DOCSLIB.ORG

Allelopathic Invasive Tree (Rhamnus Cathartica) Alters Native Plant Communities

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Allelopathic Invasive Tree (Rhamnus Cathartica) Alters Native Plant Communities Allelopathic invasive tree (Rhamnus cathartica) alters native plant communities R. J. Warren, Adam Labatore & Matt Candeias Plant Ecology An International Journal ISSN 1385-0237 Volume 218 Number 10 Plant Ecol (2017) 218:1233-1241 DOI 10.1007/s11258-017-0766-2 1 23 Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer Science+Business Media B.V.. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self- archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com”. 1 23 Author's personal copy Plant Ecol (2017) 218:1233–1241 DOI 10.1007/s11258-017-0766-2 Allelopathic invasive tree (Rhamnus cathartica) alters native plant communities R. J. Warren II . Adam Labatore . Matt Candeias Received: 23 February 2017 / Accepted: 1 September 2017 / Published online: 4 September 2017 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2017 Abstract Many plants release allelopathic chemi- test if patterns observed in the field could be explained cals that can inhibit germination, growth, and/or by adding increased dosages of R. cathartica to soils survival in neighboring plants. These impacts appear containing five plant species, including native and magnified with the invasion of some non-native plants non-native woody and herbaceous species. In the which may produce allelochemicals against which highly invaded urban forest, we found that herbaceous native fauna have not co-evolved resistance. Our cover, shrubs and woody seedlings negatively covar- objective was to examine the potential allelopathic ied with R. cathartica basal area and seedlings density. impact of an invasive non-native shrub/tree on mul- In the mesocosm experiments, R. cathartica resulted tiple plant species using field observation and exper- in significant decreases in plant community species imental allelopathy studies. We surveyed and richness, abundance, and shifted biomass allocation collected an invasive, non-native tree/shrub (Rhamnus from roots. Our results provide evidence that R. cathartica) at Tifft Nature Preserve (a 107-ha urban cathartica is highly allelopathic in its invaded range, natural area near Lake Erie in Buffalo, NY). We also that R. cathartica roots have an allelopathic effect and surveyed understory plant communities in the urban that some plant species appear immune. We suggest forest to examine correlations between R. cathartica that these effects may explain the plant’s ability to abundance and local plant community abundance and form dense monocultures and resist competitors, as richness. We then used experimental mesocosms to well as shift community composition with species- specific impacts. Communicated by Luke Flory. Keywords Allelopathy Á Phytotoxicity Á Recruitment Á Urban ecology R. J. Warren II (&) Department of Biology, SUNY Buffalo State, 1300 Elmwood Ave., Buffalo, NY, USA e-mail: [email protected] Introduction A. Labatore U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC, USA e-mail: [email protected] Plants release secondary chemical compounds (not essential for growth, reproduction, and survival) that M. Candeias deter and inhibit herbivores and other plants; the Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, 1102 Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL, USA deleterious effect on other plants is called allelopathy e-mail: [email protected] (Rice 1984). Allelopathic plants release phytotoxic 123 Author's personal copy 1234 Plant Ecol (2017) 218:1233–1241 chemicals into the soil environment through root and (Archibold et al. 1997; Klionsky et al. 2011; Seltzner leaf leachate that can inhibit the germination, growth, and Eddy 2003), though these effects require substan- and/or survival of neighboring plants (Fernandez et al. tiation (Knight et al. 2007). Rhamnus cathartica 2016; Lankau 2011; Orr et al. 2005). Some invasive leaves and fruit demonstrably reduced germination plants appear to gain considerable advantage in novel in some native and ornamental species, but R. ecosystems because they produce phytotoxic allelo- cathartica bark and roots did not, and the effects chemicals against which