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Previewing the Chapter
Chapter 7: The Revolution leads to the overthrow and French execution of the French King. Revolution and After a period of instability, Napoleon takes control of France and most of Napoleon Europe. 1789-1815 Napoleon’s thirst for power leads to his downfall, and European leaders craft a lasting peace.
Section 1: Revolution Section 2: Revolution Brings Threatens the French King Reform and Terror
Members of the Third The Legislative Estate demand a Assembly faces war more representative and internal divisions. government. The king is executed, and Robespierre The fall of the Bastille inaugurates the Reign and the king’s of Terror. removal from A third constitution Versailles signal the puts power in the beginning of the hands of the upper French Revolution. middle class.
Section 3: Napoleon Forges an Section 4: Napoleon’s Empire Empire Collapses
Napoleon makes A brilliant general, political and Napoleon Bonaparte, military mistakes as becomes emperor of he tries to increase France and assumes his power. broad powers. He is defeated, Through military victories, he returns, is defeated establishes mastery again, and finishes over most of Europe. his life in exile.
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Section 5: The Congress of Vienna Convenes What Do You Know About…??
Following the plan of Metternich, the Napoleon Congress of Vienna Bonaparte? reestablishes What can you tell stability in Europe about his character after the defeat of from this painting of Napoleon. him?
Connect History and Understanding Time Lines Geography The French Revolution and Napoleon Look at the map on page 215 of your In what year was Louis XVI executed? textbook Who then became emperor of France? In 1810, Napoleon ruled a vast empire, with In how many years would he be defeated? control over most of Europe. 1796 1804 Napoleon Napoleon crowns The map shows that the Russian empire was an appointed himself emperor, Storming of the ally of Napoleon’s commander of begins to create Bastille ignites the French forces in a vast European How do you know this? French Revolution Italy empire 1789 1815 In less than two years, Napoleon tried to 1799 Washington is 1793 1815 strengthen his power by invading his Russian ally Napoleon inaugurated Louis XVI is Napoleon is overthrows the In the end, this contributed to his downfall as first US executed by the defeated at the Directory president guillotine. Reign of Battle of Terror begins through a coup Waterloo d'état
Connect History and Geography Previewing Themes
Power and Authority: With absolute rulers dominating Europe, Enlightenment thinkers began questioning why so few held so much power. The French Revolution was an attempt to put power into the hands of many. Power changed hands several times in this short period of history.
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Previewing Themes Previewing Themes
Economics: Revolution: The gap between the rich and the poor The success of the American Revolution widened when France’s economy inspired the French, some of whom even weakened. participated in it. Hungry peasants and city dwellers were The French people were deeply affected outraged by what they felt was unjust by the colonists’ overthrow of the British treatment. and, in turn, revolted against their own oppressive rulers. The economy of France became a major cause of the French Revolution.
Revolution Threatens the French King
In the 1700s, France was considered the most Chapter 7: The advanced country in Europe. It was the center of the Enlightenment and it had French Revolution a large population and prosperous foreign trade. and Napoleon France’s culture was widely praised and emulated by the rest of the world. Section 1: Revolution Threatens the French King However, the appearance of success was deceiving. There was great unrest in France, caused by high prices, high taxes, and disturbing questions raised by the Enlightenment ideas of Rousseau and Voltaire.
Revolution Threatens the Revolution Threatens the French King French King What is the most striking How do poor people Main Idea: difference between these two sometimes feel about wealthy women? people? Economic and social inequalities in the Old Regime helped cause the French Revolution
Why It Matters Now: Throughout history, economic and social inequalities have at times led peoples to revolt against their governments.
