Why Remember Napoleon?
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The Political Story, 1814-1900
The Political Story: 1815-1900. From Monarchy to Republic, the struggle for stability and compromise • Republicanism a minority allegiance up to 1880 • Critics associate it with Jacobinism, violent democracy, “Bolshevism” in its day. • By 1880, a permanent majority of the French converted to the republican ideal (Wright, 205) • Transition was exceptional, not normal, it its day A series of experiments in search of stability and compromise (Wright) • The Bourbon Experiment (1814-1830) • The Orléanist Experiment (1830-1848) • The Republican Experiment (1848-1852) • The Imperial Experiment (1852-1870) • The Rooting of the Republican System (1870-1919) Louis XVIII, King of France (1814-1824) Louis-Philippe, King of the French, 1830-1848 Official portrait of Louis XVIII by Jean-Baptiste-Louis Gros Official portrait by Franz Xavier Winterhalter, 1839 Louis XVIII and the Royal Family Charles X, King of France 1824-1830 Official portrait François GERARD, 1825 1814-1848 Struggles for Compromise that Failed How to blend the Revolution and the Old Regime? How to bridge deep divisions created by the Revolution? • Louis XVIII (1814-1824) & the Charter—divine right and a nobility with a legislature • 1817—90,000 men of the wealthy elite had the right to vote • The Chamber: ultras, moderates, liberals (constitutional monarchists, a few republicans) • Charles X (1824-1830) “Stubbornly Unwise” • Coronation at Reims (symbol of the Old Regime) • Compensation of noble émigrés • Partial restoration of the Church—seminaries and missions • Trio of unpopular -
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION and NAPOLEON (5 Lessons)
YEAR 5: THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEON (5 lessons) Contents Include: The French Revolution The Rise of Napoleon The Battle of Trafalgar The Battle of Waterloo Suggested Teacher Resources: A Little History of the World by Ernst Gombrich (chapters 34 and 35). Great Tales from English History by Robert Lacey (pages 350-353, and 358-361). The Young Oxford History of Britain & Ireland, pages 277-285. Scenes from the films Waterloo (1970), the TV mini-series Napoleon (2002) and La Révolution Française (1989). Lesson 1. Life in France before the Revolution In 1789, France was one of the wealthiest and most powerful nations in the world. However, the structure of French society was essentially unchanged since the medieval period. The King, Louis XVI, was an absolute monarch, with no permanent Parliament. The aristocracy and the clergy were extremely rich, but paid no taxes. The taxes were paid by the ordinary people, many of them poor peasants doing backbreaking labour. After the American War of Independence, France sank deeply into debt, so with bankruptcy nearing and a bad harvest leading to food shortages, people started to demand change. See page 136 of What Your Year 5 Child Needs to Know. Learning Objective Core Knowledge Activities for Learning Related Vocabulary Assessment Questions To know what life French society before 1789 was Many concepts (absolute monarchy, feudal What was life like for was like in France very unfair. The King had aristocracy, clergy, feudal society) will be absolute monarch an aristocrat/bishop/ before 1789, and absolute power, and did not familiar from studying medieval England aristocracy peasant in France why that made share power with Parliament. -
A Chronological Particular Timeline of Near East and Europe History
Introduction This compilation was begun merely to be a synthesized, occasional source for other writings, primarily for familiarization with European world development. Gradually, however, it was forced to come to grips with the elephantine amount of historical detail in certain classical sources. Recording the numbers of reported war deaths in previous history (many thousands, here and there!) initially was done with little contemplation but eventually, with the near‐exponential number of Humankind battles (not just major ones; inter‐tribal, dynastic, and inter‐regional), mind was caused to pause and ask itself, “Why?” Awed by the numbers killed in battles over recorded time, one falls subject to believing the very occupation in war was a naturally occurring ancient inclination, no longer possessed by ‘enlightened’ Humankind. In our synthesized histories, however, details are confined to generals, geography, battle strategies and formations, victories and defeats, with precious little revealed of the highly complicated and combined subjective forces that generate and fuel war. Two territories of human existence are involved: material and psychological. Material includes land, resources, and freedom to maintain a life to which one feels entitled. It fuels war by emotions arising from either deprivation or conditioned expectations. Psychological embraces Egalitarian and Egoistical arenas. Egalitarian is fueled by emotions arising from either a need to improve conditions or defend what it has. To that category also belongs the individual for whom revenge becomes an end in itself. Egoistical is fueled by emotions arising from material possessiveness and self‐aggrandizations. To that category also belongs the individual for whom worldly power is an end in itself. -