invaded-range native species appeared species specific (Klionsky et al. 2011; may not have co-evolved resistance (Callaway and Knight et al. 2007). Hence, R. cathartica allelopathic Ridenour 2004; Fernandez et al. 2016; Pisula and effects may depend on its tissue type, and the Meiners 2010; Thorpe et al. 2009). As a result, some effectiveness may depend on the identity and life invasive plants may form dense monocultures where stage of the target species. native plants cannot compete well. Our objective was to examine the allelopathic European or common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathar- impact of an invasive non-native shrub/tree on plant tica L.) is a shrub/small tree native to most of Europe species using field observation and experimental and Western Asia that appears restricted to open and allelopathy studies. Given the known allelochemical edge habitats in its native range but is able to invade content, and predicted allelopathic effects, of R. forest understories and dominate native ecosystems cathartica, we predicted that increased soil amend- which were introduced in northern North America ments with R. cathartica leaf and root tissues would (Knight et al. 2007; Kurylo and Endress 2012). The inhibit plant germination and growth in five woody shrub forms dense thickets that correspond with and herbaceous plant species. noticeable declines in native plant abundance and diversity (Archibold et al. 1997; Boudreau and Wilson 1992; Mascaro and Schnitzer 2007). The cause and Methods effect between R. cathartica and native plant commu- nities remains unclear, however, as the shrub appears Study site as an opportunist, which employs multiple potential competitive mechanisms. Rhamnus cathartica toler- The Tifft Nature Preserve is a 107-ha urban natural ates a poor habitat (e.g., dry, shady), and it germinates, area located on the shore of Lake Erie in Buffalo, NY grows and reproduces vigorously in disturbed habitats (U.S.). The landscape was used for industrial and where sunlight is plentiful (Gavier-Pizarro et al. 2010; residential refuse, and turned into a natural area in the Knight et al. 2007; Moffatt and McLachlan 2004). 1970s. The preserve contains deciduous forest (dom- Still, R. cathartica invasion success may not be just inated by Populus deltoides W. Bartram ex Marshall), opportunistic. The shrub leafs out earlier and thus is wetlands, and open fields. able to photosynthesize longer than co-occurring native species, allowing invasion into canopy under- Forest survey data collection story, and it produces copious seed-bearing fruits that are dispersed by birds and mammals (Godwin 1936; Herbaceous and woody plants were surveyed in the Harrington et al. 1989). Tifft woodlands and grasslands in August 2013. Three Rhamnus cathartica also produces secondary com- random transects were established in each of these two pounds that alter soil chemistry, deter native herbi- habitats (n = 6 transects); all were 500 m long except vores, and appear to suppress native flora and fauna one woodland transect which was 250 m long due to (Grunzweig et al. 2015; Heneghan et al. 2006; forest shape. Plots were established at 50-m intervals Klionsky et al. 2011; Schuh and Larsen 2015; Seltzner (n = 55 plots). Areas with active management and and Eddy 2003; Trial Jr. and Diamond 1979). In edges were avoided by moving plots 50 m. Total particular, phytotoxic compounds leached from the herbaceous percent cover and species richness, as well bark, leaves, stems and fruit—including emodin and as woody seedlings (\1 cm dbh), were measured in other anthraquinones, tannins, and flavonoids (see 1m2 subplots (n = 55). For woody species, each plot Izhaki 2002 and references therein)—may suppress was sampled using the point-center quarter technique the germination, survival and growth of other plants (n = 51, Cottam and Curtis 1956) at the same 50-m 123 Author's personal copy Plant Ecol (2017) 218:1233–1241 1235 intervals along the transects. Point-center quarter is a NC (USA) in 2013 and stored in a dry cabinet. The P. long-used forest sampling protocol in which a random strobus, S. oolentangiense, and L. cylindracea seeds point is selected, a compass used to divide the area into were cold stratified at 4.5 °C for 60 days; the other quadrants and the