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Revolution Threatens the French King The Old Order
Terms and Names: The Old Regime Old Regime Old Regime—a social and political system that existed in France during the 1770s Estate Estates were the three social classes of the Old Regime Louis XVI Marie Antoinette The Privileged Estates: First Estate—composed of the Catholic clergy Estates-General They owned 10 percent of the land and paid few taxes National Assembly Strongly spoke out against Enlightenment ideas Tennis Court Oath Second Estate—composed of rich nobles Two percent of the population and owned 20 percent of Great Fear the land Bourgeoisie Disagreed about Enlightenment ideas
The Old Order The Forces of Change
The Third Estate: Enlightenment Ideas: This was the 97 The ideas of the Enlightenment inspire some of percent of the people the people in the Third Estate Composed of peasants, urban workers, and the Economic Troubles: bourgeoisie, or middle High taxes and rising costs damaged the French class economy in the 1780s They had few King Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette are privileges, paid heavy known for their extravagance taxes Louis doubles the nation’s debt, and the banks As a result, they want refuse to loan him more money change
The Forces of Change Dawn of the Revolution
A Weak Leader The National Assembly Louis’ poor decisions The Third Estate has little power under the old rules. and lack of patience add the France’s With support from a French Abbey called Sieyes, problems major changes are made in the French government. He calls the Estates General With these changes, the Third Estate sets up a A meeting of National Assembly—a new legislation to make representatives from all reforms independent of the Estates General. three estates This marked the beginning of a representative But with each Estate democracy and the rejection of the monarchy—it having one vote, the was the start of the Revolution Third Estate would After breaking down the locked door to their always lose out in the meeting room, the Third Estate delegates swear voting an oath on a tennis court—hence the Tennis Court Oath—to write a new constitution for France
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Dawn of the Revolution A Great Fear Sweeps France
Rebellion: Storming the Bastille: After the fall of the Bastille, rumors and panic spread Although agreeing to the National throughout the French countryside. Peasants became lawless and during this period of the Assembly, Louis no longer trusted his own Great Fear, began attacking nobles and even each French army and stationed his mercenary other. Swiss army around Paris Peasants break in to nobles’ homes and destroy legal papers binding them to the old feudal system. Rumors begin to fly that Louis wanted to kill In October 1789, Parisian women revolt over the rising French citizens and suppress the National price of bread. It is said that during this time, Marie Antoinette remarked Assembly “Let the eat cake”—this is just a myth! On July 14, 1789, a mob attacks and seizes They force their way into the Palace of Versailles, the Bastille, a prison in Paris, for ammunition. demanding that Louis return to Paris Louis and his family left Versailles, never to return, marking a change of power and the beginning of national reforms about to take over France
Review Forming Opinions
Terms and Names: Old Regime Do you think that changes in the French Estate government were inevitable? Louis XVI Think about… Marie Antoinette The leadership of Louis XVI Estates-General National Assembly The French national debt Tennis Court Oath Enlightenment ideas Great Fear Other world revolutions Bourgeoisie
Analyzing Themes Web Diagram
Economics: How were the economic conditions in France similar to or different from those in England and the American colonies before their revolutions?
Think about… Causes of France’s three estates the The role of taxation Revolution France’s national debt Conditions in the colonies before the American Revolution
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Revolution Brings Reform and Terror
Peasants were not the only members of Chapter 7: The French society to feel the Great Fear French Revolution Nobles and clergymen were equally afraid Throughout France, angry peasants struck out and Napoleon against members of the upper classes. Section 2: Revolution Brings In the summer of 1789, a few months before Reform and Terror the women’s march to Versailles, some nobles and clergymen in the National Assembly responded to the uprisings in an emotional late-night meeting.
Revolution Brings Reform and Revolution Brings Reform and Terror Terror
Main Idea: The Revolutionary government of France Read about the guillotine on page 225 made reforms but also used terror and How did condemned persons die? violence to retain power.
Why were some spectators displeased Why It Matters Now: with the guillotine? Some governments that lack the support of their people still use terrorism to control their citizens.
Revolution Brings Reform and Terror The Assembly Reforms France
Terms and Names: Declaration of the Rights of Man The Rights of Man: Legislative Assembly The National Assembly adopts the Émigrés Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Sans-culottes Citizen Guillotine Revolutionary leaders use the slogan, Maximilien Robespierre “Libertée, Egalitée, Fraternitée” Committee of Public Safety Liberty, Equality, Fraternity Reign of Terror
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The Assembly Reforms France Divisions Develop
A Limited Monarchy: A State-Controlled Church: In September 1791, the Assembly finishes the new constitution. The National Assembly seizes church lands, A new body to pass laws, the Legislative Assembly, is and turns the clergy into public officials. created.