Königs-Und Fürstenhäuser Aktuelle Staatsführungen DYNASTIEN
GESCHICHTE und politische Bildung STAATSOBERHÄUPTER (bis 2019) Dynastien Bedeutende Herrscher und Regierungschefs europ.Staaten seit dem Mittelalter Königs-und Fürstenhäuser Aktuelle Staatsführungen DYNASTIEN Römisches Reich Hl. Römisches Reich Fränkisches Reich Bayern Preussen Frankreich Spanien Portugal Belgien Liechtenstein Luxemburg Monaco Niederlande Italien Großbritannien Dänemark Norwegen Schweden Österreich Polen Tschechien Ungarn Bulgarien Rumänien Serbien Kroatien Griechenland Russland Türkei Vorderer Orient Mittel-und Ostasien DYNASTIEN und ihre Begründer RÖMISCHES REICH 489- 1 v.Chr Julier Altrömisches Patriziergeschlecht aus Alba Longa, Stammvater Iulus, Gaius Iulius Caesar Julisch-claudische Dynastie: Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero 69- 96 n.Ch Flavier Röm. Herrschergeschlecht aus Latium drei römische Kaiser: Vespasian, Titus, Domitian 96- 180 Adoptivkaiser u. Antonionische Dynastie Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Mark Aurel, Commodus 193- 235 Severer Aus Nordafrika stammend Septimius Severus, Caracalla, Macrinus, Elagabal, Severus Alexander 293- 364 Constantiner (2.flavische Dynastie) Begründer: Constantius Chlorus Constantinus I., Konstantin I. der Große u.a. 364- 392 Valentinianische Dynastie Valentinian I., Valens, Gratian, Valentinian II. 379- 457 Theodosianische Dynastie Theodosius I.der Große, Honorius, Valentinian III.... 457- 515 Thrakische Dynastie Leo I., Majorian, Anthemius, Leo II., Julius Nepos, Zeno, Anastasius I. 518- 610 Justinianische Dynastie Justin I.,Justinian I.,Justin II.,Tiberios -
The Ideological Origins of the French Mediterranean Empire, 1789-1870
The Civilizing Sea: The Ideological Origins of the French Mediterranean Empire, 1789-1870 The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Dzanic, Dzavid. 2016. The Civilizing Sea: The Ideological Origins of the French Mediterranean Empire, 1789-1870. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33840734 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA The Civilizing Sea: The Ideological Origins of the French Mediterranean Empire, 1789-1870 A dissertation presented by Dzavid Dzanic to The Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of History Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts August 2016 © 2016 - Dzavid Dzanic All rights reserved. Advisor: David Armitage Author: Dzavid Dzanic The Civilizing Sea: The Ideological Origins of the French Mediterranean Empire, 1789-1870 Abstract This dissertation examines the religious, diplomatic, legal, and intellectual history of French imperialism in Italy, Egypt, and Algeria between the 1789 French Revolution and the beginning of the French Third Republic in 1870. In examining the wider logic of French imperial expansion around the Mediterranean, this dissertation bridges the Revolutionary, Napoleonic, Restoration (1815-30), July Monarchy (1830-48), Second Republic (1848-52), and Second Empire (1852-70) periods. Moreover, this study represents the first comprehensive study of interactions between imperial officers and local actors around the Mediterranean. -
My Favourite History Place
My Favourite History Place Lord Street, Southport – he elegance of present-day national and international attention to Lord Street in Southport to a the links between Southport, Paris and Trevor James introduces degree belies its international Louis-Napoleon, leading to the two an international Timportance and associations. Writing in media comments which follow, but, in the Guardian (21 August 2004), Charles reality, it was a matter of local popular dimension to local Nevin described Lord Street’s ‘arrestingly understanding that Napoleon III had history, revealing how a unexpected elegance’, emphasising resided in Southport and that the design how its parades of shops with their of Lord Street had had a strong influence future French Emperor glass and wrought-iron canopies were on his plans for developing Paris. faced by ‘a line of fine barbered and In 2000 The Scotsman (25 April) interpreted his affection arboured gardens’ on the other side of an made the observation that ‘Edinburgh for Southport’s Lord extraordinarily wide street. may fairly claim to be the Athens of the In 1846 Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte, North. But is Paris the Southport of the Street into the extensive the future French Emperor Napoleon South?’ Of course there is much more redesign of Parisian III, had taken lodgings adjoining to that assertion. In carrying out his Southport’s Lord Street. He was most massive programme of public works streets. captivated by the atmosphere of natural in Paris, which created the network of sophistication exhibited in its tree-lined boulevards with which we are familiar, environment. Later on when, between Napoleon III was, in reality, extending 1852 and 1870, he employed Georges- the programme of re-alignment that Eugene Haussmann to redesign the had begun under his uncle Napoleon I. -
Chapter 8 Building a State: Genoa's Rise and Fall