nearest tree ([11.7 cm dbh) and seeds were not cold stratified. shrub (\11.7 cm dbh) located, and identified, and dbh Ten mesocosms were designated for each of the (stem diameter at 1.4 m height) measured in each four treatments (and a control) [n = 50 total]. The quadrant. mesocosms were placed under full spectrum growth lights and warmed to 21.5 °C using seed heating pads Forest survey data analysis to encourage germination. The location of each mesocosm was randomized and shifted under different We examined 1-m2-subplot-level variation among grow lights once per week. After 12 weeks, all plants herbaceous cover (%) and herbaceous species rich- were harvested, above- and belowground matter ness, and point-quarter-plot-level tree richness, shrub separated, and dried for 3 days at 15 °C before richness, woody seedling density (stems Á m-2), R. weighing. The species that germinated survived until cathartica basal area (stem basal area * stem density), the end of the experiment. tree basal area, shrub basal area, and R. cathartica basal area using principal component analysis (PCA) Mesocosm data analysis using the ‘‘prcomp’’ method and ‘‘scale’’ option (standardizes all variables to unit length) in the ‘‘R’’ We evaluated the R.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Natural Resources
    Plants That Cause Problems – “Invasive Species” DestinationOakland.com STOP! What is an Invasive Species? Imagine spring wildflowers covered with a mat of twisted green vines. This is a sign that Oakland County Offenders invasive plants have moved in and native species have moved out. Invasive plant species originate in other parts of the world and are introduced into to the United States through flower a variety of ways. Not all plants introduced from other countries become invasive. The term invasive species is reserved for plants that grow and reproduce rapidly, causing changes to the areas where they become established. Invasive species impact our health, our economy seed and the environment, and can cost the United States $120 billion annually! flower pod flower A Ticking Time Bomb Growing unnoticed at first, invasive species spread and cover the landscape. They change the seed pod fruit ecology, affecting wildlife communities and the soil. Over time, invasive plant species form a monoculture in which the only plant growing is the invasive plant. Plants with Super Powers Invasive species have super powers to alter the ecological balance of nature. They flourish seed because controls in their native lands do not exist here. The Nature Conservancy ranks invasive species as the second leading cause of species extinction worldwide. Negative Effects of Invasive Species • Changes in hydrology— seed dispersal wetlands dry out • Release of chemicals into the soil that inhibit Black Swallow-wort Cynanchum louiseae & the growth of other plants. This is known as Pale Swallow-wort Cynanchum rossicum Autumn Olive Elaeagnus umbellate Garlic Mustard Allaria periolata Allelopathy.
    [Show full text]
  • The Habitat Preference of the Invasive Common Buckthorn in West Holland Sub-Watershed, Ontario
    The Habitat Preference of The Invasive Common Buckthorn in West Holland Sub-watershed, Ontario by Ying Hong A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Forest Conservation Faculty of Forestry University of Toronto © Copyright by Ying Hong 2018 The Habitat Preference of The Invasive Common Buckthorn in West Holland Sub-watershed, Ontario Ying Hong Master of Forest Conservation Faculty of Forestry University of Toronto 2018 Abstract The project objective is to examine the habitat preference of the invasive common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) in West Holland Sub-watershed located in the Lake Simcoe Watershed in Ontario. Filed data from monitoring plots, dispersed throughout the West Holland, were collected as part of the natural cover monitoring in the watershed during the summer of 2017. In my capstone project, I will 1) examine the possible plot characteristics that are related to common buckthorn presence; 2) explore whether and how common buckthorn abundance is related to the plot characteristics and disturbance; 3) determine the relationship between common buckthorn and other plants in the plot; and 4) give recommendations