Factions Split France: Louis tries to Escape: Major problems, including the debt and food shortages Louis, worried about his future, tries to remain. escape France. The Assembly splits into three factions: Radicals, Moderates, Conservatives Revolutionaries catch the royal family near Émigrés—nobles who fled the country, want the Old the Netherlands border. Regime back in power. Sans-culottes—lower classes want even more chages from the Revolution
The Legislative Assembly War and Execution
Radicals Moderates Conservatives • Sat on the left side • Sat in the center of • Sat on the right Problems with other countries: of the hall; were the hall and were side of the hall; Austria and Prussia want Louis in charge of France— called left wing called centrists were called right France declares war on both countries. and were said to • Wanted some wing and said to be on the left changes in be on the right France at War: • Opposed to the government, but • Upheld the idea of Prussian forces advance and soon threaten to take Paris. king and the idea not as many as the a limited A Parisian mob jails the royal family and kills guards of a monarchy radicals monarchy In September 1791, mobs break into prisons, killing over • Wanted sweeping • Wanted few 1,000 people, including many who support the king. changes in changes in Pressured by the mobs, the Legislative Assembly formally government and government deposes the king and then dissolves. proposed that A National Convention forms in September 1791, forming common people the French Republic. have full power in a republic
War and Execution War and Execution
The War Continues: Jacobins Take Control: The French army, made up of citizens, wins The Jacobins were a radical, anti- a great victory over the Prussians and monarchy political organization behind the Austrians at Valmy. 1792 changes in government. In 1793, Britain, Spain and Holland join After a close vote, Louis XVI is found guilty forces against France. of treason to the French people and is beheaded—by a new device called the As a result, the National Convention orders guillotine a draft of 300,000 people to reinforce the army.
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The Terror Grips France The Terror Grips France
Robespierre Assumes Control: Maximilien Divided Country: Robespierre was a Not all people in France support all the Jacobin leader who changes of the Revolution rules France for a year. Some liked things just the way they were—at He becomes the least they had peace. leader of the Committee for Public Safety—and rules as a dictator.
The Terror Grips France End of the Terror
Robespierre Assumes Control: Another in Charge of Government: The period of time under Robespierre was In July 1794, Robespierre is arrested by the known as the Reign of Terror. National convention and executed. Robespierre killed many of his opponents. Public opinion shifts away from the radicals and towards a more moderate view. Thousands die during the Terror, including former allies of France and Marie The Moderate leaders write a new constitution. Antoinette. With this new form of governing, a two-house legislature and five-man Directory restore order 85 percent of those who die during the to France. terror are either middle or lower class The new government names Napoleon citizens. Bonaparte the commander of armies.
Review Review
Terms and Names: Recognizing Causes: Declaration of the Rights of Man After the French rejected the king’s Legislative Assembly absolute control, they struggled to create a more democratic government. However, in Émigrés 1793, Robespierre became a dictator. What Sans-culottes caused this to happen? Guillotine Think about… Maximilien Robespierre The political climate prior to Robespierre’s rule Committee of Public Safety The need for a leader Reign of Terror Robespierre’s personality
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Objectives
Chapter 7: The 1. To explain how Napoleon Bonaparte French Revolution came to power in France. and Napoleon 2. To summarize the steps Napoleon took Section 3: Napoleon Forges an to restore power to France. Empire 3. To describe the extent and weaknesses of Napoleon’s empire.
Napoleon Forges an Empire Napoleon Forges an Empire
Napoleon was a short man (5ft, 3in tall) who cast a long shadow over the history of Read the History Makers feature on page modern times. 230 of your textbook, and listen to the He would come to be recognized as one of the world’s greatest military geniuses—along story from Mr. Marfy: with Alexander the Great of Macedonia, Hannibal of Carthage, and Julius Caesar of Rome. How did Napoleon reward his troops? In only four years (1795-1799) Napoleon rose from relative obscurity to become master of How did they feel about him? France.
