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Age and Growth of King Mackerel, Scomberomorus Cavalla, from the U.S

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Age and Growth of King Mackerel, Scomberomorus Cavalla, from the U.S Age and Growth of King Mackerel, Scomberomorus cavalla, From the U.S. Gulf of Mexico CHARLES S. MANOOCH, III, STEVEN P. NAUGHTON, CHURCHILL B. GRIMES, and LEE TRENT Introduction incomplete knowledge concerning recre­ resource management. Resulting data ational catch and effort. migratory pat­ may be used to evaluate the impacts of The importance of king mackerel, terns, stock identity, and large-scale life fishing on the stocks or determine how Scomberomorus cavalla. to recreational history studies. Fishermen, scientists, they respond to different levels and and commercial fisheries along the and fishery managers still recognize strategies of fishing. Most studies on the southeastern Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico these as priority research areas critical to age and growth of king mackerel have coasts of the United States has been thor­ the management of king mackerel stocks shared the deficiency of being restricted oughly documented (Manooch et aI., which are judged to be heavily exploited by either time or space (Manooch et al. 1978: Manooch, 1979: Collette and along both coasts. The National Marine 1978), however. Johnson et al. (1983) Russo. 1984). Unfortunately, the impor­ Fisheries Service. regional universities, provided the most comprehensive geo­ tance of this coastal migratory species and state conservation agencies have re­ graphic coverage. and the need for large-scale, regionally sponded to this need and have initiated Herein we report on an independent coordinated research has not been recog­ extensive research efforts under the study on the Gulf of Mexico king mack­ nized until recentlyl.2 Manooch et al. Marine Fisheries Initiative (MARFIN) erel management unit. The objectives (1978) provided an annotated bibliogra­ Program. were to: I) Determine if rings on king phy of four western Atlantic scombrids Knowledge of age and growth is a life mackerel otoliths were formed annually, and concluded that there was missing or history aspect which is fundamental to 2) document the age and growth of the species in the Gulf of Mexico, 3) use sex 2A State/Federal plan to fill information needs specific otolith radii-fish length regres­ 1Fishery management plan and environmental for management of king mackerel resources in sions to back-calculate fish length-at-age impact statement for coastal migratory pelagic the southeastern United States fDraft] Gulf of for the sexes, 4) derive theoretical growth resources (mackerels) in the Gulf of Mexico and Mexico Fishery Management Council. Gulf South Atlantic region. final amendment I 1985 States Marine Fisheries Commission and Na­ equations for each sex, 5) generate more Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council. tional Marine Fisheries Service. Kine Mackerel current age-length keys, and 6) estimate Tampa. Fla .. and South Atlantic Fishery Man­ Research Planning Meeting. New Orleans. Janu­ agement Council. Charleston. S.C ary 6-7. 1986. mortality from catch curves using sex specific age-length keys. Materials and Methods King mackerel were sampled from recreational and commercial fisheries op­ ABSTRACT-Whole OloliThs of 1.098 sexes combined is L, = 1.478 (1­ 54 king mackerel. Scomberomorus cavalla. e-O // /1 + 235991). where L =fork lengTh erating in the Gulf of Mexico from Key 410-1.802 mmfork lengTh (FL) were exam­ and t = years. The equaTion for females is West, Fla., to the Yucatan Peninsula. ined. The fish were sampled from recre­ L, = 1.417 (/ -e-o IJ60/l' 19754'). and for Mex., from 1980 to 1985. Saggital males is L, = 1.1 13 (I _e-020S0It • 14SII!3,). aTional and commercial fisheries operaTing otoliths from 1,098 fish were used in the in The Gulf of Mexico from Key WeST. Fl.. King mackerel are ful/y recruiTed TO The TO The YucaTan Peninsula. Mex.. from 1980 gil/net and purse-seine fisheries of SOUTh study. and most were removed from king Through 1985. MOST fish were col/ecTed off Florida aT age 2. TO The recreaTional hook mackerel sampled off Key West. north­ Kn' WeST. nOrlhWeST Florida. and Texas. and line fishery off nOrlhWeST Florida Ql west Florida. and Texas (Table I). Fork The oldesT fish was 14 vears old and meas­ ages I or 2. and TO The Texs recreaTional lengths (mm) were recorded for all fish. ured 1.802 mm FL. Rings formed on mosT hook and line fishen' aT ages 2 or 3. Towl OTOliThs during The laTe willler Through inswlllaneo!ls mOrwliTY esTimaTes (Z) spring (Februan'-Mav) and are Thus con­ ranged 0.53-0.82 for so'uth Florida gil/neT Charles S Manooch. Ill. is with the Beaufort sidered TO be True annual marks. Back­ caughT mackerel. 