regard to current common buckthorn issue. This research can improve the knowledge of the invasive common buckthorn in Lake Simcoe Watershed, which is crucial because the non-native common buckthorn is distributed extensively across southern Ontario. ii Acknowledgments I want to say thank you to everyone who gives me physical or/and mental support! Thanks to my supervisor Dr. Danijela Puric-Mladenovic offer me summer job and give me lots of help and advice on the capstone project, and my crew leader Kyle Vanin from whom I learn a lot in the field; thanks, Katherine Baird help me with GIS; thanks to other VSP crews for collecting data together; and thanks to OMNR, especially my external supervisor Melanie Shapiera and Alex Kissel; thanks, Steve Varga, Richard Dickinson, Dave Bradley, Wasyl Bakowsky, Bodhan Kowalyk.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of Isoprene Emission from Native and Invasive Trees on Local Air Quality
    DePaul Discoveries Volume 6 Issue 1 Article 6 2017 The Effects of Isoprene Emission from Native and Invasive Trees on Local Air Quality Aarti P. Mistry DePaul University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://via.library.depaul.edu/depaul-disc Part of the Biodiversity Commons, Environmental Health Commons, Environmental Indicators and Impact Assessment Commons, Forest Management Commons, Other Forestry and Forest Sciences Commons, Other Plant Sciences Commons, and the Weed Science Commons Recommended Citation Mistry, Aarti P. (2017) "The Effects of Isoprene Emission from Native and Invasive Trees on Local Air Quality," DePaul Discoveries: Vol. 6 : Iss. 1 , Article 6. Available at: https://via.library.depaul.edu/depaul-disc/vol6/iss1/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Science and Health at Via Sapientiae. It has been accepted for inclusion in DePaul Discoveries by an authorized editor of Via Sapientiae. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Effects of Isoprene Emission from Native and Invasive Trees on Local Air Quality Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge Dr. Mark Potosnak. This article is available in DePaul Discoveries: https://via.library.depaul.edu/depaul-disc/vol6/iss1/6 Mistry: Isoprene Emissions from Native and Invasive Trees on Air Quality The Effects of Isoprene Emission from Native and Invasive Trees on Local Air Quality Aarti Mistry* Department of Environmental Studies and Science Mark Potosnak, PhD; Faculty Advisor Department of Environmental Studies and Science ABSTRACT Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) are the most abundant category of reactive gasses emitted into the atmosphere by the biosphere.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Conservation Alliance®S Alien Plant Working Group Common
    FACT SHEET: COMMON BUCKTHORN Common Buckthorn Rhamnus cathartica L. Buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) NATIVE RANGE Eurasia DESCRIPTION Common buckthorn is a shrub or small tree that can grow to 22 feet in height and have a trunk up to 10 inches wide. The crown shape of mature plants is spreading and irregular. The bark is gray to brown, rough textured when mature and may be confused with that of plum trees in the genus Prunus. When cut, the inner bark is yellow and the heartwood, pink to orange. Twigs are often tipped with a spine. In spring, dense clusters of 2 to 6, yellow-green, 4-petaled flowers emerge from stems near the bases of leaf stalks. Male and female flowers are borne on separate plants. Small black fruits about ¼ inch in cross-section and containing 3-4 seeds, form in the fall. Leaves are broadly oval, rounded or pointed at the tip, with 3-4 pairs of upcurved veins, and have jagged, toothed margins. The upper and lower leaf surfaces are without hairs. Leaves appear dark, glossy green on the upper surface and stay green late into fall, after most other deciduous leaves have fallen. A similar problem exotic species is Rhamnus frangula, glossy buckthorn. Glossy buckthorn does not have a spine at twig tips, leaves are not toothed, and the undersides of the leaves are hairy. NOTE: Several native American buckthorns that occur in the eastern U.S. that could be confused with the exotic species. If in doubt, consult with a knowledgeable botanist to get an accurate identification.