Napoleon Forges an Empire Napoleon Forges an Empire
Main Idea: Terms and Names: A military genius, Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleon Bonaparte seized power in France and made himself Coup d'état emperor. Plebiscite
Lycée Why It Matters Now: Concordat In times of political turmoil, military dictators Napoleonic Code often seize control of nations, as in Cuba with Fidel Castro. Battle of Trafalgar
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Napoleon Seizes Power Napoleon Seizes Power
Early Life Hero of the Hour Napoleon Bonaparte In 1795, Napoleon defeats royalist rebels is born in 1769 in attacking the National Convention. Corsica Napoleon is promoted, and quickly wins Attends military school victories in Italy, as well as beating back the Is teased and prefers Austrians, quickly gaining popularity. to be alone Joins the regular army Once he got to Egypt, he was not as at 16 and when the successful, losing his first of many battles to Revolution breaks out British admiral Horatio Nelson. he joins the army of The news of his defeat was not as publicized the new government. as his victories.
Napoleon Seizes Power Napoleon Rules France
Coup d'état: Vote of Approval: In November 1799, Napoleon is able to carry out a coup d'état, or “blow of state”, by After the coup in 1799, Napoleon dissolving the power of the weakened Directory convinced the citizens of France that he through his (and his wife Josephine’s) influence had been constitutionally chosen to be the in the national legislature leader of France. At age 30, Napoleon assumed dictatorial In 1800, a plebiscite—or vote of the powers as the first consul of the French Republic people—was held to approve a new Napoleon goes on to defeat the British, Russians constitution and Austrians. This new constitution really gave Napoleon all By 1802, Europe was at peace for the first time in real power as first consul. ten years.
Napoleon Brings Order After Napoleon Rules France the Revolution The Economy Government & Religion Restoring Order at Home: Society Napoleon kept many changes of the revolution Goals of the • Equal taxation • Less government • Less powerful as well as strengthened the central Revolution • Lower inflation corruption Catholic Church government. • Equal opportunity • Religious tolerance in government He set up an efficient banking system and Napoleon’s • Set up fairer tax • Appointed officials • Recognized efficient tax collection. Actions code by merit Catholicism as Establishes lycées—government-run public • Set up national • Fired corrupt “faith of bank officials Frenchmen” schools designed to train officials • Stabilized currency • Created lycees • Signed concordat He signed the concordat—an agreement with • Gave state loans • Created code of with pope to business laws • Retained seized the pope to restore Catholicism in France church lands French peasants and the clergy wanted this, but Results • Equal taxation • Honest, • Religious tolerance it prohibited the Catholic church from directly • Stable economy competent • Government meddling with the business of the French state. officials control of church • Equal opportunity lands in government • Government • Public education recognition of church influence
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Why Economics are Important Why Economics are Important
Inflation: National Bank: A general rise in the level of prices. Allows a central government to regulate banking activities. Increases in the price of food, clothing and housing are caused by decreases in the Eliminates problems that arise when banks value of money. operate independently, some even issuing their own currencies. During extreme inflation, a loaf of bread might cost hundreds of dollars. Results in people being more confident in their government. Low inflation can lead to prosperity and political stability.
Why Economics are Important Napoleon Rules France
Restoring Order at Home: Stabilized Currency: Napoleon created a system of laws known as the Napoleonic Code Results from a national banking system, low inflation and other factors. While it was a uniform system of laws, it also created many injustices—it restricted individual Currency that does not change in value rights over order and authority. quickly and that is backed by a central It restricted women’s freedom, freedom of the government contributes to national stability press and speech, and rights to sell property. and peace. It also reestablished slavery in the French colonies of the Caribbean, which had been abolished under the Revolutionary government.