0.46-1.01 for nOrlhweST Laboratory. Southeast Fisheries Center. Na­ tional Marine Fisheries Service. NOAA. Beau­ Florida hook and line fish. and 0.29-0.47 calculaTed mean lengThs 01' 947 fish fort. C 28516-9722 Steven P Nauehton. ranged from 420 mm aT age I TO 1.269 for fish caughT bl' recreaTional hook and Churchill B. Grimes. and Lee Trent are with the mm FL aT age 14. Females lil'e longer line o/fTl'Xas. MOrlalin' esTimaTes were al­ Panama City Laboratory. Southeast Fisheries and allain larger sizes Than males. The wa.'·s lower for females Than males for any Center. National Marine Fisheries Service. I'on Berlalan!])' growTh equaTion for bOTh area. gear. or monTh comparisons. NOAA. Panama City. FL 32407 102 Marine Fisheries Review Table 1.-Areas where king mackerel were collected. ordered by fish length, from smallest to they were easier to prepare than sections, Collection No. of Collection No. 01 largest, and a random sample was drawn and because Johnson et at. (1983) found area fish area fish from each 100 mm interval until the 210 little difference in ages determined from S Flonda (Keys) 376 MisSISSiPPi sections with those obtained by reading NW. Flonda 506 Delta samples had been selected. This set was Alabama 1 MexIco 11 used to derive the overall equation, and whole structures. They compared age es­ MISSISSiPPi 5 Gulf of MeXIco 3 Louslana 10 Total f .098 when sex was assigned to each sample, timations based on sectional and surface Texas 182 then two subsets were identified, one for readings of fish 0+ to 14+ years old and each sex (N = 122 for females, N = 88 found 96.5 percent agreement. We con­ for males). Once the relationships were ducted our own test by counting rings on obtained, fish sizes at earlier ages were sections and on whole otoliths from the back-calculated (Everhart et at., 1975; same fish. Readings of age structures and weight and sex were determined Ricker, 1975). from 24 of the larger fish (950-1250 mm when time and conditions permitted. The von Bertalanffy growth equation FL) revealed 87 percent agreement. Of = -Kit - Whole otoliths were immersed in Lt Lx (I - e 'a» was fitted to the 1,098 whole otoliths we examined, clove oil, placed in a black-bottom back-calculated lengths using the Mar­ 89.7 percent (985) could be aged, and watchglass illuminated by reflected light. quardt nonlinear iterative procedure 86.2 percent (947) were legible enough and examined at 50X through a dissect­ (SAS Institute, 1982) to obtain estimates to record measurements for back calcula­ ing microscope. After counting the num­ for Lx, K, 'o, and their respecti ve asym­ tions. Most of those not legible had been ber of rings, we measured distances from totic 95 percent confidence intervals. either stored in glycerin or left in fish that the otolith core to the distal edge of each Overall and sex specific back-calculated had rotted due to electric freezer failure. ring, from the core to the otolith edge, data were used to derive growth equa­ Some of the latter otoliths were salvaged, and from the last ring to the otolith edge. tions for both sexes combined (overall), however, by soaking them in ethanol We used the same plane of measurement for all females, for all males, and for fe­ prior to immersing them in clove oil. as Johnson et al. (19H3). We also pre­ males aged 1-10 years, and for males Legibility of this group improved from pared transverse sections about 0.7 mm aged 1-9 years. The latter two groups en­ less than 20 percent to >60 percent by thick using a Bculer1 10w-speed jewelers' abled comparison of our results with using this procedure. saw from some otoliths embedded in Johnson et al. (1983) who fitted growth The usefulness of any hard structure to black parafin. No annular measurements equations usmg the same ages. estimate fish age should first be proven. were made on otolith sections because We estimated total annual mortality by Critical to this decision is that there must the equidistant spacing of the outer rings analyzing catch curves (Beverton and be a positive relationship between the on older fish may suggest a decoupling or Holt, 1957) based on fully recruited age size of the fish and the size of the struc­ changing relationship between otolith fish and older. If the loge of the age fre­ ture, and age marks must be periodically growth and fish growth in old age, thus quency in the catch is plotted on age, the formed and consistently located on the making annular mcasurement of ques­ slope of the descending right limb of the hard part. Four observations support the tionable use for back calculation of size­ curve is equal to the mean instantaneous use of whole otoliths for aging king at-age (CB. Grimes. personal com­ rate of total annual mortality (2) assum­ mackerel and validate rings as annual mun.). ing constant recruitment and survival marks. First, the mean lengths of fish The time of ring formation was evalu­ (Everhardt and Youngs, 1981).
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