    [Show full text]
  • Norway Maple Ailanthus Altissima – Tree of Heaven
    TREESTREES • broadly winged samaras • milky sap • stout twigs • broad leaves, green on both sides • winter buds with only 4-6 scales Acer platanoides –Norway Maple Ailanthus altissima – tree of heaven •compound leaves with up to 40 leaflets •Leaflets entire except for 1-2 remnant teeth at base •Bruised foliage and twigs smell horrible •Fruits a samara similar to maple fruit •Fruits turn rusty brown •Bark smooth gray SHRUBS Berberis vulgaris – common barberry •Thorny fountain shaped shrub •Multi-parted thorn at each flush of leaves •Flowers held in a drooping raceme •Fruit a red drupe •Flowers golden yellow •Leaves bristle toothed Elaeagnus angustifolia – Russian olive •Often confused with autumn olive •No known escaped population in New England •Flowers yellow •Leaves silvery on both sides •Fruits yellow or dull red •Branches and stems heavily armed with true thorns Elaeagnus umbellata – autumn olive •15 to 20 foot high shrub •Prefers dry nutrient poor soils •Similar to willows from a distance •Leaves green on top and silver beneath •Flowers cream colored and very fragrant •Fruit a red berry appearing as if sprinkled with glitter •Young twigs have prominent yellow resin dots •Small tree/shrub, 15 to 20 ft. •Hard to distinguish •Leaves entire and egg-shaped •Flowers white, May- September •Fruit blue-black, June-October •Bark marked with white lenticels •Can confuse with alders or cherries – both have toothed leaves •Roots red Frangula alnus – glossy buckthorn Ligustrum obtusifolium –border privet •Need flowers to absolutely identify •Flowers
    [Show full text]
  • Common Buckthorn
    Natural Area Preservation City of Ann Arbor 1831 Traver Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105 Phone: 734•794•6627 Fax: 734•997•1072 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.a2gov.org/nap INVASIVE PLANTS Buckthorn R. cathartica Rhamnus spp. thorn History Buckthorn (Rhamnus spp.) was introduced to the Americas in the early 1800s as ornamental and privacy shrubbery and for “wildlife habitat”. Possessing the traits of a good shrub (hardiness, quick growth, and visually dense), they also quickly invaded our natural areas and are now posing one of the largest invasive problems our parks have seen. Buckthorn species do not Rhamnus spp. have any natural predators (grazers, parasites, or diseases); are spread easily and long distances by birds who eat the berries, and on animal feet; have a longer growing season than our native shrubs, and have a high tolerance to low light conditions. All of these characteristics contribute to their rapid spread at the expense parallel leaf veins of native biodiversity. R. frangula How Can I Identify It? Common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) can be found in areas with well drained soils and may be identifi ed in the winter season by the short thorn present on the end of the twigs. Glossy buckthorn (Rhamnus frangula) is found in wetlands and other areas with saturated soils. Its characteristic bark is smooth and gray with white speckles. Leaves of parallel leaf veins both species are oval to egg shaped with veins running almost parallel to the leaf margin. Glossy buckthorn’s leaves have a smooth leaf margin while common has a toothy margin with shade leaves being almost circular.
    [Show full text]
  • Soybean Aphid Management in Nebraska Tom E
    ® ® University of Nebraska–Lincoln Extension, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources Know how. Know now. G2063 Soybean Aphid Management in Nebraska Tom E. Hunt, Extension Entomology Specialist; Keith J. Jarvi, Extension Educator; Wayne J. Ohnesorg, Extension Educator; and Lanae M. Pierson, Entomology Graduate Research Assistant Learn about the soybean aphid, its identification, life cycle, and damage, as well as how to scout and man- age it. Photos of different stages and natural enemies are included. The soybean aphid (Aphis glycines) was introduced into the U.S. in 2000 and first found in Nebraska in 2002. Yield losses of over 30 percent have been documented in northeast Nebraska and over 40 percent in others areas of the north central United States. Soybean Aphid Description Figure 1. Soybean aphids with black tipped cornicles. (All figures by The soybean aphid is soft bodied, light green to pale James A. Kalisch, University of Nebraska–Lincoln Depart- ment of Entomology) yellow, less than 1/16 inch long, and has two black-tipped cornicles (cornicles look like tailpipes) on the rear of the abdomen (Figure 1). It has piercing-sucking mouthparts and typically feeds on new tissue on the undersides of leaves near the top of recently colonized soybean plants (Figure 2). Later in the season the aphids can be found on all parts of the plant, feeding primarily on the undersides of leaves, but also on the stems and pods. The soybean aphid is currently the only aphid in North America that forms colonies on soybean. Soybean Aphid Life Cycle The seasonal life cycle of the soybean aphid is complex with up to 18 generations a year.