Napoleon Rules France Napoleon Creates an Empire
Napoleon Crowned as Loss of American Territories: Emperor: Once word of the Revolution reached the French-ruled island of In 1804, the French Hispaniola, the citizens of Saint Domingue, many of whom were overwhelmingly voted slaves, demand the same treatment as French citizens. for Napoleon to In 1801, Napoleon sent an army to quell the slave rebellion, but become emperor. it was a long and costly affair. Many French soldiers also died of yellow fever. On December 2, 1804, Napoleon arrogantly Napoleon decides to give up on his dream of empire in the crowned himself Americas and turns his focus on conquering Europe. President Jefferson had expressed an interest in purchasing the emperor at Notre Dame Port of New Orleans. cathedral in front of the Seeing an opportunity to regain his losses, Napoleon sells the pope, who traditionally entire Louisiana territory to the Americans for $15 million in 1803. did this. Napoleon also sees this as an opportunity to punish his British With this gesture, enemies. Napoleon signaled that “The sale assures forever the power of the United States, and I he was more powerful have given England a rival, who, sooner or later, will humble her than the church. pride”
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Napoleon Creates an Empire Napoleon Creates an Empire
Conquering Europe: The Battle of Trafalgar: Napoleon had already conquered parts of In 1805, the powerful British navy, under the Europe, including the Netherlands. command of Admiral Horatio Nelson, defeated Britain persuaded Russia, Austria and Sweden to the combined French and Spanish navies at the join in a Third Coalition against France. Battle of Trafalgar. In a series of brilliant battles, Napoleon crushes The defeat forced Napoleon to give up his plan his enemies. of invading Britain. After the Battle of Austerlitz, Napoleon issues a Napoleon would have to look for other ways to proclamation expressing his pride in his troops. try and crush the British. Eventually the rulers of Austria, Prussia and Russia This ambition would eventually lead to all signed peace treaties with Napoleon. Napoleon’s undoing.
Napoleon Creates an Empire Review
The French Empire: Terms and Names: By 1812, Napoleon controls most of Europe except for Britain, Portugal, Sweden and the Ottoman Empire. Napoleon Bonaparte He also has puppet rulers in some countries and Coup d'état alliances with others. These countries weren’t totally under Napoleon’s control, Plebiscite but he could manipulate them easily with threats of military action. Lycée The French empire reached its largest extent between 1807-1812. Concordat Though conquered, many European countries had a a strong sense of nationalism. Napoleonic Code Ironically, Napoleon was only able to maintain control of Battle of Trafalgar his own empire for five years, and it collapsed quickly.
HW Activity—Forming an HW Activity—Analyzing Opinion Themes
There is an old question: “Do the times Power and Authority: make the man, or does the man make To keep his empire together, Napoleon had to the times?” In your opinion, was Napoleon deal with forces both inside and outside the the creator or the creation of his times? French Empire. In your judgment, which area was more crucial to control?
Think about: Think about: The government after the Terror The length of the period of civil unrest in France Napoleon’s defense of France The power and activities of other European Napoleon’s popularity nations
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Objectives
Chapter 7: The French Revolution 1. To explain Napoleon’s tactical and and Napoleon political mistakes. Section 4: Napoleon’s Empire 2. To summarize Napoleon’s defeat, Collapses comeback, and final downfall.
The French Empire, 1810 Napoleon’s Empire Collapses
Napoleon worried that his vast empire would fall apart unless he had an heir whose right to succeed him was undisputed, so he decided that he needed a son. Consequently, he divorced Josephine, who had failed to bear him a child, and formed an alliance with the Austrian royal family by marrying Marie-Louise, the grand-niece of Marie Antoinette. In 1811, Marie Louise gave birth to a son, Napoleon II, whom his father named ‘king of Rome’.
Mrs. Bonapartes Napoleon’s Empire Collapses
Marie Louise & Josephine ‘the King’
What words describe Napoleon in the cartoon on page 234?
What words describe Britain in the cartoon?
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Napoleon’s Empire Collapses Napoleon’s Empire Collapses
Main Idea: Terms and Names: Napoleon’s conquests aroused nationalistic Blockade feelings across Europe and contributed to Continental System his downfall. Guerrilla
Peninsular War Why It Matters Now: Scorched-earth policy In the 1990s, nationalistic feelings Waterloo contributed to the breakup of nations such as Yugoslavia. Hundred Days
Napoleon’s Costly Mistakes Battle of Lake Erie, 1813
The Continental System: One famous battle was the Battle of Lake Erie, Napoleon, still hoping to ruin Britain, orders a won by American Commodore Oliver Hazard blockade in November 1806—forcing the closing of ports in Europe. Perry aboard the USS Niagara. He called this the Continental System, since it’s intended goal was to strengthen the European continent and weaken Britain. Smugglers and uncooperative allies, including Napoleon’s brother, Louis, make the blockade fail. Britain responds with a blockade of its own, led by its powerful navy. Angered by the blockade, Americans fight England in the War of 1812. This was does no real damage to Britain
Napoleon’s Costly Mistakes Francisco Goya Los Fusilamientos del Tres de Mayo The Peninsular War: (the executions of the 3rd of May) Because Portugal was not complying with the Continental System, Napoleon sent troops through Spain, causing protest and nationalism. Napoleon the makes his own brother king of Spain, which enrages the Spaniards even more. Spanish fight the French troops as guerrillas— small groups that attack then disappear. The guerrillas are aided by the British. Napoleon loses 300,000 men during the Peninsular War. In Germany, Italy and other nations, nationalist rebels fight the French.
