museum on October 1, the long collections will also be avail- exhibits. who collect their own study of the three billion of earth People panorama years able for Inspection. fossils will turn to the right, where a history is set forth in a series of entirely map shows the distribution of bedrock of various new exhibits, emphasizing the last 540 ages in the Chicago area, with examples of million years, the time during which the fossils found within 50 miles of the in earth has been inhabited. Loop. systematic sequence. Walking along To the left of the door another case shows from the east end, we see first the protozoans The snows that fell in Wisconsin a few what fossils are—and also a collection of and sponges, and then a case showing how hundred years ago, we find, are now being objects that look like fossils but are really foraminifera, tiny fossil protozoans, are im- pumped from deep wells beneath Chicago, something else. This information should be portant in oil-well drilling. Fossil foramini- as water for industrial use. A shows diagram helpful to collectors who treasure rounded fera from several levels of a typical oil well that the water has worked its slowly way stones or concretions in the belief that they are shown as enlarged models. Since each beds of rock. through underground porous have found petrified slugs, tomatoes, rock formation contains characteristic fossils, The area of the great ice sheet of about squirrels, or other non-petrifiable items. oil geologists are able to determine the oil- 25,000 years ago is shown as a cold, icy- Flesh preserved from prehistoric times is bearing bed and to guide the drills probing Page i CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN October, 1951

A GARDEN OF PREHISTORIC SEA LILIES FISHES UNKNOWN TO ANGLERS

Sea lilies, or crinoids, are actually-colorful, flower-shaped animals. In the oceatis Where, 50 million years ago, was a large lake well-stocked with many kinds of o£ today they live in groups resembling garden plants. Fossils in the Museum's fishes, there now are the dry and sun-baked mesas of southwestern Wyoming. collection show that crinoid gardens were also common in the past, particularly The lake deposits yield abundant fossils of those early fishes, which have 300 million years ago, in the Mississippian period, the time of this new habitat become the principal article of trade of the small town of Fossil, some of whose group in Frederick J. V. Skifi HaU (Hall 37). ancient inhabitants are restored in this new habitat group in HaU 37. for oil thousands of feet beneath the surface. of all kinds has been brought together in economic features, and another showing Continuing the biological series are cases these exhibits to make a concise outline of typical fossils. The Silurian period has been showing fossil coelenterates (corals and the geography, economic resources, and given greater prominence than the others. allies), brachiopods, worms, clams, snails, life of each of the geologic periods. This is for the reason that the bedrock of cephalopods, echinoderms (sea-lilies, sand- Each geologic period is represented by a the Chicago area is of Silurian age. There dollars, and allies) and arthropods (insects, group of cases—usually one being a habitat are two Silurian habitat groups: the euryp- crustaceans, and allies), to complete the group showing restored animals of the period, terids (see cover), included because they roster of invertebrates, or animals without another a display of the geographic and are spectacular and characteristic, and a backbones. The vertebrate groups are dis- played, as always, in adjoining Ernest R. Graham Hall (Hall 38). The remaining cases on the north side of the hall are SATURDAY AFTERNOON LECTURES OPEN OCTOBER 6 devoted to the groups of plants that have The annual autumn course of free illus- October 27—The Great Ungava Crater left a significant fossil record, beginning with trated lectures on travel and science for 1950 geological expedition to northern- a case showing the relation of fossil plants adults will begin at the Museum on October 6 most Quebec to coal, and ending with a "family tree" and continue each Saturday throughout V. B. Meen illustrating the relationship and classification October and November. The lectures will of plants. November 3—Earthquake Lake be Theatre of On the south side of the the given in the James Simpson hall, geo- Reelfoot Lake, fascinating wilderness in the Museum and all will at 2:30 P.M. logical periods are the subject of the cases. begin Tennessee Seven of the lectures will be illustrated with Fossils of different natural orders are asso- Karl Maslowski ciated here by periods because it is the color movies and one with slides. study of the succession of kinds of fossils Limited accommodations make it neces- November 10—Shangri-la Alaska that enables us to determine the relative sary to restrict these lectures to adults. Pioneering on our last frontier ages of beds of rock and thus to decipher Members of the Museum are entitled to Fred Maehetam But other besides geological history. things reserved seats on application. For children, — fossils are needed to exhibit the record of November 17 Exploration in Nepal free motion pictures will be presented on the earth's To find where Difficult journey to the high Himalayan yesteryears. the mornings of the same Saturdays by the ancient seas sedi- kingdom existed, geologists map Raymond Foundation. mentary rocks—the hardened sands and S. Dillon Ripley are the and muds of vanished ocean bottoms—determin- Following dates, subjects, lecturers: November 24—Algeria ing their relative ages by matching the Sahara sand and oasis fossils entombed in them. There is much October 6—VIRGINIA more land area than has been Clifford J. Kanten dry today A fresh look at the Old Dominion state usual in the past. Three comparative maps Edward F. Cross No tickets are necessary for admission for each period show the changes in North to these lectures, .\ section of the American terrain as the sea covered now October 13—Tahiti Theatre is reserved for Members of the one part, now another. Volcanic island of romantic beauty and Museum, each of whom is entitled to The earth's crust preserved other records grandeiu' two reserved seats. Requests for these besides fossils, the record of life, and sedi- Earl B. Brink in mentary rocks, the record of seas. Granites, seats should be made advance by 20— a Arizona? ores, and crumpled rocks tell of ancient October Dm Comet Blast telephone (WAbash 2-9410) or in writ- mountain ranges now worn away; beds of The mystery of Canyon Diablo crater ing, and seats will be held in the Mem- ash tell of volcanoes that left no other trace; (Illustrated with slides) ber's name until 2:25 o'clock on the coal beds mean former forests. Evidence H. H. Nininger lecture day. October, 1951 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 5

reef representing Silurian sea life on the animal crushed in enough different positions tell the story of the millions of yesteryears site of Chicago. Besides these, there are to reveal its anatomy. In the foreground since life took its place on our planet. two cases of Silurian fossils, one collection of the Devonian habitat group is a large from and it bore coming entirely quarries excava- spiny trilobite, Teralaspis. Though TALKING DUST' TELLS tions in the vicinity of this city. a shell, no complete sf)ecimens have been The highlight of the historical sequence discovered. The first fragments of a fossil STORY OF INDIANS of exhibits is the series of ten habitat groups of this trilobite were collected about a By TOM ALDER SOUTHWEST ARCHAEOLOGICAL by George Marchand, well-known sculptor hundred years ago, and others have been MEUBER, EXPEDITION STAFF of Ebenezer, New York. Colorful models turning up ever since. The first reconstruc- ABOUT THE TIME that Rome of prehistoric plants and animals are tion was made in 1892 by Dr. John M.' burned (circa a.d. 60) another, much arranged in groups in lifelike positions amid Clarke, of the New York State Museum. AT smaller, fire routed a of natural-looking surroundings. Not all pre- Then, after examining the fragments that group Mogollon Indians from their cave home in western historic animals are well enough known had been collected during the next fifty New Mexico. For centuries, the fore- from their fossils to permit their reconstruc- years, Dr. Irving G. Reimann, of the Buffalo fathers of these people had occupied this tion for such a group. The restorations of Museum of Science, made an improved cave and these continued the tradi- soft-bodied animals cause the greatest restoration in 1941. Soon after that. Dr. people tion. There were good reasons for their trouble, in general, for when they are fossil- Reimann found a fine large fragment showing having done so. The cave was large (60 ized at all it is likely to be in the form of a more details, and made another reconstruc- feet 12 feet and 10 feet flattened film. Nevertheless, several soft- tion in 1944. The model in our group was long, high wide), cool in summer and warm in winter. It was bodied animals may be seen in the Cambrian made under his direction. comfortable; but what was more important, group. It was possible to make these with Hall 37 is now before the public. The it was in an excellent defensive to some degree of assurance because a great fossil plants and invertebrates in their new position ward off attacks hostile many specimens are known showing the surroundings will serve for many years to by neighbors. The cave, now being excavated by the Museum's Archaeological Expedition to the Southwest, is situated 1,200 feet above and THE CRETACEOUS PERIOD one and one-half miles from the valley floor. This was but it came BECAH 140.000,000 YEARS AGO EHOID 7S.000.000 YIARS AGO protection important, at a price. To get their water, these early cave dwellers had to travel over rugged f THE CLOSE OF slopes on foot to the river in the valley. THE MESOZOIC ERA They had to go the same distance to reach the rich land in which they cultivated corn. This meant that the women probably had full responsibility for keeping the household and preparing the meals for their menfolk who almost certainly spent the day away from the cave farming and hunting. The women made baskets and wove matting for bedding. They brought in yucca leaves and corn stalks to keep down the dust from the cave floor and to make softer walking. They also made the pottery, THe LAST DINOSAURS an art that they had recently acquired from AHD FLYING REPTILES LIVED southern neighbors and had the meals ready THE AMONG FIRST ANCiOSPERMS for the men when they returned from the fields. THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS RESULTED FROM SHRINKING A SPARK, THEN CATASTROPHE THE EARTH'S CRUST Perhaps, while the women were preparing a meal a spark flew from the fire and ignited TMC Ci-o»e or TMc Mr«070iC r»* some of the fibrous materials that lay strewn about. In a matter of moments, the flames and smoke became so fierce the cave had to be abandoned. The women and tWlMAI^ Of children fled to safety. There was no r fM ivoLimaa a» momhm way of quelling the flames, even if one could have gotten near the fiery furnace, because the water supply was so distant. The only thing to do was to let the fire burn itself out. This must have taken several weeks because of the fact the floor was deeply impregnated with fibers and grasses from generations past. The fire smoldered beneath the surface HISTORY OF THE CRETACEOUS PERIOD making reoccupation impossible for some There is more to than the succession of fossils shown in the habitat in our new hall. geologic history groups time. It is probable the Mogollon Indians Cases such as this one show the changes in North American geography as the oceans moved back and forth attached a religious significance to the fire. across the continent. Paintings by John Conrad Hansen, Department of Geology Artist, illustrate physical forces and large animals that cannot be included in the other cases. (Continued on page 7, column 2) Page 6 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN October, 1951

MORE ABOUT SEW HALL OF EARTH HISTORY . . . associated in the same bed. As these parts become known and are given names, the EXTINCT PLANTS AND THEIR LIVING DESCENDANTS whole plant can ultimately be pieced to- By THEODOR JUST gether. Such a reconstruction aims to show groups shown in this part of the exhibit the of of CHIBP CintATOR, DEPARTUBNT OF BOTANY general habit and mode growth are of their own incapable making organic the original plant. Comparatively few fossil ON THIS PLANET has a long other food materials and depend on organ- plants are well enough known to permit and intricate its LIFE history. Although isms for such, either by living at the expense their reconstruction as a whole. is shrouded beginning in mystery, we know of their hosts or by breaking down dead about to think of TRACING THE PAST enough living plants plant and animal bodies. These groups are their ancestors as primitive organisms represented by the "fungi" and by some Comparison of the internal structure of capable of performing some of the most bacteria. of these Although many organisms fossil plants with that of their closest living functions as lives land. important generally regarded are aquatic, the majority on relatives and analysis of the rocks contain- evidence of life. These of the of the primitive organisms One groups algae, green algae, ing these fossils permit conclusions regarding were certainly aquatic, microscopic in is believed to have given rise to the vascular past climates and conditions of fossilization. A particularly instructive example of this kind is provided by coal. The principal ) kinds of coal and the processes effecting its I formation are illustrated in the small cases at the end of the second alcove. Actually coal represents the geological record of swamp vegetation growing in a moist, non- 4 seasonal, warm, but not tropical climate. But not all fossil plants known come from coals. Many are found in other deposits in various states of preservation. Some are so well preserved that they can hardly be told apart from their living descendants. Others, no longer present in our floras, are known only from one or several specimens. Still others are known from of THE MAIN many parts GROUPS the world thus the with OF THE providing geologist valuable means for comparing similar strata PLANT KINGDOM in widely separated localities.

