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Chapter 6: Enlightenment and Revolution

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Chapter 6: Enlightenment and Revolution 1/23/2013 Previewing the Chapter Chapter 7: The Revolution leads to the overthrow and French execution of the French King. Revolution and After a period of instability, Napoleon takes control of France and most of Napoleon Europe. 1789-1815 Napoleon’s thirst for power leads to his downfall, and European leaders craft a lasting peace. Section 1: Revolution Section 2: Revolution Brings Threatens the French King Reform and Terror Members of the Third The Legislative Estate demand a Assembly faces war more representative and internal divisions. government. The king is executed, and Robespierre The fall of the Bastille inaugurates the Reign and the king’s of Terror. removal from A third constitution Versailles signal the puts power in the beginning of the hands of the upper French Revolution. middle class. Section 3: Napoleon Forges an Section 4: Napoleon’s Empire Empire Collapses Napoleon makes A brilliant general, political and Napoleon Bonaparte, military mistakes as becomes emperor of he tries to increase France and assumes his power. broad powers. He is defeated, Through military victories, he returns, is defeated establishes mastery again, and finishes over most of Europe. his life in exile. 1 1/23/2013 Section 5: The Congress of Vienna Convenes What Do You Know About…?? Following the plan of Metternich, the Napoleon Congress of Vienna Bonaparte? reestablishes What can you tell stability in Europe about his character after the defeat of from this painting of Napoleon. him? Connect History and Understanding Time Lines Geography The French Revolution and Napoleon Look at the map on page 215 of your In what year was Louis XVI executed? textbook Who then became emperor of France? In 1810, Napoleon ruled a vast empire, with In how many years would he be defeated? control over most of Europe. 1796 1804 Napoleon Napoleon crowns The map shows that the Russian empire was an appointed himself emperor, Storming of the ally of Napoleon’s commander of begins to create Bastille ignites the French forces in a vast European How do you know this? French Revolution Italy empire 1789 1815 In less than two years, Napoleon tried to 1799 Washington is 1793 1815 strengthen his power by invading his Russian ally Napoleon inaugurated Louis XVI is Napoleon is overthrows the In the end, this contributed to his downfall as first US executed by the defeated at the Directory president guillotine. Reign of Battle of Terror begins through a coup Waterloo d'état Connect History and Geography Previewing Themes Power and Authority: With absolute rulers dominating Europe, Enlightenment thinkers began questioning why so few held so much power. The French Revolution was an attempt to put power into the hands of many. Power changed hands several times in this short period of history. 2 1/23/2013 Previewing Themes Previewing Themes Economics: Revolution: The gap between the rich and the poor The success of the American Revolution widened when France’s economy inspired the French, some of whom even weakened. participated in it. Hungry peasants and city dwellers were The French people were deeply affected outraged by what they felt was unjust by the colonists’ overthrow of the British treatment. and, in turn, revolted against their own oppressive rulers. The economy of France became a major cause of the French Revolution. Revolution Threatens the French King In the 1700s, France was considered the most Chapter 7: The advanced country in Europe. It was the center of the Enlightenment and it had French Revolution a large population and prosperous foreign trade. and Napoleon France’s culture was widely praised and emulated by the rest of the world. Section 1: Revolution Threatens the French King However, the appearance of success was deceiving. There was great unrest in France, caused by high prices, high taxes, and disturbing questions raised by the Enlightenment ideas of Rousseau and Voltaire. Revolution Threatens the Revolution Threatens the French King French King What is the most striking How do poor people Main Idea: difference between these two sometimes feel about wealthy women? people? Economic and social inequalities in the Old Regime helped cause the French Revolution Why It Matters Now: Throughout history, economic and social inequalities have at times led peoples to revolt against their governments. 