Chapter 8 Building a State: Genoa’s Rise and Fall Many countries today are facing the challenge of building states that effectively promote political stability, curtail political violence, and foster economic prosperity. Late medieval Europe witnessed a wave of attempts to create such states, particularly in the form of the city- states of northern Italy (see, for example, Waley 1988). No micro-analytical examination of this process of state-building has been conducted and its lessons has not been uncovered. This chapter examines the state-building process in the city-state of Genoa, which emerged from obscurity to become one of the wealthiest cities in Europe but whose history was characterized by frequent intracity political violence and relative economic decline. The chapter provides a microanalytical examination of the historical process of state-building in Genoa while explicitly recognizing the need to study the polity as an equilibrium outcome in which actors can choose between predatory and economic behavior. Two perspectives dominate the study of the relationships between political institutions and economic prosperity, neither of which adequately accounts for Genoa’s experience. The first perspective assumes the existence of a predator-ruler, a ruler with a monopoly over coercive power. According to this view, promoting prosperity entails building institutions that enable the ruler to credibly commit to respecting property rights.1 This perspective cannot be applied to the city-state of Genoa, which had no de facto ruler with or without a monopoly over coercive power at the time it was established. The second, neo-Hobbesian, perspective on state-building assumes that the state reflects attempts by economic agents to advance their interests, as “the state produces order,” and provides other public goods that benefit them (Hardin 1997, p. -
These Shores Forever. in 1841, Seriously 111, Joseph Bonaparte Was Taken to Italy on an English Ship
STORIES of New Jersey these shores forever. In 1841, seriously 111, Joseph Bonaparte was taken to Italy on an English ship. Soon afterward he was permitted to join his wife and daughters at Florence, where he died in 1844 at the age of 76. In Rordentown, Lucien Murat remained after his uncle's departure. But not for long. With the Revolution of 1848 in France, Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, his first cousin and brother of Napoleon Louis, Joseph Bonaparte's second son-in- law, became President of the nation. This was the signal for Lucien to hurry abroad. His American wife and their four children followed later. Friends paid for their passage and some of the ladies of Bordentown made their clothes. There is a story that the two little boys were clad in suits made from a coachman's uniform. In France, Lucien became a member of the assemblies and Minister to Turin. When Louis Napoleon, who in 1837 had hunted at Point Breeze during Jo seph's absence, was proclaimed Napoleon III, Emperor of France, his cousin Lu cien became a Prince of the realm. A year after this event, in 1852, Lucien wrote to an old Bordentown crony: "I am president of three companies and Grand Master of the Masons.. .How different from the life ...I enjoyed under my trees in Bordentown quietly smoking my cigar.. .However, my pride is satisfied.. .Pray remember me kindly to...old acquaintances who inquire after me. Tell them I am not changed, and that I often think of them all." Such was Lucien Murat's farewell to the Bordentown he liked so well. -
Death the Prince Imperial
Death of The Prince ImperiaL (Taken from The Illustrated London News, June 28, 1879) Napoleon Eugène Louis Jean Joseph Bonaparte 14 March 1856 - 1 June 1879 The unhappy and inglorious warfare in South Africa, begun last January without the authority of her Majesty’s Government, has already cost of the lives of many young Englishmen, officers of the ill-fated 24th and other regiments, whose portraits have been given in the Journal with such brief notices as were acceptable to the feelings of their bereaved parents and private friends. It has been our willing task in each of these mournful instances, with the permission, or more frequently at the express request, of the afflicted relatives, to minister such poor consolation as might be afforded by the publicity this bestowed upon the memory of a lost son or brother; and we have not, as is the ordinary practice in time of war, restricted it to the cases of distinguished men in the higher military commands. The same kind and degree of public condolence must now be accorded by us to the French Imperial family, and especially to the widowed Empress residing at Chiselhurst, upon the sad fate of a youthful Prince, who had been educated with English comrades of his own age at the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich, and who was personally known to the members of our own Royal Family, as well as to many other people of rank and station in this country. It was on Friday, yesterday week [June 20th 1879], that the news which had arrived on the night before, and which had been communicated by the Secretary of State for War to the House of Commons at a late hour, spread through the whole kingdom and all over Europe. -
Century English Philosopher John Locke Developed Theories of Empiricism That Emphasized the Role of Human Experience in the Pursuit of Knowledge and Truth