SYNOPTIC CLASSIFICATION OF THE PLANT KINGDOM NATURE PHOTO CONTEST

The Plant Kingdom, with several hundred thousand species, is divided into a number of main groups. The ENTRIES OPEN possible relationships of these groups are shown by connecting lines. The models are made natural size or The Nature Camera Club of Chicago and enlarged for purposes of exhibition. Actual specimens are shown as far as possible. Chicago Natural History Museum are ready to receive entries for the Seventh Chicago able to make their own food Since the of the Devonian size, organic plants. beginning International Exhibition of Nature Photog- and of period land plants have become increasingly materials, capable reproduction. raphy to be held at the Museum February 1 few of if any, more important, while growing in stature Being soft-bodied, these, to 28 inclusive. All persons interested in left discernible traces. Yet their from small grass-like plants to the large geological nature photography—both amateur and pro- with struc- scale-trees of the Pennsylvanian period and descendants, empowered greater fessional photographers—are invited to send tural and functional diversity, the modern giants, such as the American complexity their best nature pictures for entry in this contributed materially to rock and redwood and big tree and the Australian building contest. Deadline for entries is January 14. the formation of so for the This increase in size soil, necessary eucalypts. general Silver medals and ribbons will be awarded of land plants. and complexity of structure is roughly growth in the various print and slide classifications. reflected in the of The geological story of land plants, as geological sequence ap- Entry forms and a complete resume of of the of vascular far as it is known today, begins late in the pearance great groups conditions of the contest may be obtained and their Silurian period. The main phases of this plants present day representation from the Museum. Entries should be sent in numbers of and individuals. The development are shown in the eight new species to the Museum. eases situated on the south side of the small exhibit case at the end of the first alcove illustrates this advance in reorganized Frederick J. V. SkifT Hall (Hall general a manner. The other Illinois Audubon Lectures 37) near Ernest R. Graham Hall (Hall 38). diagrammatic large cases characteristic Coming to Museum The first case near that door to the hall depict, group by group, members as found in fossil often reopening October 1 contains a visual scheme state, The Illinois Audubon Society will again reconstructions made of classification of the plant kingdom. Each accompanied by up present its autumn series of free lectures in of isolated discovered at various main group is represented by a characteristic many parts the James Simpson Theatre of this institu- times collectors in different first will be on member, either living or fossil, and the by many tion. The presented Sunday localities. relationships among the various groups are afternoon, November 18, at 2:30, when indicated by connecting lines. Several of Unlike their living descendants, fossil Fran W. Hall will give a lecture entitled the main groups shown in the lower part of land plants are always found in parts, either "The Four Corners," accompanied by the scheme are commonly called "algae." as stumps with some large roots attached, motion pictures in color. The general Their members are mainly aquatic, capable stems, branches, leaves, or organs of repro- public is invited, and Museum members of making their own organic food materials duction. Rarely are some of these attached are entitled to seats in the reserved section and characteristically colored. The other one to another. At best some may be found of the theatre. October, 1951 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 7

Now that we are familiar with present- Books day activities of the earth's crust, we are PLEASE NOTIFY MUSEUM treated to 34 pages of deductions that un- IF YOU'RE MOVING ravel a good sample of geologic history, and Members of the Museum (All books reviewed in the Bulletin are 16 pages in which we discover that we can who change residence are to the available in The Book Shop of the Museum. find out quite a bit about the earth's inac- urged notify Museum so that the Bulletin and other Mail orders accompanied by remittance in- cessible interior. Then follow three chapters communi- cations reach them cluding postage are promptly filled.) during which the reader will not want to may promptly. A card for this is lay the book aside: "True-scale Models," purpose enclosed with A TEXTBOOK OF GEOLOGY. By this issue. "Mechanics of Earth Movement," and "The Robert M. Carrels. Harper, 1951. xvii+ Members for extended Origin of the Earth." going away periods 301 illustrations. Price 511 pp., $5. may have Museum matter sent to their A chapter on modern life, followed by one temporary addresses. Although there is no royal road to geology, on fossilization and a survey of geologic Professor Garrels has provided what seems history prepare us for the final chapters on to be a superhighway. In a book designed evolution. Those interested enough in this the stone in for a one-semester college course, he has Museum's new Hall of Invertebrate Paleon- implements the layer attests to the of the blaze. selected just the kind of information needed tology (see page S) to desire further study intensity by the person who wants to find out about of the subject will find this book of value. The so-called "durable items" such as geology for himself. Thus, in 468 pages (not counting the ap- arrowheads, pottery, knives and scrapers of we learned a fair One who stands on a hill and sees that pendices), have amount stone, give us the necessary clue for dating the land before him was cut down to its of physics, chemistry, and biology, and the occurrence of the fire—and we have present level by the running water of a have deduced from them enough of geologic therefore been able to estimate that it took stream, or one who stands on a beach and history to go on making further deductions place between the years 150 B.C. and a.d. sees that the clifT behind him was cut by on our own. 200. We can safely assume that the occu- the waves is deducing geologic history from It is of interest to the readers of the pants of the cave covered the floor of this the evidence at hand. The history of the Bulletin that a part of the chapter on the cave with fibers, grasses, and matting, be- earth, then, may be said to be the object work of waves is taken from a recent out- cause previous excavations have shown this of his observations. It is also the object standing paper on refraction of ocean waves, to have been a common practice. of Professor Garrels' book, and the reader of which Melvin A. Traylor, Jr., Research We know they were farmers because of is led to that from a consideration of Associate in Birds on the is object Museum staff, the corn-cobs and vegetal refuse left in the the processes continually operating to change co-author. Also, it is gratifying to find that cave in charred forms. We know that the the face of nature. 44 of the excellent illustrations are photo- cave remained unoccupied until modern with a discussion of the of exhibits or from Starting energy graphs study specimens times because the pottery and tool types of the author shows the this running water, how Museum. above the ash layer have European charac- Colorado River carved the Grand Canyon. Eugene S. Richardson, Jr. teristics. The presence of particular tools The necessary physics is gently and com- and a cache of horse hides indicates Curator of Fossil Invertebrates that pletely presented before a conclusion is the Apaches used the cave in recent times. reached. By the time we have read the TABOO AFTER FIRE? 54 pages on running water, we find ourselves TALKING DUST'— deducing the history of other streams and To attribute the abandonment of the {Continued from page 5) on our own. valleys cave to a religious taboo is of course pure work of and under- have believed it was an ill omen, The waves, wind, ice, They may conjecture. The only evidence to support a for their evil deeds or for not ground water are presented in the same punishment this guess is that this kind of event has their At way, followed by chapters on the origin properly propitiating gods. any caused other Indian groups to attach a and of the rate, and for whatever reason, they ceased composition sedimentary, igneous, religious interpretation to catastrophes. The In to live in the for we find no evidence and metamorphic rocks. each, the funda- cave, Mogollon Indians continued to live in the or chemical information is of extended or continuous of mental physical occupation area for many centuries after the fire and with the aid of the cave from about the first century after given first, usually graphs. might have, if they had so chosen, reoccupied Graphs are an innovation in an elementary Christ until the coming of the Apache the cave. geology text, and a welcome one. A graph Indians (about 1700). During the great drought (about a.d. replaces many times its area of printed text, HOW DO WE KNOW? 1270), the Mogollon people left the area and and puts the information in the most the cave was next occupied from about available form. Conclusions regarding geo- This all took place almost 2,000 years 1700 to 1870 by Apaches. logic processes follow the graphs with a ago but there is no written record of the In 1951, a group of archaeologists in a logical inevitability that makes them im- event. How, then, do we know it took period of three months have sifted from the mediately the personal property of the place? On what can we base these assump- cave floor a of of reader. tions? The answer is "talking dust"! dusty story 3,000 years a culture in the Southwest. With these chapters under his hat, the We have, by the science of archaeology, Not was the fire a event for novice can now go forth and admire valleys, made the dusty floors of the cave tell us only tragic the of the it was for beaches, dunes, and other land forms with of the ways and lives of the people who have occupants cave; one the also! All a new understanding. But we are only walked upon it. In excavating this site, archaeologists perishable items— half way through the book. The chapter, that we call Cordova Cave, we have found bows, arrows, spear-throwers, cloth- leather—were de- "Evidence of Earth Movement," follows. an ash layer, 6 to 14 inches thick and lying ing, basketry, snares, for an Instead of being told that the earth has risen several feet below the surface, extending stroyed important, early period. and fallen and broken locally, we are shown from wall to wall, and from front to back. Excavations are still in process, however, why we must conclude that it has. Studying This is a positive sign of a holocaust, for and it is possible that the deepest levels, geology this way, we don't have to remember no fire-pit would be so large. The depth of dating from about 700 B.C. may yield much a great body of facts; we are now able to the ash layer indicates that the fire was of valuable information. These levels have see them for ourselves. some duration and the calcined condition of not yet been reached. Pages CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN October, 1951

RESERVATIONS OPENING Kenton, Ohio, the explorer who made the LECTURE TOURS IN OCTOBER FOR LAYMAN LECTURES film. DAILY EXCEPT SUNDAY Children may come alone, accompanied "Out of This World—for One Afternoon" Tours of exhibits, under the guidance of by parents or other adults, or in groups from is the title of the opening lectxire in the new staff lecturers, are conducted every afternoon schools, etc. No tickets are needed. season of Sunday afternoons at the Museum at 2 o'clock, except Sundays and certain Following are titles and dates of the pro- with the Lecturer, Paul G. Dallwig. holidays. On Mondays, Tuesdays, Thurs- Layman grams: This subject will be presented each Sunday — days and Saturdays, general tours are given in November—the 4th, 11th, 18th and 25th. October 6 Wonderland Tales covering all departments. Special subjects In this dramatized lecture Mr. Dallwig will Stories about animals, boys and girls are offered on Wednesdays and FWdays. take his audience into the strange world of Also a cartoon A schedule of these follows: millions of years ago with all its weird plant October 13—Savage Splendor Wed., Oct. 3—Poisonous Plants and Ani- and animal life as represented in the new A picture hunting expedition in Africa mals (Marie Snoiwda). Hall of Fossil Invertebrates (FVederick J. V. meets native tribesmen and has excit- Skiff Hall—Hall 37) opening October 1 (see Oct. 5—Color in Nature. Illustrated ing adventures with lions, rhinos and Fri., page S), and Ernest R. Graham Hall (Hall many other animals introduction in Meeting Room (Jane 38) of Fossil Vertebrates. The lecture will ' October 20—CHINA Sharpe). include five dramatic episodes in which the A film of the branch of the Oct. 10—The Races of Mankind hearers will participate in two Museum story largest Wed., human family on earth (Miriam expeditions, one that uncovers a huge Wood). Also a cartoon dinosaur skeleton, and one to the Gobi Fri., Oct. 12—Animals of Legend and Fable. Desert on which the first dinosaur were — eggs October 27 Folktale Puppet Studio Illustrated introduction in Meeting Room discovered while seeking traces of ancient Presenting "Aesop's Fables" and "Color (Lorain Stephens). man. The other dramatizations include a Fantasies" — trip to a 250-million-year-old forest of the Wed., Oct. 17 Life in the Water (Jane November 3—Australia's Barrier Reef coal age, the death struggle of prehistoric Sharpe). The fabulous coral growths and the under- monsters trapped in the LaBrea tar pits of water life shown under magnification Fri., Oct. 19—The Dynamic Earth. Illus- California, and a battle between two of the Also a cartoon trated introduction in Meeting Room most terrifying dinosaurs of the ancient (Anne Stromquist). reptilian world. November 10—Shangri-la Alaska On Sundays in December Mr. Dallwig's Pioneering on the last frontier. Color Wed., Oct. 24—Web of Life—Interdepend- lectitfe will be "Gems, Jewels and 'Junk' "; motion picture and story by Fred ence of Plants and Animals (Marie in January, "Living Races and Their Way Machetanz Sroboda). of Life"; March, "Money DOES Grow on — November 17 Pacific Islands Fri., Oct. 26—Masks—Not for Halloween. Trees," and April, "Life—What Is it? Life in Hawaii, Bali and Tagaqe Illustrated introduction in Meeting Room Mr. will be on During February DaUwig Also a cartoon (June Buchwald). an out-of-toum lecture tour and will not appear — at the Museum. November 24 ANIMAL LEGENDS Wed., Oct. 31—Giants in the Animal World Members of the Museum may use Also a cartoon {Lorain Stephens). their membership cards to attend these lectures without advance reserva- tions. All others, with the exception ment was 4,500 more than the average. It of accredited representatives of the press, is in view of this diminution must make advance reservations to attend IffilY YEA1?S AGO encouraging to note that the attendance of scholars and the Sunday lectures. Reservations may be Al IHK MUStUM teachers is the in the of the made beginning October 1 by mail or largest history Museum, being over 1,500 in excess of any telephone (WAbash 2-9410). The lectures Compiltd by MARGARET J. BAUER are free. They start promptly at 2 p.m. previous year." total attendance for 1901 and end at 4:30 P.M., including a half-hour From the Annual Report of the Director [The was intermission for relaxation, or for lunch or for 1901: 244,120; that of 1950 was 1,173,661; for the of or coffee in first eight months of 1951 attendance totaled a cup tea the Museum "Attendance.—A falling off in the total Cafeteria, where smoking is permitted. attendance for the year has to be reported. 928,029.) The figures show a difference of 18,491 in CHILDREN'S FREE MOVIES favor of the year ending September 30, GIFTS TO THE MUSEUM ON SATURDAY MORNINGS 1900, over the year ending September 30, 1901. More than half of this decrease Following is a list of the principal gifts Seven free motion picture programs and occurs in the month of September, 1901, received during the past month: one show for children will be when the attendance was 9,782 less than in puppet given Department of Botany: at the Museum on Saturday mornings during the same month of the previous year. The From: Floyd Swink, Chicago—111 phan- October and November. The entertain- only explanation of this large difference is erogams, Indiana and Illinois; Llewellyn to be each at in the fact that the weather was inclement ments, presented Saturday Williams, Randolph, Wis.—129 specimens 10:30 A.M. beginning October 6, will be given on three out of the nine free days of the of woods, Siam and Philippine Islands. in the James Simpson Theatre, under the month. The marked decrease in the paid Department of Geolo^: auspices of the James Nelson and Anna attendance is explained by the fact that From: L. Z. Gray, Evanston, 111.— Louise Raymond Foundation. The Octo- during the previous year the visit of the Pleistocene mammoth tooth, Siberia. ber 27 program will be a puppet production. G.A.R. to Chicago brought a great many On one program, that of November 10, the strangers to the city, who visited the Department of Zoolo^: picture, "Shangri-la Alaska," will be accom- Museum in large numbers, in fact, the paid From: Neal A. Weber, Swarthmore, Pa.— panied by a talk by Fred Machetanz of attendance during the week of the encamp- 8 frogs, 9 lizards, and a snake, Iraq.