3 1/23/2013 Revolution Threatens the French King The Old Order Terms and Names: The Old Regime Old Regime Old Regime—a social and political system that existed in France during the 1770s Estate Estates were the three social classes of the Old Regime Louis XVI Marie Antoinette The Privileged Estates: First Estate—composed of the Catholic clergy Estates-General They owned 10 percent of the land and paid few taxes National Assembly Strongly spoke out against Enlightenment ideas Tennis Court Oath Second Estate—composed of rich nobles Two percent of the population and owned 20 percent of Great Fear the land Bourgeoisie Disagreed about Enlightenment ideas The Old Order The Forces of Change The Third Estate: Enlightenment Ideas: This was the 97 The ideas of the Enlightenment inspire some of percent of the people the people in the Third Estate Composed of peasants, urban workers, and the Economic Troubles: bourgeoisie, or middle High taxes and rising costs damaged the French class economy in the 1780s They had few King Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette are privileges, paid heavy known for their extravagance taxes Louis doubles the nation’s debt, and the banks As a result, they want refuse to loan him more money change The Forces of Change Dawn of the Revolution A Weak Leader The National Assembly Louis’ poor decisions The Third Estate has little power under the old rules. and lack of patience add the France’s With support from a French Abbey called Sieyes, problems major changes are made in the French government. He calls the Estates General With these changes, the Third Estate sets up a A meeting of National Assembly—a new legislation to make representatives from all reforms independent of the Estates General. three estates This marked the beginning of a representative But with each Estate democracy and the rejection of the monarchy—it having one vote, the was the start of the Revolution Third Estate would After breaking down the locked door to their always lose out in the meeting room, the Third Estate delegates swear voting an oath on a tennis court—hence the Tennis Court Oath—to write a new constitution for France 4 1/23/2013 Dawn of the Revolution A Great Fear Sweeps France Rebellion: Storming the Bastille: After the fall of the Bastille, rumors and panic spread Although agreeing to the National throughout the French countryside. Peasants became lawless and during this period of the Assembly, Louis no longer trusted his own Great Fear, began attacking nobles and even each French army and stationed his mercenary other. Swiss army around Paris Peasants break in to nobles’ homes and destroy legal papers binding them to the old feudal system. Rumors begin to fly that Louis wanted to kill In October 1789, Parisian women revolt over the rising French citizens and suppress the National price of bread. It is said that during this time, Marie Antoinette remarked Assembly “Let the eat cake”—this is just a myth! On July 14, 1789, a mob attacks and seizes They force their way into the Palace of Versailles, the Bastille, a prison in Paris, for ammunition. demanding that Louis return to Paris Louis and his family left Versailles, never to return, marking a change of power and the beginning of national reforms about to take over France Review Forming Opinions Terms and Names: Old Regime Do you think that changes in the French Estate government were inevitable? Louis XVI Think about… Marie Antoinette The leadership of Louis XVI Estates-General National Assembly The French national debt Tennis Court Oath Enlightenment ideas Great Fear Other world revolutions Bourgeoisie Analyzing Themes Web Diagram Economics: How were the economic conditions in France similar to or different from those in England and the American colonies before their revolutions? Think about… Causes of France’s three estates the The role of taxation Revolution France’s national debt Conditions in the colonies before the American Revolution 5 1/23/2013 Revolution Brings Reform and Terror Peasants were not the only members of Chapter 7: The French society to feel the Great Fear French Revolution Nobles and clergymen were equally afraid Throughout France, angry peasants struck out and Napoleon against members of the upper classes. Section 2: Revolution Brings In the summer of 1789, a few months before Reform and Terror the women’s march to Versailles, some nobles and clergymen in the National Assembly responded to the uprisings in an emotional late-night meeting. Revolution Brings Reform and Revolution Brings Reform and Terror Terror Main Idea: The Revolutionary government of France Read about the guillotine on page 225 made reforms but also used terror and How did condemned persons die? violence to retain power. Why were some spectators displeased Why It Matters Now: with the guillotine? Some governments that lack the support of their people still use terrorism to control their citizens. Revolution Brings Reform and Terror The Assembly Reforms France Terms and Names: Declaration of the Rights of Man The Rights of Man: Legislative Assembly The National Assembly adopts the Émigrés Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Sans-culottes Citizen Guillotine Revolutionary leaders use the slogan, Maximilien Robespierre “Libertée, Egalitée, Fraternitée” Committee of Public Safety Liberty, Equality, Fraternity Reign of Terror 6 1/23/2013 The Assembly Reforms France Divisions Develop A Limited Monarchy: A State-Controlled Church: In September 1791, the Assembly finishes the new constitution.
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