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Optimization of Underutilized Public Sanitation Unit, the Case of Wurerber, South-East Ethiopia

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Optimization of Underutilized Public Sanitation Unit, the Case of Wurerber, South-East Ethiopia Ethiopian Institute of Architecture, Building construction and City Development School of graduate studies Optimization of underutilized public sanitation unit, the case of Wurerber, South-East Ethiopia By: Biniyam Belete Getaneh A thesis submitted to the graduate studies of Addis Ababa University in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science in Architectural Engineering Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa, Ethiopia September 2019 Declaration I, the undersigned, declare that this thesis is my own and original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other university, and that all sources of material used for the thesis have been duly acknowledged, following the scientific guidelines of the Institute. Student`s Name: Biniyam Belete Getaneh Signature: Confirmation The thesis can be submitted for examination with my approval as an Institute`s advisor. Advisor`s Name: Mr. Tesfaye Hailu (PhD candidate) Signature: ii | P a g e This thesis is submitted to the Ethiopian Institute of Architecture, Building Construction and City Development (EiABC) and to the School of Graduate Studies of Addis Ababa University in fulfillment of all requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Architectural Engineering. Title of Thesis: Optimization of underutilized public sanitation unit: the case of Wurerber, South-East Ethiopia. Author: Biniyam Belete Getaneh Date: September 2019 Approved by Board of Examiners: Mr. Tesfaye Hailu (PhD candidate) Advisor Signature Date Mss. Aziza Abdulfetah (PhD candidate) Internal examiner Signature Date Tilahun Derib (PhD) External examiner Signature Date Abunu Arega (PhD) Chairperson Signature Date iii | P a g e Acknowledgement Primarily, I would like to thank Almighty God and his virgin mother (Saint Marry), the Angels and all the saints with him and serving humanity for giving me the strength, Knowledge, ability and opportunity to undertake this research study. Without his blessings, this achievement would not have been possible. I would like to express my appreciation to the entire staffs of Emerging City Lab-Addis Ababa (ECL-AA) and Architectural Engineering department in the Ethiopian Institute of Architecture, Building Construction and City Development (EiABC). I am grateful to all of those with whom I have had the pleasure to work during this thesis. Dr. Tesfaye Hailu, the advisor of my research. He spends very much time instructing me how to write a thesis paper, how to search literature and how to collect and analyze data. As my advisor and mentor, he has taught me more than I could ever give him credit for here. He has shown me, by his example, what a good researcher (and person) should be. Next, my sincere appreciation goes to Dr. Ing. Zegeye Cherinet (PhD), for taking his time to consult me on how to go through the research. I would also like to thank the respondents who provided me vibrant information quested by this study: the residents of the Wurerber Kebele and neighboring villagers, the manager of the Public sanitation unit, Mr. Rehik Musid. It would be inappropriate if I omit to mention the unconditional help of my friends who have supported me in their own ways, kept me going on my path to success, assisting me as per their abilities, in whatever manner possible and for ensuring that good times keep flowing. Nobody has been more important to me in the pursuit of this project than the members of my family have. I would like to thank my parents, whose love and guidance are with me in whatever I pursue. They are the ultimate role models. Therefore, I dedicate this work for my parents Mss. Haymanot Azeze and Mr. Belete Getaneh. iv | P a g e Abstract The purpose of this thesis is to investigate and find the architectural values, which use for optimization of Public Sanitation Unit (PSU). The PSU project, in this thesis, was designed and constructed in Wurerber Kebele, in south-east Ethiopia. The unit has been serving the community since 2017. The unit has mainly two functions, which are showering and laundry. The general aim of the PSU project was an attempt to construct a water and sanitation infrastructure unit, which can be used as a focal point and a catalyst for activating rural-urban space. Based on an onsite observation, the constructed shower and laundry unit utilization rate, performance, and functionality have low outcomes. This was the core problem of this thesis, which initiates the optimization research on the unit. Therefore, this thesis tries to investigate and find the existing situations and the contributing factors for the reduced utilization rate of the PSU. To obtain an optimized architectural PSU design mixed descriptive type of research method has used in the research. The first part of the research is, defining underutilization and factors affecting PSU, evaluating the existing rate of utilization of the sanitation unit, and finding the opportunities for improvements. In the second part an observational approach for collecting primary data through onsite field observation, questionnaire survey, and interviews are conducted. Besides, Secondary data were collected from published and unpublished works of literature; meanwhile, the research tries to claim a valid statement from triangulating these mixed methods. The third part considers case studies from different sanitation practices to explore publicly accepted sanitation unit trends. The fourth part has the result and finding from the analysis that articulates the problem, which is related to the topological and geometrical aspects of the unit. The functional, technical, behavioral and managerial values are found as the pillars to affect the underutilization of PSU in Wurerber Kebele. Finally, the research finds and concludes an architectural intervention based on the four values is certain to obtain an optimal architectural design. Because underrating these values the PSU could bring adverse impact on the underutilization of the unit. Optimization of these values will increase the usage and at the same time the public acceptance of the PSU. Keywords: Public sanitation unit (PSU), Optimization, Values, Rate, Underutilization, v | P a g e Table of Contents Acknowledgement ............................................................................................................. iv Abstract ............................................................................................................................... v List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... ix List of Figures ..................................................................................................................... x Acronyms and abbreviations ............................................................................................ xiii Chapter one: Introduction ................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Problem statement .................................................................................................... 3 1.2. Objective .................................................................................................................. 4 1.3. Research questions ................................................................................................... 4 1.4. Scope ........................................................................................................................ 4 1.5. Limitation ................................................................................................................. 5 1.6. Significance .............................................................................................................. 5 1.7. Organization of the paper ......................................................................................... 5 1.8. Conceptual frame work/research outline ................................................................. 6 Chapter Two: Literature review .......................................................................................... 8 2.1. Definition of terminologies ...................................................................................... 8 2.2. Optimization approaches .......................................................................................... 9 A. Optimization of PSU as a social space ................................................................. 10 B. Optimization of the PSU Aesthetical, functional & technical values .................. 13 C. Optimization of PSU traditional values ................................................................ 15 D. Optimization of PSU Environmental values ........................................................ 19 2.3. Criteria for the design of hygienic and sanitary objects ......................................... 28 Chapter Three: Contextual framework ............................................................................. 31 3.1. Project location ...................................................................................................... 31 vi | P a g e 3.2. Demography of Wurerber Kebele .......................................................................... 32 3.3. Climate ................................................................................................................... 33 3.4. Description of the Wurerber public sanitation unit project (PSU) ......................... 33 Chapter Four: Research method .......................................................................................
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