PRINTED BY CHICAGO NATURAI. HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS RULLETIN LJ Vol.22,No.ll-November 1951 Chicago Xalural UiHlorij Museum Page 2 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN November, 1951

Chicago Natural History Museum preparation of exhibits on a magnificent -THIS MONTH'S COVER- Founded bt Marshall Field, 1893 scale as an educational program. Roosevelt Road and Lake Shore Drive, Chicafto 5 The end of the era of accumulation in On our cover is a picture of Telbphone: WAbash 2-9410 the exhibition halls approaches when the another of the ten habitat groups halls and the cases in them are filled. The of prehistoric animals exhibited in THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES museum staff, if it be worthy of its extra- the new Hall of Invertebrate Pale- Lester Armour Stanley Field ordinary privilege of intimate contact with ontology (read "An Ancient Sea," Samuel Jr. Sbwell L. Avery Insull, the "Three of with this which was Wm. McCoRMicK Blair Henry P. Isham Kingdoms Nature," page 7, issue) opened Leopold E. Block Hughston M. McBain that of Man for good measure, must now formally October 1. It represents Walter J. Cummings William H. Mitchell Albert B. Dick, Jr. Clarence B. Randall take time out from collecting and from the the inhabitants of the waters that W. Fenton George A. Richardson Howard eager preparation of exhibits and yet more across central North Joseph N. Field Solomon A. Smith spread Marshall Field Albert H. Wbtten exhibits to take thought about the meanings America during the Ordovician Marshall Field, Jr. John P. Wilson and functions, in the broadest sense, of a period, about 390 million years OFFICERS museum of natural history. We must turn ago. At least a dozen times since Stanley Field .:. ^"^.'^"' from an era of accumulation to an Era of the world began, changes in the Marshall Fibld Firtt Vice-Prtndenl ^ Second Vice-President Thought. elevation of land and sea have Third Vice-Prenident Samuel Insull, Jr It becomes immediately evident that we caused the oceans to advance Solomon A. Smith Treasurer Clifford C. Gregg Director and Secretary have grown without much thought or plan across the continents. In the John R. Millar Atmslant Secretary during the era of accumulation. The fine muds and sands deposited in those large habitat groups in the zoological halls oceans are fossils that constitute THE BULLETIN are themselves a reaction from the rows of the record of the animals and EDITOR stuffed specimens in older museums. But plants that lived in the advancing Cufford C. Gregg Director of Uut Mtueum a thoughtful survey shows that they repre- waters. Even today, when the sent what was available rather than what continents stand and drier CONTRIBUTING EDITORS higher was most needed to fulfill a systematic plan than at most times in the past, Paul S. Martin Chief Curator of Anthropology Tbeodor Just Chief Curator of Botany of education. Even the irreducible minimum parts of them lie below sea level Sharat K. Roy Chief Curator of Geology Kabl p. Schmidt Chief Curator of Zoology of a conspectus of nature has been only partly and are covered by similar seas, MANAGING EDITOR accomplished. such as Hudson Bay and the North As we to think more about Sea, and there the fossil record is H. B. Hartb Public Relaiiom Counsel begin deeply what we want the visitor to learn from the accumulating for the future. Museum, our first discovery is that we have Members are requested to Inform the Museum promptly of chan&es of address. exhibited too much. There is no virtue in exhibiting endless rows of arrowheads or or even of similar shells or pots closely MUSEUM MEMBERS' NIGHT THE ERA OF RETHINKING sparrows, except for specific purposes. The now to be to make the most PROVES GALA OCCASION IN EXHIBITION problem proves MUSEUM selection from the older accumu- intelligent The Members' Night held at the Museum of natural lations. selection much YOUNG MUSEUM history, Intelligent requires on October 1 was voted a complete success. if it is to be a one with the whole thought, and we have all come to realize A great Approximately 1,000 Members turned out world as its field, must eagerly accumulate as what hard work such thinking may be, with to see the new Museum film, "Through and the on collect- an occasional envious moment of recollec- much as it can, emphasis These Doors," to preview the new Hall of the material known as museum tion of the good old days when we merely ing objects Geologic History of Plants and Animals, will dominate the outlook of the mounted and installed what was available. specimens and to visit the shops and workrooms on for for It is much more difficult to select intelli- staff. There is little time thought, the third and fourth floors of the Museum. whole halls cry to be filled, and in many gently than it was to accumulate. Most Normally, it is not possible to open the fields of interest opportunities to collect important of all, selection gives us room in workrooms, preparation rooms, and labora- never again be presented— our cases for the illustrations and diagrams specimens may tories to visitors because of the serious witness the animals extinct within historic that are so much more effective as labels interruption to the Museum's scheduled times, and the primitive human cultures than the solid blocks of print that were work. On this occasion, however, every- transformed or even swallowed up by the in vogue thirty years ago. thing was made available and the staff spread of civilization. Rivalry with other The new Hall of Invertebrate Paleon- made every attempt to acquaint the Mem- museums, a combination of the acquisitive (Frederick J. V. Skiff Hall—Hall 37) tology bers with their Museum. instinct with all too human pride and is a visible expression of what I have at- Among the unusual attractions was vanity, spurs on the acquisition of specimens tempted to set forth. The Museum is still "Bushman," the celebrated gorilla, which and yet more specimens. All this produces only at the beginning of the vast job of was then in the taxidermy shop in the last an Era of Accumulation as an essential rethinking its exhibition program; but im- stages of preparation. Throughout the growth-stage of a museum. portant beginnings have been made in every a and enthusiastic crowd visitor evening large this era, there is a tendency to department. The thoughtful may During surrounded this exhibit and the be to contrast the new halls questioned put everything available on exhibition, and intrigued taxidermists concerning methods and prob- museums can be found whose development devoted to the North American Indians lems of In all in preparation. departments, was arrested at this stage. Fortunately for with some of the older exhibition halls, visitors found much to wonder at. materials are so however, American museums, the principle of separa- which priceless crowded The noted at intended effect is not only disappointment any tion of specimens intended for study from together that their time during the evening was that lack of those intended for exhibition was adopted accomplished. Perhaps he will understand those from of the in time prevented present seeing at an early period of their history, and this something stimulating atmosphere far from has all phases of Museum work. separation reflects the dual function of a museum that, being finished, direction. The success of the first Members' museums and museum staffs, of research begun to grow in a new Night has rise to the that such an and publication on one hand, operating as Karl P. Schmidt given hope a research institute, and on the other the Chief Curator of Zoology event may be repeated. November, 1951 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page S

EXPEDITION FINDS VICTIM OF SACRIFICE IN! CLIFF HOUSE

By PAUL S. MARTIN sacrifice a maiden to the Morning Star. On above 1,500. In addition, tools made from CHIEF DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY CURATOR, ancient pottery bowls made by the Mimbres bone and antler, leather objects, sandals, SKELETON of a young victim of Indians, who lived just south of Pine Lawn painted tablitas used as headdress in cere- Dr. John THEa sacrificial ceremony was found buried Valley (where B. Rinaldo, Assistant monies, bows, arrows, cigarettes, matting, Curator of and I have for and of were under the ancient walls of a cliff house by Archaeology, string, fragments basketry several been on associated scientists and myself during the years carrying archaeo- recovered. These objects, along with those the season of will 1951 archaeological excavations for Chicago found during 1950, help clear and of the Natural History Museum in western New up the origins growth Mexico. Dr. Paul S. Martin recently re- Mogollon culture. turned to the Museum after lead- work was and the The evidence of the grim sacrifice consists Although the dusty ing the Archaeological Expedition cave difficult to the rewards were of a headless skeleton of a young person, reach, to the Southwest (his I7th expedi- great. The work this summer has imfolded tion in the area). The 1951 exca- another bit of the fascinating but little- vations of prehistoric Indian caves known Mogollon culture. were begun in June. A KIVA UNCOVERED

In addition to the excavations in Cordova logical researches), are found realistic paint- Cave and the small cliff house, two other ings of victims being beheaded. noteworthy tasks were carried forward this Thus it may be seen that human sacrifices season. are not rare. But the interesting fact is One was the partial excavation, under that this human victim is the first to have the direction of Miss Elaine Bluhm, Assist- been uncovered for the culture. MogoUon ant in Archaeology, of a large rectangular In seasons Museum scientists have past structure—a kiva, in all likelihood—in found under walls ceremonial caches of which religious ceremonies were observed. pottery, turquoise, and shell bracelets but This kiva is unique in the valley, and there- never before a human victim. fore excavation of it is of great interest. This find puzzles the archaeologists, for Because of its large size (about 25 feet by the building itself is small and isolated and 30 feet by 7 feet deep) and because of the seems unimportant. However, it is possible tons of rocks that once composed the walls that the room might have served as a kind of the building and had toppled into it, of outpost or watchtower, for it is located digging has been very slow. At the close in a relatively narrow canyon, the head of of the season about half of the excavation which is high up in the mountains and the remained to be but it is to mouth of which debouches into the fertile done, possible and formerly heavily populated San Fran- THE 'DIG' IS A GIRL'S JOB, TOO cisco River Valley. This canyon is a short The and of the bones of a unearthing preservation cut used by modern horseback travelers prehistoric Indian woman, the victim of sacrificial who seek the shortest and route rites, is partly the work of Elaine Bluhm, Museum quickest stafi member who participated in the 1951 Archaeo- out of this valley, over the Tularosa moun- to the Southwest. logical Expedition tains and down into another valley, and it might have been used in ancient times by probably a female. Excavations in a cave, unfriendly peoples as an easy approach to tucked away in a beautiful canyon through a populous valley. Therefore an outpost or small fort would have been desirable. In which a small permanent stream flows, had been under way for some time. At the it several sentries might have been stationed, at time of invasion, could have mouth of the cave is a small one-room house, who, given alarm to the below in the the walls of which are built of good masonry. peoples valley. The purpose of this isolated room is un- REASON FOR SACRIFICE known, although we have made guesses If this guess has any merit, it may explain concerning its purpose. At any rate, before the human sacrifice for the following reason: the foundation for this one-room house was A fortress, in such a location, would have laid, the girl-victim was beheaded and her been useful, but its value might have been body (minus the head) was placed on the greatly enhanced by a ritualistic sacrifice of The wall was built over ground. directly it. a maiden. The ritual might have been FIRST INSTANCE AT SITE performed either to insure good luck to the builders or to please the god of war. Although this is the first evidence of This unusual and weird discovery tops a human sacrifice that our expeditions have summer of archaeological researches of great uncovered over the years, such practices interest and significance. The cave itself were common Indians in the fairly among yielded an abundance of specimens of the New World. the ancient of Among Mayas earliest prehistoric periods. In fact, more CEREMONIAL BOWS AND ARROWS maidens were thrown into a cenote Yucatan, stone tools of the pre-pottery period (circa These miniatures of the classical weapon of the or sinkhole to American Indians were used in religious or puberty propitiate the gods and to 2,700 B.c.-A.D. 1) were recovered this year rites by Mogollon hunters about A.D. 1100. Exca- bring good luck to the city of Chichen-Itza. than in eight previous seasons put together. vated from a cave by the Archaeological Expedition The Pawnee Indians of the Plains used to The total number of stone tools alone runs to the Southwest. Page i CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN November, 1951 announce that the roof timbers burned in Some 1,000 years later (about a.d. 1) the the nature of our civilization and others prehistoric times and collapsed on the floor. ideas of pottery-making and living in semi- and to expand the frontiers of knowledge Although the fire was undoubtedly un- subterranean houses (pit houses) were is very great and eminently worth while. it to borrowed from Dur- fortunate for the Indians, brings joy progressive neighbors. This is the eighth season that the South- the next thousand the house-form the hearts of the archaeologists to know ing years west Archaeological Expedition of the Mu- that the roof burned. The reason for this tended to remain the same, but the other seimi has carried on researches in Pine of fire unholy rejoicing is that because the Lawn Valley, western New Mexico. Staff at the time everything that was in the kiva members of the expedition, in addition to its will still be there. of destruction We myself as leader. Dr. Rinaldo, Dr. Taylor, may expect to find pottery, tools, weapons, and Miss Bluhm, were Thomas Alder, and even skeletons of ceremonial objects, photographer and assistant cataloguer, and to people who might not have been able Arnold Besser, Stanley Jones, Miss Marjorie All have undis- escape. these objects been Kelly, and Miss Elizabeth Morris, ex- turbed and may permit tis to obtain informa- cavators. In nine earlier seasons other shall tion about the ancient ceremonies. We sites of a different nature were investigated complete the work on this kiva next year. by Museum expeditions. FINDS MANY NEW SITES