John Locke In the 17th century English philosopher John Locke developed theories of empiricism that emphasized the role of human experience in the pursuit of knowledge and truth. Many of Locke’s political theories influenced the authors of the Constitution of the United States. Many of Locke’s political ideas, such as those relating to natural rights, property rights, the duty of the government to protect these rights, and the rule of the majority, were later embodied in the U.S. Constitution. Locke further held that revolution was not only a right but often an obligation, and he advocated a system of checks and balances in government. He also believed in religious freedom and in the separation of church and state Thomas Hobbes English political philosopher Thomas Hobbes is best known for his treatise Leviathan. Written during the mid-17th century amidst the tumult of the English Revolution, Leviathan outlines Hobbes’s theory of sovereignty, which states that only one person should have absolute (or all) power over all citizens. Jean Jacques Rousseau One of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers, French philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau argued that individual freedom is more important than state institutions. His political writings helped inspire the French Revolution (1789-1799). He also wrote eloquently on education, arguing that children learn best by interacting freely with their environment. His thoughts on education anticipated 20th- century reforms in schooling. Oliver Cromwell A member of England’s Parliament and a dedicated Puritan, Oliver Cromwell led his forces to victory against King Charles’s army. Even though he had no military experience, Cromwell turned out to be a brilliant cavalry leader. -
FRENCH REVOLUTION PART 3 from the Directory 1794-1799 To
FRENCH REVOLUTION PART 3 From the Directory 1794-1799 to Napoleon Bonaparte The Terror July 1793-July 1794 Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety Inscription on Engraving from 1795, after pyramid: Thermidor “Here lies all Robespierre guillotines the France.” executioner, after all France has been guillotined Constitutions of 1791 and 1793 are beneath his feet COUP D’ĖTAT OF THERMIDOR JULY Execution of Robespierre, 1794 Saint Just, Couthon July 1794 End of the Jacobin Terror, start of White Terror" -- execution of 72 leading Jacobins in one day The Directory takes power 1794- 1799 The Directory: July 1794-1799 Paul Barras one of the five Directors making up the executive council Legislature under Directory is Drawing of bicameral: member of Council of Council of Elders = upper house Elders -- pseudo-Roman Council of 500 = lower house robes Constitution of the Year V 1795 Third constitution – one every two years 1791, 1793 Ends universal male suffrage Indirect elections (electoral college like USA) Bicameral legislature upper house as more elite restraint on lower house LOUIS XVII -- never reigned son & heir of Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette b. 1785 d. 1795 June in prison of illness at age 10 (age 8 at time of Marie Antoinette’s trial) Set back for royalist hopes for restoration of monarchy – but the eventual Louis XVIII restored in 1814 was the brother (in exile since 1792) of King Louis XVI executed in Jan 1793. REVOLT OF GERMINAL (Spring 1795): Parisian sans culottes riot, call for "bread & Constitution of 1793," but no more political -
The Age of Realpolitik: 1848-1871
AP European History: Unit 8.1 HistorySage.com The Age of Realpolitik: 1848-1871 Politics in the —Long 19th Century“: 1789-1914 Use space below for notes French Rev & —Age of —Age of —Age of Mass Napoleon Metternich“ Realpolitik“ Politics“ (1789-1815) (1815-1848) (1848-1871) (1871-1914) • Nat‘l • Concert of • Second • French Third Assembly Europe French Republic (1789-1791) • Revolutions of Empire • German • Legislative 1830 and • Crimean War Empire Assembly 1848 • Unification of • Imperialism (1791-1792) • Reforms in Germany • Rise of • Nat‘l Britain • Unification of socialist Convention • Liberalism/ Italy parties (1792-1795) Nationalism • Ausgleich: • Increased • Directory vs. Austro- suffrage = (1795-1799) Conservatism Hungarian mass politics • Consulate • Romanticism Empire (1799-1804) • Empire (1804-1815) Main Theme: Nationalism became a dominant force in Western society after 1850. I. Failure of the Revolutions of 1848 A. Germany 1. Nationalists and liberals of the Frankfurt Parliament failed to get the support of Prussian king Frederick William IV for a unified Germany • Frederick William refused to —accept the crown from the gutter“ and instead claimed —divine right“ 2. —Humiliation of Olmutz“: Frederick William IV proposed a plan for German unity. a. Austria would accept a plan for German unity only if Prussia accepted the leadership of the German Bund (which Austria dominated) b. Prussia could not accept its loss of sovereignty and stepped back HistorySage.com AP Euro Lecture Notes Page 2 Unit 8.1: Age of Realpolitik (1848-1871) 2. Italy Use space below for 1. Austrian forces were driven out of northern Italy notes while French forces were removed from southern Italy and Sicily.