    [Show full text]
  • Common Buckthorn (Rhamnus Cathartica)
    Common Buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) Description Common buckthorn is a shrub or small tree that can grow to 7 m in height and have a trunk up to 25 cm wide. The bark is gray to brown and rough textured when mature. When cut, the inner bark is yellow and the heartwood, pink to orange. Twigs are often tipped with a spine. In spring, dense clusters of 2 to 6, yellow-green, 4- petaled flowers emerge from stems near the bases of leaf stalks. Male and female flowers are borne on separate plants. Has small black fruits about 0.6 cm across. Leaves are broadly oval, rounded or pointed at the tip, with 3-4 pairs of veins, and have jagged, toothed margins. Leaves appear dark, glossy green on the upper surface and stay green late into fall, after most other deciduous leaves have fallen. Key Identifiers Shrub/Tree Roundish, deeply veined leaves; 3-4 veins curve to the leaf tip Thorns at end of stems. Black berries Location in Canada Common buckthorn has become naturalized from Nova Scotia to Saskatchewan. Sporadic trees can be found in Alberta. Resources http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/rhca1.htm Chris Evans, River to River CWMA, bugwood.org (all photos) http://ontariotrees.com/main/species.php?id=2022 http://wiki.bugwood.org/Rhamnus_cathartica#Range: Similar species Alder-leaved Buckthorn (Rhamnus alnifolia) - a low-growing shrub that may grow to a maximum of 3 feet in height, and has leaves with 6-7 pairs of veins. Glossy Buckthorn (Frangula alnus) - does not have a spine at twig tips, leaves are not toothed, and the undersides of the leaves are hairy.
    [Show full text]
  • Status and Strategy for Glossy Buckthorn (Frangula Alnus Mill.) Management
    State of Michigan’s Status and Strategy for Glossy Buckthorn (Frangula alnus Mill.) Management Scope Invasive glossy buckthorn (now Frangula alnus Mill., once Rhamnus frangula L. hereafter GB) has invaded North America since the 1800’s; however, it most likely did not become widespread and naturalized until the early 1900s (Converse 1984). This document was developed by Central Michigan University and reviewed by Michigan Departments of Environmental Quality and Natural Resources for the purposes of: • Summarizing the current level of understanding on the biology and ecology of GB. • Summarizing current management options for GB in Michigan. • Identifying possible future directions of GB management in Michigan. This document used the current information available in journals, publications, presentations, and experiences of leading researchers and managers to meet its goals. Any chemical, company, or organization that is mentioned was included for its involvement in published, presented, or publically shared information, not to imply endorsement of the chemical, company, or organization. Biology and Ecology I. Identification Glossy buckthorn is a small tree or shrub that grows up to 23 ft (7m) tall (Figure 1). The bark is dark brown with a bright yellow inner bark and distinct lenticels (i.e. raised rectangular pores on bark). The heartwood is pink/orange in color. The branches and leaves have an alternate arrangement (Figure 2). The leaves are oval- shaped, 1.5 - 4.5 in (4 – 11 cm) long, 1 – 2.5 in (2.5 – 6 cm) wide, with smooth margins, green and glossy on top, pale green below, and distinctly veined. Flowers bloom from April to July and form at the leaf axils (Figure 3).