The other undertaking was a reconnais- CHILDREN'S FREE MOVIES sance for new sites in western New Mexico ON SATURDAY MORNINGS and in east-central Arizona. This was in Four more motion picture programs for charge of Dr. Herbert C. Taylor, Jr., of children will be given at the Museum on Western Washington College, Bellingham, Saturday mornings during November. The Washington, formerly a teaching assistant entertainments, to be presented each Satur- at the University of Chicago. Dr. Taylor's THE MODE IN SANDALS, 500 B.C. day at 10:30 a.m., wiU be given in the James work was sponsored by the Department of Wickerwork footwear worn by the prehistoric Simpson Theatre, under the auspices of the of Chicago, and Indians in New Mexico. Excavated from Anthropology, University MogoUon James Nelson and Anna Louise Raymond was tailored to dovetail with the intensive a cave by the Archaeological Expedition to the Southwest. Foundation. On one program, that of investigations carried on by the Museum. November 10, the picture, "Shangri-la Dr. ten weeks on this project, Taylor spent will be a talk arts flourished— Alaska," accompanied by by operating within a radius of eighty miles pottery-making, weaving Fred Machetanz of Kenton, Ohio, the ex- from the Museum camp, and found 75 sites cloth, baskets, and sandals, and making plorer who made the fUm. of major importance. The analysis of the weapons and tools of bone, wood, and stone. Children may come alone, accompanied survey is yet to be made but a few tentative About the time the Normans conquered by parents or other adults, or in groups from conclusions may be drawn from the data: England (a.d. 1066), profoimd changes in etc. No tickets are needed. architecture and pottery took place in schools, 1) The late manifestations of the MogoUon America. Pit houses went out of style, Following are titles and dates of the pro- culture (Reserve Phase) cover a large area— and in their place we find houses built oa grams: much than we had formerly realized. larger the surface of the ground with masonry — The results of the will be November 3 Australia's Barrier Reef survey published walls. These houses were what we call next The fabulous coral growths and the under- year. multiroomed and were made up of two to water life shown under as Mimbres magnification 2) The culture complex known twenty-five rooms. The pottery, too, re- Also a cartoon extends at least as far northwest as Glen- flects a change, for instead of bowls and ' wood, New Mexico. jars decorated with designs done in red November 10—Shangri-la Alaska 3) The region east of Springerville, Ari- paint on a brown background, we find Pioneering on the last frontier. Color zona, was a cultural transition zone between pottery designs executed with black paint motion picture and story by Fred and on a white Machetanz the I*uebloan MogoUon peoples. background. — FITTING PIECES TOGETHER November 17 Pacific Islands HISTORY RECONSTRUCTED / Life in Hawaii, Bali, and Tagaqe On the basis of information Dr. gaps in our knowledge of the present Many Also a cartoon Rinaldo and I have tentatively reconstructed history of MogoUon Indians still remain to 24—^ANIMAL the history of the MogoUon Indians as be filled; but each season we add a little November Legends foUows: to our knowledge. Finally from our Also a cartoon About 5,000 years ago a band or two of studies of the MogoUon culture we hope Indians wandered into P*ine Lawn Valley, to achieve a bit of an imderstanding of the Audubon Society to Present western New Mexico, in search of food and processes involved in the growth, flowering, Sunday Lecture, Nov. 18 water. Drought in their ancient homeland and collapse of civilizations. (southern Arizona) had forced them to The discovery of a female who perished The autumn series of free lectures to be move. Here in this valley they found water in a sacrificial rite and who was buried for presented in the James Simpson Theatre of and an abundant supply of wild plants and reasons not clearly understood by us may the Museum by the Illinois Audubon seeds on which they lived. seem trifling and of only passing interest. Society will begin Sunday aftemoon, No- About 3,000 years ago a primitive type Yet this information is as valuable to us as vember 18, at 2:30 o'clock. The opening of com (pod com) was introduced into the the archives of a kingdom are to a historian. lecture, "The Four Comers," by Fran W. area and, soon after, beans and squashes. Any facts, domestic odds and ends, scraps Hall, head of the department of photography These food plants—agriculture, in other and bits of wood, pottery, clothing, and the at Carleton College, will be illustrated with words—brought about spectacular changes like provide us with contacts with the people motion pictures in color. The general public in the lives of these Indians whom we call of the past. We need all these miscellanea is invited, and Members of the Museum are MogoUon, after near-by mountains of the to piece together history and to make valid entitled to seats in the reserved section of same name. reconstructions. The itfge to understand the Theatre. November, 1951 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 5

DALLWIG SUNDAY LECTURES Fri., Nov. 9—Agriculture—Foundation of IT'S NOW TIME TO SUBMIT BEGIN THIS MONTH Civilization. Illustrated introduction in NATURE PHOTO ENTRIES Meeting Room (Marie Svoboda). the Paul G. Dallwig, Layman Lecturer, Wed., Nov. 14—How Animals Spend the The Nature Camera Club of Chicago and resumes his Sunday afternoon appearances Winter (Lorain Stephens). Chicago Natural History Museum are ready at the Museum on November 4. He will to receive entries for the Seventh Chicago Fri., Nov. 16—Feast Days and Fast Days. each the rest of the lecture Sunday during Illustrated introduction in Meeting Room International Nature Photography Exhibi- month and throughout December, January, (Miriam Wood). tion to be held at the Museum February 1 to March, and April (skipping February be- 28, inclusive. The deadline for entries is Wed., Nov. 21—"Be It Ever So Humble": cause an lecture Mr. 14. of out-of-town tour). Housing Around the World (June Buch- January lecture in November is — Dallwig's subject wald). There will be two main divisions prints "Out of This World—For One Afternoon," and color transparencies. In each there Fri., Nov. 23—Chicago's Prehistoric Past. to be given on November 11, 18, and 25, will be three classifications: Animal Illustrated introduction in Meeting Room Life, as well as November 4. Plant and General last includes (Anne Stronujuist). Life, (the The opening lecture, which includes five nature manifestations, outside the specific Wed., Nov. 28—Nature's Super-Market: dramatic episodes, covers the highlights of classifications, and scenery). Roots, Seeds, Fruits, etc. (Miriam Wood). the strange world of millions of years ago Silver medals and ribbons will be awarded Fri., Nov. 30—Chicago's Winter Birds. when there flourished such weird plant and in the various print and slide classifications. Illustrated introduction in Meeting Room animal life as is represented in the new Hall Entry forms and a complete summary of (Jane Sharpe). of Fossil Invertebrates (Frederick J. V. conditions of the contest may be obtained Skiff Hall—Hall 37), which opened October Parties for these tours assemble inside from the Museum. Entries should be sent

1, and Ernest R. Graham Hall of Fossil the North Entrance. to the Museum. Vertebrates (Hall 38). The dramatizations are based on Museum expeditions that uncovered a huge dinosaur skeleton and other notable fossil specimens, a trip to a 250-million-year-old forest of the Coal Age, FIFTY YEARS AGO AT THE MUSEUM the death struggle of a prehistoric creature trapped in the La Brea tar pits of California, and a battle between a Tyrannosaurus and CompiUa by MARGARET J. BAUER Triceratops, two of the most terrifying lurgy of iron, formerly occupying Hall 76, monsters in the Age of Reptiles. PVom the Annual Report of the Director have been entirely removed, as they were On Sundays in December Mr. Dallwig's for the year 1901 : somewhat foreign to the present scope of collections in to room was needed for lecture will be "Gems, Jewels and 'Junk' "; "The Hall 79, devoted the Museum and the base have been other Collections and cases were in January, "Living Races and Their Way ores of the metals, completely purposes. reinstalled. The old cases were removed to the Armour Institute of this of Life"; March, "Money DOES Grow on presented and new in from the In their will be the collec- Trees"; and April, "Life—What Is It?" cases, purchased part city. place put Members of the Museum may use their memibership cards to attend these lectures without advance reserva- tions. All others, with the exception of accredited representatives of the press, must make advance reservations to attend the Sunday lectures. Reservations may be made beginning October 1 by mail or telephone (WAbash 2-9410). The lectures are free. They start promptly at 2 p.m. and end at 4:30 P.M., including a half-hour intermission for relaxation or for lunch or a cup of tea or coffee in the Museum Cafeteria, where smoking is permitted.

NOVEMBER LECTURE TOURS DAILY EXCEPT SUNDAY

Tours of exhibits, under the guidance of staff lecturers, are conducted every after- noon at 2 o'clock, except Sundays and certain holidays. On Mondays, Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays general tours are all given covering departments. Special Hall 79—Orn of the Base Metal*, Field Columbian Museum, 1901 subjects are offered on Wednesdays and Fridays. A schedule of these follows: United States Commission to the Paris tions illustrating geographic geology, which Fri., Nov. 2—Indian Legends. Illustrated Exposition, substituted. These cases are include relief maps, globes, and other geo- introduction in Meeting Room (June constructed of mahogany and plate glass graphic material, and the space in Halls 60 Buchwald). and represent a permanent style of installa- and 61, formerly devoted to their exhibition, Wed., Nov. 7—In the Beginning: Fossils tion. . . . will be used to accommodate the expanding and Their Living Past (Anne Stromquist). "The collections illustrating the metal- paleontological collections." Page 6 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN November, 1951

