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Corso Di Laurea Magistrale in Interpretariato E Traduzione Editoriale, Settoriale

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Corso Di Laurea Magistrale in Interpretariato E Traduzione Editoriale, Settoriale Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Interpretariato e traduzione editoriale, settoriale Tesi di Laurea L’interpretazione nel campo diplomatico cinese. Un’analisi del ruolo degli interpreti nelle relazioni diplomatiche in Cina durante le epoche imperiali basata sulla proposta di traduzione del primo capitolo di “Zhongguo kouyi shi 中国口译史”, di Li Nanqiu. Relatore Ch. Prof. Livio Zanini Correlatore Ch. Prof. Riccardo Moratto Ch. Prof. Paolo Magagnin Laureanda/o Marta Aldegheri Matricola 859585 Anno Accademico 2019/2020 L’interpretazione nel campo diplomatico cinese. Un’analisi del ruolo degli interpreti nelle relazioni diplomatiche in Cina durante le epoche imperiali basata sulla proposta di traduzione del primo capitolo di “Zhongguo kouyi shi 中国口译 史”, di Li Nanqiu. 1 Alla mia famiglia 2 摘要 语言是一种有用而复杂的交流工具，因为即使是一个小小的错误也会导致相当大的误 解。任何一种翻译活动的最终结果都是客观 "有形 "的，而口译则不同，它相对 "无形"：对 它的研究相当少见，这具有讽刺意味，因为口译员的作用在历史上，尤其是在外交上，一直 并仍然具有根本的重要性。 因此，不太常见的活动和属于我们日常生活的活动都曾依赖并仍然依赖口译：事实 上，口译行动虽然不是很有形，但一直允许不同语言的人民之间进行口头交流(甚至在书面 交流之前)。由此看来，作为一名口译员显然是一项重要的任务。有鉴于此，在过去的几十 年里，研究和更好地界定口译这一广阔领域的需求应运而生。 就中国而言，学者们只是在近几年才开始研究这一领域，开始评估历史资源，将其作 为有用的材料，以汲取有关中文口译演变的数据。其中，黎难秋的专著《中国口译史》的出 版做出了根本性的贡献：它按时间顺序回顾了口译人员在外交、商业、军事领域以及科技、 文学、古佛经翻译等部门所发挥的作用。 我的论文分为三章：第一章是导论，对译员的角色和口译研究进行了简要的概述，最 后重点介绍了中国的译员，然而对中国的译员却很少探讨。第二章是《中译语》第一章的翻 译建议，涉及先秦、汉、魏、晋、南朝、北朝、隋、唐、五代十国、宋、元、明、清的外交 领域的口译。论文的第三章也是最后一章对应的是译注。 3 Abstract Language is a useful and complex communication tool, since even a small mistake can lead to considerable misunderstandings. Unlike any kind of translation activity, whose final result can be objectively "tangible”, interpreting is relatively “intangible”: research on it is rather rare, which is ironic since the role of interpreters has been and still is of fundamental importance in history and, consequently, in diplomacy. Therefore, both less common activities and activities belonging to our daily life have depended and still do on interpretation: interpretation actions, in fact, although not very tangible, have always allowed oral communication (even before a written one) between speakers of different languages. It therefore appears clear that being an interpreter is a significant task, and in the light of this, the need to study and better define the vast field of interpreting has emerged in the last few decades. As for China, scholars have only begun to investigate this area in recent years, by evaluating historical resources as useful material for drawing on data concerning the evolution of Chinese interpreting. Among these, Li Nanqiu made a fundamental contribution with the publication of the monograph Zhongguo kouyi shi 中国 口译 史 ("History of Chinese interpretation"): it is a chronological review of the role that interpreters had in the diplomatic, commercial, military field, and in the sectors of scientific-technological, literary, and ancient Buddhist scriptures translation. My paper is divided into three chapters: the first one is an introduction and provides a brief overview of the figure of interpreters and on Interpreting Studies, focusing in the end on Chinese ones, which are less explored. The second chapter is the translation proposal of the first chapter of Zhongguo kouyi shi 中国 口译 史, which deals with the interpretation in the diplomatic field in the pre-Qin, Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui, Tang, and Five Dynasties and Ten States, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing. The third and final chapter of the thesis corresponds to the translation commentary. 4 Indice Capitolo I: Introduzione 1. L’interpretazione ………………………………………………………………………….…9 1.1 L’interpretariato e l’interprete ...…………………………………………………………9 1.2 Quali sono le caratteristiche dell’interpretazione? ……………………………………..10 1.3 Storia dell’interpretazione: alcuni cenni generali ………………………………………12 1.4 L’interpretazione nel XXI secolo ……………………………………………...……….17 2. I Chinese Interpreting Studies …………………………………………...…………………18 3. Il ruolo degli interpreti nel campo diplomatico …………………………………………….22 3.1 Alcune figure chiave nel campo dell’interpretazione diplomatica in Cina ………….…23 4. L’opera ……....……………………………………………………………………………..27 5. L’autore ……………………………………………………………………………………30 5 Capitolo II: Proposta di traduzione 1. Il ruolo dell’interpretazione nel campo diplomatico durante il periodo pre-Qin …..………31 2. Il ruolo dell’interpretazione nel campo diplomatico in epoca Han ………………………...38 3. Il ruolo dell’interpretazione nel campo diplomatico durante le dinastie Wei, Jin e nel periodo delle dinastie del Sud e del Nord ...