    [Show full text]
  • Common Buckthorn Rhamnus Cathartica
    Invasive Species—Best Control Practices Michigan Department of Natural Resources Michigan Natural Features Inventory 2/2012 Common buckthorn Rhamnus cathartica Common buckthorn is native to Eurasia and was introduced to North America in the 1880s as an ornamental plant. Its abundant fruit is dispersed by birds and it spreads rapidly, replacing native vegetation and lowering species diversity. Like many non-native shrubs, common buckthorn leafs out early in spring and retains its leaves late into fall, shading out spring wildflowers and tree seedlings. There is some evidence that common buckthorn is allelo- pathic, producing chemicals that inhibit the growth of other species. Buckthorn alters ecosystem processes in complex ways. Its leaves and fruit are high in nitrogen. Invasive earthworms, which need rich litter, break it down rapidly, destroying beneficial fungi and exposing bare soils in the process. These soils provide ideal conditions for buckthorn germina- tion and seedling growth but many native trees and shrubs need the beneficial fungi and will not reproduce without it. Common buckthorn is a primary overwintering host for the soybean aphid. It is also an alternate host for alfalfa mosaic virus and crown fungus, which causes oat rust disease. Chris Evans, River to River CWMA, Bugwood.org Identification Flowers: Common buckthorn has Habit: small, green-yellow, four-pet- Common buckthorn is a deciduous woody shrub or small aled flowers that are clustered tree that ranges from 3 to 7.5 m (10-25 ft) in height. When along the stem. Male and young, it has multiple stems but with age it becomes a tree female flowers are borne on with a single trunk that may reach 25 cm (10 in) in diameter.
    [Show full text]
  • Garlic Mustard (Alliaria Petiolata) and European Buckthorn (Rhamnus Cathartica)
    Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER Biological Control PROCEEDINGS: SYMPOSIUM ON THE BIOLOGY, ECOLOGY, AND MANAGEMENT OF GARLIC MUSTARD (ALLIARIA PETIOLATA) AND EUROPEAN BUCKTHORN (RHAMNUS CATHARTICA) LUKE C. SKINNER, EDITOR FHTET-2005-09 September 2005 U.S. Department Forest FHTET Minnesota Department of Agriculture Service of Natural Resources he Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team (FHTET) was created in 1995 Tby the Deputy Chief for State and Private Forestry, USDA Forest Service, to develop and deliver technologies to protect and improve the health of American forests. This book was published by FHTET as part of the technology transfer series. http://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/technology/ Cover photo. Clockwise from upper left: C. alliariae, Oberea pedemeontana, patch of Alliaria Petiolata (garlic mustard), closeup of Alliaria Petiolata, closeup of Rhamnus cathar- tica (buckthorn), Rhamnus cathartica under leafless canopy, C. scrobicollis. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20250-9410 or call 202-720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for information only and does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Rhamnus Cathartica, R. Davurica
    Rhamnus cathartica, R. davurica INTRODUCTORY DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS FIRE EFFECTS AND MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS APPENDIX: FIRE REGIME TABLE REFERENCES INTRODUCTORY AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION FEIS ABBREVIATION NRCS PLANT CODE COMMON NAMES TAXONOMY SYNONYMS LIFE FORM Common buckthorn Photo by Elizabeth J. Czarapata. AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION: Zouhar, Kris. 2011. Rhamnus cathartica, R. davurica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [2011, March 16]. FEIS ABBREVIATION: RHASPP RHACAT RHADAV RHADAVD RHADAVN NRCS PLANT CODE [219]: RHCA3 RHDA RHDAD2 RHDAN2 COMMON NAMES: for Rhamnus cathartica: common buckthorn European buckthorn for Rhamnus davurica: Dahurian buckthorn TAXONOMY: The scientific name of common buckthorn is Rhamnus cathartica L. (Rhamnaceae) [68,77,111,124,138,184,200,229,230,242,244]. The scientific name of Dahurian buckthorn is Rhamnus davurica Pall. (Rhamnaceae) [56,77,111,138,156,200,228,244]. Two subspecies of Dahurian buckthorn are recognized in North America: R. davurica subsp. davurica [111,244] and R. davurica subsp. nipponica (Makino) Kartesz & Gandhi [111,138]. In this review, the term "buckthorns" is used when describing information pertaining to the genus (Rhamnus), the species are referred to by their common names, and infrataxa are identified by scientific name. Hybrids: A review by Kurylo and others [120] notes that the native distributions of nearly 42 Rhamnus species overlap or cooccur in their native range, and that many of these species can hybridize with R. cathartica. In Michigan, there is evidence of hybridization between common buckthorn and Chinese buckthorn (R.
    [Show full text]