Our Pacific Outpoit . . . at Guam in 1521. The approximately modified and familial life absorbed many 30,000 Chamorros that now—live on Guam, Spanish patterns. LIFE OF THE CHAMORROS Rota, Saipan, and Tinian the principal — LATER HISTORY IN THE MARIANAS islands in the Marianas are largely western- ized in culture, though they still preserve After the Spanish-American war, the By ALEXANDER SPOEHR a core of Chamorro tradition and still United States Guam but eschewed CURATOR OF OCEANIC ETHNOLOGY acquired speak their own language, which has never- the remainder of the Spanish possessions in World War II, Guam, Tinian, and theless borrowed great numbers of loan Micronesia. These were purchased by are SINCESaipan familiar names to Americans, words from Spanish. Germany, so that all the Marianas except even though many people may be a bit hazy Guam were under German control. This as to where these of island real ORIGIN OF THE CHAMORROS just pieces control shifted to Japan after World War I, estate are located in the Pacific. The people What is known of the ancient Chamorros and with World War II, the United States who have inhabited these islands since indicates that they migrated to their island then assumed administration of the Mari- before Magellan's time are less familiar. home from the west. The Chamorro anas Islands north of Guam as part of the are Who they? Where did they come from? language belongs to the Malayo-Polynesian U. S. Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, are like? of What they The people Guam family that stretches from Malaysia across retaining Guam as an outright possession. are today American citizens, and since the Micronesia and Polynesia. In culture, the As a result, the Chamorros of Guam are of the passage Guam Organic Act after Chamorros had numerous ties to Malaysia. American citizens, whereas the Chamorros They were rice growers and pottery makers— of the remainder of the Marianas are not, Malaysian traits that reached their east- and have a somewhat anomalous status as ernmost penetration into Micronesia in the residents of the Trust Territory. Marianas. In addition, the Chamorros Since the beginning of the twentieth raised taro and which are Old yams, World century, the Chamorros of Guam have and Pacific Island food crops. They become increasingly affected by American the canoe in common possessed outrigger contact. They are today bilingual, speaking with Oceanic and while Malaysian peoples, both Chamorro and English. They dress in warfare used bamboo they sharpened in American style clothes, though many of stakes to line for the traps unwary enemy. the older women still prefer the colorful This use of is bamboo stakes also decidedly mestiza costume of the Philippines for church Malaysian. wear and festive occasions. They drink After of the Mari- Magellan's discovery Coca Cola, listen to the radio, and go to anas, the Spanish used Guam as a stopping the movies. Their children attend the on the run between point galleon Mexico George Washington high school and play and the Philippines, but did not actively baseball. colonize the islands until 1668. At that In the islands north of Guam, German, time a concerted attempt was made to Japanese and now American influences have convert the Chamorros to Christianity. brought successive changes. Here, too, the GRINDING CORN The Chamorros resisted, and, in the manner The Cbamorros use the metate and mano, American of the period, Spanish efforts at persuasion Indian culture elements brought into their islands were backed by the sword. A bloody war the from Mexico. by Spanish followed that lasted for thirty years, with victory finally going to the Spanish. There- World War II, pay the federal income tax after, the surviving Chamorros nearly be- and are subject to the draft as much as came extinct, primarily through the ravages any city-dweller of Chicago, while as resi- of introduced epidemic diseases to which dents of the U. S. Trust Territory those they had slight resistance. The decimated who live on Saipan and Tinian are under population was able to recover, however, an American administration. The United and through extensive intermarriage with States is responsible for the welfare of these Spaniards, Filipinos, and with migrants people. Their future is in American hands. from other European countries, America, Japan, and China developed a racially THE MARIANAS mixed group that comprises the Chamorro Guam, Saipan, and Tinian are all part of people of today. the same island chain—the Marianas—that During the period of Spanish control, stretches in a shallow arc for approximately which lasted until the Spanish-American 450 miles north from Guam, the southern- war, Chamorro culture became greatly modified the influence of The most and largest island in the group. by Spain. CLEARING FIELD OF WEEDS introduced Located some 1,000 miles south of Japan Spanish priests corn-growing Chamorro {armer has same problems as agricultur- from Mexico, together with the typical ists elsewhere. He routs the weeds with his long- and 1,400 miles from the the Philippines, handled **fosinos" or hoc. American Indian metate and mano for grind- scraping Marianas are an American Pacific outpost ing corn, and such food dishes from Mexico on the virtual fringe of the Far East, and as tortillas. Of other food plants likewise Chamorros are bilingual, knowing Chamorro hence of strategic and political importance. introduced, beans, squash, tomatoes, chili and Japanese. Since the war many have The of the Marianas are called people peppers, cucumbers, sweet potatoes, and learned English too, while a few older Chamorros. Influenced contact by long tobacco are particularly important. The linguistic virtuosos speak Spanish and Ger- with Spain, as well as with America and ox and two-wheeled Spanish ox cart were man as well. Chamorro, however, is still Japan, the Chamorros of today are vastly adopted. In religion, the Catholic church spoken in the home and among themselves, different from the original Chamorros that became a central part of Chamorro life. and as on Guam the people are conscious of Magellan saw and fought when he touched The old social organization became greatly their Chamorro tradition, which though November, 1951 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 7 mingling elements from many cultures, has has been bountiful for half a billion years SATURDAY AFTERNOON still combined these elements into a unity. and will continue so indefinitely. LECTURES CONTINUE World War II devastated the Marianas The record of the sea's abundance lies in The annual autumn course of free illus- and it will be years before its destructive the rocks deposited as mud and sand on its trated lectures on travel and science for effects will be overcome. The people on floor. Enclosed in these sediments are the adults will continue each Guam, because it is an American possession, hard parts of the animals that lived while Saturday through- out November. The lectures will be have received compensation for wartime the sediments were drifting to the bottom. given in the James Theatre of damages. Those of the other islands have Even the record of countless millions of Simpson the Museum and all will at 2:30 p.m. microscopic animals and plants without begin All of these lectures will be illustrated with hard parts is pre.sent, in bituminous rocks color movies. so full of organic matter that they will Limited burn. But the record of life does not accommodations make it neces- extend back to the oldest rocks we know sary to restrict these lectures to adults. Members of the on earth, although they, too, were once Museum are entitled to reserved seats on sediments on the ocean fioor. Life, it seems, application. For children, free motion is not so old as our three-billion-year-old pictures will be presented on the of the planet. It is not until we examine the mornings same Saturdays by the rocks formed during the Cambrian period, Raymond Foundation. beginning 540 million years ago, that we Following are the dates, subjects, and find the oceans supporting a full quota of lecturers: plants and animals. But from that time November 3—Earthquake Lake to the present, teeming life has held sway. Reelfoot on Lake, fascinating wilderness in The Ordovician habitat group shown Tennessee the cover of this issue of the Bulletin is Karl Maslowski a good example of the crowded sea floor — of millions of years past. In six square feet November 10 Shangri-la Alaska A CHAMORRO KITCHEN of ocean bottom are fifteen species of Pioneering on our last frontier not to mention a seaweed. Some Fred Machetanz Preparing a meat dish over an open hearth for a animals, wedding dinner. of these are colonial corals and bryozoans November 17—Exploration in Nepal that band together and build single struc- Difficult journey to the high Himalayan for of thousands of not been compensated, and today are tures the housing kingdom individuals. these the attempting to reform their communities and Counting only by S. Dillon Ripley build their lives anew, with the assistance colony, and the larger kinds individually, November 24—Algeria of the American administration. In addi- we find 153 animals in the group. We Sahara sand and oasis tion to its archaeological work, a principal could have included twice as many without Clifford J. Kamen objective of the Museum's 1949-50 expedi- exaggerating the concentration that actually tion to the Marianas was to observe how lived in the Ordovician sea. No tickets are necessary for admission life was re-forming in relation to A classic locality where Ordovician fossils community to tliese lectures. A section of the present problems of adjustment and to are found is the vicinity of Cincinnati. Tiieatre is reserved for Members of tlie investigate the processes of culture change Almost any piece of limestone from that Museum, each of whom is entitled to underlying the contemporary period on area includes fossils crowded more densely two reserved seats. Requests for these Saipan, Tinian, and Rota. than are the models in the Museum's group. seats should be made in advance by Paleontologists have been collecting them telephone (WAbash 2-9410) or in writ- for more than a century, and yet they s.eem and seats will be held in the An Ancient Sea . . . ing, Mem- as plentiful as before. Elsewhere in rocks ber's name until 2:25 o'clock. TEEMING PREHISTORIC LIFE of this age there is the same wealth of fossils —Nevada, England, Argentina, Ontario, RESTORED IN EXHIBIT even Southampton Island and Baffin Island NEW MEMBERS BY EUGENE S. RICHARDSON, Jr. on the Arctic Circle, where Chief Curator CURATOR OF FOSSIL INVERTEBRATES of Geology Sharat K. Roy made a large The following persons became Museum for the Museum in the late '20s Members from September 10 to October 6: The fecundity of the sea is a matter of collection in the '40s. awe and wonder to modern man. Fishes, and again early Associate Members Some of the oceans of are shrimps, kelp, oysters, and many other parts today C. A. Crowley, Joseph Michael New- not so as and that living things of direct value to us are to populated densely others, berger, Dr. H. R. Weinzimmer. had for the because the has also been true in the past. During the be taking supply Annual Members of the animals in this thick is renewed the lifetime group, annually by astounding Oscar A. John L. John laid Barke, Behr, P. of ocean life. It beds of sand and mud were being down reproductive capacity is, Brent, Carlos B. Bumzahem, James J. in New York and Pennsylvania, and animals perhaps, natural for us to conclude that Cronin, William J. Connors, Elliott R. there were few. But the vastness of the all this is especially arranged for our benefit. Detchon, Jr., William S. Everett, A. V. sea is such that be un- But even before man arrived on the scene though part may Farr, Albert Leo Finston, G. N. Fisher, animal and life can and started his campaign of using up the favorable, plant always Dr. John T. Hart, Mrs. C. M. Kittle, Elmer find some suitable area in which to exist in F. earth's natural resources, marine life was Krause, M. Lynch, William J. Lynch, Jr., abundance. R. E. Moore, Lawrence S. just as abundant. The connoisseur of sea amazing Newmark, Donald J. O'Brien, Mrs. Joseph Sam Perry, food can look hungrily at the fat oysters Hours Jacob C. Pratt, Jr., Nicholas T. Ritsos, and the juicy clams in the habitat groups Visiting Change Frank E. Selz, Allen K. Sewell, Frederick of ancient life in the new Hall of Invertebrate Museum hours, which have been 9 A.M. C. Shafer, Dr. Leon S. Shalla, B. L. Smalley, J. V. Skiff Hall- to 5 P.M. in the to the Paleontology (Frederick autumn, change John H. Smalley, Orville Taylor, H. J. Hall 37) and mourn that he wasn't around winter schedule: 9 A.M. to 4 P.M., November 1 Trainor, George H. Watkins, L. E. Wybel, to enjoy them. Man or no man, the sea to February 28. Sidney R. Zatz. Page 8 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN November, 19.11

Fieldiana: Zoology, Vol. 31, No. 54. The GIFTS TO THE MUSEUM Baculum of the Gorilla. By D. Dwight Books Following is a list of the principal gifts Davis. October 12, 1951. 4 pages. $0.10. received during the past month:

Botanical Series, Vol. XIII, Part IIIA, No. 1. of (All books renewed in the Bulletin are Department Anthropok)^: Flora of Peru. By J. Francis Macbride. — available in The Book Shop of the Museum. FVom: Harold Abramowski, Chicago 10 October 1951. 290 stone Mrs. Isabel Mail orders accompanied by remittance in- 17, pages. artifacts, Wisconsin; Coldren Smith, Glencoe, 111.—5 American cluding postage are promptly filled.) Indian ethnological specimens. A FIELD GUIDE TO THE SHELLS OF STAFF NOTES Department of Botany: OUR ATLANTIC AND GULF COASTS. From: Dr. Fred Barkley, Tucum&n, Three members of the Museum staff By Percy A. Morris. New and revised Argentina—8 Anacardiaceae, South America; participated in the recent ceremonies for — edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, Anthony Bialik, Chicago 13 cryptogams, the inauguration of Dr. Lawrence C. Florida and Carlos Boston, 1961. xix+236 pages, over 400 Illinois; Bumzahem, Kimpton, new Chancellor of the University Chicago—39 cryptogams, Michigan; Dr. illustrations, 102 in lull color. Price $3.75. of Chicago. Colonel Clifford C. Gregg, Maxwell S. Doty, Honolulu, Hawaii—115 B. In the January, 1948, number of the Director of the Museum was present as the miscellaneous cryptogams; Harold Loud- of this institution. Dr. erback, Argo, 111.—68 cryptogams, Indiana; Bulletin, page 8, we reviewed favorably representative Dr. Valerie May, New South Wales, Aus- the first edition of this book, which forms Theodore Just, Chief Curator of Botany, —10 the Botanical of tralia cryptogams. New Caledonia; New part of the "Peterson Field Guide Series." represented Society America, York Botanical Garden—22 algae, Puerto a somewhat edition and Karl P. Schmidt, Chief Curator of Now second, enlarged Rico; Colin C. Sanborn, Highland Park, of of it has and the of Zoology, the American Academy Arts appeared, necessity 111.—29 phanerogams, Arkansas; Mrs. Cora and Sciences. such a new edition is already sufficient Steyermark, Barrington, 111.—79 phanero- Mrs. F. S. proof of the favor Morris' guide to the shells (Meta P.) Howell, Librarian, gams, Missouri; Dr. Eula Whitehouse, the has found with the public. The new edition, was recently guest-speaker representing Dallas, Tex.—86 North American algae, on the Elizabeth Hart radio Texas. enlarged by more than 100 kinds of mollusks Museum pro- in first one and the gram over station .... Dr. R. M. not contained the by WMAQ Department of Geology: names Strong, Research Associate in Anatomy, inclusion of the established common From: Alick L. Carter, Kenmore, N. Y.—4 was notified that "in of of shells, wherever such a term has been recently recognition Devonian fossil fish specimens. New York; 50 continuous in the in use, continues on the path of the happy years' membership Claude Deo, Stratford, Iowa^-4 specimens medium between scientific accuracy and American Association for the Advancement of Middle Silurian brachiopods, Saskat- of Science" the Executive Committee has Canada. popular style; thus the little book will chewan, to the scientist and voted to make him a 50-year-member .... become equally helpful Department of Zoology: the interested in the The Dr. Sharat K. Roy, Chief Curator of layman subject. From: R. K. Benjamin, Urbana, 111.— is on a trip to principal rather moderate price enables almost any- Geology, study 485 beetles, various localities; Chicago Zoo- museums in New York and one to secure a copy of a book that is as Washington, logical Society, Brookfleld, 111.—a Solenodon much of an adviser at home as it is an D.C., in connection with the Museum's and a Mexican squirrel, various localities; collection and the identification of Ala.—a collection eloquent guide on the beach. meteorite Shelly Finn, Childersburg, Fritz Haas material collected on his recent expedition of fresh-water shells, Alabama; J. Lear .... Grimmer, Chicago—4 bats, Illinois; Dr. Curator of Lower Invertebrates to El Salvador George Langford, Fritz —a collection of fresh- Curator of Fossil Plants, and Eugene S. Haas, Chicago water shells. New York; William Hammond, Richardson, Jr., Curator of Fossil Inverte- Lake Forest, 111.—a snake, Illinois; Lincoln Technical Publications brates, have returned from a ten-day trip Park Zoo, Chicago—a domestic cat and a to Tennessee and where The following technical publications were Mississippi, they mammal, Montana; James J. Mooney, collected fossil from the Cretaceous issued recently by Chicago Natural History plants Highland Park, 111.—a squirrel and a lot of and fossil Museum: and Eocene coastal-plain deposits sucking lice. Highland Park; John M. invertebrates from the Cretaceous bed at Schmidt, Plainfield, 111.—9 mammals, Wis- Fieldiana: Vol. No. 11. Fauna Geology, 10, Coon Creek, Tennessee .... Dr. and Mrs. consin; Karl P. Schmidt, Homewood, 111.— Vale and Choza: 1-5. of Upper By R. H. Whitfield, Associates in Fossil 15 amphibians and reptiles, Wisconsin; Everett Claire Olson. August 28, 1951. Robert Cicero, 111.—a snake, Illinois; Plants, have returned from a brief trip in Sharp, 40 pages. $0.60. R. E. Stadelman, Villa Arteaga, Colombia— southern Wisconsin to collect Cambrian and 3 lizards and a snake, Colombia; U. S. Fish Fieldiana: Zoology, Vol. 31, No. 50. A New Ordovician fossil invertebrates. and Wildlife Service, Pascagoula, Miss.— Ranid Frog (Staurois) from the Colony of Dr. Theodor Just, Chief Curator of 26 lots of fishes. Gulf of Mexico; Dr. George 1951. 4 of the Hongkong. September 5, pages. Botany, attended the meetings C. Wheeler, Grand Forks, N.D.—^ sala- $0.10. American Institute of Biological Sciences manders. North Dakota. in from 10 to Fieldiana: Vol. No. 51. Notes held Minneapolis September Zoology, 31, Library: on Some Peruvian Birds. Melvin A. 12. He participated in a symposium on By From Dr. Maxwell S. Doty, Honolulu, 10 "Phylogeny and the Fem-Pteridosp)erm Traylor, Jr. September 5, 1951. pages. Hawaii; Lloyd Library, Cincinnati; Karl P. Complex" with his paper on "The Geo- $0.10. Schmidt, Homewood, III.; Alexander Spoehr, Distribution of Fossil Ferns and graphical Morton Grove, III. Fieldiana: Zoology, Vol. 31, No. 52. Non- Pteridosperms" and presented a paper pre- Marine Shells from Borneo (collected by Division of Motion Picture*: pared in collaboration with Dr. Jos4 Cuatre- the Borneo Zoological Expedition, 1950). From: John W. Moyer, Chicago—a 16mm casas on "Synopsis of Fossil and Living By FriU Haas. September 5, 1951. 6 color film. Humiriaceae." Dr. Just has also been pages. $0.15. elected to membership in the American Chinese Ceramics Studied Fieldiana: Zoology, Vol. 31, No. 53. New Society of Naturalists .... Dr. Julian A. Species and New Records of Fishes from Steyermark, Curator of the Herbarium, J. A. Pope, Assistant Director of the Bermuda. By Loren P. Woods and lectured October 11 before the Garden Freer Art Gallery in Washington, D.C., Robert H. Kanazawa. September 14, Club of Maywood and Broadview on "Plant recently conducted research on the Mu- 1951. 16 pages. $0.20. Experiences in Guatemala." seum's Chinese ceramics.