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Napoleon’s Costly Mistakes Retreat from Russia, 1812
The Invasion of Russia: Napoleon and Czar Alexander of Russia had been allies. However, Alexander continued to sell grain to the British and soon the alliance fell apart. In June 1812, Napoleon’s army marches into Russia with 420,000 men. Refusing the bait, Alexander pulled his troops back and use scorched-earth policy—destroying crops and livestock. In September 1812, the Russians retreat from Moscow after the Battle of Borodino. Instead of surrendering, Alexander has left Moscow in flames for Napoleon and his 100,000 men. After a five-week wait, Napoleon retreats, losing thousands more soldiers to cold weather, famine and raids. Out of 420,000 soldiers that entered Russia with Napoleon, only 10,000 survived.
Napoleon’s Downfall Napoleon’s Downfall
The Hundred Days: Napoleon Suffers Defeat: Louis XVIII, brother of the guillotined king, was appointed the By October 1813, Napoleon had raised another new ruler of France. army—but he no longer had experienced The French disliked him and he soon became unpopular veterans on his side. amongst the peasants. Napoleon escaped from Elba and by spring of 1815, he Britain, Russia, Sweden and Prussia join forces and became emperor again. quickly defeat Napoleon. European allies gathered their armies and on June 15, 1815, Napoleon attacked the British troops at Waterloo, in Belgium. In April 1814, Napoleon gives up his throne and The Brits, led by the Duke of Wellington, held their ground until accepts the terms of surrender offered by Czar Prussian reinforcements arrived—Napoleon was again Alexander I. defeated. Napoleon was given a small pension and This marks the end of the Hundred Days—Napoleon’s last banished to the Mediterranean island of Elba. attempt at power. This time, Napoleon is exiled to the remote island of St. Helena in However, Napoleon would soon return to France. the South Atlantic, where he died in 1821.
Napoleon’s Lasting Legacy Review
Napoleon was a military genius and Terms and Names: brilliant administrator. Blockade However, his greatest battles were not Continental System won in the battlefield, but from reforms in Guerrilla laws, banking and religion. Peninsular War His defeat opened doors for freed Scorched-earth policy European countries to establish a new Waterloo order. Hundred Days
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HW Activity—Analyzing Motives
What were the main reasons people in other European countries resisted Napoleon? Chapter 7: The French Revolution Think about: Why some of his own allies refused to abide by and Napoleon the Continental System Section 5: The Congress of Vienna Convenes Why the Spanish fought a guerrilla war for several years Why the Russians destroyed their own crops and cities
The Congress of Vienna Objectives Convenes
European heads of government were looking to establish long-lasting peace and stability on the 1. To explain the importance of the continent after the defeat of Napoleon. decision made at the Congress of They had a goal of a new European order—on of collective security and stability for the entire Vienna. continent. A series of meetings in Vienna, known as the 2. To show how the ideas of the French Congress of Vienna, were called to set policies to Revolution continued to influence achieve this goal. people in Europe. Originally, the Congress of Vienna was scheduled to last for four weeks. Instead, it went on for eight months.
The Congress of Vienna The Congress of Vienna Convenes Convenes
Main Idea: After exiling Napoleon, European leaders at Read ‘Connect to Today’ on page 241. the Congress of Vienna tried to restore what is the purpose of the United Nations? order and reestablish peace.
What did the major powers agree to after Why It Matters Now: World War II? International bodies such as the United Nations play an active role in trying to maintain world peace and stability today.