…………………………………………………………53 4. Il ruolo dell’interpretazione nel campo diplomatico durante la dinastia Sui ……………….64 5. Il ruolo dell’interpretazione nel campo diplomatico durante la dinastia Tang ……………..75 6. Il ruolo dell’interpretazione nel campo diplomatico durante il periodo delle Cinque Dinastie e i Dieci Regni ……………………………………………………………………………………..…88 7. Il ruolo dell’interpretazione nel campo diplomatico durante l’epoca Song………………………………………………………………………………………....92 8. Il ruolo dell’interpretazione nel campo diplomatico in epoca Yuan…………………………………………………………………………………….....100 9. Il ruolo dell’interpretazione in campo diplomatico in epoca Ming………………………..115 10. Il ruolo dell’interpretazione in campo diplomatico in epoca Qing………………………...130 6 Capitolo III: Commento traduttologico 1. Analisi testuale……………………………………………………………………………168 2. Il ruolo dell’interpretazione nel campo diplomatico durante il periodo pre-Qin…………173 3. Il ruolo dell’interpretazione nel campo diplomatico durante il periodo Han……………..177 4. Il ruolo dell’interpretazione nel campo diplomatico durante le dinastie Wei, Jin e durante il periodo delle dinastie del Sud e del Nord…………………………………………………180 5. Il ruolo dell’interpretazione nel campo diplomatico durante il periodo Sui………………182 6. Il ruolo dell’interpretazione nel campo diplomatico durante il periodo Tang…………….183 7. Il ruolo dell’interpretazione nel campo diplomatico durante il periodo delle Cinque Dinastie e Dieci Regni. ……………………………………………………………………………..185 8. Il ruolo dell’interpretazione nel campo diplomatico durante il periodo Song……………..186 9. Il ruolo dell’interpretazione nel campo diplomatico durante il periodo Yuan…………….187 10. Il ruolo dell’interpretazione nel campo diplomatico durante il periodo Ming…………...190 11. Il ruolo dell’interpretazione nel campo diplomatico durante il periodo Qing……………..193 7 Conclusioni………………………………………………………………………………..195 Ringraziamenti…………………………………………………………………………...196 Bibliografia………………………………………………………………………………..197 8 Capitolo I: Introduzione 1. L’interpretazione 1.1 L’interpretariato e l’interprete La lingua è uno strumento tanto utile quanto complesso, giacché anche un minimo errore può portare a grandi incomprensioni e fraintendimenti. L’interpretariato è una forma di mediazione orale strumentale alla comunicazione umana: il ruolo di un bravo interprete sta proprio nell’evitare che si verifichino tali situazioni, riportando in maniera, per quanto più possibile aderente al messaggio della lingua sorgente, un determinato concetto in una qualsiasi lingua di arrivo. “The interpreter is as much Dr. Jekyll as Mr. Hyde” 1afferma Jean Delisle, professore emerito dell’Università di Ottawa: è infatti necessario, al fine di una buona riuscita dell’interpretazione, che l’interprete sappia mettersi nei panni dei diretti interessati, sapendosi destreggiare bene anche come “attore”. Ci si riferisce a questa figura come la “seconda più antica professione al mondo” (“Das zweitältesten Gewerbes der Welt”) 2: stando a quanto afferma Delisle, sebbene il compito dell’interprete sia quello di trasmettere il significato di un messaggio dalla lingua sorgente (detta in inglese “source language”) alla lingua di arrivo (o“target language”), l’interpretazione richiede non solo ottime competenze linguistiche e socioculturali, ma anche buone competenze tecnico-cognitive utili a cogliere, analizzare ed eventualmente recuperare informazioni rilevanti nel discorso. Sono necessarie talvolta anche competenze interpersonali per essere in grado di lavorare a contatto con le altre persone; e competenze professionali utili a sapersi comportare “eticamente” a seconda della situazione in cui ci si trova. L’interpretazione come attività di mediazione è di gran lunga più longeva rispetto alla traduzione, in quanto è precedente anche all’invenzione della scrittura stessa3. Dissimilmente da quanto accade per la traduzione, i cui frutti sono più “oggettivi”, l’interpretariato è un’attività prettamente “intangibile”: forse è proprio per questo che gli studi a riguardo sono ancora scarsi, anche se ciò risulta essere, a mio avviso, piuttosto ironico. Infatti, direttamente o non, le vite di tutti noi sono state condizionate da attività di traduzione orale: basti pensare a come gli interpreti abbiano avuto un ruolo importante nella storia, nella politica, nella semplice comunicazione interculturale, e nella diplomazia. 1 Ruth A. ROLAND, Interpreters as Diplomats: A Diplomatic History of The Role of interpreters in World Politics, Perspective on Translation, University of Ottawa Press, 1999, pp.47-60 2 Jürgen STÄHLE, Roger WILLEMSEN, Vom Übersetzen zum Simultandolmetschen. Handwerk und Kunst des zweitältesten Gewerbes der Welt, Stuttgart, Franz Steiner Verlag, Lebende Sprachen, 2009, pp.1-20 3 Franz PÖCHHACKER e Miriam SHLESINGER, The Interpreting Studies Reader, Routledge, 2001, pp. 1-10. 9 Nonostante quanto appena affermato, gli Interpreting Studies sono spesso accostati ai Tranlsation studies: forse, proprio per la natura “onnicomprensiva” del termine “translation, (traduzione)”, i primi sono
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