PRINTED BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS RULLETINLJVol.2aNo.l2-Deceniberl951 Chicacfo Nalural Ilislorij Mufieiim

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MICRONESIA Water Colors anil Photographt ^yP^ Special Exhibit, Dec. 1-31 {Pnvlew tar Museum Member*. Friday. Nov. 30, 1:30-4 p.m.) Page 2 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN December, 1951

Chicago Natural History Museum These islands now form the United States -THIS MONTH'S COVER- Founded bt Marshall Field, 1893 Trust Territory. The reason for assuming RooMvelt Road and Lake Shore Drive, Chicago 5 continued control is the strategic impor- "Bay in Yap," a water color by Telephone: WAbash 2-9410 tance of the islands. But people live there Joseph Feher, is reproduced on too. As a country dedicated to democratic our cover. This is one of a series THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES ideals, the United States cannot avoid of paintings by Feher that will Lester Armour Stanley Fiexd responsibility for the welfare of the islanders. form part of a special exhibit on L. Avery Samuel Insull, Jb. Sbwell The area is no Pacific cast in the the of the United States Wh. McCobmick Blair Henry P. Isham paradise peoples Leopold E. Block Hughston M. McBain form of a Hollywood vision. Its economy Trust Territory and Guam to be Walter J. Cummings William H. Mitchell Albert B. Dick, Jr. Clabencb B. Randall was torn to shreds by World War II. featured in Stanley Field Hall of W. Fbnton Gbobgb a. Richardson HowABD and services were the December 1 to 31 Joseph N. Field Solomon A. Smith Transportation completely Museum, Marshall Field Albert H. Wetten disrupted. The American administration (see page 3). There will be a special Marshall Field, Jr. John p. Wilson has been faced with serious problems in preview for Members of the Mu- OFFICERS attempting the economic reconstruction of seum on Friday afternoon, No- Pretidmt Stanley Field the Trust Territory. How well these prob- vember 30, from 1 to 4 o'clock. Marshall Field Firtl Viee-Preaident Second Vice-President lems are met is in large measure dependent The paintings and photographs in Samuel Insull. Jr. Third Viee-Preeident the exhibit come here the Solomon A. Smith Treasurer through CUFFOBD C. Grbgq Director and Secretary courtesy of the Honolulu Academy John R. Millar Attisiant Secretary of Arts. They are supplemented by special exhibits from the THE BULLETIN Museum collections. EDITOR Clifford C. Grboo Director of the Museum CONTRIBUTING EDITORS Paul S. Martin Chief Curator of Anthropology Theodor Just Chief Curator of Botany politic is a major museum function. As a Sharat K. Roy Chief Curator of Geology Karl P. Schmidt Chief Curator of Zoology modest but important step in this direction MANAGING EDITOR the Museum offers in December a special H. B. Harte Public Relations Counsel exhibit in Stanley Field Hall on the peoples of Guam and the United States Trust Islands Members are requested to Inform the Museum Territory of the Pacific (see page 3). promptly of changes of address. Alexander Spoehr Curator of Oceanic Ethnology THE UNITED STATES Human Skeletons AND THE PACIFIC Age and sex differences of the human the gradual intensification skeleton are illustrated in an exhibit in American relations with other ALTHOUGHof Chauncey M. Keep Memorial Hall (Races of the world has been a feature of — peoples YAP NATIVE MAKING A FISH-NET of Mankind Hall 3). Included in the dis- the of the United States as a maturing play are skulls, long bones, teeth, and pelves. nation, World War II and its aftermath has given this movement an acceleration on how well the administrators understand that finds us thrust into a series of complex the islanders and their cultures. NEW MEMBERS problems involving our relations with peoples The Trust Territory, however, has not a The following persons became Museum in almost every part of the earth. large population, while as the administrating Members from October 8 to November 14: Our culture has grown largely from Euro- authority we do have control over the islands. is less Associate Members pean roots and, although it has followed its The situation perhaps com- own course of development, no great chasm plex than our relations to the infinitely more Mrs. Donald R. McLennan, Sr., Miss if Eleanor O. Olaison, Mrs. Suzette M. in culture-pattern separates us from the populous lands to the west. But the Zurcher. western European nations. Across the United States cannot do a good job in the Trust the for satis- Pacific, however, live peoples of a greatly Territory, prospects Sustaining Members Indo- different heritage and, despite the extension factory relations with the peoples of Frank Dumelle, William C. Kraus, Earl of westernization to the Asiatic continent, nesia, the Philippines, Japan, and the Asiatic Ross. mainland would seem to be the differences between the Asian cultures correspondingly Annual Members and our own contribute in major degree to lessened. George E. Ackermann, Mrs. Amy G. difficulties we encounter in our has maintained a scien- the dealings The Museum long Baldwin, Gilbert A. Beatty, Saul Bernstein, Asiatic land with the peoples of the mass. tific interest in the peoples of the Pacific Allan E. Bulley, R. I. Chutkow, E. Hector In addition, the island peoples of the Pacific, and the Far East. As an educational Coates, Miss Shirley Conklin, Henriques whose early history is tied to Asia rather institution, the Museum cannot presume Crawford, W. P. Enzweiler, C. W. FoUett, than America, likewise present contrasts to offer ready-made solutions to present William Friedlander, Mrs. Fred A. Healy, Thomas H. Healy, Mrs. Rosa M. few Americans understand. Yet with these problems arising from our relationships to Hohbaum, Harry G. Johnson, R. J. Jurgensen, Mrs. peoples of the Pacific and the Far East we these peoples. This is not our function. Frances J. Kaufman, Roy R. Laidley, must deal and, of necessity, attempt to What we can do, however, is to aid in the George A. Lane, T. E. Marston, Mrs. J. H. seek a mutually satisfactory basis for future diffusion of of these — knowledge peoples McNabb, Louis L. Narowetz, Walter C. a essential to the solution of relationships. knowledge — Otto, Edwin E. Pearson, Miss Kathleen As a result of World War II, the United present problems among the more than Pearson, Miss Erna Schwandt, Dr. Henry S. States acquired control of the islands of the a million visitors that annually enter our Testin, Frederick J. Wachter, Harry N. former Japanese Mandate in the Pacific. halls. To contribute to an informed body Wyatt. December, 1951 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page S

Special Exhibit, December 1-31 . . . THE PEOPLES LIVING IN U.S. TRUST TERRITORY AND GUAM By ALEXANDER SPOEHR the United virtue of the The of island culture is further CURATOR or OCEANIC BTHNOUXSY Today States, by background trusteeship created by the United Nations, portrayed by exhibits of material from the the Museum DECEMBER is responsible for the well-being of the Museum collections. The photographs on DURINGwill present an exhibit on the peoples peoples of the United States Trust Territory this page and page 2 are by Raymond Sato. of the United States Trust Territory of the as well as of those on Guam, an American Pacific Islands and of Guam. The Trust possession since 1899. A principal purpose Prior to the opening of the exhibit, a special Territory, Guam, and the adjacent Gilbert of the exhibit is to call the attention of the preview trill be held from 1 to i o'clock on the

YAPESE GENTLEMAN AT SOLITAIRE; CHILDREN •KIBITZING' A PONAPE FAMILY IN OUTRIGGER CANOE

ON SAIPAN THERE IS NO HURRYING A HOME ON A PACIFIC LACOOX

Islands (a British possession) constitute a public to this American responsibility, to afternoon of Friday, November SO, for Mu- major region of the Pacific called Micro- show visually the people who live on these seum Members and their guests. Dr. Alexander nesia, which covers some three million square islands, and to communicate the essential Spoehr, Curator of Oceanic Ethnology, and miles of ocean dotted with small islands. facts of their way of life. The exhibit is Phillip H. Lewis, University of Chicago Mu- Although for four years American forces designed not as an academic curiosity but seum Fellow, will be present in Stanley Field fought a series of bitter land, sea, and air to serve an important educational function. Hall to answer questions. battles across the vast expanse of the The Museum is fortunate in securing for Pacific and although the names of islands this exhibit a splendid series of paintings Museum Admission Tax Removed virtually unknown in the United States and drawings by Joseph Feher and photo- before World War II are now in the com- graphs by Raymond Sato, assembled and Effective from November 1, by act of the mon vocabulary, knowledge of the Pacific generously loaned by the Honolulu Academy recent Congress, the 20 per cent federal tax and of American responsibilities in this area of Arts. These depict the peoples and island on museum admission charges, imposed since remains confined primarily to specialists. setting of the Trust Territory and Guam. October 1, 1941, is no longer to be collected. Page i CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN December, 1951