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The Congress of Vienna Convenes Metternich’s Plan for Europe
A Meeting of Nations: Terms and Names: The Congress of Vienna were a series of meetings held between 1814 and 1815 that Congress of Vienna reshape Europe. Several of Europe’s most powerful leaders Klemens von Metternich attended—King Frederick William III of Prussia, Balance of power Czar Alexander I of Russia, and Emperor Francis I of Austria. Legitimacy Britain and France were represented by their Holy Alliance foreign ministers. None was more influential than the foreign Concert of Europe minister of Austria, Prince Klemens von Metternich.
Metternich’s Plan for Europe Metternich’s Plan for Europe
Metternich and the Great Powers: The Containment of France: Metternich was an The idea was to make countries surrounding aristocrat and France stronger. distrusted the ideals of the French Revolution. The Kingdom of the Netherlands was He said that formed and Switzerland was recognized as Napoleon’s rise to an independent country. power was a direct result of experiments Austria dominates a new German with democracy. Confederation of 39 German states. His chief goal was to The Kingdom of Sardinia is strengthened by restore the balance of power—with no single adding Genoa. country being a threat to others.
Metternich’s Plan for Europe Metternich’s Plan for Europe
Legitimacy: Balance of Power: Monarchs that had been deposed by Napoleon European powers weaken France, but were returned to their thrones, granting their leave most of it intact. monarchy legitimacy. Most monarchs rule over constitutional The borders remained the same as in 1790, monarchies. and France kept all its overseas possessions Leaders hoped to restore order through these changes. and its army. Congress of Vienna succeeds in getting all France did have to return all lands taken by European governments to work together. Napoleon, but the Congress of Vienna was The Congress of Vienna was one of the most fair agreements don in the modern era. overall fairly easy on France. European nations agreed to preserve peace, which lasts almost 40 years.
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Political Changes Beyond Political Changes Beyond Vienna Vienna
Conservative Europe: Revolutions in Latin America: Because Louis XVIII adopted a constitutional monarchy like Britain’s, other absolute monarchs When Napoleon replaced the king of Spain in Europe became nervous. with his brother, Joseph, rebellions broke out Russia, Prussia and Austria pledge to fight any throughout the Spanish American colonies. new revolutions by forming the Holy Alliance. Eventually, liberalist revolts against the new Metternich strengthened these alliances by king of Spain, Ferdinand VII, resulted in creating the Concert of Europe, whereby countries pledged to help each other if independence for Mexico in 1820. revolution broke out. Liberalist revolts in Portugal then gave the Despite this, the ideas of The Revolution had Brazilians an opportunity to declare their own already taken hold throughout Europe—there independence. was no turning back the clock.
Political Changes Beyond Vienna Review
Long-Term Legacy: Terms and Names: Power of Britain and Prussia increased, while the power of France was diminished. Congress of Vienna Nationalism grew in Italy, Greece, Germany Klemens von Metternich and other new countries. Balance of Power As revolutions exploded, more new Legitimacy countries would form. Holy Alliance Principles of democracy and equality Concert of Europe became the new way of thinking.
Review Review
Evaluating: Analyzing Themes—Power and Authority: From France’s point of view, were the Why do you think liberals and conservatives decisions made at the Congress of Vienna differed over who should have power? fair?
Think about: Think about: Old Regime privileges Metternich’s three goals Attitudes toward change France’s loss of territory Enlightenment ideas The fears of the rest of Europe
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Long-Term Causes Chapter 7: The
French Enlightenment Ideas—liberty and equality Revolution and Example furnished by the American Napoleon Revolution 1789-1815 Social and economic injustices in the Old Regime Chapter Review
Immediate Causes Revolution!!
Economic Crisis—famine and government Fall of the Bastille debt National Assembly Weak leadership Declaration of the Rights of Man and a Discontent of the Third Estate new constitution
Immediate Effects Long-Term Effects
Conservative reaction End of the Old Regime Decline in French power Execution of monarchs Spread of Enlightenment ideas War with the First Coalition Growth of nationalism Reign of Terror Rise of international organizations Rise of Napoleon (Congress of Vienna) Revolutions in Latin America
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Chapter Review
Go to page 242 in your textbook. Let’s review!
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