CREATIVE ARTISTRY then in Strong's Bibliography of Birds, to nests characterized by snakeskins?" Rather IN NEST BUILDING make sure that no important papers were we have the broader, more general question, missing from my own subject file. Stuart "Why does each kind of bird tend to build By AUSTIN L. RAND Baker's Fauna of British India, Birds had a a nest different from that of other CURATOR OP BIRDS every large part of one volune devoted to bulbuls, kind?" Thus, little by little, we clear away "As to what its is we have significance and gave excellent summaries of the nidifica- small, vexing questions and resolve them no idea" is how I ended a survey of the seven tion of each species occurring there. Banner- into larger, more general questions. For cases in which cei-tain bird (now eight) man's Birds of Tropical West Africa covered answers to these we sometimes plan extended characteristically use snakeskins in species the western part of that continent, and work involving field studies, studies of their nests December, 1949, (Bulletin, Jackson and Sclater's Birds of Kenya Colony specimens and books. And sometimes, as Since then, I've had a clue to the page 6). did the same for the eastern part. For we examine a specimen, read a paper, or riddle. a bird collection made Unpacking collateral material I looked in Mathews' unpack a shipment, an answer, or at least Birds of Australia, Volume 12, Forbush's a clue, springs to our mind. Birds of Massachusetts and Mrs. F. M. Bailey's Birds of New Mexico and a dozen An Ancient Reptile . . . minor publications. But it was worth it. COTYLORHYNCHUS ARRIVES earlier was domi- Perhaps my thinking FROM OKLAHOMA SITE nated by the thought that the shed snake- By WILLIAM D. TURNBULL skins had been parts of animals toward PREPARATOR, DEPARTMENT OP GEOLOGY which many birds show a natural antipathy. But it's extremely probable a bird does Some 240 million years ago much of not recognize the snakeskin as such. Texas and Oklahoma was traversed by •SIMULATION' OF SNAKESKIN Rather to it the shed snakeskin is a strip broad rivers bordered by extensive swampy The nest of a Borneo bulbut showing dead leaves of thin, flexible mate- areas. The climate in those remote Permian the nest. This material in tex- used in the margin o( rial. Obviously it days in the North American Southwest was ture and appearance somewhat resembles snakeskin. • would be used, by warm, humid, and semitropical. The rivers chance, by many bird were laden with silt, which was deposited in Borneo Curator of D. by Anatomy species, such as the on the deltas and, in flood time, along the I took out a bulbul's nest. Dwight Davis, house wren that in flood-plains. The countrj' abounded in In its outer were weathered leaves edge flat, addition to such natu- plant and animal life and often the remains snakeskins. when we that resembled Later, ral materials as twigs, were buried in the mud to be preserved as received a bird collection from Dr. D. S. grass, and hair has fossils in hardened mudstone. Occasionally, of the there was another Rabor Philippines been recorded as using during high floods, some animals were buried nest of another of bulbul and species this, lead pencils, paper, beneath thick mud deposits. Their skeletons had weathered leaves in it too, flat, dead, nails, safety pins, and were saved from the ravages of currents looked like snakeskin. When I was that snakeskins in its nest. and scavengers and so were preserved intact. in I had foimd in Madagascar, 1929-31, As to the regular Cotylorhynchus romeri is the name given with three nests of the Madagascar bulbul, users of snakeskin, to one of these Permian animals, a member a snakeskin used in each. Here was a clue. the snakeskin-using of the great reptilian order Pelycosauria, of the I decided to investigate the nests Madagascar bulbul that lived in the rivers and swamps in the other of bulbuls of southern Asia species did fit into a pattern. vicinity of what is now Norman, Oklahoma. Africa where the is and family represented Bulbuls in general This animal has a remarkably small, short the snake- by many species. By considering make characteristic skuU, connected by a stocky neck to a simple cup nests. relatively huge, low, barrel-shaped trunk. Some species use al- The teeth are blunt, indicating a herbivorous most any available USE OF ACTUAL diet. So disproportionate is the skull to material. But quite SNAKESKIN the rest of the body that the beast must a had a of its time few species Crested flycatcher's have spent large part engaged specific choices of nest in in the mechanical process of ingesting Museum exhibit. materials: one species' suflicient food through its small mouth to nest had tendrils of nourish its large body. The limb-bones are vines in its base; another a lining of grass short and very broad, indicating a sluggish, heads of certain color; another pine needles; plodding type of locomotion. The bulky another red dead leaves; and the Madagascar extremities also suggest that Cotylorhynchus bulbul snakeskins. w^as dependent upon the buoyancy of swamp There seems to be a tendency for many and river waters to help support its great MORE 'SYNTHETIC SNAKESKIN' species to make distinctive nests. They weight, estimated to have been one-third often this a choice of material of a ton. With a tail about in length The nest of a Philippine bulbul with dead leaves accomplish by equal somewhat resembling snakeskin used in the base used by few or no other species. What to the rest of its body, the total length of of the nest. more natural than that one species, being adult individuals was between 10 and 12 in a country where snakes are common, feet. Little Casea (soon to be exhibited in skin-using species against the background should hit on shed snakeskins! Ernest R. Graham Hall—Hall 38), closely of the nesting of the other species, some To show that the choice of snakeskin as allied to Cotylorhynchus and found in correlation might appear. nesting material is an expression of a earlier Permian deposits of Texas, reached This became a library problem at once. tendency for each species of bird to make a a length of but four feet and was much I had to look up the earlier reviews of the different kind of nest may not be much of lighter in build than its large relative. problem in the ornithological joiunals. The an answer. But it is to an extent. No Cotylorhynchus is represented by twenty- Auk and the OmiUiologisehe Monataberiehie, longer do we say, "Why are certain birds' seven skeletons, which were discovered by December, 1951 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 5

Dr. J. Willis Stovall of the University of VENEZUELAN PLANT PITH USED IN NATIVE CARVING Oklahoma, where several of the specimens By JULIAN A. STEYERMARK in the Museum's scientific series). are on display. The paleontological staff CURATOR OF THE HBRBARIUH published of Chicago Natural History Museum was Although these four differ in many respects Most tourists who visit Venezuela know its and are detected as distinct from one anxious to obtain one of these interesting easily capital city, Caracas, better than any other all have in com- forms for comparative study and to add to another, they one feature place in this interesting South American a soft whitish or the extensive collections of Texas pelyco- mon, namely pale-colored country. If they travel westward from is is the soft saurs. It was arranged that during Sep- pith. The pith, as well known, Caracas along the Andean highway, they central of the tember a joint party from the Museum and portion stem, usually spongy will come to the in texture and cut. Most herbaceous the University of Chicago be sent to collect eventually M6rida, largest easily town in the Venezuelan Andes. Surrounded as well as but a skeleton, indications of which were found woody plants possess pith, the of the in Vene- in some it is of extent or of firmer some years ago by Dr. Stovall. The writer by highest peaks Andes greater than in was accompanied by Richard Konizeski, of texture others. In the case of the anime of Vene- the Department of Geology, University of plants is well and Chicago. zuela, pith developed quite soft. It is similar to the of the stems The site of the field operations was an pith of our common elderberry (Sambucus cana- abandoned pasture, dissected by erosion, but attains thickness. The with many outcroppings of red mudstone. densis), greater inhabitants of M^rida and elsewhere in the In one of the gullies, fragments of bone Venezuelan Andes have learned that were found in abundance. The collectors they can easily fashion this pith into numerous immediately set to work with ice-picks and objects of great delicacy and beauty. Hand- awls, chipping away the crumbly rock to carved by small knives and then colored to expose the skeleton. The first parts of this appear life-like, these articles may represent Cotylorhynchus to appear were the ribs. As fruits of various kinds, orchids growing on the work progressed, the vertebral column, a log, roses, miniature houses, etc. the limbs, and the pectoral and pelvic Anime is lighter than cork. Sometimes girdles were gradually uncovered. It soon one sees bundles of stems being collected to became evident that this was an excep- use for this carving, a remarkable art not tionally well-preserved specimen, nearly often appreciated by the ordinary tourist. complete, save for the skull and jaws that Carvings of this kind are not limited to the had apparently weathered out some years Andean towns but can also be found in ago. The extremities—the curled-up toes Caracas itself, as one species of anime grows and the small vertebrae at the tip of the in the surrounding hills. Sometimes the long, curving tail—were found to be essenti- different species of anime are designated by ally complete. Of particular scientific in- the local inhabitants as anime blana), terest is the dermal armor of gastralia, or anime manso, etc. belly ribs, which is better preserved in this It is interesting to note that the genus individual than in any of the previous finds. ANIME PITH CARVINGS is also found in the eastern half As the fossil was a thin solution Polymnia exhumed, Specimens show fruits carved from pith of the of the United States and that it is repre- of shellac was poured on the bone to harden Venezuelan anime plant. it. When the full extent of the skeleton was finally determined, a plaster-of-paris jacket zuela, it nestles in a valley at an elevation was carefully put on to protect the fossil of approximately 5,000 feet (1,641 meters). during the long journey back to the Museum. Potatoes and wheat are grown in the cooler It required the use of a tractor and four sets climate predominating in the vicinity. A of strong arms to load the 1,000-pound native staple, similar in shape and flattened specimen into the field truck. Cotylorhynchus like the well-known tortilla of Mexico and now lies in the paleontological preparation Central America but made from wheat room. flour instead of corn, is commonly eaten in this area. One of the products, used in native handi- 1,200 4-H Boys and Girls craft peculiar to this part of the Andes, is On Tours of Museum known as anime. The name is applied to More than 1,200 boys and girls of the 4-H various species of the Compositae, a family Clubs, national farm-youth organization, that includes such familiar plants as aster, visited the Museum on November 27 and daisy, goldenrod, chrysanthemum, dahlia, were conducted on tours of the exhibits by sunflower, artichoke, and thousands of staff lecturers of the Raymond Foundation others. While the plants called anime and members of the scientific staff. resemble one another in general appearance The youngsters, representing nearly all because of their tall thick stems with op- ANIME PITH USED IN ART states of the Union and the provinces of posite large leaves and yellow or yellow- of an orchid Canada, were delegates to the National and-white flowers, they can actually be Reproduction plant (Cattleya mossiae), showing its epiphytic habit of growth on a piece of Congress of 4-H Clubs, which meets in referred to at least four different species. wood. Made by a native Venezuelan artist entirely at of In the course of botanical Chicago every year the time the my collecting out of the pith from an anime plant. International Livestock Exposition. Those in Venezuela I found anime to be represented who come are chosen in their local com- by two species of the genus Montanoa (M. sented by two species in Illinois. In these, munities for excellence of achievement. For Lehmannii and M. quadrangularis) and two however, the stem is quite slender and -the many years their visit to the Museum has species of the genus Polymnia (P. eurylepis pith is only slightly developed as compared been a repeated occasion. and a species new to science soon to be with the thick-stemmed species of Venezuela. Page 6 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN December, 1951 EXPLORING GUATEMALA'S THRIVING INSECT COMMUNITIES By RODGER MITCHELL an older, less discriminating horse would pose the larger and much more complex and of the most interesting and profit- serve me best. obscurely defined major communities. These able of the Museum's smaller communities fit and are SOME collecting expedi- One of the most interesting collecting together tion to in with each Guatemala 1948 was done at places on the finca was an area of recently integrated other in the over-all Finca el in the middle of one of the view. Zapote cleared land in which the logs had been worked areas. more heavily agricultural left out in the open. A tremendous fauna The coffee groves with their protecting The climate and location of the western of insects had developed in the logs. Many cover of larger shade trees were very good of the Pacific of the slope escarpment places for collecting leaf-feeding insects. Guatemala its plateau, boldly marked by Most of the coffee trees were under eight chain of is volcanoes, ideal for the growth of feet in height and formed a dense shrub- one of the principal crops of the country, The Guatemala Zoological Ex- like growth. Between the well-spaced coffee coffee. Most of the land that can be pedition of Chicago Natural trees a low herbaceous growth was allowed farmed is in is profitably use. Grazing History Museum was in the field to develop. Twenty or thirty feet overhead extensive, and remnants of the original from mid-April to the end of the dissected leaves of the leguminous trees and life vegetation animal can be found August, 1948. Illness forced the spread a delicate lacy shade that protected only high on the volcanic slopes or in locally leader of the expedition, Rupert L. the coffee flowers from the wind and rain inaccessible terrain. But I cannot remember Wenzel, Curator of Insects, to re- but still allowed enough sun through to seen turn within a having any slopes inaccessible to the month. The writer ripen the coffee berries to a bright Christmas farming methods of the Guatemalan Indians. of this article, Rodger Mitchell, an red. and la The relationships of the original flora and entomologist, Louis de VAST NUMBERS OF SPECIES fauna have been obscured; some forms of Torre, the mammalogist, both life rare before man's interference are now graduate students at the Uni- Paths and roads lead through the coffee abundant, but many forms once common versity of Michigan, carried on trees and along these many flowers grew, are now nearly extinct. For the entomolo- the field work for the remaining each attracting a host of insects. In these time of the gist this is a matter of concern but not expedition. open areas a net could be used to advantage necessarily discouraging because even in the for flying insects like butterflies and for areas of man's greatest interference in general sweeping of the vegetation. Snout Central America there is a rich, varied, and beetles and leaf beetles are among the most logs were covered with little piles of sawdust little-understood assemblage of insects. It abundant groups of insects in such situa- pushed up by the insects boring in the wood, is unfortunate that so few areas exist today tions. There are so many species in the and the ground underneath some of the logs in something approaching a natural state. tropics that there are not nearly enough was blanketed with this sawdust. The There are regrettably few for specialists to identify more than a few of opportunities combined effect of the thousands of insects US to acquire the knowledge necessary to the groups. Each plant feeder appears at chewing away at the logs made a noise not describe and understand the changes in a particular place on the plant of its prefer- unlike the crumpling of cellophane. I was plant and animal populations that occur ence and usually has a definite behavior at a loss to know the source of the noise where man claims lands for his own purposes. pattern. A moving shadow or the slightest at first, for one hardly expects that the the jar causes certain insects to drop to the Through generosity of F. Lind Pet- chewing of insects could make much noise. whereas others to the same tersen of Finca el Zapote we were ground, respond given Many hours were spent among these logs stimuli off. Some much help, and complete freedom in our by flying fly straight up, and probably the greater proportion of others to the side, and some gain air speed investigations. The lands of the finca (a the log-boring insects and their associates down. Spanish name equivalent to plantation) by dropping collected on the trip came from this small extended from high on Volcan de Fuego to If you know the insect's inflexible behavior area. In collecting insects, very often the the lower part of the coastal plain. The pattern, the killing jar can be so held that discovery of just one such ideal spot can principal crops were coffee and quinine. the insect will helplessly fly right into it. make an entire trip worth while. Only Coffee occupied the middle grounds, below The response of insects to temperature is occasionally does one find just at the right 4,000 feet and little lower than 3,000 feet. obvious to all those who have done any time a spot where, for some reason, one The cinchona trees, which produce the amount of insect collecting, for as the day kind of insect is abundant. quinine, grow in long crowded rows at an peculiarly gets hotter it is harder and harder to be elevation usually in excess of 4,000 feet. The more time one spends collecting in quick enough to get the insects before they The lands not devoted to these crops were one spot for special things the more interest- take off. The best way to get large numbers used for pastiu-e, other minor crops, or were ing and enjoyable it becomes. Here among of the plant feeders, and many other insects, covered with a more or less modified forest. the logs it became apparent that there was is by sweeping. With a strong heavy net a very complex community in each of these one just sweeps the vegetation. At the UNSYMPATHETIC HORSES of the net there is a mass of logs. Boring beetles ate the wood, a bottom always In order to look over the finca lands we tremendous growth of yeasts and fungi leaves, twigs, seeds, and hundreds of insects. were provided with horses. The foreman supported many kinds of insects in abun- It takes several days' work at the Museum gave us the supposedly better mounts, dance, and another entire assemblage of to prepare all the insects collected in fifteen which responded poorly to inexperienced parasites and predators lived at their ex- minutes' sweeping; so we are often forced riders and took a very dim view about carry- pense. A whole complex of these animals to select those forms both in the field and ing an entomologist with his rattling accumu- lived together in one log, almost independent at the Museum that are of particular im- lation of bottles and vials, to say nothing of of the other living things about them, with portance in our lines of interest. The unfamiliar waving bug nets. After the first their numbers delicately regulated so that butterflies were particularly abundant in dismounting to rummage around an old all could survive without destroying each two places on the finca. Many flowers tree stump I found the horse unwilling to other. Over and over again in all kinds of grew by the wayside where a road led allow me to remount, leaving no alternative circumstances one is impressed with these through a narrow stretch of woods. Early but to lead him back. It was apparent that small sharply defined communities that com- in the morning there was a host of interesting December, 1951 CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN Page 7 butterflies on the flowers. But for variety in her back yard. These bees, not distantly and interest the butterflies that flocked by related to the familiar honey bee, build STAFF NOTES the mudpuddles of the road far surpassed combs of trash masticated and mixed with those of the flowers. Moist spots are great a small amount of wax. Otherwise they Rupert L. Wenzel, Curator of Insects, gathering places for many butterflies and collect honey and act quite like ordinary left Chicago recently for an extended around the Chicago area many butterflies, honey bees. The fact that they are stingless tour of European museums to study beetles had attracted the of the family Histeridae. He will go first attention of apiarists to Vienna to supervise the packing of the and certain species are Bernhauer Collection of staphilinid beetles being studied for pos- recently purchased by this Museum. He sible use in the honey will visit Genoa, Paris, and the British industry. Museum in London .... Loren P. Woods, Curator of returned to When we were call- Fishes, his desk from a brief to southern Illinois to ed back to the vicinity trip collect cave fishes and their relatives .... of the tree, the bees Robert F. Assistant Curator of immediately swarmed Inger, Pushes, made a to southwestern out, viciously buzzing trip Missouri, where he collected not cave fishes but about and crawling only into our hair in a most salamanders, crustaceans, and flatworms, all menacing manner. remarkable for their loss of color in the cave environment R. Asso- Our antics in response Emmet Blake, ciate Curator of attended the to this were sponta- Birds, meetings of the American Union neous, and the source Ornithologists' held in Montreal .... Ronald J. HUNTING GROUND FOR INSECTS of much amusement. Lambert, Assistant Taxidermist, presented a paper The lands of Finca el Zapotc occupy the west slope o£ Volcan de Fuego where The bees were so on for the of altitudinal and topographic difierences make it possible to collect in many tangled up in our hair "Supplies Preparation Museum different situations. Exhibits" at a of the that they had to be meeting Midwest Museums' Conference in combed out. It is Springfield, Illinois. though few species, can be found at muddy hard to avoid comparing the behavior of spots. In Guatemala there might easily these bees with that of the harmless hognosed GIFTS TO THE MUSEUM which is more and be twenty species at a single such spot. snake, menacing aggres- Following is a list of the principal gifts The other place to see butterflies was the sive than are the truly dangerous snakes. received during the past month: cinchona Cinchona flowers have a These stingless bees certainly acted with groves. Department of Anthropology: than their rich, sweet odor and attract many insects. more vigor stinging relatives, and From: Orlin I. Wahl, Evanston, 111.—5 The trees are just high enough to be out our response was evidence that this can be artifacts, McHenry County, Illinois. effective for them. of reach and collecting was difficult and protection Department of Botany: disappointing in these groves. In the tropics a good bit of collecting may From: Bishop Museum, Honolulu—31 be done in populated agricultural areas. phanerogams, Hawaii; Dr. C. S. Nielsen and YIELD SPECIMENS Dr. Grace C. Florida FUNGI This does not mean that unexplored areas Madsen, State Uni- Tallahassee— 147 —on are versity, algae, Florida and The disappointment over the butterflies are avoided the contrary, they Louisiana; J. Francis Macbride, Stanford out of reach was counterbalanced extremely attractive. In both undisturbed being just University, California—83 algae, California; Cinchona trees natural regions and in various niches in by the abundance of fungi. Floyd Swink, Chicago—-136 phanerogams, cultivated areas scores of new are are planted close together and the under- species Illinois and Indiana; John W. Thieret, cover cleared so that on the shaded, clear still to be found, each discovery contributing Chicago— 187 phanerogams, Utah and In- to our of the and evolu- ground it was easy to see the fungi. Insects knowledge history diana; E. J. Palmer, Webb City, Mo.—209 tion of a of insects. As we collect Missouri. in great variety are found on fungi. Many group phanerogams, these insects about which so little is known beetles feed on them, and one group of tiny Department of Zoology : G. beetles eats only the microscopic fungus we can see that each species is an integral From: John Shedd Aquarium, Chicago of a The marvelous and —50 fishes; Dr. George Bevier, La Paz, spores. Fly larvae bore in and feed on the part community. of to Bolivia—12 mammals (rodents), Bolivia; fungus body. All, of course, have their intriguing relationships living things Steamboat Colo.— each other and to their environment are Owen Bryant, Springs, parasites and predators. Every member of 11 true bugs, Colorado and Arizona; Chicago the has peculiar in fact as fascinating to observe in our back complex fungus assemblage Zoological Society, Brookfield, 111. —a mam- behavior In yards and forest preserves as in the tropical modifications and patterns. mal (baby sitatunga), Africa; George L. rain forests and Guatemalan each clump of mushrooms we have another plantations. Chindahl, Maitland, Fla.—approximately complex integrated community. It is not 400 magazine and newspaper pictures of surprising that we have such great difficulty animals (various); Dr. B. E. Dahlgren, —a snake understanding the ecology of a forest or a Chicago (Typhlops lumbricalis), Cuba; Lloyd G. Gage, Wilmette, 111.—a prairie when each one of these big units MERRY CHRISTMAS and collection of African marine shells, Africa; contains so many complex smaller units. In — HAPPY NEW YEAR Harry Hoogstraal, Cairo, Egypt 3 lots of active insects, like most of collecting small, land shells, Egypt; Dr. James Kezer, Still- the an is used. — fungus dwellers, aspirator The Museum will be closed on both water, Okla. 15 salamanders, Oregon;— Allen The aspirator is a vacuum-cleaner-like Tuesday, December 25, and Tuesday, M. Lipscomb, San Marcos, Tex. 2 frogs Dr. Clarence R. apparatus. By sucking on it you draw January 1 (Christmas and New Year's {Acris crepitans), Texas; 111.—a the insect up into a bottle and after the Day), so that Museum employees may Smith, Aurora, weasel, Illinois; Walter F. Webb, St. Petersburg, Fla.—two collecting is completed the insects are trans- spend the holidays with their famih'es. lots of African land shells, Africa; School of ferred into a vial of These are the only days in the year preservative. Fisheries, University of Washington, Seattle when the Museum is not open. Our hostess, Mrs. Pettersen, discovered —23 fish specimens of genus Oncor- a colony of stingless bees in a hollow tree hynchus, representing five species. Pages CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM BULLETIN December, 1951

his current series of Sunday afternoon lec- DECEMBER LECTURE TOURS ^mW ^L6SS AGO tures, which will continue through April DAILY EXCEPT SUNDAY (excepting February, when Mr. Dallwig will M THE MIMUM Tours of exhibits, under the guidance of be on an out-of-town lecture tour). Arrange- staff lecturers, are conducted every after- ments have been made to accommodate MARGARET BAUER noon at 2 o'clock, except Sundays and Compiled by J. larger audiences for these Sunday lectures certain holidays. On Mondays, Tuesdays, From the Annual the Director than in the past, although attendance is Report of Thursdays, and Saturdays, general tours still for for the 1901: limited to adults. The lecture year are given covering all departments. Special "In Hall devoted to structural Sundays in January will be "Living Races 65, geology, subjects are offered on Wednesdays and of in an exhibit of cave formations and cave life and Their Way Life"; March, "Money Fridays. A schedule of the.se follows: Does Grow on and in "Life— has been prepared. Stalactites, stalagmites, Trees"; April, Wed., Dec. 5—Land of the Mummies and other cave formations from several well- What Is It?" (Lorain Stephens). known caves of the United States have been Members of the Museum may use Fri., Dec. 7—Trees in Winter. Illustrated mounted in their natural position and a their membership cards to attend these introduction in Room lectures without advance reservations. Meeting (Miriam Wood). All others, with the exception of accredited Wed., Dec. 12—Tales of Roads: representatives of the press, must make Spice Ancient and Modern Routes of Trade reservations in advance. Reservations may (Marie Svoboda). be made by mail or telephone (WAbash Dec. 14—Fossil On Museum 2-9410). The lectures are free. They start Fri., Hunting: Expeditions and On Your Own. Illus- promptly at 2 p.m. and end at 4:30 p.m., trated introduction in Meeting Room including a half-hour intermission for relaxa- (Anne Stromquist). tion or for tea or coffee in the Museum cafe- Wed., Dec. 19—Sacred Animals (Jane teria, where smoking is permitted. Sharpe).

Fri., Dec. 21—Fashions in Food: Effects of NATURE PHOTO CONTEST Food Customs on People. Illustrated introduction in Meeting Room (Marie NEARING DEADLINE Svoboda). Several weeks remain in which to submit Wed., Dec. 26—Eskimo Life (June Bueh- entries for the Seventh Chicago International wald). Nature Photography Exhibition to be held Fri., Dec. 28—Strange Sea Animals. Illus- at Chicago Natural History Museum trated introduction in Meeting Room February 1 to 28, inclusive, under the (Lorain Stephens). joint auspices of the Nature Camera Club OLD-TIME CAVE EXHIBIT of Chicago and the Museum. January 14 Scientific Groups Visit Museum is the deadline for entries. Subterranean limestone products, particularly sta- Two large groups of scientists attending and as exhibited in a hall of lagmites stalactites, Judges for the contest, whose decision will conventions in Chicago were visitors at the Field Columbian Museum in 1901. be final, are: John Bayalis, Chief of Division Museum last month. Several hundred pro- of Photography at the Museum; D. D wight fessional anthropologists were guests of the realistic setting corresponding in form and Davis, Curator of Vertebrate Anatomy at Museum's anthropological staff between details to a typical limestone cave given. the Museum; Ragnar Hedenvall, APSA, meetings of the American Anthropological Accessories illustrating water, and animals photographer; Betty Henderson Hulett, Association. Members of the Department which live in caves, such as bats, blind fish, APSA, photographer; Floyd Swink, nature of Zoology were hosts to Veterans Adminis- crayfish, and crickets, are also used. The lecturer. tration Consultants on Tropical Diseases. whole illustrates the nature and manner of growth of limestone cave formations and the living forms which characterize such caves." DALLWIG SUNDAY LECTURES MUSEUM AID TO CHRISTMAS SHOPPERS— ON GEMS AND JEWELS Christmas shopping and wrapping packages can be made easier if you Paul G. Dallwig, the Layman Lecturer, offers: will talk at 2 o'clock each Sunday afternoon use services Chicago Natural History Museum throughout December on "Gems, Jewels, " Gifts and 'Junk.' Starting with the supersti- (1) Christmas Gift Memberships (2) Museum Book Shop tions that led to the custom of wearing gems Send to the Director the name and Books endorsed for scientific authen- as charms to against evil, against illness, address of the person to whom you wish ticity by members of the Museum staff or to further the cause of bring good luck, to give a Museum membership, together are on sale in the BOOK SHOP. The, Mr. will from the reasons love, Dallwig go with your remittance to cover member- selection is for both adults and children. we value gems to how we obtain them. He ship fee (see enclosed Christmas gift When desired, the BOOK SHOP will will trace precious and semiprecious gem- membership order form). handle orders by mail and telephone stones from their origins in matrix rock to An attractive Christmas card will (WAbash 2-9410). It will undertake all their ultimate resting places in the jewelry notify the recipient that through your details of wrapping and dispatching gift store, museum collection, or personal jewel generosity he has been elected a Member purchases to the designated recipients, chest. This lecture also tells how imitation of the Museum. He will receive also his together with such personal greetings as and synthetic gems are produced and how membership card and information on the purchaser may specify, charging only to test them for their artificiality. membership privileges. postal costs. By press time Mr. Dallwig had received more than 12,000 advance reservations for

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